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a.m. to cross the
Tallapoosa river and cut off the Red Sticks' retreat and prevent reinforcements. Coffee's brigade was made up of 700 mounted infantry and 600 allied Indians. Meanwhile Jackson marched to the breastworks. He had one six-pound and one three-pound artillery piece that started a bombardment at 10:30 a.m. This lasted till noon when Jackson realized that it was having little effect and decided to storm the fortifications. The first person to scale the fortification was Major Lemuel Montgomery who was promptly shot in the head. The fight for the breastworks was a quick but bloody affair but in the end Jackson's men prevailed. The Red Sticks fell back to their second line of defense, a breastwork of logs and underbrush. The Creeks asked for no quarter while their prophets where saying that it would be worse if they were captured. Jackson offered them a chance to surrender and instead the Creeks fired on the party offering it. The fighting lasted until sunset.
329:. Made up mostly of Creek of the Upper Towns that supported traditional leadership and culture, as well as the preservation of communal land for cultivation and hunting, the Red Sticks arose at a time of increasing pressure on Creek territory by European American settlers. Creek of the Lower Towns were closer to the settlers, had more mixed-race families, and had already been forced to make land cessions to the Americans. In this context, the Red Sticks led a resistance movement against European American encroachment and
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639: with: authoritative, referenced content that describes the consensus factual material for the actions appearing here (e.g., including the principal leaders especially among the Creek, as well as relevant alliances, and details of roles, ages, genders, and ethnicities of casualties/fatalities/captives), cf. Braund (2017), Waselkov (2009), Waselkov (2017), also replacing student interpretation with balanced scholarly perspectives. You can help by
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commonly called the Creek War (1813–1814), was essentially a civil war as the Creek struggled among themselves for their future; after the Lower Creek issued a statement of "unqualified and unanimous friendship for the United States", tensions broke out into violence. Red Sticks attacked the Lower Creek towns. The Red Sticks were backed by the
British, who were engaged in the
449: with: authoritative, referenced content that describes the roles of nations (such as Spain and Britain), the principal players (especially from among the Creek), and other consensus factual material on the background of the actions that are described in following, cf. Braund (2017), Waselkov (2009), Waselkov (2017). You can help by
535:, he was impressed – though he did not know the Creek were in a civil war and that other tribes like the Choctaw, Chickasaw, and Cherokee joined the Americans. He wanted to strike the Gulf Coast and wanted to use the Indians as a diversion from the Canadian theater. He sent Captain Hugh Pigot who anchored by the mouth of the
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piece of iron, steel, or bone projecting about two inches. The Red Sticks faction came primarily from the Upper Towns of the Creek
Confederacy and supported traditional leadership and culture, including the preservation of communal land for cultivation and hunting, while opposing assimilation into European American culture.
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on 14 March. This was after his scouts reported a force of 1,000 Red Stick warriors and their families were living there. Jackson's army had to march over 60 miles of rugged terrain. Before they left he gave out a warning that anyone who retreated without being compelled by significant force would be
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History graduate student Karl Davis, in a manner contrary to prevailing scholarship at the time, interpreted the attack in a journal article treatment as a punitive expedition specifically directed against the Tensaw, a group of Lower Creek who were "separated from core Creek values." Hence, Davis
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culture, in which a person's place and status were determined by their maternal clan. The Creek of the Lower Towns, who comprised the majority of the population, had adopted more
European-American ways; in addition, they had more intermarriage among their women with white traders and settlers, and
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Jackson's army arrived on March 26 and set up camp six miles away near the site of the battle of
Emuckfau Creek. The day before, the Creek's commander, William Weatherford, left to be with his pregnant wife, leaving Chief Menewa in charge. Jackson's cavalry, under the command of Coffee, left at 3
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as a Major who was impressed with him. Because he was half-white and, in
Jackson's eyes, "civilized" he was able to gain Jackson's trust and when Georgians attacked friendly Creek settlements only McIntosh's complaints made it to the government. His actions in the Creek War mainly joining Jackson
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The term "Red Sticks" (alternatively "Redsticks" or "Red Clubs"), was derived from the name of the two-foot-long wooden war club, or atássa, used by the Creek. The preferred weapon of the Red Stick warriors, this war club had a red-painted wooden handle with a curve at its head that held a small
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During the battle atrocities took place. In one instance a five-year-old boy was killed with the butt of a musket because "someday the boy would be a warrior." Another person killed an Indian who was just sitting down because he wanted to brag about it. After the fighting was over some soldiers
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The fort was poorly guarded and the Red Sticks overwhelmed its defenses on 30 August 1813, killing most of the people who had taken refuge there. Estimates of the number of settlers at Fort Mims at the time of the massacre vary from 300 or so to 500 (including whites, slaves, and Lower Creek).
