2612:
always speak with a straight, and not with a forked tongue; that I have always told you the truth ... Where you now are, you and my white children are too near to each other to live in harmony and peace. Your game is destroyed, and many of your people will not work and till the earth. Beyond the great River
Mississippi, where a part of your nation has gone, your Father has provided a country large enough for all of you, and he advises you to remove to it. There your white brothers will not trouble you; they will have no claim to the land, and you can live upon it you and all your children, as long as the grass grows or the water runs, in peace and plenty. It will be yours forever. For the improvements in the country where you now live, and for all the stock which you cannot take with you, your Father will pay you a fair price ...
1968:. Noted historian Robert Remini wrote, "hey presumed that once the Indians adopted the practice of private property, built homes, farmed, educated their children, and embraced Christianity, these Native Americans would win acceptance from white Americans." Washington's six-point plan included impartial justice toward Indians; regulated buying of Indian lands; promotion of commerce; promotion of experiments to civilize or improve Indian society; presidential authority to give presents; and punishing those who violated Indian rights. The Muscogee would be the first Native Americans to be "civilized" under Washington's six-point plan. Communities within the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, and Seminole tribes followed Muscogee efforts to implement Washington's new policy of civilization.
1950:
1389:
2467:
815:
3586:
660:
1298:
3902:
2340:
2142:
2767:; the Commission separately registered intermarried whites and Creek Freedmen, whether or not they had any Creek ancestry. This ruined their claims to Creek membership later, even for people who had parents or other relative who were Creek. The Dawes Rolls have been used as the basis for many tribes to establish membership descent. European-American settlers had moved into the area and pressed for statehood and access to some of the tribal lands for settlement.
3011:
6330:
3640:
2096:
1046:
2680:
2359:. It ended the war and required the tribe to cede some 20 million acres (81,000 km) of land—more than half of their ancestral territorial holdings—to the United States. Even those who had fought alongside Jackson were compelled to cede land, since Jackson held them responsible for allowing the Red Sticks to revolt. The state of Alabama was created largely from the Red Sticks' domain and was admitted to the United States in 1819.
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45:
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152:
1788:
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2430:. The white pro-slave holding planters correctly felt its simple existence inspired escape or rebellion by the oppressed African-Americans, and they complained to the US government. The maroons had not received training in how to aim the Fort's cannons. After notifying the Spanish governor, who had very limited resources, and who said he had no orders to take action, U.S. General
2816:
3019:
1745:, on behalf of the 'Upper, Middle and Lower Creek and Seminole composing the Creek nation of Indians,' ceding a large portion of their lands to the federal government and promising to return fugitive slaves, in return for federal recognition of Muscogee sovereignty and promises to evict white settlers. McGillivray died in 1793, and with the invention of the
2867:
boys. Clan members do not claim "blood relation" but consider each other as family due to their membership in the same clan. This is expressed by their using the same kinship titles for both family and clan relations. For example, clan members of approximately the same age consider each other "brother" and "sister", even if they have never met before.
2092:. While the interpretation of this event varied from tribe to tribe, one consensus was universally accepted: the powerful earthquake had to have meant something. The earthquake and its aftershocks helped the Tecumseh resistance movement by convincing, not only the Muscogee, but other Native American tribes as well, that the Shawnee must be supported.
2364:
is due to the rectitude of proceeding dictated by instructions relating to the re-establishment of peace: Be it remembered, that prior to the conquest of that part of the Creek nation hostile to the United States, numberless aggressions had been committed against the peace, the property, and the lives of citizens of the United States ...
2989:: Fayet aresasvtēs. Mont fayēpat vrēpēt omvtēs, hopvyēn. Momēt vrēpēt omvtētan, nake punvttv tat pvsvtēpet, momet hvtvm efvn sulkēn omvtēs. Momet mv efv tat efv fayvlket omekv, nak punvttuce tayen pvsvtēpēt omvtēs. Mont aret omvtētan, efv tat estvn nak wohēcēto vtēkat, nake punvttvn oken mv efv-pucase enkerrēt omvtēs.
2583:. The tribe ceded their lands to Georgia in return for $ 200,000, although they were not required to move west. Troup ignored the new treaty and ordered the eviction of the Muscogee from their remaining lands in Georgia without compensation, mobilizing state militia when Adams threatened federal intervention.
1773:. The two nations agreed to settle the dispute by ball-play. With nearly 10,000 players and bystanders, the two nations prepared for nearly three months. After a day-long struggle, the Muscogee won the game. A fight broke out and the two nations fought until sundown with nearly 500 dead and many more wounded.
3726:
in their petitioning the United States government to recognize a government-to-government relationship. On August 11, 1984, these efforts culminated in the United States
Government, Department of Interior, and the Bureau of Indian Affairs acknowledging that the Poarch Band of Creek Indians existed as
2866:
Biological fathers are important within the family system but must come from another clan than the mother. But, within the clan, it is the mother's brother (the mother's nearest blood relation) who functions as the primary teacher, protector, disciplinarian and role model for children, especially for
2654:
By 1836, when extensive Creek removal was underway, Eneah
Emathala emerged as leader of the Lower Creeks ... their desire was only to be left alone in their homeland ... Gen. Winfield Scott was ordered to capture Eneah Emathala ... Captured with Emathala were some one thousand other person ... their
2870:
Because of this system, the
Muscogee Creek children born of European fathers belonged to their mother's clans and were part of their tribal communities. High-ranking daughters of chiefs often found it advantageous to marry European traders, who could provide their families with goods. Muscogee Creek
2953:
During the 17th century, the
Muscogee adopted some elements of European fashion and materials. As cloth was lighter and more colorful than deer hide, it quickly became a popular trade item throughout the region. Trade cloth in a variety of patterns and textures enabled Muscogee women to develop new
2363:
WHEREAS an unprovoked, inhuman, and sanguinary war, waged by the hostile Creeks against the United States, hath been repelled, prosecuted and determined, successfully, on the part of the said States, in conformity with principles of national justice and honorable warfare … And whereas consideration
1964:, the first U.S. Secretary of War, proposed a cultural transformation of the Native Americans. Washington believed that Native Americans were equals as individuals but that their society was inferior. He formulated a policy to encourage the "civilizing" process, and it was continued under President
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society, their children belonged to their mother's clan. With the exception of McGillivray, mixed-raced
Muscogee people worked against Muscogee Creek interests, as they understood them; to the contrary, in many cases, they spearheaded resistance to settler encroachment on Muscogee Creek lands. That
805:
Muscogee people were gradually influenced by interactions and trade with the
Europeans: trading or selling deer hides in exchange for European goods such as muskets, or alcohol. Secondly, the Spanish pressed them to identify leaders for negotiations; they did not understand government by consensus.
1713:
to fight trespassers. The bilingual and bicultural McGillivray worked to create a sense of
Muscogee nationalism and centralize political authority, struggling against village leaders who individually sold land to the United States. He also became a wealthy landowner and merchant, owning as many as
842:
who led the first expedition into the interior of the North
American continent. De Soto, convinced of the "riches", wanted Cabeza de Vaca to go on the expedition, but Cabeza de Vaca declined his offer because of a payment dispute. From 1540 to 1543, de Soto explored through present-day Florida and
3503:
That hereafter no Indian nation or tribe within the territory of the United States shall be acknowledged or recognized as an independent nation, tribe, or power with whom the United States may contract by treaty: Provided, further, that nothing herein contained shall be construed to invalidate or
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Andrew
Jackson was inaugurated president of the United States in 1829, and with his inauguration the government stance toward Indians turned harsher. Jackson abandoned the policy of his predecessors of treating different Indian groups as separate nations. Instead, he aggressively pursued plans to
2611:
Friends and Brothers – By permission of the Great Spirit above, and the voice of the people, I have been made President of the United States, and now speak to you as your Father and friend, and request you to listen. Your warriors have known me long You know I love my white and red children, and
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The Muscogee who joined Tecumseh's confederation were known as the Red Sticks. Stories of the origin of the Red Stick name varies, but one is that they were named for the Muscogee tradition of carrying a bundle of sticks that mark the days until an event occurs. Sticks painted red symbolize war.
1930:
before being forced to retreat. Although a Spanish force that set out to destroy Mikosuki got lost in the swamps, a second attempt to take San Marcos ended in disaster. After a European armistice led to the loss of British support, Bowles was discredited. The Seminole signed a peace treaty with
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and to admit them as full members and citizens of the Creek Nation, equal to the Creek in receiving annuities and land benefits. They were then known as Creek Freedmen. The US government required setting aside part of the Creek reservation land to be assigned to the freedmen. Many of the tribe
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At Jackson's request, the United States Congress opened a fierce debate on an Indian Removal Bill. In the end, the bill passed, but the vote was close. The Senate passed the measure 28 to 19, while in the House it squeaked by, 102 to 97. Jackson signed the legislation into law June 30, 1830.
1576:) in 1763, France lost its North American empire, and British-American settlers moved inland. Indian discontent led to raids against back-country settlers, and the perception that the royal government favored the Indians and the deerskin trade led many back-country white settlers to join the
1580:. Fears of land-hungry settlers and need for European manufactured goods led the Muscogee to side with the British, but like many tribes, they were divided by factionalism, and, in general, avoided sustained fighting, preferring to protect their sovereignty through cautious participation.
3727:
an "Indian Tribe". The tribe is the only federally recognized tribe in the state of Alabama. On November 21, 1984, the US government took 231.54 acres (0.9370 km) of land into trust for the tribe as a communal holding. On April 12, 1985, 229.54 acres (0.9289 km) were declared a
2518:
In the late 1810s and early 1820s, McIntosh helped create a centralized police force called 'Law Menders,' establish written laws, and form a National Creek Council. Later in the decade, he came to view relocation as inevitable. In 1821, McIntosh and several other chiefs, including Chief
2221:. Hawkins demanded that the Muscogees turn over Little Warrior and his six companions. Instead of handing the marauders over to the federal agents, Big Warrior and the old chiefs decided to execute the war party. This decision was the spark which ignited the civil war among the Muscogee.
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of 1892. These efforts were part of the US government's attempt to impose assimilation on the tribes, to introduce household ownership of land, and to remove legal barriers to the Indian Territory's achieving statehood. Members of the Creek Nation were registered as individuals on the
2799:. Additionally, Muscogee descendants of varying degrees of acculturation live throughout the southeastern United States. The majority of the Muscogee citizens live in Oklahoma, where the Muscogee Reservation is located. The Muscogee Nation is headquartered out of the nation's capital
1704:
After the war ended in 1783, the Muscogee learned that Britain had ceded their lands to the now independent United States. That year, two Lower Creek chiefs, Hopoithle Miko (Tame King) and Eneah Miko (Fat King), ceded 800 square miles (2,100 km) of land to the state of Georgia.
2264:
On the morning of August 30, 1813, few of Fort Mims' defenders stirred in the steaming heat. In the forested shade, the Creeks watched and waited. The fort's main gate, located on the east side of the stockade, had not been closed by the garrison troops ... No sentries occupied the
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Ancestral Muscogee peoples wore clothing made of woven plant materials or animal hides, depending upon the climate. During the summer, they preferred lightweight fabrics woven from tree bark, grasses, or reeds. During the harsh winters, they used animal skins and fur for warmth.
2998:: Someone was hunting. He went hunting in far away places. He went continually, killing small game, and he had many dogs. And the dogs were hunting dogs, so he had killed many animals. When hunting, he always knew his dogs had an animal trapped by the sound of their barking.
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in 1819, ceding Florida to the U.S. In 1823, a delegation of Seminole chiefs met with the new U.S. governor of Florida, expressing their opposition to proposals that would reunite them with the Upper and Lower Creek, partly because the latter tribes intended to enslave the
2104:
The Indians were filled with great terror ... the trees and wigwams shook exceedingly; the ice which skirted the margin of the Arkansas river was broken into pieces; and most of the Indians thought that the Great Spirit, angry with the human race, was about to destroy the
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responded by prescribing the death penalty for tribesmen who surrendered additional land. Georgian settlers continued to pour into Indian lands, particularly after the discovery of gold in northern Georgia. in 1825 McIntosh and his first cousin, Georgia Governor
1555:. ... By virtue of their ancestry and upbringing, they had greater cultural, social, linguistic, and geographic ties to the colonial settlements, traveling periodically to Pensacola and the Georgia trading posts to unload their skins and pick up more trade goods.
2758:. They formed the core of a band that became known as the Snakes, which also included many Creek Freedmen. At the end of the century, they resisted the extinguishing of tribal government and break-up of communal tribal lands enacted by the US Congress with the
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to the British cause, McIntosh never knew his white father. He had family ties to some of Georgia's planter elite, and after the wars became a wealthy cotton-planter. Through his mother, he was born into the prominent Wind Clan of the Creek; as the Creek had a
3026:
Land was the most valuable asset, which the Native Americans held in collective stewardship. The southern English colonies, US government and settlers systematically obtained Muscogee land through treaties, legislation, and warfare. Some treaties, such as the
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509:
with surrounding networks of satellite towns and farmsteads. Muscogee confederated town networks were based on a 900-year-old history of complex and well-organized farming and town layouts around plazas, ballparks, and square ceremonial dance grounds.
1559:
As Andrew Frank writes, "Terms such as mixed-blood and half-breed, which imply racial categories and partial Indianness, betray the ways in which Native peoples determined kinship and identity in the eighteenth- and early-nineteen-century southeast."
1356:. Fearing they would come under French influence, the British reopened the deerskin trade with the Lower Creeks, antagonizing the Yamasee, now allies of Spain. The French instigated the Upper Creeks to raid the Lower Creeks. In May 1718, the shrewd
2282:
The only explanation of this catastrophic event is that the Upper Creek leaders thought that fighting the United States was like fighting another Creek tribe, and taking Fort Mims was an even bigger victory than the Battle of Burnt Corn had been.
591:, which ceded 22,000,000 acres of land to the US, including land belonging to the Southern Muscogee who had fought alongside Jackson. The result was a weakening of the Muscogee Creek Confederacy and the forced cession of Muscogee lands to the US.
2034:, rejecting accommodation with white settlers and adaptation of European-American culture. Although Hawkins personally was never attacked, he was forced to watch an internal civil war among the Muscogee develop into a war with the United States.
