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That July, McQueen commanded a party of Red Sticks who went to
Pensacola in Spanish Florida to procure arms. On their return to present-day Alabama, they were ambushed by territorial militia and scattered. The Red Sticks regrouped and defeated the militia who were looting their packs, at what became
140:
Conflicts rose between the Upper Creek towns and the Lower Creek, who had adopted more
European-American ways, in part by their locations closer to European Americans, where interaction occurred more frequently. Some of the Lower Creek became wealthy by developing individual plantations, acquiring
178:
Altogether in the Creek War nearly 3,000 Creek died, many of the Upper Towns were destroyed, and the Upper Creek lost much of their stores of food, threatening them with starvation that winter. The prophet's people had slaughtered livestock in the early days of the conflict; later one side and
89:). Both cultures considered such marriages or unions as strategic alliances, as the traders brought goods of both practical use and prestige, and offered entry to European society. Marriage to a Creek woman gave the trader entry to the tribe and enhanced his trading prospects.
42:, who became a prophet for expulsion of the European Americans from Creek territory and a revival of traditional practices. The Red Sticks attracted a majority of the population in the Upper Towns in the early nineteenth century. From open conflict with the Lower Towns in the
124:
who envisioned the expulsion of the
European Americans from Native American lands. They were angered by the failure of Big Warrior and other assimilated Creek headmen to be more responsive to their people. The traditional lines of communication had been disrupted by
141:
enslaved
African Americans, and operating businesses. Tensions between the factions began developing into violence in the spring of 1813. The Red Sticks began to attack plantations of their enemies, destroying both crops and livestock.
100:. He identified as Creek. Traditionally, for a Creek boy, his maternal uncles were more important than his biological father, as the eldest uncle would introduce him to men's ways and the men's societies of his clan and tribe.
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another had destroyed more livestock, as well as stored foods. As they had planted hardly any crops during 1813-1814, they suffered severely from shortages and want.
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area. It was a center of plantations owned by mixed-race Creek. The Red Sticks believed such men to have left core Creek values. The assault on the fort became a
190:, many surviving Red Stick warriors, including McQueen, retreated south into the Florida peninsula. A sister of McQueen has been referenced as a grandmother of
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171:, who commanded state militias from Tennessee, Georgia, and the Mississippi Territory, and allied Lower Creek and Cherokee warriors, at the
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of most of the militia and refugees within. The Red Sticks killed a total of nearly 500 Lower Creek and
European-American settlers.
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in 1814. McQueen survived to retreat into
Florida, along with other Creek warriors. There he joined the recently formed
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alliances between Native
Americans and European Americans in the American Southeast in those years. He was born in the
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149:. European-American settlers on the frontier became alarmed and started spending more time in fortified settlements.
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faction of the Upper Creek, who were trying to resist assimilation and to restore traditional culture and religion.
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46:, the Red Sticks were drawn into conflict with the United States after being attacked by territorial militia.
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38:, among the Upper Towns in present-day Alabama.) He was one of the young men known as
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In
Bitterness and Tears: Andrew Jackson's Destruction of the Creeks and Seminoles
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Peter McQueen was the son of a high-status Creek woman and a Scots
Highlander
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Together with numerous other Red Stick warriors, McQueen later faced
Colonel
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in the Southeast, who lived among the Creek. McQueen became aligned with the
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The Politics of Indian Removal: Creek Government and Society in Crisis
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250:. Orlando, Florida: University of Central Florida Press. p. 9.
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The next month, in August 1813, McQueen took part in the attack on
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223:, Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press, 1985, pp. 38–41
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and continued resistance to United States forces during the
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30:, Muscogee) was a chief, prophet, trader and warrior from
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with state militias, and Creek and Cherokee warriors at
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186:in April 1818 at an engagement fought near the
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120:, McQueen was one of several young Creek
741:Oklahoma Tax Commission v. United States
269:James O'Brien and Sean Michael O'Brien,
182:Defeated by Jackson's forces during the
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175:in 1814. Jackson's forces won.
131:Superintendent of Indian Affairs
648:Battle of Horseshoe Bend (1814)
854:People from Tallassee, Alabama
550:College of the Muscogee Nation
248:Florida's Peace River Frontier
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92:Because the Creek culture was
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773:Alabama-Quassarte Tribal Town
709:Treaty of Fort Jackson (1814)
653:Prospect Bluff Historic Sites
414:Prospect Bluff Historic Sites
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864:19th-century Seminole people
859:18th-century Seminole people
793:Poarch Band of Creek Indians
778:Coushatta Tribe of Louisiana
593:(predecessor to Lower Towns)
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759:Federally recognized tribes
725:Treaty of Washington (1826)
246:Brown, Jr., Canter (1991).
116:and his brother, the chief
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720:Treaty of Moultrie Creek
173:Battle of Horseshoe Bend
69:Early life and education
26:(c. 1780 – 1820) (
16:Not to be confused with
849:People of the Creek War
829:Native American leaders
788:Muscogee (Creek) Nation
834:Chiefs of the Muscogee
683:Creek National Capitol
643:Kimbell-James Massacre
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869:American Métis people
688:Crazy Snake Rebellion
591:Apalachicola Province
566:Mississippian culture
447:(Francis the Prophet)
783:Kialegee Tribal Town
633:Battle of Burnt Corn
535:Four Mothers Society
147:Battle of Burnt Corn
540:Green Corn Ceremony
476:William Weatherford
234:Politics of Removal
730:Indian Removal Act
668:Indian Removal Act
658:Battle of Ocheesee
638:Fort Mims Massacre
218:Michael D. Green,
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63:First Seminole War
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824:1820 deaths
819:1780 births
545:Stomp dance
429:Tribal town
340:Tukabatchee
145:called the
114:Tenskwatawa
94:matrilineal
813:Categories
622:Red Sticks
581:Moundville
424:Tallapoosa
389:Miccosukee
198:References
85:area (now
79:mixed-race
75:fur trader
40:Red Sticks
874:Creek War
499:Apalachee
486:Languages
466:Neamathla
368:Coushatta
156:, in the
154:Fort Mims
135:Red Stick
129:, the US
44:Creek War
36:Tallassee
530:Religion
419:Sabacola
409:Okfuskee
399:Muscogee
394:Muklassa
384:Hitchiti
378:Fowltown
162:massacre
122:prophets
118:Tecumseh
112:prophet
59:Seminole
559:History
523:Culture
509:Koasati
494:Alabama
471:Osceola
438:Leaders
373:Eufaula
358:Alabama
335:Kasihta
236:, p. 42
192:Osceola
110:Shawnee
597:Chiaha
576:Etowah
461:Menawa
404:Okchai
330:Coweta
325:Abihka
273:(2003)
254:
104:Career
83:Talisi
32:Talisi
28:Creek
252:ISBN
98:clan
194:.
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206:^
65:.
303:e
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289:v
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34:(
20:.
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