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The time in question was one of increasing pressure on Creek territory by
European American settlers. The Creek of the Lower Towns, who were closer to the settlers and had more mixed-race families, had already been forced to make numerous land cessions to the Americans. The Red Stick War, more
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The stockade and fort have been reconstructed at the historic site. The state installed a historic plaque at the Fort Mims site that notes the
British had provided weapons to the Red Sticks as part of its campaign against Captain Kaleb Johnson's troops in the South during the War of 1812.
713:, in southwestern Alabama), in an attempt to reduce the influence of the Tensaw Creek who controlled the fort. Also at the fort were intermarried whites, and other settlers and their slaves from the frontier who had become alarmed after the battle that had occurred at Burnt Corn.
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children as "the
Indians"; Benjamin Griffith argues that Hawkins failed to understand the closer relationship that children in Creek culture had with their mother's eldest brother, closer than with their biological father, because of the importance of the clan structure.
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The massacre had significant short-term and long-term effects. Alarmed by the fall of the fort and understanding little of internal Creek tensions, settlers demanded government protection from the Creek. With federal forces otherwise engaged in the War of 1812,
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on May 10, 1814. They proceeded to give the
Indians arms and a small British attachment of men. Pigot then reported to his superiors that he could have as much as 2,800 Creek and Seminoles trained in 8 to 10 weeks. This report would eventually lead to the
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in 1813. After the initial assault, the Red Sticks regrouped and defeated these troops. While the militia had provoked the attack, frontier settlers and U.S. officials became alarmed about the Red Sticks' actions on the frontier as a result.
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started to cut skin from Indians to make bridle reins. In the end only thirty-two Americans were killed, and ninety-nine were injured. In contrast only twenty Red Sticks were able to escape, including their leader Menewa.
527:) that helped and encouraged Native Americans to fight against America, mainly as a diversionary tactic. Most of their influence with the tribes flowed from the Great Lakes region. That was until
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in the Southeast and then as Superintendent of Indian Affairs in the territory south of the Ohio River, lived among the Creek and Choctaw and knew them well. He commented in letters to President
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and become state and U.S. citizens, but treaty provisions to secure their land were not followed, and many became landless. Some Creek migrated to Florida, where they joined the Seminoles.
838:, traditional enemy of the Creek. Historian Frank L. Owsley, Jr. suggests that the state-sponsored military activity in the area likely prevented the British from occupying an undefended
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that Creek women were matriarchs and had control of children "when connected with a white man". Hawkins further observed that even wealthy traders were nearly as "inattentive" to their
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tribes' territories, forcing land cessions under numerous treaties but always demanding more. After the war, the Creek were forced to cede half their remaining lands to the U.S.
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was one of the principal leaders of the Red Sticks. After the war, he continued to oppose white encroachment on Muscogee lands, visiting Washington, D.C., in 1826 to protest the
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of the Upper Towns. The war heightened the hostility between the Creek and the Americans in the Southeast, at a time when Americans had steadily encroached on Creek and other
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Estimates of survivors have varied; at the most, about three dozen have been claimed. At least 100 Creek attackers were found dead at the scene of the battle.
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visited the Upper Creeks and convinced them to make war against the United States. When incomplete reports of the Creek War reached Vice Admiral Sir
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in 1813. Initially a civil war among the Creek, the conflict drew in United States state forces while the nation was already engaged in the
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Halbert, Henry S., & Ball, Timothy H. (1995) . With Introduction, Notes, Bibliography and Index by Frank L. Owsley Jr. (ed.).
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against the United States, and the Spanish, who were trying to retain a foothold in Florida and in territories to the west of the
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on March 27, 1814. His forces killed or captured most of the Creek, but some survivors escaped to Florida, where they joined the
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The war had begun over internal divisions among Creek who resisted the assimilation and loss of traditions, led by the chiefs
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Frank, Andrew K. (2002). "The Rise and Fall of William McIntosh: Authority and Identity on the Early American Frontier".
678:. The armed conflict occurred when a group of Red Sticks were attacked by American white militiamen while returning from
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2013:
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Imperialism and Expansionism in American History: A Social, Political, and Cultural Encyclopedia and Document Collection
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does not believe the Fort Mims attack was representative of the overall conflict between the Upper and Lower Towns.