2286:
The Red Stick victory spread panic throughout the southeastern United States, and the cry "Remember Fort Mims!" was popular among the public wanting revenge. With Federal troops tied up on the northern front against the British in Canada, the
1368:
band, invited representatives of Britain, France, and Spain to his village and, in council with Upper and Lower Creek leaders, declared a policy of Muscogee neutrality in their colonial rivalry. That year, the Spaniards built the presidio of
1994:
For years, Hawkins met with chiefs on his porch to discuss matters. He was responsible for the longest period of peace between the settlers and the tribe, overseeing 19 years of peace. In 1805, the Lower Creeks ceded their lands east of the
2422:, who had had military training, however rudimentary, and discipline (but whose English officers had departed). The Seminole only wanted to return to their villages, so the maroons became owners of the Fort. It soon came to be called the '
447:, the Seminole emerged with a separate identity from the rest of the Muscogee Creek Confederacy. The great majority of Seminole were forcibly relocated to Indian Territory in the late 1830s, where their descendants later formed
2858:
While families include people who are directly related to each other, clans are composed of all people who are descendants of the same ancestral clan grouping. Like many Native American nations, the Muscogee Creek are
2259:
whom they took as captured booty. After the Indians killed nearly 250–500 at the fort, settlers across the American southwestern frontier were in a panic. Although the Red Sticks won the battle, they had lost the war.
3523:, an ambassador for the US to the Creek Nation and merchant who lived in southern Georgia estimated Creek population in year 1794 at 10,000 warriors (and therefore around 50,000 people). Around the same time (1789)
2026:, which destroyed his life work of improving the Muscogee quality of life. Hawkins saw much of his work toward building a peace destroyed in 1812. A faction of Muscogee joined the Pan-American Indian movement of
727:
religious and political elites. This culture flourished in what is now the Midwestern, Eastern, and Southeastern United States from 800 to 1500, especially along the Mississippi River and its major tributaries.
893:
that colonists conducted in the Southeast during the 17th and 18th centuries. As the survivors and descendants regrouped, the Muscogee Creek Confederacy arose as a loose alliance of Muskogee-speaking peoples.
2202:, Hawkins' most powerful ally. Before the Muscogee Civil War began, the Red Sticks attempted to keep their activities secret from the "old chiefs" of the Creek national government. They were emboldened when
2741:
Because many Muscogee Creek people did support the Confederacy during the Civil War, the US government required a new treaty with the nation in 1866 to define peace after the war. It required the Creek to
2725:
to request help for the Union loyalists. On September 10, they received a positive response, stating the United States government would assist them. The letter directed Opothleyahola to move his people to
3555:
reported Creek population in 1857 as 28,214 people. It appears that Creek population declined during the subsequent years. Enumeration published in 1886 estimated only around 14,000 Creeks in Oklahoma (
1529:
married a Muscogee woman. In Muscogee culture, unmarried Muscogee women had great freedom over their own sexuality compared to European and European-American counterparts. Under the customs of Muscogee
2863:; each person belongs to the clan of their mother, who belongs to the clan of her mother. Inheritance and property are passed through the maternal line. Hereditary chiefs were born into certain clans.
2830:
influences; however, interaction with Spain, France, and England greatly shaped it as well. They were known for their rapid incorporation of modernity, developing a written language, transitioning to
1741:, who persuaded him to travel to New York City, then the capital of the U.S., and deal directly with the federal government. In the summer of 1790, McGillivray and 29 other Muscogee chiefs signed the
1416:
was the daughter of an English trader and a Muscogee woman from the powerful Wind Clan, half-sister of 'Emperor' Brim. She was the principal interpreter for Georgia's founder and first Governor Gen.
2255:, where white settlers and their Indian allies had gathered. The Red Sticks captured the fort by surprise, and carried out a massacre, killing men, women, and children. They spared only the black
4214:
Travels through North and South Carolina, Georgia, East and West Florida, the Cherokee Country, the Extensive Territories of the Muscogulges or Creek Confederacy, and the Country of the Chactaws
4195:
Travels through North and South Carolina, Georgia, East and West Florida, the Cherokee Country, the Extensive Territories of the Muscogulges or Creek Confederacy, and the Country of the Chactaws
2871:
believed young men who became educated in European ways could help them manage under the new conditions related to colonialism, while preserving important Muscogee Creek cultural institutions.
2240:. The Red Sticks fled the scene, and the U.S. soldiers looted what they found, allowing the Red Sticks to regroup and retaliate with a surprise attack that forced the Americans to retreat. The
2011:
to Washington, D.C. to be built through their territory. A number of Muscogee chiefs acquired slaves and created cotton plantations, grist mills and businesses along the Federal Road. In 1806,
2954:
styles of clothing, which they made for both men, women, and children. They incorporated European trade items such as bells, silk ribbons, glass beads, and pieces of mirror into the clothing.
1251:, known as Ochese-hatchee (creek), where a dozen towns relocated to escape the Spanish and acquire English goods. The name "Creek" most likely derived from a shortening of Ocheese Creek (the
867:, where the Native Americans were defeated. However, the victory came at great cost to the Spanish campaign in loss of supplies, casualties, and morale. The expedition never fully recovered.
6764:
3951:
2244:, as the exchange became known, broadened the Creek Civil War to include American forces, and was interpreted as a good omen, showing that in fact the Creeks could defeat the whites.
1396:
Native Americans meet with the trustee of the colony of Georgia in England, July 1734. Notice the Native American boy (in a blue coat) and woman (in a red dress) in European clothing.
541:
1312:
The Ochese Creeks joined the Yamasee, burning trading posts, and raiding back-country settlers, but the revolt ran low on gunpowder and was put down by Carolinian militia and their
4811:
1385:. As the three European colonial powers established themselves along the borders of Muscogee lands, the latter's strategy of neutrality allowed them to hold the balance of power.
2148:
was one of the principal leaders of the Red Sticks. After the war, he continued to oppose white encroachment on Muscogee lands, visiting Washington, D.C., in 1826 to protest the
3499:
In 1871, Congress added a rider to the Indian Appropriations Act to end the United States' recognizing additional Indian tribes or nations, and prohibiting additional treaties.
2176:(to whom 19th-century writers attributed fiery speeches that he "must have said") and their own religious leaders, and encouraged by British traders, Red Stick leaders such as
5525:
3204:
2551:
at his hotel. Signed by six other Lower Creek chiefs, the treaty ceded the last Lower Creek lands to Georgia, and allocated substantial sums to relocate the Muscogee to the
885:
carried unknowingly by the Europeans, but new to the Muscogee, the Spanish expedition resulted in epidemics of smallpox and measles, and a high rate of fatalities among the
6318:
1166:
system, with children considered born into their mother's clan, and inheritance was through the maternal line. The Wind Clan is the first of the clans. The majority of
2307:. Outnumbered and poorly armed, much too far from Canada or the Gulf Coast to receive British aid, the Red Sticks put up a desperate fight. On March 27, 1814, General
1931:
Spain. The following year, he was betrayed by Lower Creek supporters of Hawkins at a tribal council. They turned Bowles over to the Spanish, and he died in prison in
1010:
are the four "mother towns" of the Muscogee Confederacy. Traditionally, the Cusseta and Coweta bands are considered the earliest members of the Muscogee Nation. The
6246:
5325:
Annual report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution, showing the operations, expenditures, and condition of the Institution to July, 1885. Part II
2535:
2434:
quickly destroyed the Fort, in a famous and picturesque, though tragic, incident in 1816 that has been called "the deadliest cannon shot in American history" (see
2188:
won the support of the Upper Creek towns. Allied with the British, they opposed white encroachment on Muscogee lands and the "civilizing programs" administered by
6734:
4739:
2343:
Depiction of Red Eagle's surrender to Andrew Jackson after the Battle of Horseshoe Bend. Jackson was so impressed with Weatherford's boldness that he let him go.
1841:
as 'Chief of the Embassy for Creek and Cherokee Nations'; it was with British backing that he returned to train the Muscogee as pirates to attack Spanish ships.
863:. As the de Soto expedition's brutalities became known to the indigenous peoples, they decided to defend their territory. Chief Tuskaloosa led his people in the
1911:
had negotiated with Spain and the U.S., threatening to declare war on the United States unless it returned Muscogee lands, and issuing a death sentence against
1829:, and later used this union as the basis for his claim to exert political influence among the Creeks. In 1781, a 17-year-old Bowles led Muscogee forces at the
5680:
774:, many political centers of the Mississippians were already in decline, or abandoned. The region is best described as a collection of moderately sized native
1718:
6754:
6296:
1290:, who were sold into slavery in Carolina and the West Indies. A decade later, tensions between colonists and Indians in the American Southwest led to the
941:
was spoken in several towns along the Chattahoochee River and across much of present-day Georgia. The Muscogee were a confederacy of tribes consisting of
5626:
The Triumph of Ecunnau-Nuxulgee: Land Speculators, George M. Troup, State Rights, and the Removal of the Creek Indians from Georgia and Alabama, 1825–38.
2441:
The Seminole continued to welcome fugitive black slaves and raid American settlers, leading the U.S. to declare war in 1817. The following year, General
5662:
4030:
3551:. According to Indian Affairs 1841 the number of Creeks in Oklahoma (removed west of the Mississippi) was 24,549 while 744 still remained in the east.
1826:
1721:
with Spain, recognizing Muscogee control over 3,000,000 acres (12,000 km) of land claimed by Georgia, and guaranteeing access to the British firm
2213:
In February 1813, a small party of Red Sticks, led by Little Warrior, was returning from Detroit when they killed two families of settlers along the
1547:
These offspring of mixed marriages occupied a different position in the economy of the Deep South than did most Creeks and Seminoles. They worked as
786:), interspersed with completely autonomous villages and tribal groups. The earliest Spanish explorers encountered villages and chiefdoms of the late
1120:
led warriors in battle and represented their villages, but held authority only insofar as they could persuade others to agree with their decisions.
6719:
6311:
5837:
4689:
4593:
4162:
2426:' by Southern planters, and it was widely known among enslaved blacks by word of mouth – a place nearby where blacks were free and had guns, as in
583:
against the United States, while the Southern Muscogee remained US allies. Once the northern Muscogee Creek rebellion had been put down by General
389:
4656:
4395:
2081:
had sent him by giving the Muscogee a sign. Shortly after Tecumseh left the Southeast, the sign arrived as promised in the form of an earthquake.
1733:, and Georgia mobilized its militia. McGillivray refused to negotiate with the state that had confiscated his father's plantations, but President
2531:. As a reward, McIntosh was granted 1,000 acres (4 km) at the treaty site, where he built a hotel to attract tourists to local hot springs.
634:
are federally recognized. Formed in part originally by Muscogee refugees, the Seminole people today have three federally recognized tribes: the
5232:
3527:
wrote that the Creek lived in at least 100 towns and villages. Census taken in 1832 reported 22,700 Creeks and 900 Black slaves. Following the
2331:. Though the Red Sticks had been soundly defeated and about 3,000 Upper Muscogee died in the war, the remnants held out several months longer.
5091:
5705:
4785:
859:. De Soto brought with him a well-equipped army. He attracted many recruits from a variety of backgrounds who joined his quest for riches in
5435:
6749:
6739:
1240:
498:
5547:
4514:
6744:
6304:
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4632:
2803:. The Muscogee Nation has over 100,000 citizens as of 2024, The Muscogee Nation has increased in popularity due to the television series
5759:
5743:
4819:
3547:
to Oklahoma, Indian Affairs 1836 reported 17,894 Creeks already removed to Oklahoma while an estimated 4,000 still remained east of the
1199:
and related settlements to influence Native Americans. The British and the French opted for trade over conversion. In the 17th century,
579:(Creek War, 1813–1814). Begun as a civil war within Muscogee factions, it enmeshed the Northern Muscogee bands as British allies in the
435:. Another Muscogee group moved into Florida between roughly 1767 and 1821, trying to evade European encroachment, and intermarried with
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6724:
6334:
5147:
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5173:
6533:
5501:
3907:
3750:
reservation. The ruling also opened the possibility for Native Americans to have more power to regulate alcohol and casino gambling.
525:
sites. Precontact Muscogee societies shared agriculture, transcontinental trade, craft specialization, hunting, and religion. Early
6228:
3966:
5409:
3807:–1825), Muscogee chief prior to removing to Indian Territory led part of the pro-American Muscogee forces against the Red Sticks
3562:
Creek population has rebounded in the 20th and 21st centuries. In 2020 there were 107,370 Creeks (including 50,168 in Oklahoma).
2224:
The first clashes between Red Sticks and the American whites took place on July 21, 1813, when a group of American soldiers from
1243:. The Spanish and their "mission Indians" burned most of the towns along the Chattahoochee after they welcomed Scottish explorer
466:
The respective languages of all of these modern-day branches, bands, and tribes, except one, are closely related variants called
2738:
and aid. They became known as Loyalists, and many were members of the traditional Snake band in the latter part of the century.
1987:. He began to teach agricultural practices to the tribe, starting a farm at his home on the Flint River. In time, he brought in
643:
5453:
3850:–1863), speaker, Muscogee chief, warrior leader during first two Seminole Wars and the Civil War, treaty signer, American ally
3769:, Maryland-born English adventurer and organizer of Muscogee Creek attempts to create a state outside of Euro-American control
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4852:
4567:
4495:
4456:
4424:
4119:
1880:, encompassing large portions of present-day Florida, Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, and Tennessee, and incorporating the
533:
431:. A small group of the Muscogee Creek Confederacy remained in Alabama, and their descendants formed the federally recognized
17:
6326:
2980:, with some words being identical in pronunciation. The following table is an example of Muscogee text and its translation:
2445:
invaded Florida with an army that included more than 1,000 Lower Creek warriors; they destroyed Seminole towns and captured
6553:
5198:
4995:
4614:
Wood, Brian M. (1984). "Fort Okfuskee: A British Challenge to Fort Toulouse aux Alibamons". In Waselkov, Gregory A. (ed.).
526:
4139:
3997:
2394:
tripled the Seminole population, and strengthened the tribe's Muscogee characteristics. In 1814, British forces landed in
818:
Hernando de Soto and his men burn Mabila, after a surprise attack by Chief Tuskaloosa and his people in 1540; painting by
763:, Icofan, Patican and others, until at length they had overcome them, and absorbed some as confederates into their tribe.
719:
led to agricultural surpluses and population growth. Increased population density gave rise to urban centers and regional
6473:
6346:
1424:
near Oakfuskee to compete with French trade with the Creeks at Fort Toulouse. The deerskin trade grew, and by the 1750s,
6104:
2842:
and share a vibrant tribal identity through events such as annual festivals, stickball games, and language classes. The
6493:
5789:
5610:
Swanton, John R. (1928). "Social Organization and the Social Usages of the Indians of the Creek Confederacy", in Forty-
3739:
2299:
militias were commissioned and invaded the Upper Creek towns. They were joined by Indian allies, the Lower Creek under
856:
109:
2077:, where he told the Muscogee that the comet signaled his coming. McKenney reported that Tecumseh would prove that the
827:
6418:
6363:
6358:
5672:
5597:
4940:
4917:
4892:
4339:
4172:
3709:
3579:
2683:
Members of the Creek Nation in Oklahoma around 1877. They included men of mixed Creek, European and African ancestry.