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commanded the state militias to campaign against the Red Sticks. The U.S. forces finally defeated the Creek at the
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economic relations with the United States settlers. At the same time, the mixed-race children, such as the chiefs
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Some of the notable people present at the battle were: Sam Houston, John Coffee, and Andrew Jackson
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1576:(Bicentennial ed.). Urbana: University of Illinois Press. pp. 123–161, esp. 145–151.
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Struggle for the Gulf Borderlands: The Creek War and the Battle of New Orleans, 1812–1815
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Davis, Karl (2002). "'Remember Fort Mims': Reinterpreting the Origins of the Creek War".
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325:—refers to an early 19th century traditionalist faction of Muscogee Creek people in the
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Note, the current article does not yet reflect the content of these further readings.
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Coming Down From Above: Prophecy, Resistance, and Renewal in Native American Religions
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Kanon, Thomas (1999). "'a Slow, Laborious Slaughter': The Battle of Horseshoe Bend".
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Within twenty years, they lost the remainder of their lands as a result of the
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The Encyclopedia of the War of 1812: A Political, Social, and Military History
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Chief of Coweta, William McIntosh was a leader of the Lower Creek. During the
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Mahon, John K. (1966). "British Strategy and Southern Indians: War of 1812".
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Jackson led a force of 3,000 men to Horseshoe Bend (Tohopeka in Creek), from
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1492:. Library of Alabama Classics. Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press.
1967:
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321:)—the name deriving from the red-painted war clubs of some Native American
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he opposed the Red Sticks and sided with the Americans instead. He joined
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789: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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404: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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Osceola and the Great Seminole War: A Struggle for Justice and Freedom
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alienated him after the war was over in Creek society. By supplying
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A Conquering Spirit: Fort Mims and the Redstick War of 1813–1814
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A Conquering Spirit: Fort Mims and the Redstick War of 1813–1814
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960:. In Spencer Tucker; James R. Arnold; Roberta Wiener (eds.).
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for defense and engaged Native American allies, such as the
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Faction of Muscogee Creek people in the early 19th century
1607:(2nd ed.). Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.
1528:
Heidler, David Stephen & Heidler, Jeanne T. (1997).
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Heidler, David Stephen & Heidler, Jeanne T. (1997).
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Owsley Jr., Frank L. (1971). "The Fort Mims Massacre".
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1570:Hickey, Donald R. (2012). "The Campaign of 1813 ".
854:and continued the resistance to the United States.
191:Please help to ensure that disputed statements are
97:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
333:, tensions that culminated in the outbreak of the
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701:The Red Sticks decided to attack the garrison at
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2226:Indigenous topics of the Southeastern Woodlands
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1253:. University of New Mexico Press. p. 89.
1126:McIntosh and Weatherford, Creek Indian Leaders
19:For the Central Asian paramilitary group, see
2236:Pre-statehood history of Georgia (U.S. state)
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1098:. In Chris J. Magoc; David Bernstein (eds.).
1018:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 38.
991:. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 195.
1561:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1534:. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. p. 355.
1519:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1378:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1351:. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. p. 355.
1635:. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.
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1129:. University of Alabama Press. p. 10.
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921:. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.
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490:, who was first appointed as United States
60:Learn how and when to remove these messages
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1657:Waselkov, Gregory A. (January 11, 2017).
1426:
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1081:, and are thought by some to be relevant.
1077:Ceremonial red sticks were used by Creek
1052:Waselkov, Gregory A. (January 11, 2017).
984:
805:Learn how and when to remove this message
610:Learn how and when to remove this message
486:, were generally raised among the Creek.
420:Learn how and when to remove this message
229:Learn how and when to remove this message
211:Learn how and when to remove this message
157:Learn how and when to remove this message
2138:Oklahoma Tax Commission v. United States
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523:was one of the principal nations (with
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1102:. Vol. 2. ABC-CLIO. p. 399.
964:. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO. p. 169.
888:. Some remnant Creek chose to stay in
670:The Red Sticks were involved with the
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1573:The War of 1812: A Forgotten Conflict
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1466:Braund, Kathryn (January 30, 2017).
787:adding citations to reliable sources
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592:adding citations to reliable sources
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402:adding citations to reliable sources
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95:adding citations to reliable sources
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1439:. St. Martin's Press. p. 19.