1725:
which controlled the deerskin trade, while making himself an official representative of Spain. In 1786, a council in
379:
128:
81:
3691:
1749:
white settlers on the Southwestern frontier who hoped to become cotton planters clamored for Indian lands. In 1795,
6255:
5677:
3559:) as of 1884. Indian Affairs 1910 reported 11,911 in Oklahoma. While the census of 1910 counted only 6,945 Creeks.
1646:
1522:, William Perryman, and others. These reflect Muscogee women having children with British colonists. For instance,
1420:, using her connections to foster peace between the Creek Indians and the new colony. In 1735, Georgia constructed
1196:
631:
1677:
in March 1780, with the aid of an Upper Creek war-party, but reinforcements from the Lower Creeks and local white
1412:, a Yamasee band that remained allies of Britain, allowed John Musgrove to establish a fur-trading post. His wife
6135:
5339:
3288:
2548:
2324:
2149:
1401:
1195:
Britain, France, and Spain all established colonies in the present-day Southeastern woodlands. Spain established
1539:, and knew European customs as well, made them community leaders; they "dominated Muskogee politics". As put by
548:", because they were said to have integrated numerous cultural and technological practices of their more recent
88:
6068:
6037:
4749:
4722:
4291:
4261:
3926:
3784:(unknown–1918), she was subject to a known lawsuit, highlighting a pattern of abuse against freedmen among the
3687:
3504:
impair the obligation of any treaty heretofore lawfully made and ratified with any such Indian nation or tribe.
2528:
2495:
2374:
Many Muscogee refused to surrender and escaped to Florida. They allied with other remnant tribes, becoming the
1893:
1802:
1678:
1634:
1620:
1155:. Clans organized hunts, distributed lands, arranged marriages, and punished lawbreakers. The authority of the
522:
66:
2709:
began gathering at Opothleyahola's plantation, where they hoped to remain neutral in the conflict between the
6628:
6260:
6201:
6140:
5932:
5901:
4027:
3613:
2698:
2403:
1949:
1662:
1627:
1507:
607:
436:
3612:
Three Muscogee tribal towns are federally recognized tribes: Alabama-Quassarte, Kialegee, and Thlopthlocco.
2787:, and Muscogee live in essentially undocumented ethnic towns in Florida. The Alabama reservation includes a
463:, resisting removal. These two tribes gained federal recognition in the 20th century and remain in Florida.
6280:
6265:
5360:
3723:
3571:
2751:
resisted these changes. The loss of lands contributed to problems for the nation in the late 19th century.
1806:
1670:
795:
755:. Here they waged war against other bands of Native American Indians, such as the Savanna, Ogeeche, Wapoo,
705:
627:
623:
432:
5229:"The Creek stories of Earnest Gouge, "Tiger helps man defeat a giant lizard" [#16 on linked page]"
5047:
3998:"2010 Census CPH-T-6. American Indian and Alaska Native Tribes in the United States and Puerto Rico: 2010"
1991:
and workers, cleared several hundred acres, and established mills and a trading post as well as his farm.
838:
had said that America was the "richest country in the world". Hernando de Soto was a Spanish explorer and
95:
6508:
6383:
6212:
5737:
5472:
3776:
3536:
3310:
2596:
2580:
1722:
1689:
retook Augusta in 1781. The next year an Upper Creek war-party trying to relieve the British garrison at
1279:
1208:
635:
448:
5384:
4686:
4590:
2507:
system of descent and inheritance, he achieved his chieftainship because of her. He was also related to
1953:
Painting (1805) of Benjamin Hawkins on his plantation, instructing Muscogee Creek in European technology
1474:, remnants of the 'mission Indians,' and escaped African slaves. Their name comes from the Spanish word
6443:
6393:
5850:
5285:
4392:
3519:
Early estimates of the Creek probably did not cover the whole nation but just parts of the population.
2049:
2016:
2004:
2000:
1830:
1600:
1220:
876:
619:
575:, actively resisted European-American encroachment. Internal divisions with the Lower Towns led to the
514:
5385:"Distribution of American Indian tribes: Creek People in the USA | County Ethnic Groups | Statimetric"
4657:"'Burning & Destroying All Before Them': Creeks and Seminoles on Georgia's Revolutionary Frontier"
3794:, Hoboi-Hili-Miko (1750–1793), principal chief of the Upper Creek towns during the American Revolution
1979:. He personally assumed the role of principal agent to the Muscogee. He moved to the area that is now
1729:
decided to wage war against white settlers on Muscogee lands. War parties attacked settlers along the
6413:
6398:
6191:
4217:
4198:
3683:
3140:
2419:
1742:
1244:
639:
452:
77:
62:
31:
4471:
4309:
Narratives of the Career of Hernando de Soto in the Conquest of Florida as told by a Knight of Elvas
1486:" emerges linguistically from this root as well—and American Indians who fled the Europeans. In the
1388:
864:
6658:
6523:
6513:
6478:
6285:
6207:
5083:
3672:
3629:
2776:
2195:, and clashed with many of the leading chiefs of the Muscogee Nation, most notably the Lower Creek
2089:
1980:
1588:
1050:
615:
168:
5714:
5702:
5323:
2450:
1439:
in present-day Florida, guaranteeing Native hunting grounds for the deerskin trade and protecting
6453:
6275:
5631:
Worth, John E. (2000). "The Lower Creeks: Origins and Early History", in Bonnie G. McEwan (ed.),
3762:
3747:
3676:
3602:
1922:, who won the loyalty of the Lower Creeks. He built a tiny navy, and raided Spanish ships in the
1795:
1654:
603:
483:
55:
5753:
6428:
6423:
6196:
6170:
6130:
6089:
5782:
5583:
Of One Mind and of One Government: The Rise and Fall of the Creek Nation in the Early Republic.
4511:
4441:
4252:
Saunt, Claudio (1999). "'Martial virtue, and not riches': The Creek relationship to property".
3772:
3758:
Muscogee people from the 20th and 21st centuries will be listed under their respective tribes.
3532:
3226:
2788:
2714:
2710:
2592:
2356:
2276:
2214:
1927:
1370:
1333:
588:
564:
5690:
5354:
4842:
4789:
4629:
4284:
A New Order of Things. Property, Power, and the Transformation of the Creek Indians, 1733–1816
4254:
A New Order of Things. Property, Power, and the Transformation of the Creek Indians, 1733–1816
4109:
4090:
Walter, Williams (1979). "Southeastern Indians before Removal, Prehistory, Contact, Decline".
3837:–1765) served as a cultural liaison between colonial Georgia and the Muscogee Creek community.
3746:
on July 9, 2020. The Court recognized a large part of eastern Oklahoma as part of the state's
3018:
2099:
The New Madrid earthquake was interpreted by the Muscogee to support the Shawnee's resistance.
6175:
6078:
6053:
5822:
5617:
Walker, Willard B. (2004). "Creek Confederacy Before Removal", in Raymond D. Fogelson (ed.),
4977:
4557:
3961:
3931:
3856:(1644–1741), Creek chief who mediated with the British who established colonial Georgia, and
3791:
3785:
3028:
2731:
2701:, unlike many other tribes, including many of the Lower Creeks. Runaway slaves, free blacks,
2524:
2508:
2296:
2085:
2012:
1944:
1908:
1754:
1706:
1612:
1569:
1503:
1011:
966:
787:
732:
712:
678:
667:
545:
502:
5476:
5340:"Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs", Office of Indian Affairs, November 25, 1841"
5151:
4485:
2565:
led about 200 Law Menders to execute McIntosh according to their law. They burned his upper
1753:
and several hundred followers defied the Treaty of New York and established the short-lived
831:
791:
743:, Georgia, and Alabama. They may have been related to the Tama of central Georgia. Muscogee
6438:
6270:
6120:
6063:
6022:
5165:
3936:
3921:
3621:
2435:
2292:
2241:
1984:
1865:
1682:
1650:
1624:
1592:
1365:
1224:
1090:
962:
902:
844:
663:
611:
518:
405:
250:
196:
5498:
1926:, and, in 1800, declared war on Spain, briefly capturing the presidio and trading post of
8:
6759:
6663:
6027:
5973:
5963:
5312:. Publications of the Polish Sociological Institute. London: Macmillan. pp. 526–528.
3946:
3863:
2847:
2566:
2512:
2352:
2248:
2177:
2059:
2043:
1877:
1857:
1849:
1818:
1665:
control over the Georgia and Carolina interior and instigated Cherokee raids against the
1642:
1616:
1584:
1573:
1519:
1452:
1321:
1283:
1015:
918:
910:
882:
560:
475:
267:
5667:
5125:
2466:
704:, from 1000 BC to 1000 AD, locals developed pottery and small-scale horticulture of the
587:
with the aid of the Southern Muscogee Creek, the Muscogee nation was forced to sign the
6613:
6593:
6503:
6217:
6155:
6145:
6125:
5986:
5817:
5413:
4374:
3956:
3743:
3728:
3606:
3590:
3162:
2800:
2755:
2688:
2627:
2399:
2136:
1814:
1275:
1007:
890:
886:
688:
lived in what is today the Southern United States. Paleo-Indians in the Southeast were
491:
2458:. Instead, the Seminoles agreed to move onto a reservation in inland central Florida.
2164:, began as a civil war within the Muscogee Nation, only to become enmeshed within the
1623:
fur-trader and planter, whose properties were confiscated by Georgia. His ex-partner,
102:
6714:
6638:
6623:
6608:
6588:
6583:
6222:
6165:
6099:
6001:
5991:
5775:
5593:
5482:
5364:
4936:
4913:
4888:
4848:
4745:
4718:
4563:
4491:
4452:
4420:
4335:
4312:
4287:
4257:
4168:
4115:
3617:
3552:
3548:
3540:
3352:
2963:
2835:
2827:
2819:
2647:
2635:
2631:
2576:
2470:
2348:
2153:
1957:
1912:
1873:
1845:
1813:
by age 15. Cashiered for dereliction of duty after returning too late to his ship at
1782:
1734:
1690:
1658:
1536:
1425:
1405:
1232:
1106:
914:
748:
549:
537:
471:
467:
341:
233:
229:
4992:
4773:
The King's Ranger: Thomas Brown and the American Revolution on the Southern Frontier
536:
officially considered by the early United States government to be "civilized" under
6688:
6683:
6678:
6618:
6603:
6598:
6568:
6563:
6543:
6388:
6094:
5996:
5981:
5938:
5450:
3885:
3797:
3633:
3556:
2977:
2804:
2759:
2706:
2639:
2575:, traveled to Washington D.C. to protest the 1825 treaty. They convinced President
2483:
2474:
2328:
2300:
2207:
2199:
2192:
1972:
1965:
1919:
1694:
1674:
1526:
1511:
1417:
1378:
1349:
1341:
1062:
930:
835:
599:
420:
347:
2599:, the Muscogee were confined to a small strip of land in present-day east central
1791:
William Augustus Bowles (1763–1805) was also known as Estajoca, his Muscogee name.
1030:
rivers (between 1690 and 1715), were Coweta, Cusseta (Kasihta), Koloni, Tuskegee,
897:
The Muscogee lived in autonomous villages in river valleys throughout present-day
6673:
6653:
6578:
6463:
6408:
6378:
6235:
6073:
6017:
5886:
5729:
5709:
5697:
5684:
5505:
5478:
Visions for the Future: A Celebration of Young Native American Artists, Volume 1.
5457:
4999:
4693:
4636:
4597:
4518:
4399:
4209:
4190:
4034:
3916:
2973:
2784:
2780:
2735:
2722:
2415:
2229:
1975:
as General Superintendent of Indian Affairs dealing with all tribes south of the
1861:
1710:
1577:
1483:
1440:
1436:
1329:
1325:
1317:
1271:
1204:
934:
814:
736:
701:
689:
5736:
5726:
Remonstrance of the Creek Indians against being removed from their own Territory
5663:
Creek (Muskogee) by Kenneth W. McIntosh – Encyclopedia of North American Indians
5202:
4955:
4359:
3010:
1478:, which originally referred to a domestic animal that had reverted to the wild.
1128:
or lesser chiefs, and various advisers, including a second-in-charge called the
6693:
6648:
6643:
6573:
6538:
6160:
5860:
5845:
5551:
3544:
3520:
2838:
and African-Americans into their society. Muscogee people continue to preserve
2643:
2552:
2544:
2455:
2442:
2431:
2308:
1996:
1923:
1738:
1666:
1630:
1596:
1552:
1448:
1432:
1393:
1382:
1264:
1256:
1248:
1236:
1082:
1078:
1027:
1019:
999:
954:
950:
799:
779:
771:
767:
760:
752:
595:
584:
506:
487:
428:
416:
271:
5569:
Deerskins & Duffels: The Creek Indian Trade with Anglo-America, 1685–1815.
5025:
3639:
1159:
was complemented by the clan mothers, mostly women elders. The Muscogee had a
6708:
6518:
6488:
6483:
6368:
6150:
6114:
5943:
5767:
4867:
4307:
Gentleman of Elva (1557). "Chapter II, How Cabeza de Vaca arrived at court".
4065:
3840:
3827:
2693:
2571:
2181:
1901:
1770:
1750:
1698:
1686:
1540:
1515:
1421:
1413:
1374:
1337:
1212:
1094:
1086:
1066:
1045:
922:
576:
393:
246:
157:
5228:
3585:
2270:
A Short History of the Ft. Mims Massacre of 1813 during the Creek Indian War
1641:, and most of the Lower Creeks nominally allied with Britain after the 1779
659:
6633:
6468:
6458:
6058:
4403:
Oklahoma Historical Society's Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture.
4355:
4105:
3781:
3133:
2796:
2569:
plantation. A delegation of the Creek National Council, led by the speaker
2540:
2491:
2398:
and began arming the Seminoles. The British had built a strong fort on the
2395:
2379:
2233:
2189:
2078:
2074:
1932:
1916:
1897:
1817:, Bowles escaped north and found refuge among the Lower Creek towns of the
1730:
1726:
1548:
1523:
1431:
In 1736, Spanish and British officials established a neutral zone from the
1357:
1297:
1291:
1189:
1141:
1070:
1023:
978:
860:
839:
756:
744:
685:
479:
444:
5633:
Indians of the Greater Southeast: Historical Archaeology and Ethnohistory.
4451:(Bonnie G. ed.). University of Florida Press. pp. 271, 279–282.
2826:
Muscogee culture has greatly evolved over the centuries, combining mostly
2339:
6032:
5916:
5911:
5827:
5657:
5526:"U.S. Supreme Court deems half of Oklahoma a Native American reservation"
4449:
Indians of the Greater Southeast: Historical Archaeology and Ethnohistory
4230:
3971:
2860:
2843:
2764:
2607:
move all Indian tribes living east of the Mississippi River to Oklahoma.
2504:
2407:
2304:
2165:
2141:
2027:
2019:, to protect expanding settlements and serve as a reminder of U.S. rule.
2008:
1709:
led pan-Indian resistance to white encroachment, receiving arms from the
1531:
1471:
1456:
1345:
1259:), and broadly applies to all of the Muscogee Confederacy, including the
1179:
1160:
1145:
1058:
1003:
990:
852:
783:
716:
697:
580:
556:
200:
4378:
1188:
A raiding party against Spanish missions in Florida passes the Ocmulgee
513:
The Muscogee Creek are associated with multi-mound centers, such as the
6433:
6109:
5876:
5752:
4556:
Rowland, Lawrence Sanders; Moore, Alexander; Rogers, George C. (1996).
4316:
3941:
3853:
3524:
2743:
2423:
2132:
1976:
1961:
1838:
1810:
1746:
1502:
Many Muscogee Creek leaders, due to intermarriage, have British names:
1305:
1200:
724:
460:
456:
279:
5356:
Indian Removal: The Emigration of the Five Civilized Tribes of Indians
4641:
4601:
4523:
4487:
Creek Indian Medicine Ways: The Enduring Power of the Mvskoke Religion
2095:
1286:. These raids captured thousands of Spanish-allied Indians, primarily
5953:
5855:
5651:
5645:
4330:
Ethridge, Robbie (2003). "Chapter 5: 'The People of Creek Country'".
3528:
2969:
2702:
2679:
2559:
2487:
2446:
2391:
2288:
2252:
2237:
2225:
2218:
2128:
2023:
1885:
1872:
Kanache, his father-in-law and strongest ally. Bowles envisioned the
1853:
1608:
1604:
1463:
1353:
1287:
1102:
1089:
during the Spanish explorations), Itawa (original inhabitants of the
898:
740:
720:
693:
397:
295:
287:
208:
5576:
Rivers of History-Life on the Coosa, Tallapoosa, Cahaba and Alabama.
3952:
List of sites and peoples visited by the Hernando de Soto Expedition
3661:
1482:
was used by the Spanish and Portuguese to refer to fugitive slaves—"
1274:
led the Carolina militia and Ochese Creek and Yamasee warriors on a
933:
were spoken in the upper Alabama River basin and along parts of the
505:. Between 800 and 1600 CE, they built complex cities with earthwork
44:
6403:
6338:
6329:
5906:
5896:
5881:
5871:
5865:
4618:. Montgomery, Alabama: Auburn University at Montgomery. p. 41.
2727:
2520:
2499:
2414:, cannons, powder, shot, cannonballs) to the locals: Seminoles and
2375:
2320:
2316:
2203:
2173:
2070:
2031:
1881:
1822:
1799:
1638:
1487:
1467:
1444:
1409:
1313:
1301:
1252:
1216:
1039:
1035:
982:
974:
958:
938:
819:
775:
572:
440:
424:
336:
303:
299:
212:
151:
5721:
3605:
is a federally recognized Indian Nation. Their headquarters is in
2486:
led the Lower Creek warriors who fought alongside the U.S. in the
2275:
The Fort Mims Massacre was followed two days later by the smaller
1999:
to Georgia, with the exception of the sacred burial mounds of the
6528:
5958:
4311:. Kallman Publishing Co. (1968), Translated by Buckingham Smith.
3857:
3824:) was a principal leader of the Red Sticks during the Creek Wars.
3575:
2600:
2555:. It provided for an equally large payment directly to McIntosh.
2355:). On August 9, 1814, the Muscogee nation was forced to sign the
2312:
2169:
2066:
1889:
1834:
1787:
1766:
1228:
1227:. Traders from Carolina went to Muscogee settlements to exchange
1163:
1098:
946:
926:
906:
848:
568:
409:
401:
291:
283:
275:
216:
204:
192:
4114:. New York: Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. pp. 233–235.
2418:(escaped slaves). A few hundred maroons constituted a uniformed
2054:
1247:
in 1685. In 1690, English colonists built a trading post on the
396:. Their historical homelands are in what now comprises southern
6668:
6498:
6084:
5948:
5891:
5812:
5614:
Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office. pp. 23–472.
5084:"The Deadliest Cannon Shot in American History (July 27, 1816)"
4037:
Sequoyah Research Center and the American Native Press Archives
3810:
3775:(1833–1911), represented the Creek and Seminole nations in the
3154:
Boundaries defined, Civilization of Creek, Animosities to cease
2831:
2792:
2747:
2579:
that the treaty was invalid, and negotiated the more favorable
2562:
2411:
2256:
2236:, where they had bought munitions from the Spanish governor at
2185:
2145:
1988:
1938:
1184:
1074:
1031:
995:
970:
529:
encountered ancestors of the Muscogee in the mid-16th century.
4094:. Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press. pp. 7–10.
3624:
is headquartered in Wetumka, and Jeremiah Hoia is the current
1633:, initially persuaded the Lower Creeks to remain neutral, but
1231:, gunpowder, axes, glass beads, cloth and West Indian rum for
598:, most of the Muscogee Confederacy were forcibly relocated to
544:. In the 19th century, the Muscogee were known as one of the "
371:
6448:
6373:
5548:"'Reservation Dogs' Is a Near-Perfect Study of Dispossession"
3644:
2427:
1408:, was founded the following year, on a river bluff where the
1260:
942:
474:, all of which belong to the Eastern Muskogean branch of the
263:
5590:
Mixed Blood Indians: Racial Construction in the Early South,
5328:. Washington: Government Printing Office. 1886. p. 861.
5123:
2976:, of the early 19th century. The language is related to the
2775:
Some Muscogee in Alabama live near the federally recognized
2642:. Most Muscogee were removed to Indian Territory during the
2206:
rallied his followers and joined with a British invasion to
2037:
2022:
Hawkins was disheartened and shocked by the outbreak of the
1825:
and the other a daughter of the Hitchiti Muscogee chieftain
6765:
Tribal Confederacies of indigenous peoples of North America
5635:
Gainesville: University Press of Florida. pp. 265–298.
5026:"Ft. Mims Massacre Baldwin County, Alabama August 30, 1813"
4885:
Mixed Blood Indians: Racial Construction in the Early South
4083:
2807:, which follows the lives of four Creek teens in Oklahoma.
1760:
1466:), they became the center of a new tribal confederacy, the
1152:
751:, in which they eventually settled on the east bank of the
365:
353:
4715:
Old Hickory's War. Andrew Jackson and the Quest for Empire
3596:
3022:
Ceded area as deemed by the Treaty of Fort Jackson in 1814
2972:
family and was well known among the frontiersmen, such as
2815:
5612:
Second Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology.
4559:
The History of Beaufort County, South Carolina: 1514–1861
3651:
2347:
In August 1814, the Red Sticks surrendered to Jackson at
1173:
1018:(before 1690 and after 1715), and farther east along the
368:
4931:
Remini, Robert. "Brothers, Listen ... You Must Submit".
4883:
Perdue, Theda (2003). "Chapter 2 'Both White and Red'".
4228:
2390:
The Red Stick refugees who arrived in Florida after the
2323:
and Lower Creek warriors, crushed the Red Sticks at the
2232:) stopped a party of Red Sticks who were returning from
1136:
or ranking warrior, the principal military adviser. The
670:
site, occupied by ancestors of the Muscogee people from
478:. These languages are mostly mutually intelligible. The
5619:
Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 14: Southeast.
5605:
Early History of the Creek Indians and their Neighbors.
4023:
4021:
3889:
is filmed entirely in Muscogee Nation land in Oklahoma.
3873:– 1824), leader of the Red Sticks during the Creek Wars
3031:, indirectly affected the Muscogee. The treaties were:
1776:
1443:
from further British encroachment. Ca. 1750 a group of
1109:), and Tuskegee ("Napochi" in the de Luna chronicles).
4924:
4419:. University Press of Florida. pp. 6, 87, 88–91.
4334:. The University of North Carolina Press. p. 93.
1112:
The most important leader in Muscogee society was the
770:
made their first forays inland from the shores of the
497:
The ancestors of the Muscogee people were part of the
4323:
3753:
2717:. On August 15, 1861, Opothleyahola and tribal chief
2498:
officer of the same name who had recruited a band of
1105:(Koasati; they had absorbed the Kaski/Casqui and the
380:
362:
356:
181:
2010: self-identified 88,332 alone and in combination
5481:
Boulder, CO: Native American Rights Fund, 2007: 82.
5081:
4901:
4744:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. p. 4.
4018:
3897:
3609:
and their current Principal Chief is David W. Hill.
3494:
2791:
and 16-story hotel. The Creek tribe holds an annual
2617:
President Andrew Jackson addressing the Creeks, 1829
2378:. Muscogee were later involved on both sides of the
1647:
during the Mobile and Pensacola campaigns of 1780–81
855:
area. The areas were inhabited by historic Muscogee
834:, returned to Spain in 1537, he told the Court that
731:
The early historic Muscogee were descendants of the
567:, the Upper Towns of the Muscogee, supported by the
427:) by the federal government in the 1830s during the
5588:Perdue, Theda. Chapter 2: "Both White and Red", in
3574:are a tribe of Muscogee people, descended from the
1447:moved to the neutral zone, after clashing with the
1144:officiated at various rituals, including providing
870:
359:
350:
69:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
4555:
4231:"Moundbuilders, North Georgia's early inhabitants"
1837:, he travelled to London. He was received by King
1637:Capt. William McIntosh led a group of pro-British
1470:, which grew to include earlier refugees from the
5678:Southeastern Native American Documents, 1763–1842
5222:
5220:
4786:"Alexander McGillivray – Encyclopedia of Alabama"
4306:
809:
766:In the mid-16th century, when explorers from the
6706:
5193:
5191:
5119:
5117:
5115:
5113:
5111:
5109:
4562:. Univ of South Carolina Press. pp. 88–89.
4549:
4332:Creek Country: The Creek Indians and their World
4164:Tennessee Frontiers: Three Regions in Transition
2882:Beaver Clan (Itamalgi, Isfanalgi, Itchhasuaigi),
2646:in 1834, with additional removals following the
2630:, in 1832 the Creek National Council signed the
2247:On August 30, 1813, Red Sticks led by Red Eagle
2073:, whose name meant "shooting star", traveled to
1645:. Muscogee warriors fought on behalf of Britain
1336:in 1702, and took advantage of the war to build
1223:(modern-day Charleston), the capital of the new
1132:, respected village elders, medicine men, and a
696:, which became extinct following the end of the
390:Indigenous peoples of the Southeastern Woodlands
4887:. The University of Georgia Press. p. 51.
4840:
4477:
1896:, which drew the boundary between the U.S. and
1490:language, which lacked an 'r' sound, it became
692:who pursued a wide range of animals, including
684:At least 12,000 years ago, Native Americans or
6735:Native American tribes in Georgia (U.S. state)
5797:
5717:, Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture
5607:Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.
5511:November 8, 2007 (retrieved February 25, 2010)
5217:
5201:. AAANativeArts.com. 1999–2005. Archived from
4713:Heidler, David S.; Heidler, Jeanne T. (2003).
4712:
4256:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 38–63.
4186:
4184:
4133:
4131:
2160:The Creek War of 1813–1814, also known as the
1255:name for the body of water known today as the
747:describes a migration from places west of the
6312:
5783:
5673:Comprehensive Creek Language materials online
5592:The University of Georgia Press. p. 51.
5499:"Native American Week Planned at UNM-Gallup."
5226:
5188:
5106:
2638:to the U.S., and accepting relocation to the
2461:
2449:. Jackson's victory forced Spain to sign the
1563:
802:also recorded encounters with these peoples.
27:Indigenous people from Southeastern Woodlands
4300:
2930:Turtle Clan (Locvlke) – related to Wind Clan
2668:
2523:, signed away Lower Creek lands east of the
1939:Pre-removal (late 18th–early 19th centuries)
499:Mississippian Ideological Interaction Sphere
6755:Native Americans in the American Revolution
5519:
5517:
5346:
5039:
5023:
4947:
4834:
4483:
4360:"The Indigenous Languages of the Southeast"
4181:
4128:
4092:Southeastern Indians: Since the Removal Era
3734:
3690:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2982:
2939:Wolf Clan (Yahalgi) – related to Bear Clan.
2754:The Loyalists among the Creek tended to be
2634:, ceding their remaining lands east of the
2334:
1892:. Bowles' first act was declaring the 1796
1404:was created in 1732; its first settlement,
6319:
6305:
5790:
5776:
5309:Primitive society and its vital statistics
4844:Atlantic Creoles in the Age of Revolutions
4708:
4706:
4417:The Native American World Beyond Apalachee
4154:
3990:
2675:Indian Territory in the American Civil War
1904:, because the Indians were not consulted.
415:Most of the Muscogee people were forcibly
5305:
5299:
5017:
4878:
4876:
4847:. Harvard University Press. p. 113.
4098:
3908:Indigenous peoples of the Americas portal
3710:Learn how and when to remove this message
2968:The Muscogee language is a member of the
2038:A comet, earthquakes, and Tecumseh (1811)
129:Learn how and when to remove this message
6229:Oklahoma Tax Commission v. United States
5621:Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution.
5578:Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.
5514:
5410:"Executive Branch – the Muscogee Nation"
5126:"Fort Benning – The Land and the People"
4654:
4484:Lewis, David Jr; Jordan, Ann T. (2008).
4329:
4277:
4275:
4273:
4222:
4167:. Indiana University Press. p. 19.
4137:
3967:Ocmulgee Mounds National Historical Park
3638:
3584:
3565:
3017:
3009:
2814:
2678:
2465:
2338:
2140:
2094:
2053:
1948:
1809:at age 14 and becoming an ensign in the
1786:
1761:Muscogee and Choctaw land dispute (1790)
1607:. This alliance was orchestrated by the
1603:, against white settlers in present-day
1428:exported up to 50,000 deerskins a year.
1387:
1296:
1280:Spanish missions in the Florida interior
1183:
1044:
830:, a castaway who survived the ill-fated
813:
658:
6720:South Appalachian Mississippian culture
5668:History of the Creek Indians in Georgia
5546:St. Felix, Doreen (September 20, 2021)
5352:
5277:
5094:from the original on September 14, 2017
5075:
4703:
4354:
3597:Federally recognized tribes in Oklahoma
3243:23 million acres (93,000 km)
1151:The most important social unit was the
889:. These losses were exacerbated by the
723:. Stratified societies developed, with
715:arose as the cultivation of maize from
14:
6707:
5585:Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
5571:Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
5523:
5283:
5263:GeorgiaInfo: an Online Georgia Almanac
5082:Administrative staff (July 27, 2016).