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1096:"Horseshoe Bend, Battle of (1814)"
14:
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41:This article has multiple issues.
2231:Pre-statehood history of Alabama
2165:Alabama-Coushatta Tribe of Texas
1214:The Florida Historical Quarterly
1152:The Georgia Historical Quarterly
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173:
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2045:Battle of Horseshoe Bend (1814)
1659:"Fort Mims Battle and Massacre"
1531:Encyclopedia of the War of 1812
1348:Encyclopedia of the War of 1812
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1240:
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1054:"Fort Mims Battle and Massacre"
908:
848:Battle of Horseshoe Bend (1814)
774:needs additional citations for
579:needs additional citations for
389:needs additional citations for
82:needs additional citations for
49:or discuss these issues on the
1947:College of the Muscogee Nation
1489:The Creek War of 1813 and 1814
1400:Tennessee Historical Quarterly
1250:The Cherokee Nation: A History
1193:. University of South Carolina
1143:
1071:
1045:
1:
2170:Alabama-Quassarte Tribal Town
2106:Treaty of Fort Jackson (1814)
2050:Prospect Bluff Historic Sites
1811:Prospect Bluff Historic Sites
1629:Waselkov, Gregory A. (2009).
1288:Journal of the Early Republic
1123:Benjamin W. Griffith (1998).
915:Waselkov, Gregory A. (2009).
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2190:Poarch Band of Creek Indians
2175:Coushatta Tribe of Louisiana
1990:(predecessor to Lower Towns)
880:, and the forced removal to
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2156:Federally recognized tribes
2122:Treaty of Washington (1826)
1191:South Carolina Encyclopedia
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2111:Treaty of Nicolls' Outpost
1708:Muscogee Creek Confederacy
1247:Conley, Robert J. (2005).
1094:John R. Burch Jr. (2015).
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674:that become known as the
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21:Red Sticks (Central Asia)
2195:Thlopthlocco Tribal Town
2117:Treaty of Moultrie Creek
1012:Jean-Marc Serme (2015).
956:Andrew K. Frank (2012).
731:Battle of Horseshoe Bend
725:Battle of Horseshoe Bend
533:Alexander F. I. Cochrane
358:treaty of Indian Springs
2185:Muscogee (Creek) Nation
1663:Encyclopedia of Alabama
1472:Encyclopedia of Alabama
1058:Encyclopedia of Alabama
278:; 210 years ago
2080:Creek National Capitol
2040:Kimbell-James Massacre
1999:Leon-Jefferson culture
1468:"Creek War of 1813–14"
365:
2085:Crazy Snake Rebellion
1988:Apalachicola Province
1963:Mississippian culture
1844:(Francis the Prophet)
828:Mississippi Territory
707:Mississippi Territory
691:Massacre at Fort Mims
542:Battle of New Orleans
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341:against the British.
2180:Kialegee Tribal Town
2030:Battle of Burnt Corn
1932:Four Mothers Society
1599:Owsley Jr., Frank L.
1040:A Conquering Spirit,
1015:1812 in the Americas
944:References and notes
783:improve this article
676:Battle of Burnt Corn
666:Battle of Burnt Corn
588:improve this article
398:improve this article
184:factual accuracy is
91:improve this article
1937:Green Corn Ceremony
1873:William Weatherford
1433:Thom Hatch (2012).
859:William Weatherford
554:Louisiana Territory
480:William Weatherford
259:William Weatherford
2127:Indian Removal Act
2065:Indian Removal Act
2055:Battle of Ocheesee
2035:Fort Mims Massacre
985:Lee Irwin (2014).
878:Indian Removal Act
697:Fort Mims Massacre
660:Skirmish over arms
544:six months later.
537:Apalachicola River
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2132:Treaty of Cusseta
2075:Creek War of 1836
2026:(Creek civil war)
2009:State of Muskogee
1911:Mikasuki-Hitchiti
1715:Four mother towns
1446:978-0-312-35591-3
1185:Groover, Mark D.