5045:
4953:
4882:
4873:
4442:"The Lower Creeks: Origin and History"
4160:
4104:
4089:
3652:Federally recognized tribes in Alabama
3014:Muscogee Creek land cessions 1733–1832
2662:Indians of the Southeast: Then and Now
2122:
1535:they usually spoke English as well as
1270:In 1704, Irish colonial administrator
1174:British, French, and Spanish expansion
1038:, Oconee, Ocmulgee, Apalachicola, and
644:Miccosukee Tribe of Indians of Florida
335:
6300:
5771:
5658:Creek Nation Indian Territory Project
5446:
5444:
4908:Remini, Robert. "The Reform Begins".
4737:
4717:(revised ed.). Stackpole Books.
4439:
4281:
4270:
4251:
3877:
3514:
2906:Maize Clan (Aktayatsalgi, Atchialgi),
2697:refused to form an alliance with the
2655:colors were black, red, and white ...
2410:, offered it, with all its ordnance (
2058:The Great Comet of 1811, as drawn by
1320:, the Ochese Creeks fled west to the
5567:Braund, Kathryn E. Holland (1993).
4613:
4414:
3688:adding citations to reliable sources
3655:
3176:Boundary lines, Animosities to cease
2918:Raccoon Clan (Wahlakalgi, Wotkalgi),
2850:are revered gatherings and rituals.
2406:, and in 1815, after the end of the
2065:A comet appeared in March 1811. The
2015:was built on a hill overlooking the
1777:State of Muskogee and William Bowles
1769:were in conflict over land near the
1093:), Hothliwahi (Ullibahali), Hilibi,
988:The basic social unit was the town (
186:Regions with significant populations
67:adding citations to reliable sources
38:
6750:Native American tribes in Tennessee
6740:Native American tribes in Louisiana
5646:Muscogee (Creek) Nation of Oklahoma
5628:Macon, GA: Mercer University Press.
5428:
5256:
5238:from the original on August 3, 2010
5231:. The College of William and Mary.
3413:Treaty with the Creeks And Seminole
3237:Fort Jackson near Wetumpka, Alabama
2915:Panther Clan (Chukotalgi, Katsalg),
2822:(or Shelocta) was a Muscogee chief.
1316:allies. The Yamasee took refuge in
1148:, used in purification ceremonies.
790:, beginning on April 2, 1513, with
494:, unrelated to any other language.
24:
6745:Native American tribes in Oklahoma
6634:Fox (Meskwaki, Sauk, and Kickapoo)
5461:Oklahoma Indian Affairs Commission
5441:
5176:from the original on July 30, 2024
5124:Sharyn Kane & Richard Keeton.
4935:. History Book Club. p. 258.
4930:
4912:. History Book Club. p. 201.
4907:
4687:The Origin of the Seminole Indians
4140:"Pushmataha, Choctaw Indian Chief"
4111:Andrew Jackson: His Life and Times
3754:Notable historical Muscogee people
2927:Toad Clan (Pahosalgi, Sopaktalgi),
2921:Salt Clan (Okilisa, Oktchunualgi),
2879:Bear Clan (Muklasalgi, Nokosalgi),
1587:, the Upper Creeks sided with the
1215:. In 1670, English colonists from
700:age. During the time known as the
25:
6776:
6730:Native American tribes in Florida
6725:Native American tribes in Alabama
5738:"Creek or Muskogee Indians"
5639:
5524:Hurley, Lawrence (July 9, 2020).
5463:. 2010 (retrieved April 10, 2010)
4983:1997 (retrieved December 5, 2009)
4229:About North Georgia (1994–2006).
3580:Alabama-Coushatta Tribes of Texas
3509:Indian Appropriations Act of 1871
3495:Indian Appropriations Act of 1871
3332:Treaty of the Creek Indian Agency
3173:Colerain (Camden County, Georgia)
2650:, although some remained behind.
2586:
2088:shook the Muscogee lands and the
1821:basin. He married two wives, one
6328:
6256:Alabama-Coushatta Tribe of Texas
5720:
4812:"Relationship With Other Tribes"
4391:Isham, Theodore and Blue Clark.
3900:
3660:
3620:and its chief is Tarpie Yargee.
1960:, the first U.S. president, and
1856:. He established his capital at
1497:
1455:, where they had fled after the
1057:The Upper Towns, located on the
871:Rise of the Muscogee Confederacy
794:'s landing in Florida. The 1526
632:Alabama-Coushatta Tribe of Texas
346:
150:
43:
6136:Battle of Horseshoe Bend (1814)
5703:Encyclopedia of Alabama article
5540:
5509:University of New Mexico Today.
5492:
5466:
5402:
5377:
5332:
5316:
5250:
5158:
5140:
5062:
5008:
5003:War of 1812 People and Stories.
4986:
4970:
4956:"George Washington And Indians"
4861:
4804:
4778:
4765:
4731:
4679:
4648:
4622:
4607:
4583:
4540:
4531:
4504:
4465:
4433:
4408:
4385:
4348:
4245:
4203:
3740:The United States Supreme Court
3033:
2874:Muscogee clans are as follows:
2834:farming methods, and accepting
2549:second Treaty of Indian Springs
2385:
1053:, occupied during the mid-1500s
54:needs additional citations for
6038:College of the Muscogee Nation
5691:New Georgia Encyclopedia entry
5574:Jackson,Harvey H. III (1995).
4286:. Cambridge University Press.
4058:
4049:
4040:
3927:College of the Muscogee Nation
2903:Hickory-Nut Clan (Odshisalgi),
2529:first Treaty of Indian Springs
1971:In 1796, Washington appointed
1894:Second Treaty of San Ildefonso
1833:. After seeking refuge in the
1737:sent a special emissary, Col.
1081:(Kusa; the dominant people of
810:Spanish expedition (1540–1543)
13:
1:
6261:Alabama-Quassarte Tribal Town
6197:Treaty of Fort Jackson (1814)
6141:Prospect Bluff Historic Sites
5902:Prospect Bluff Historic Sites
4700:, Vol. 15, No. 1, March 1937.
3978:
3867:
3844:
3831:
3814:
3801:
3643:Micah Wesley, Muscogee Creek-
3636:. George Scott is the mekko.
3614:Alabama-Quassarte Tribal Town
3453:Treaty with the Creeks, Etc.,
3117:Treaty of Shoulder-bone Creek
2888:Bog Potato Clan (Ahalakalgi),
1860:, a village on the shores of
1595:(Lower Cherokee) warriors of
1377:. In 1721, the British built
1124:ruled with the assistance of
847:, and then westward into the
671:
654:
618:, all based in Oklahoma, are
608:Alabama-Quassarte Tribal Town
161:
6281:Poarch Band of Creek Indians
6266:Coushatta Tribe of Louisiana
6081:(predecessor to Lower Towns)
5652:Poarch Band of Creek Indians
5451:"Oklahoma's Tribal Nations."
5361:University of Oklahoma Press
5265:. Digital Library of Georgia
5259:"Shoulder-bone Creek Treaty"
5166:"Home - The Muscogee Nation"
5005:(retrieved December 5, 2009)
4868:Chris Kimball, "W.A. Bowles"
4661:Georgia Historical Quarterly
4197:(2nd ed.), London 1794, pp.
3724:Poarch Band of Creek Indians
3572:Coushatta Tribe of Louisiana
2933:Wild-Cat Clan (Koakotsalgi),
2369:Treaty of Fort Jackson, 1814
1807:Maryland Loyalists Battalion
1170:have belonged to this clan.
706:Eastern Agricultural Complex
628:Coushatta Tribe of Louisiana
624:Poarch Band of Creek Indians
532:The Muscogee were the first
433:Poarch Band of Creek Indians
191:United States (historically
7:
6247:Federally recognized tribes
6213:Treaty of Washington (1826)
5473:Native American Rights Fund
5284:Onecle (November 8, 2005).
4602:Georgia Encyclopedia Online
4517:September 25, 2012, at the
4367:Anthropological Linguistics
4216:(2nd ed.), London 1794, p.
3893:
3866:, also known as Red Eagle (
3860:, his wife and partial heir
3777:Second Confederate Congress
3765:(1763–1805), also known as
3589:Muscogee Creek-Navajo from
3537:Treaty of Washington (1826)
3268:Treaty of the Indian Spring
3005:
2957:
2944:
2734:, where they would receive
2597:Treaty of Washington (1826)
2581:Treaty of Washington (1826)
1844:In 1799, Bowles formed the
1805:family, enlisting with the
1717:In 1784, he negotiated the
1649:, where Spain re-conquered
1494:, and eventually Seminole.
909:, speaking several related
666:, was part of a precontact
636:Seminole Nation of Oklahoma
449:federally recognized tribes
10:
6781:
6202:Treaty of Nicolls' Outpost
5799:Muscogee Creek Confederacy
5708:November 11, 2014, at the
5306:Krzywicki, Ludwik (1934).
4998:November 18, 2005, at the
4405:Retrieved August 20, 2012.
4033:February 13, 2012, at the
3248:Treaty of the Creek Agency
2961:
2810:
2672:
2462:Treaties of Indian Springs
2351:(near the present city of
2315:, aided by the 39th U. S.
2126:
2084:On December 16, 1811, the
2050:1812 New Madrid earthquake
2047:
2041:
1942:
1907:He denounced the treaties
1884:, Upper and Lower Creeks,
1848:, with the support of the
1780:
1765:In 1790, the Muscogee and
1564:American Revolutionary War
1348:in 1717, trading with the
1177:
877:Mississippian shatter zone
874:
649:
559:'s interpretations of the
388:), are a group of related
329:Muscogee Creek Confederacy
29:
6552:
6345:
6245:
6192:Treaty of New York (1790)
6184:
6046:
6010:
5972:
5925:
5836:
5805:
5624:Winn, William W. (2015).
5603:Swanton, John R. (1922).
5434:Oklahoma Indian Affairs.
4738:Frank, Andrew K. (2005).
2669:American Civil War (1861)
2515:, both mixed-race Creek.
2420:Corps of Colonial Marines
1671:Battle of King's Mountain
1591:, fighting alongside the
1340:at the confluence of the
640:Seminole Tribe of Florida
622:tribes. In addition, the
476:Muscogean language family
262:
257:
245:
240:
228:
223:
190:
185:
180:
175:
149:
32:Muskogee (disambiguation)
6286:Thlopthlocco Tribal Town
6208:Treaty of Moultrie Creek
5754:"Muskhogean Stock"
5581:Kokomoor, Kevin (2019).
5148:"Woodson County history"
5088:Explore Southern History
5048:"Treaty with The Creeks"
4841:Jane G. Landers (2010).
4816:South East Indian Tribes
4655:Kokomoor, Kevin (2014).
4645:(accessed May 12, 2010).
4642:New Georgia Encyclopedia
4604:(accessed May 12, 2010).
4524:New Georgia Encyclopedia
4474:(accessed May 12, 2010).
4161:Finger, John R. (2001).
3742:issued their ruling for
3735:Expansion of reservation
3722:Eddie L. Tullis led the
3630:Thlopthlocco Tribal Town
3289:Treaty of Indian Springs
3184:Treaty of Fort Wilkinson
2853:
2777:Poarch Creek Reservation
2770:
2591:In the aftermath of the
2543:, a leading advocate of
2335:Muscogee diaspora (1814)
2325:Battle of Horseshoe Bend
2150:treaty of Indian Springs
1798:was born into a wealthy
1723:Panton, Leslie & Co.
1332:as the first capital of
616:Thlopthlocco Tribal Town
169:Birmingham Museum of Art
6599:Chiwere (Iowa and Otoe)
6276:Muscogee (Creek) Nation
5760:Encyclopædia Britannica
5744:Encyclopædia Britannica
5456:March 28, 2010, at the
5353:Foreman, Grant (1972).
4440:Worth, John E. (2000).
4282:Saunt, Claudio (1999).
3763:William Augustus Bowles
3748:Muscogee (Creek) Nation
3603:Muscogee (Creek) Nation
2936:Wind Clan (Hutalgalgi),
2924:Skunk Clan (Kunipalgi),
2897:Fish Clan (Hlahloalgi),
2687:At the outbreak of the
2303:and the Cherokee under
1796:William Augustus Bowles
1669:back-country after the
1462:Led by Chief Secoffee (
1451:-speaking towns of the
796:Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón
604:Muscogee (Creek) Nation
484:Muscogee (Creek) Nation
6335:Native American tribes
6171:Creek National Capitol
6131:Kimbell-James Massacre
6090:Leon-Jefferson culture
5763:(11th ed.). 1911.
5747:(11th ed.). 1911.
5696:July 23, 2013, at the
5683:April 7, 2020, at the
5227:Earnest Gouge (2010).
5170:www.muscogeenation.com
4981:New York Times: Books.
4741:Creeks and Southerners
4698:Chronicles of Oklahoma
4635:July 23, 2013, at the
4596:June 14, 2013, at the
4528:Accessed May 12, 2010.
4415:Hann, John H. (2006).
4398:July 20, 2010, at the
4142:. Southeast Chronicles
4138:Prentice, Guy (2003).
3773:Samuel Benton Callahan
3648:
3593:
3533:Treaty of Fort Jackson
3512:
3473:Treaty with the Creeks
3433:Treaty with the Creeks
3393:Treaty with the Creeks
3373:Treaty with the Creeks
3227:Treaty of Fort Jackson
3132:All lands east of the
3023:
3015:
2912:Otter Clan (Osanalgi),
2909:Mole Clan (Takusalgi),
2894:Deer Clan (Itchualgi),
2891:Cane Clan (Kohasalki),
2823:
2684:
2666:
2620:
2593:Treaty of Fort Jackson
2536:Creek National Council
2477:
2372:
2357:Treaty of Fort Jackson
2344:
2277:Kimbell-James Massacre
2273:
2157:
2116:
2100:
2062:
1954:
1928:San Marcos de Apalache
1876:, with its capital at
1792:
1601:Cherokee–American wars
1557:
1397:
1371:San Marcos de Apalache
1309:
1235:pelts (as part of the
1192:
1054:
823:
681:
589:Treaty of Fort Jackson
565:New Madrid earthquakes
503:Mississippian cultures
482:today are part of the
408:and parts of northern
6176:Crazy Snake Rebellion
6079:Apalachicola Province
6054:Mississippian culture
5935:(Francis the Prophet)
5504:July 3, 2012, at the
5436:2008 Pocket Pictorial
5090:. Old Kitchen Media.
4954:Miller, Eric (1994).
4616:Fort Toulouse Studies
4028:Transcribed documents
3962:Nuyaka (Creek Nation)
3932:Crazy Snake Rebellion
3792:Alexander McGillivray
3786:Five Civilized Tribes
3642:
3588:
3566:Muscogee tribes today
3501:
3077:Treaty of Coweta Town
3029:Treaty of San Lorenzo
3021:
3013:
2885:Bird Clan (Fusualgi),
2818:
2732:Wilson County, Kansas
2682:
2660:Burt & Ferguson-
2652:
2609:
2509:Alexander McGillivray
2469:
2361:
2342:
2297:Mississippi Territory
2262:
2144:
2127:Further information:
2102:
2098:
2086:New Madrid earthquake
2057:
2048:Further information:
2042:Further information:
2013:Fort Benjamin Hawkins
1952:
1945:Five Civilized Tribes
1943:Further information:
1909:Alexander McGillivray
1790:
1781:Further information:
1755:Trans-Oconee Republic
1707:Alexander McGillivray
1657:raised a division of
1619:, a wealthy Scottish
1613:Alexander McGillivray
1570:French and Indian War
1545:
1504:Alexander McGillivray
1391:
1300:
1187:
1178:Further information:
1048:
817:
788:Mississippian culture
733:Mississippian culture
713:Mississippian culture
679:Cartersville, Georgia
668:Mississippian culture
662:
546:Five Civilized Tribes
459:moved south into the
258:Related ethnic groups
18:Muscogee Creek people
6629:Mescalero-Chiricahua
6384:Cheyenne and Arapaho
6271:Kialegee Tribal Town
6121:Battle of Burnt Corn
6023:Four Mothers Society
4978:"The Shooting Star.'
4692:May 9, 2008, at the
4512:Creek Indian Leaders
3937:Etowah Indian Mounds
3922:Battle of Burnt Corn
3684:improve this section
3632:is headquartered in
3622:Kialegee Tribal Town
3616:is headquartered in
3311:Treaty of Washington
3205:Treaty of Washington
2900:Fox Clan (Tsulalgi),
2721:contacted President
2436:Battle of Negro Fort
2242:Battle of Burnt Corn
2208:capture Fort Detroit
1714:sixty black slaves.
1651:British West Florida
1568:With the end of the
1381:at the mouth of the
1091:Etowah Indian Mounds
917:was spoken from the
620:federally recognized
612:Kialegee Tribal Town
519:Etowah Indian Mounds
337:[məskóɡəlɡi]
315:, also known as the
251:Four Mothers Society
63:improve this article
30:For other uses, see
6028:Green Corn Ceremony
5964:William Weatherford
5389:www.statimetric.com
5205:on February 1, 2010
5199:"Creek Confederacy"
4792:on October 15, 2013
4447:. In McEwan (ed.).
4055:Mahon, pp. 187–189.
3947:Green corn ceremony
3864:William Weatherford
2848:Green Corn Ceremony
2513:William Weatherford
2353:Montgomery, Alabama
2249:William Weatherford
2178:William Weatherford
2123:Red Stick rebellion
2112:The American Indian
2060:William Henry Smyth
2044:Great Comet of 1811
2017:Ocmulgee Old Fields
2001:Ocmulgee Old Fields
1831:Battle of Pensacola
1719:Treaty of Pensacola
1699:'Mad' Anthony Wayne
1643:Capture of Savannah
1617:Lachlan McGillivray
1585:American Revolution
1572:(also known as the
1520:William Weatherford
1016:Chattahoochee River
985:, and many others.
911:Muskogean languages
883:infectious diseases
881:Because of endemic
146:
6399:Citizen Potawatomi
6218:Indian Removal Act
6156:Indian Removal Act
6146:Battle of Ocheesee
6126:Fort Mims Massacre
5732:published in 1827.
5068:Merwyn Garbarino,
4870:, Southern History
4393:"Creek (Mvskoke)."
3957:Muskogee, Oklahoma
3878:In popular culture
3744:McGirt v. Oklahoma
3649:
3607:Okmulgee, Oklahoma
3594:
3591:Okmulgee, Oklahoma
3515:Population history
3163:Treaty of Colerain
3141:Treaty of New York
3097:Treaty of Savannah
3057:Treaty of Savannah
3024:
3016:
2836:European-Americans
2824:
2689:American Civil War
2685:
2628:Indian Removal Act
2558:In April, the old
2492:First Seminole War
2478:
2400:Apalachicola River
2345:
2168:. Inspired by the
2158:
2137:Fort Mims massacre
2110:Roger L. Nichols,
2101:
2063:
1955:
1868:. It was ruled by
1793:
1743:Treaty of New York
1711:Spanish in Florida
1697:troops under Gen.
1653:. Loyalist leader
1398:
1328:explorers founded
1310:
1308:and nephew in 1733
1225:colony of Carolina
1193:
1116:or village chief.
1097:, Wakokai, Atasi,
1055:
1049:The protohistoric
891:Indian slave trade
887:indigenous peoples
832:Narváez expedition
824:
792:Juan Ponce de León
682:
492:linguistic isolate
144:
6702:
6701:
6624:Hitchiti-Mikasuki
6364:Alabama-Quassarte
6294:
6293:
6223:Treaty of Cusseta
6166:Creek War of 1836
6117:(Creek civil war)
6100:State of Muskogee
6002:Mikasuki-Hitchiti
5806:Four mother towns
5487:978-1-55591-655-8
5416:on April 21, 2021
5370:978-0-8061-1172-8
5286:"Indian Treaties"
5172:. July 30, 2024.
5154:on June 28, 2011.
5024:Steve Canerossi.
4854:978-0-674-05416-5
4822:on March 19, 2022
4569:978-1-57003-090-1
4546:Incomplete source
4497:978-0-8263-2368-2
4458:9-780-8130-2086-0
4426:978-0-8130-2982-5
4121:978-1-4000-3072-9
3720:
3719:
3712:
3618:Wetumka, Oklahoma
3553:Henry Schoolcraft
3492:
3491:
3366:create allotments
3353:Treaty of Cusseta
3103:Colony of Georgia
3083:Colony of Georgia
3063:Colony of Georgia
3003:
3002:
2964:Muscogee language
2828:European-American
2820:Selocta Chinnabby
2648:Creek War of 1836
2632:Treaty of Cusseta
2577:John Quincy Adams
2494:. The son of the
2471:Charles Bird King
2451:Adams–Onís Treaty
2154:Charles Bird King
2003:. They allowed a
1958:George Washington
1935:two years later.
1913:George Washington
1874:State of Muskogee
1864:near present-day
1846:State of Muskogee
1783:State of Muskogee
1735:George Washington
1233:white-tailed deer
749:Mississippi River
594:During the 1830s
550:European American
542:civilization plan
538:George Washington
527:Spanish explorers
472:Hitchiti-Mikasuki
468:Muscogee, Mvskoke
342:Muscogee language
309:
308:
234:Hitchiti-Mikasuki
139:
138:
131:
113:
16:(Redirected from
6772:
6554:Tribal languages
6534:United Keetoowah
6464:Muscogee (Creek)
6424:Fort Sill Apache
6359:Absentee Shawnee
6333:
6332:
6321:
6314:
6307:
6298:
6297:
6185:Politics and law
6095:Battle of Taliwa
5939:William McIntosh
5868:(four locations)
5838:Groups and towns
5792:
5785:
5778:
5769:
5768:
5764:
5756:
5748:
5740:
5724:
5555:
5544:
5538:
5537:
5535:
5533:
5521:
5512:
5496:
5490:
5470:
5464:
5448:
5439:
5432:
5426:
5425:
5423:
5421:
5412:. Archived from
5406:
5400:
5399:
5397:
5395:
5381:
5375:
5374:
5350:
5344:
5343:
5336:
5330:
5329:
5320:
5314:
5313:
5303:
5297:
5296:
5294:
5292:
5281:
5275:
5274:
5272:
5270:
5257:Seibert, David.
5254:
5248:
5247:
5245:
5243:
5237:
5224:
5215:
5214:
5212:
5210:
5195:
5186:
5185:
5183:
5181:
5162:
5156:
5155:
5150:. Archived from
5144:
5138:
5137:
5135:
5133:
5121:
5104:
5103:
5101:
5099:
5079:
5073:
5066:
5060:
5059:
5057:
5055:
5043:
5037:
5036:
5034:
5032:
5021:
5015:
5012:
5006:
4990:
4984:
4974:
4968:
4967:
4965:
4963:
4951:
4945:
4944:
4928:
4922:
4921:
4905:
4899:
4898:
4880:
4871:
4865:
4859:
4858:
4838:
4832:
4831:
4829:
4827:
4818:. Archived from
4808:
4802:
4801:
4799:
4797:
4788:. Archived from
4782:
4776:
4769:
4763:
4762:
4760:
4758:
4735:
4729:
4728:
4710:
4701:
4685:Forbs, Gerald, "
4683:
4677:
4676:
4674:
4672:
4652:
4646:
4626:
4620:
4619:
4611:
4605:
4587:
4581:
4580:
4578:
4576:
4553:
4547:
4544:
4538:
4535:
4529:
4508:
4502:
4501:
4481:
4475:
4469:
4463:
4462:
4446:
4437:
4431:
4430:
4412:
4406:
4389:
4383:
4382:
4364:
4352:
4346:
4345:
4327:
4321:
4320:
4304:
4298:
4297:
4279:
4268:
4267:
4249:
4243:
4242:
4240:
4238:
4226:
4220:
4207:
4201:
4188:
4179:
4178:
4158:
4152:
4151:
4149:
4147:
4135:
4126:
4125:
4102:
4096:
4095:
4087:
4081:
4080:
4078:
4076:
4062:
4056:
4053:
4047:
4044:
4038:
4025:
4016:
4015:
4013:
4011:
4002:
3994:
3910:
3905:
3904:
3903:
3886:Reservation Dogs
3872:
3869:
3849:
3846:
3836:
3833:
3823:
3819:
3816:
3806:
3803:
3798:William McIntosh
3715:
3708:
3704:
3701:
3695:
3664:
3656:
3634:Okemah, Oklahoma
3557:Indian Territory
3541:Second Creek War
3510:
3123:State of Georgia
3034:
2983:
2978:Choctaw language
2805:Reservation Dogs
2760:Dawes Commission
2707:Seminole Indians
2664:
2640:Indian Territory
2618:
2484:William McIntosh
2475:William McIntosh
2370:
2329:Tallapoosa River
2301:William McIntosh
2271:
2210:in August 1812.
2200:William McIntosh
2193:Benjamin Hawkins
2114:
1973:Benjamin Hawkins
1966:Thomas Jefferson
1920:Benjamin Hawkins
1827:William Perryman
1695:Continental Army
1681:never came, and
1574:Seven Years' War
1527:Benjamin Hawkins
1512:William McIntosh
1418:James Oglethorpe
1379:Fort King George
1364:of the powerful
1284:Queen Anne's War
929:(Coushatta) and
865:Battle of Mabila
857:Native Americans
836:Hernando de Soto
690:hunter-gatherers
676:
673:
626:of Alabama, the
600:Indian Territory
534:Native Americans
501:, also known as
421:Indian Territory
384:
378:
377:
374:
373:
370:
367:
364:
361:
358:
355:
352:
339:
334:
211:; now primarily
176:Total population
166:
163:
154:
147:
143:
134:
127:
123:
120:
114:
112:
71:
47:
39:
21:
6780:
6779:
6775:
6774:
6773:
6771:
6770:
6769:
6705:
6704:
6703:
6698:
6556:
6548:
6419:Eastern Shawnee
6409:Delaware Nation
6350:
6348:
6341:
6327:
6325:
6295:
6290:
6241:
6236:Sharp v. Murphy
6180:
6105:Forbes purchase
6074:Long Swamp Site
6042:
6006:
5968:
5921:
5832:
5801:
5796:
5751:
5735:
5730:Lydia Sigourney
5715:Creek (Mvskoke)
5710:Wayback Machine
5698:Wayback Machine
5685:Wayback Machine
5654:, official site
5648:, official site
5642:
5562:Further reading
5559:
5558:
5545:
5541:
5531:
5529:
5522:
5515:
5506:Wayback Machine
5497:
5493:
5471:
5467:
5458:Wayback Machine
5449:
5442:
5433:
5429:
5419:
5417:
5408:
5407:
5403:
5393:
5391:
5383:
5382:
5378:
5371:
5363:. p. 111.
5351:
5347:
5338:
5337:
5333:
5322:
5321:
5317:
5304:
5300:
5290:
5288:
5282:
5278:
5268:
5266:
5255:
5251:
5241:
5239:
5235:
5225:
5218:
5208:
5206:
5197:
5196:
5189:
5179:
5177:
5164:
5163:
5159:
5146:
5145:
5141:
5131:
5129:
5122:
5107:
5097:
5095:
5080:
5076:
5067:
5063:
5053:
5051:
5044:
5040:
5030:
5028:
5022:
5018:
5013:
5009:
5000:Wayback Machine
4991:
4987:
4975:
4971:
4961:
4959:
4952:
4948:
4929:
4925:
4906:
4902:
4895:
4881:
4874:
4866:
4862:
4855:
4839:
4835:
4825:
4823:
4810:
4809:
4805:
4795:
4793:
4784:
4783:
4779:
4770:
4766:
4756:
4754:
4752:
4736:
4732:
4725:
4711:
4704:
4694:Wayback Machine
4684:
4680:
4670:
4668:
4653:
4649:
4637:Wayback Machine
4627:
4623:
4612:
4608:
4598:Wayback Machine
4588:
4584:
4574:
4572:
4570:
4554:
4550:
4545:
4541:
4536:
4532:
4519:Wayback Machine
4509:
4505:
4498:
4482:
4478:
4470:
4466:
4459:
4444:
4438:
4434:
4427:
4413:
4409:
4400:Wayback Machine
4390:
4386:
4362:
4358:(Spring 2005).