1136:978-0-8173-0914-5
1109:978-1-61069-430-8
1038:Waselkov (2009),
1025:978-1-4438-8293-4
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867:Peter McQueen
864:
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837:
833:
830:raised state
829:
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772:This section
770:
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737:Fort Williams
732:
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718:
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709:(present-day
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635:This section
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583:
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577:This section
575:
571:
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560:Armed actions
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445:This section
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387:This section
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360:. Painted by
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80:This article
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53:
48:
47:
42:
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22:
2143:
2136:
2113:(unratified)
2018:
1968:Pisgah phase
1760:Apalachicola
1666:. Retrieved
1662:
1646:. Retrieved
1631:
1618:. Retrieved
1603:
1587:. Retrieved
1572:
1545:. Retrieved
1530:
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1488:
1475:. Retrieved
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1460:
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1428:
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1399:
1362:. Retrieved
1347:
1340:
1331:
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1287:
1264:. Retrieved
1249:
1242:
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1207:
1195:. Retrieved
1190:
1180:
1158:(1): 18–48.
1155:
1151:
1145:
1125:
1118:
1099:
1079:medicine men
1073:
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1057:
1047:
1039:
1034:
1014:
1007:
987:
980:
961:
951:
932:. Retrieved
917:
909:Bibliography
903:
884:west of the
875:
856:
816:
801:
792:
781:Please help
776:verification
773:
750:
746:
742:
734:
719:
715:
700:
669:
645:
641:adding to it
636:
606:
597:
586:Please help
581:verification
578:
546:
505:
492:Indian agent
472:
468:
455:
451:adding to it
446:
416:
407:
396:Please help
391:verification
388:
331:assimilation
318:
314:
310:
306:
305:
225:
207:
198:
183:
153:
144:
134:
127:
120:
113:
106:"Red Sticks"
101:
89:Please help
84:verification
81:
57:
50:
44:
43:Please help
40:
1942:Stomp dance
1826:Tribal town
1737:Tukabatchee
1406:(1): 2–15.
894:Mississippi
550:War of 1812
517:long rifles
475:matrilineal
339:War of 1812
300:Communalism
2210:Categories
2019:Red Sticks
1978:Moundville
1821:Tallapoosa
1786:Miccosukee
1197:26 January
1042:pp. 86–88.
840:Gulf Coast
826:, and the
795:March 2017
740:executed.
648:March 2017
600:March 2017
519:in trade,
500:mixed-race
458:March 2017
410:March 2017
345:Background
307:Red Sticks
283:1814-05-10
246:Red Sticks
201:March 2017
147:March 2017
117:newspapers
46:improve it
2221:Creek War
1896:Apalachee
1883:Languages
1863:Neamathla
1765:Coushatta
1601:(2000) .
1557:cite book
1515:cite book
1412:0040-3261
1374:cite book
1226:0015-4113
1164:0016-8297
852:Seminoles
824:Tennessee
755:Aftermath
703:Fort Mims
508:Creek War
370:Creek War
335:Creek War
319:Red Clubs
311:Redsticks
52:talk page
2216:Muscogee
1927:Religion
1816:Sabacola
1806:Okfuskee
1796:Muscogee
1791:Muklassa
1781:Hitchiti
1775:Fowltown
1668:March 5,
1648:March 5,
1620:March 5,
1589:March 5,
1547:March 5,
1505:March 5,
1477:March 5,
1420:42627446
1364:March 5,
1266:March 5,
1234:30147227
1172:40584639
1063:March 5,
958:"Creeks"
934:March 5,
900:Memorial
836:Cherokee
832:militias
672:skirmish
529:Tecumseh
292:Ideology
186:disputed
1956:History
1920:Culture
1906:Koasati
1891:Alabama
1868:Osceola
1835:Leaders
1770:Eufaula
1755:Alabama
1732:Kasihta
1308:3124760
890:Alabama
820:Georgia
705:in the
680:Florida
521:England
364:, 1837.
281: (
273:Founded
131:scholar
1994:Chiaha
1973:Etowah
1858:Menawa
1801:Okchai
1727:Coweta
1722:Abihka
1639:
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1580:
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863:Menawa
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354:Menawa
309:(also
263:Menawa
254:Leader
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1304:JSTOR
1230:JSTOR
1168:JSTOR
682:with
525:Spain
323:Creek
317:, or
138:JSTOR
124:books
1670:2017
1650:2017
1637:ISBN
1622:2017
1609:ISBN
1591:2017
1578:ISBN
1563:link
1549:2017
1536:ISBN
1521:link
1507:2017
1494:ISBN
1479:2017
1441:ISBN
1408:ISSN
1380:link
1366:2017
1353:ISBN
1268:2017
1255:ISBN
1222:ISSN
1199:2021
1160:ISSN
1131:ISBN
1104:ISBN
1065:2017
1020:ISBN
993:ISBN
966:ISBN
936:2017
923:ISBN
892:and
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482:and
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