4353:
4349:
4342:
4328:
4324:
4305:
4301:
4294:
4280:
4271:
4264:
4250:
4246:
4236:
4234:
4227:
4223:
4210:William Bartram
4208:
4204:
4191:William Bartram
4189:
4182:
4175:
4159:
4155:
4145:
4143:
4136:
4129:
4122:
4103:
4099:
4088:
4084:
4074:
4072:
4064:
4063:
4059:
4054:
4050:
4045:
4041:
4035:Wayback Machine
4026:
4019:
4009:
4007:
4000:
3996:
3995:
3991:
3981:
3976:
3917:Black Seminoles
3906:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3880:
3870:
3847:
3834:
3821:
3817:
3804:
3756:
3737:
3716:
3705:
3699:
3696:
3681:
3665:
3654:
3599:
3568:
3517:
3511:
3508:
3497:
3363:Washington City
3126:Sparta, Georgia
3008:
2974:Gideon Lincecum
2966:
2960:
2947:
2942:
2856:
2813:
2785:Mobile, Alabama
2773:
2756:traditionalists
2723:Abraham Lincoln
2677:
2671:
2665:
2659:
2619:
2616:
2589:
2473:'s portrait of
2464:
2456:Black Seminoles
2388:
2371:
2368:
2337:
2272:
2269:
2230:Mobile, Alabama
2139:
2125:
2115:
2109:
2052:
2046:
2040:
1981:Crawford County
1947:
1941:
1862:Lake Miccosukee
1852:Creeks and the
1785:
1779:
1763:
1685:militia led by
1578:Sons of Liberty
1566:
1500:
1441:Spanish Florida
1437:St. Johns River
1326:French Canadian
1318:Spanish Florida
1276:series of raids
1205:Spanish Florida
1197:Jesuit missions
1182:
1176:
935:Tennessee River
879:
873:
812:
737:Tennessee River
702:Woodland period
674:
657:
652:
382:
349:
345:
332:
171:
164:
156:Muscogee Creek
142:
135:
124:
118:
115:
72:
70:
60:
48:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6778:
6768:
6767:
6762:
6757:
6752:
6747:
6742:
6737:
6732:
6727:
6722:
6717:
6700:
6699:
6697:
6696:
6691:
6686:
6681:
6676:
6671:
6666:
6661:
6656:
6651:
6646:
6641:
6636:
6631:
6626:
6621:
6616:
6611:
6606:
6601:
6596:
6591:
6586:
6581:
6576:
6571:
6566:
6560:
6558:
6557:(still spoken)
6550:
6549:
6547:
6546:
6541:
6536:
6531:
6526:
6521:
6516:
6511:
6506:
6501:
6496:
6491:
6486:
6481:
6476:
6474:Otoe-Missouria
6471:
6466:
6461:
6456:
6451:
6446:
6441:
6436:
6431:
6426:
6421:
6416:
6414:Delaware Tribe
6411:
6406:
6401:
6396:
6391:
6386:
6381:
6376:
6371:
6366:
6361:
6355:
6353:
6343:
6342:
6324:
6323:
6316:
6309:
6301:
6292:
6291:
6289:
6288:
6283:
6278:
6273:
6268:
6263:
6258:
6252:
6250:
6249:(20th century)
6243:
6242:
6240:
6239:
6232:
6225:
6220:
6215:
6210:
6205:
6199:
6194:
6188:
6186:
6182:
6181:
6179:
6178:
6173:
6168:
6163:
6161:Trail of Tears
6158:
6153:
6148:
6143:
6138:
6133:
6128:
6123:
6118:
6112:
6107:
6102:
6097:
6092:
6087:
6082:
6076:
6071:
6066:
6061:
6056:
6050:
6048:
6044:
6043:
6041:
6040:
6035:
6030:
6025:
6020:
6014:
6012:
6008:
6007:
6005:
6004:
5999:
5994:
5992:Creek-Seminole
5989:
5984:
5978:
5976:
5970:
5969:
5967:
5966:
5961:
5956:
5951:
5946:
5941:
5936:
5933:Josiah Francis
5929:
5927:
5923:
5922:
5920:
5919:
5914:
5909:
5904:
5899:
5894:
5889:
5884:
5879:
5874:
5869:
5863:
5858:
5853:
5848:
5842:
5840:
5834:
5833:
5831:
5830:
5825:
5820:
5815:
5809:
5807:
5803:
5802:
5795:
5794:
5787:
5780:
5772:
5766:
5765:
5749:
5733:
5718:
5712:
5700:
5688:
5675:
5670:
5665:
5660:
5655:
5649:
5641:
5640:External links
5638:
5637:
5636:
5629:
5622:
5615:
5608:
5601:
5586:
5579:
5572:
5557:
5556:
5552:The New Yorker
5539:
5513:
5491:
5465:
5440:
5427:
5401:
5376:
5369:
5345:
5331:
5315:
5298:
5276:
5249:
5216:
5187:
5157:
5139:
5105:
5074:
5061:
5050:. First People
5038:
5016:
5014:Adams, 777–778
5007:
4985:
4976:Sugden, John.
4969:
4946:
4933:Andrew Jackson
4923:
4910:Andrew Jackson
4900:
4893:
4872:
4860:
4853:
4833:
4803:
4777:
4771:Edward Cashin
4764:
4750:
4730:
4723:
4702:
4678:
4647:
4621:
4606:
4582:
4568:
4548:
4539:
4530:
4503:
4496:
4476:
4464:
4457:
4432:
4425:
4407:
4384:
4347:
4340:
4322:
4299:
4292:
4269:
4262:
4244:
4221:
4202:
4180:
4173:
4153:
4127:
4120:
4097:
4082:
4066:"Yuchi/Euchee"
4057:
4048:
4039:
4017:
3988:
3987:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
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3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3913:
3912:
3911:
3895:
3892:
3891:
3890:
3883:The TV series
3879:
3876:
3875:
3874:
3861:
3851:
3838:
3825:
3808:
3795:
3789:
3779:
3770:
3755:
3752:
3736:
3733:
3718:
3717:
3668:
3666:
3659:
3653:
3650:
3628:or chief. The
3598:
3595:
3567:
3564:
3521:James Seagrove
3516:
3513:
3506:
3496:
3493:
3490:
3489:
3486:
3483:
3480:
3477:
3474:
3470:
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3313:
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3303:
3300:
3297:
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3291:
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3229:
3223:
3222:
3219:
3216:
3213:
3210:
3207:
3201:
3200:
3197:
3194:
3193:Fort Wilkinson
3191:
3188:
3185:
3181:
3180:
3177:
3174:
3171:
3168:
3165:
3159:
3158:
3155:
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3143:
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3124:
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3118:
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3110:
3107:
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3101:
3098:
3094:
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3078:
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3073:
3070:
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3064:
3061:
3058:
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3053:
3050:
3047:
3044:
3041:
3038:
3007:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2991:
2990:
2962:Main article:
2959:
2956:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2940:
2937:
2934:
2931:
2928:
2925:
2922:
2919:
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2895:
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2883:
2880:
2876:
2855:
2852:
2812:
2809:
2772:
2769:
2670:
2667:
2657:
2644:Trail of Tears
2626:Following the
2614:
2588:
2587:Removal (1834)
2585:
2553:Arkansas River
2545:Indian removal
2463:
2460:
2443:Andrew Jackson
2432:Andrew Jackson
2404:Prospect Bluff
2387:
2384:
2366:
2336:
2333:
2309:Andrew Jackson
2267:
2124:
2121:
2107:
2039:
2036:
1940:
1937:
1924:Gulf of Mexico
1778:
1775:
1762:
1759:
1739:Marinus Willet
1693:was routed by
1667:North Carolina
1659:King's Rangers
1631:George Galphin
1597:Dragging Canoe
1565:
1562:
1508:Josiah Francis
1499:
1496:
1400:The colony of
1383:Altamaha River
1257:Ocmulgee River
1249:Ocmulgee River
1245:Henry Woodward
1237:deerskin trade
1175:
1172:
1142:medicine maker
1083:East Tennessee
1028:Savannah River
872:
869:
828:Cabeza de Vaca
811:
808:
800:South Carolina
798:expedition in
780:Coosa chiefdom
772:Gulf of Mexico
753:Ocmulgee River
664:Etowah Mound C
656:
653:
651:
648:
596:Indian Removal
585:Andrew Jackson
555:Influenced by
488:Yuchi language
451:. Some of the
429:Trail of Tears
321:Muscogee Creek
307:
306:
260:
259:
255:
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243:
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26:
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2:
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6514:Seneca-Cayuga
6512:
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6507:
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6502:
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6183:
6177:
6174:
6172:
6169:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6151:Seminole Wars
6149:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6116:
6115:Red Stick War
6113:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6103:
6101:
6098:
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5977:
5975:
5971:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5944:Peter McQueen
5942:
5940:
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5630:
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5620:
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5613:
5609:
5606:
5602:
5599:
5598:0-8203-2731-X
5595:
5591:
5587:
5584:
5580:
5577:
5573:
5570:
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5565:
5564:
5563:
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5287:
5280:
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5175:
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5167:
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5153:
5149:
5143:
5127:
5120:
5118:
5116:
5114:
5112:
5110:
5093:
5089:
5085:
5078:
5071:
5065:
5049:
5042:
5027:
5020:
5011:
5004:
5001:
4997:
4994:
4993:"The Creeks."
4989:
4982:
4979:
4973:
4957:
4950:
4942:
4941:0-9650631-0-7
4938:
4934:
4927:
4919:
4918:0-9650631-0-7
4915:
4911:
4904:
4896:
4894:0-8203-2731-X
4890:
4886:
4879:
4877:
4869:
4864:
4856:
4850:
4846:
4845:
4837:
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4791:
4787:
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4774:
4768:
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4742:
4734:
4726:
4720:
4716:
4709:
4707:
4699:
4695:
4691:
4688:
4682:
4666:
4662:
4658:
4651:
4644:
4643:
4638:
4634:
4631:
4630:Creek Indians
4625:
4617:
4610:
4603:
4599:
4595:
4592:
4591:Mary Musgrove
4586:
4571:
4565:
4561:
4560:
4552:
4543:
4534:
4527:
4525:
4520:
4516:
4513:
4507:
4499:
4493:
4490:. UNM Press.
4489:
4488:
4480:
4473:
4468:
4460:
4454:
4450:
4443:
4436:
4428:
4422:
4418:
4411:
4404:
4401:
4397:
4394:
4388:
4380:
4376:
4373:(1): 11, 34.
4372:
4368:
4361:
4357:
4356:Goddard, Ives
4351:
4343:
4341:0-8078-5495-6
4337:
4333:
4326:
4318:
4314:
4310:
4303:
4295:
4289:
4285:
4278:
4276:
4274:
4265:
4259:
4255:
4248:
4232:
4225:
4219:
4215:
4211:
4206:
4200:
4196:
4192:
4187:
4185:
4176:
4174:0-253-33985-5
4170:
4166:
4165:
4157:
4141:
4134:
4132:
4123:
4117:
4113:
4112:
4107:
4106:Brands, H. W.
4101:
4093:
4086:
4071:
4067:
4061:
4052:
4043:
4036:
4032:
4029:
4024:
4022:
4006:
3999:
3993:
3989:
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3914:
3909:
3898:
3888:
3887:
3882:
3881:
3865:
3862:
3859:
3855:
3852:
3842:
3841:Opothleyahola
3839:
3829:
3828:Mary Musgrove
3826:
3812:
3809:
3799:
3796:
3793:
3790:
3787:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3774:
3771:
3768:
3764:
3761:
3760:
3759:
3751:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3732:
3730:
3725:
3714:
3711:
3703:
3700:February 2023
3693:
3689:
3685:
3679:
3678:
3674:
3669:This section
3667:
3663:
3658:
3657:
3647:artist and DJ
3646:
3641:
3637:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3610:
3608:
3604:
3592:
3587:
3583:
3581:
3578:, as are the
3577:
3573:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3505:
3500:
3487:
3484:
3481:
3478:
3475:
3472:
3471:
3467:
3464:
3461:
3458:
3455:
3452:
3451:
3447:
3444:
3441:
3438:
3435:
3432:
3431:
3427:
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3415:
3412:
3411:
3407:
3404:
3401:
3398:
3395:
3392:
3391:
3387:
3384:
3381:
3378:
3375:
3372:
3371:
3368:
3365:
3362:
3360:United States
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3350:
3346:
3343:
3340:
3337:
3334:
3331:
3330:
3326:
3323:
3320:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3308:
3304:
3301:
3298:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3286:
3282:
3279:
3276:
3273:
3270:
3267:
3266:
3262:
3259:
3256:
3253:
3250:
3247:
3246:
3242:
3239:
3236:
3234:United States
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3224:
3220:
3217:
3214:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3202:
3198:
3195:
3192:
3190:United States
3189:
3186:
3183:
3182:
3178:
3175:
3172:
3170:United States
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3160:
3156:
3153:
3151:New York City
3150:
3148:United States
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3138:
3135:
3131:
3128:
3125:
3122:
3119:
3116:
3115:
3111:
3108:
3105:
3102:
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3095:
3091:
3088:
3085:
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3079:
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3075:
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3059:
3056:
3055:
3051:
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3045:
3042:
3039:
3036:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3020:
3012:
2999:
2997:
2993:
2992:
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2965:
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2935:
2932:
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2923:
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2908:
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2902:
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2890:
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2877:
2875:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2862:
2851:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2821:
2817:
2808:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2783:northeast of
2782:
2778:
2768:
2766:
2761:
2757:
2752:
2749:
2745:
2739:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2695:
2694:Opothleyahola
2690:
2681:
2676:
2663:
2656:
2651:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2624:
2613:
2608:
2604:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2584:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2573:
2572:Opothleyahola
2568:
2567:Chattahoochee
2564:
2561:
2556:
2554:
2550:
2547:, signed the
2546:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2516:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2482:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2459:
2457:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2439:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2383:
2381:
2380:Seminole Wars
2377:
2365:
2360:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2341:
2332:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2319:Regiment and
2318:
2314:
2311:'s Tennessee
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2284:
2280:
2278:
2266:
2261:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2245:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2222:
2220:
2216:
2211:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2198:
2194:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2182:Peter McQueen
2180:(Red Eagle),
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2162:Red Stick War
2155:
2152:. Painted by
2151:
2147:
2143:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2120:
2113:
2106:
2097:
2093:
2091:
2087:
2082:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2045:
2035:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2020:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1992:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1969:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1951:
1946:
1936:
1934:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1905:
1903:
1902:null and void
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1850:Chattahoochee
1847:
1842:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1819:Chattahoochee
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1801:
1797:
1789:
1784:
1774:
1772:
1771:Noxubee River
1768:
1758:
1756:
1752:
1751:Elijah Clarke
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1715:
1712:
1708:
1702:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1687:Elijah Clarke
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1629:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1581:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1561:
1556:
1554:
1550:
1544:
1542:
1541:Claudio Saunt
1538:
1533:
1528:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1516:Peter McQueen
1513:
1509:
1505:
1498:Intermarriage
1495:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1460:
1458:
1454:
1453:Chattahoochee
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1429:
1427:
1423:
1422:Fort Okfuskee
1419:
1415:
1414:Mary Musgrove
1411:
1407:
1403:
1395:
1390:
1386:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1375:Apalachee Bay
1372:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1338:Fort Toulouse
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1322:Chattahoochee
1319:
1315:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1268:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1241:Indian slaves
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1213:Apalachee Bay
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1171:
1169:
1165:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1149:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1087:North Georgia
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1069:rivers, were
1068:
1064:
1060:
1052:
1047:
1043:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
992:
986:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
923:Alabama River
920:
919:Chattahoochee
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
895:
892:
888:
884:
878:
868:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
841:
837:
833:
829:
821:
816:
807:
803:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
778:(such as the
777:
773:
769:
764:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
729:
726:
722:
718:
714:
709:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
686:Paleo-Indians
680:
677:–1550 CE, in
669:
665:
661:
647:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
592:
590:
586:
582:
578:
577:Red Stick War
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
553:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
530:
528:
524:
520:
516:
511:
508:
504:
500:
495:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
464:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
413:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
394:United States
391:
387:
386:
376:
343:
338:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
256:
252:
248:
247:Protestantism
244:
239:
236:, and English
235:
231:
227:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
189:
184:
179:
174:
170:
159:
158:bandolier bag
153:
148:
133:
130:
122:
111:
108:
104:
101:
97:
94:
90:
87:
83:
80: –
79:
75:
74:Find sources:
68:
64:
58:
57:
52:This article
50:
46:
41:
40:
37:
33:
19:
6524:Thlopthlocco
6234:
6227:
6204:(unratified)
6059:Pisgah phase
5851:Apalachicola
5798:
5758:
5742:
5728:. A poem by
5632:
5625:
5618:
5611:
5604:
5589:
5582:
5575:
5568:
5561:
5560:
5550:
5542:
5530:. Retrieved
5508:
5494:
5477:
5468:
5460:
5430:
5418:. Retrieved
5414:the original
5404:
5392:. Retrieved
5388:
5379:
5355:
5348:
5334:
5324:
5318:
5308:
5301:
5289:. Retrieved
5279:
5269:November 30,
5267:. Retrieved
5262:
5252:
5240:. Retrieved
5207:. Retrieved
5203:the original
5178:. Retrieved
5169:
5160:
5152:the original
5142:
5130:. Retrieved
5096:. Retrieved
5087:
5077:
5070:The Seminole
5069:
5064:
5052:. Retrieved
5046:Paul Burke.
5041:
5029:. Retrieved
5019:
5010:
5002:
4988:
4980:
4972:
4960:. Retrieved
4958:. Eric Mille
4949:
4932:
4926:
4909:
4903:
4884:
4863:
4843:
4836:
4826:February 24,
4824:. Retrieved
4820:the original
4815:
4806:
4796:December 22,
4794:. Retrieved
4790:the original
4780:
4772:
4767:
4755:. Retrieved
4740:
4733:
4714:
4697:
4681:
4671:February 14,
4669:. Retrieved
4664:
4660:
4650:
4640:
4624:
4615:
4609:
4585:
4573:. Retrieved
4558:
4551:
4542:
4533:
4522:
4506:
4486:
4479:
4467:
4448:
4435:
4416:
4410:
4402:
4387:
4370:
4366:
4350:
4331:
4325:
4308:
4302:
4283:
4253:
4247:
4235:. Retrieved
4233:. Golden Ink
4224:
4213:
4205:
4194:
4163:
4156:
4146:February 11,
4144:. Retrieved
4110:
4100:
4091:
4085:
4073:. Retrieved
4069:
4060:
4051:
4042:
4008:. Retrieved
4004:
3992:
3983:
3982:
3884:
3782:Stella Mason
3766:
3757:
3738:
3721:
3706:
3697:
3682:Please help
3670:
3625:
3611:
3600:
3569:
3561:
3518:
3502:
3498:
3240:Land cession
3196:Land cession
3134:Oconee River
3129:Land cession
3025:
2995:
2994:
2986:
2967:
2952:
2948:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2857:
2839:
2825:
2797:Thanksgiving
2774:
2753:
2740:
2718:
2692:
2686:
2661:
2653:
2625:
2621:
2610:
2605:
2590:
2570:
2557:
2541:George Troup
2533:
2517:
2480:
2479:
2440:
2396:West Florida
2389:
2386:Seminole War
2382:in Florida.
2373:
2362:
2346:
2285:
2281:
2274:
2263:
2246:
2234:West Florida
2223:
2212:
2196:
2190:Indian agent
2161:
2159:
2117:
2111:
2103:
2083:
2079:Great Spirit
2075:Tuckabatchee
2064:
2021:
2005:Federal Road
1993:
1970:
1956:
1933:Havana, Cuba
1917:Indian agent
1906:
1898:West Florida
1869:
1843:
1794:
1764:
1731:Oconee River
1727:Tuckabatchee
1716:
1703:
1673:. He seized
1655:Thomas Brown
1582:
1567:
1558:
1546:
1524:Indian agent
1501:
1491:
1479:
1475:
1461:
1430:
1399:
1361:
1358:Emperor Brim
1311:
1294:of 1715–17.
1292:Yamassee War
1269:
1221:Charles Town
1194:
1190:trading post
1167:
1156:
1150:
1137:
1134:tustunnuggee
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1111:
1071:Tuckabatchee
1056:
1014:, along the
989:
987:
979:Tuckabatchee
896:
880:
861:the Americas
840:conquistador
825:
804:
765:
745:oral history
730:
710:
683:
593:
554:
531:
512:
496:
486:, but their
480:Yuchi people
465:
445:ethnogenesis
439:to form the
437:local tribes
414:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
310:
253:, and others
141:Ethnic group
125:
116:
106:
99:
92:
85:
73:
61:Please help
56:verification
53:
36:
6504:Sac and Fox
6033:Stomp dance
5917:Tribal town
5828:Tukabatchee
4696:", p. 108,
4472:Creek Towns
4046:Fogelson ix
4010:February 7,
3972:Stomp dance
3871: 1781
3848: 1798
3835: 1700
3822: 1836
3818: 1765
3805: 1775
3729:reservation
3549:Mississippi
3052:Ceded Land
3043:Signed with
2861:matrilineal
2844:Stomp Dance
2765:Dawes Rolls
2719:Micco Hutko
2699:Confederacy
2636:Mississippi
2525:Flint River
2505:matrilineal
2408:War of 1812
2305:Major Ridge
2265:blockhouse.
2166:War of 1812
2028:Tenskwatawa
2009:New Orleans
1866:Tallahassee
1661:to contest
1625:Scots-Irish
1593:Chickamauga
1583:During the
1532:matrilineal
1472:Yamasee War
1457:Yamasee War
1272:James Moore
1180:Yamasee War
1161:matrilineal
1146:black drink
1012:Lower Towns
1004:Tuckabutche
853:Mississippi
784:Coosa River
759:, Yamasee,
717:Mesoamerica
698:Pleistocene
675: 1000
581:War of 1812
557:Tenskwatawa
552:neighbors.
455:, with the
344:; English:
201:Mississippi
165: 1820
6760:Negro Fort
6709:Categories
6664:Potawatomi
6349:recognized
6110:Red Sticks
6069:Moundville
5912:Tallapoosa
5877:Miccosukee
5420:January 5,
5242:January 5,
5209:August 11,
5054:October 4,
5031:October 4,
4751:0803220162
4724:0807128678
4575:October 8,
4537:Walker 390
4317:B000J4W27Q
4293:0521660432
4263:0521660432
4005:census.gov
3979:References
3942:Fushatchee
3854:Tomochichi
3820: – c.
3525:Henry Knox
2744:emancipate
2673:See also:
2424:Negro Fort
2295:, and the
2228:(north of
2215:Duck River
2133:Red Sticks
1977:Ohio River
1962:Henry Knox
1839:George III
1811:Royal Navy
1747:cotton gin
1480:Cimarrones
1476:cimarrones
1342:Tallapoosa
1306:Tomochichi
1203:friars in
1201:Franciscan
1138:heles hayv
1063:Tallapoosa
973:(Chiaha),
875:See also:
739:in modern
735:along the
725:hereditary
655:Precontact
630:, and the
561:1811 comet
523:Moundville
461:Everglades
457:Miccosukee
443:. Through
404:, western
400:, much of
333:pronounced
327:, and the
280:Miccosukee
89:newspapers
78:"Muscogee"
6594:Chickasaw
6544:Wyandotte
6389:Chickasaw
6347:Federally
5987:Apalachee
5974:Languages
5954:Neamathla
5856:Coushatta
5528:. Reuters
5291:March 31,
5132:August 7,
3671:does not
3529:Creek War
2970:Muskogean
2703:Chickasaw
2560:Red Stick
2488:Creek War
2447:Pensacola
2392:Creek War
2289:Tennessee
2253:Fort Mims
2251:attacked
2238:Pensacola
2226:Fort Mims
2219:Nashville
2129:Creek War
2024:Creek War
1886:Chickasaw
1878:Miccosuki
1858:Miccosuki
1854:Seminoles
1815:Pensacola
1679:Loyalists
1615:, son of
1609:Coushatta
1605:Tennessee
1599:, in the
1464:Cowkeeper
1392:Yamacraw
1354:Coushatta
1334:Louisiana
1288:Apalachee
1103:Coushatta
1051:King site
983:Oakfuskee
899:Tennessee
776:chiefdoms
741:Tennessee
721:chiefdoms
694:megafauna
398:Tennessee
304:Seminoles
296:Coushatta
288:Chickasaw
270:peoples:
268:Muskogean
224:Languages
209:Tennessee
119:July 2024
6715:Muscogee
6639:Muscogee
6614:Delaware
6609:Comanche
6589:Cheyenne
6584:Cherokee
6509:Seminole
6444:Kickapoo
6439:Kialegee
6404:Comanche
6379:Cherokee
6339:Oklahoma
6018:Religion
5907:Sabacola
5897:Okfuskee
5887:Muscogee
5882:Muklassa
5872:Hitchiti
5866:Fowltown
5706:Archived
5694:Archived
5681:Archived
5532:July 11,
5502:Archived
5454:Archived
5233:Archived
5180:July 30,
5174:Archived
5092:Archived
4996:Archived
4690:Archived
4667:(4): 300
4633:Archived
4594:Archived
4515:Archived
4396:Archived
4379:25132315
4108:(2005).
4070:Omniglot
4031:Archived
3894:See also
3767:Estajoca
3543:and the
3507:—
3006:Treaties
2958:Language
2945:Clothing
2801:Okmulgee
2728:Fort Row
2658:—
2615:—
2595:and the
2521:Shelocta
2500:Hitchiti
2496:Loyalist
2490:and the
2376:Seminole
2367:—
2349:Wetumpka
2321:Cherokee
2317:Infantry
2268:—
2204:Tecumseh
2174:Tecumseh
2108:—
2071:Tecumseh
2032:Tecumseh
2007:linking
1997:Ocmulgee
1882:Cherokee
1823:Cherokee
1800:Maryland
1691:Savannah
1639:Hitchiti
1635:Loyalist
1621:Loyalist
1492:simanoli
1488:Hitchiti
1468:Seminole
1449:Muskogee
1433:Altamaha
1426:Savannah
1410:Yamacraw
1406:Savannah
1314:Cherokee
1302:Yamacraw
1278:against
1253:Hitchiti
1229:firearms
1219:founded
1217:Barbados
1209:missions
1036:Hitchiti
1020:Ocmulgee
975:Hitchiti
959:Tuskegee
939:Hitchiti
915:Muskogee
820:Herb Roe
573:Tecumseh
563:and the
515:Ocmulgee
453:Seminole
441:Seminole
425:Oklahoma
323:or just
313:Muscogee
300:Mascogos
241:Religion
230:Muscogee
213:Oklahoma
145:Muscogee
6689:Wyandot
6684:Wichita
6679:Shawnee
6619:Koasati
6604:Choctaw
6569:Arapaho
6564:Alabama
6539:Wichita
6529:Tonkawa
6519:Shawnee
6394:Choctaw
6047:History
6011:Culture
5997:Koasati
5982:Alabama
5959:Osceola
5926:Leaders
5861:Eufaula
5846:Alabama
5823:Kasihta
5394:May 11,
5098:May 15,
4757:May 26,
4075:May 30,
3858:Senauki
3692:removed
3677:sources
3576:Koasati
3545:removal
3049:Purpose
2996:English
2987:Mvskoke
2811:Culture
2601:Alabama
2527:at the
2416:maroons
2412:muskets
2327:on the
2313:militia
2293:Georgia
2217:, near
2172:leader
2170:Shawnee
2156:, 1837.
2090:Midwest
2069:leader
2067:Shawnee
1985:Georgia
1890:Choctaw
1835:Bahamas
1767:Choctaw
1683:Georgia
1675:Augusta
1663:Patriot
1628:Patriot
1589:British
1553:factors
1549:traders
1537:Mvskoke
1435:to the
1402:Georgia
1350:Alabama
1304:leader
1282:during
1265:Natchez
1164:kinship
1126:micalgi
1099:Alibamu
1095:Eufaula
1067:Alabama
1040:Sawokli
967:Cusseta
951:Alabama
947:Koasati
931:Alibamu
927:Koasati
921:to the
907:Alabama
903:Georgia
849:Alabama
845:Georgia
782:on the
768:Spanish
650:History
571:leader
569:Shawnee
417:removed
410:Florida
406:Georgia
402:Alabama
392:in the
340:in the
317:Mvskoke
292:Choctaw
284:Yamasee
276:Koasati
272:Alabama
217:Alabama
205:Florida
197:Georgia
193:Alabama
103:scholar
6674:Seneca
6669:Quapaw
6654:Pawnee
6649:Ottawa
6579:Cayuga
6499:Quapaw
6489:Peoria
6484:Pawnee
6479:Ottawa
6369:Apache
6351:tribes
6085:Chiaha
6064:Etowah
5949:Menawa
5892:Okchai
5818:Coweta
5813:Abihka
5596:
5485:
5367:
5128:. SEAC
4962:May 2,
4939:
4916:
4891:
4851:
4775:p. 130
4748:
4721:
4566:
4494:
4455:
4423:
4377:
4338:
4315:
4290:
4260:
4237:May 2,
4171:
4118:
3811:Menawa
3539:, the
3535:, the
3531:, the
3037:Treaty
2832:yeoman
2793:powwow
2789:casino
2781:Atmore
2748:slaves
2746:their
2736:asylum
2563:Menawa
2257:slaves
2186:Menawa
2184:, and
2146:Menawa
2135:, and
2105:world.
1989:slaves
1611:chief
1484:maroon
1445:Ochese
1366:Coweta
1330:Mobile
1239:) and
1211:along
1207:built
1130:heniha
1075:Abhika
1032:Chiaha
1026:, and
1024:Oconee
1008:Coweta
1006:, and
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