Environmental impact of pharmaceuticals and personal care products

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they perceive the risk to the environment posed by pharmaceuticals. 3. To differentiate between the risks associated with different classed of pharmaceuticals. Part two of the survey involved each of the eight pharmaceutical groups described above individually. Finally, the third part asked information about the age, sex, profession, postcode, and education of participants. The sample size of participants was precise in comparison to the actual distribution of males and females in the UK: Sample- 54.8 percent were female and 45.2 percent male vs. Actual- the UK of 51.3 percent female to 48.7 percent male. Results showed that when a medication must be discarded, 63.2 percent of participants throw them in a bin, 21.8 percent return them to a pharmacist, and 11.5 percent dispose of them via the toilet/sink, while the remaining 3.5 percent keep them. Only half of the respondents felt like pharmaceuticals could potentially be harmful to the environment. Upon examination of factors relevant to risk perception, there was no definite link found between perception and education or income.

1483: 1668: 1443: 1495: 1159:. It also found that an estimated 250 million pounds of pharmaceuticals and contaminated packaging were discarded by hospitals and long-term care facilities. The series of articles led to a hearing conducted by the U.S. Senate Subcommittee on Transportation Safety, Infrastructure Security, and Water Quality. This hearing was designed to address the levels of pharmaceutical contaminants in U.S. drinking water. This was the first time that pharmaceutical companies were questioned about their waste disposal methods. "No federal regulations or laws were created as a result of the hearing." "Between the years of 1970-2018 more than 3000 pharmaceutical chemicals were manufactured, but only 17 are screened or tested for in waterways." Alternately, "There are no studies designed to examine the effects of pharmaceutical contaminated drinking water on human health." In parallel, the 1459: 1784:

Consumers should take precautions before tossing out drugs in the trash or flushing them down the toilet. Community take-back programs have been set up for consumers to bring back unused drugs for proper disposal. Another initiative is for pharmacies to serve as a take-back site for proper drug disposal such as implementing recycling bins for customers to bring back unused or expired medicines while they're shopping. In addition, medical foundations could receive these medicines to administer them to people who need them, while destroying those that are in excess or expired. Furthermore, educating physicians and patients on the importance of proper drug disposal and the environmental concern will help further reduce pharmaceutical waste.

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properly disposing medication. There also exists the plausibility that a person's behavior will only be affected if there is a severe risk to themselves or humans as opposed to an environmental threat. Even though there are serious threats of pharmaceutical pollution resulting in the feminization of certain fish, they have a lower priority because they are not easily understood or experienced by the general public. In Jonathan P. Bound's opinion, the provision of information about exactly how to go about disposing unused medication properly in conjunction with risk education may have a more positive and forceful effect.

1992: 2470:'s high volatility, most of it that enters the bodies of water and soil will evaporate again and re-enter the atmosphere. Not all of the acetone molecules will evaporate again, and so, when acetone remains in the bodies of water or soil, a reaction will occur. Nail polish remover evaporates easily because acetone's intermolecular forces are weak. An acetone molecule can't attract other acetone molecules easily because its hydrogens are not slightly positive. The only force that holds acetone molecules together is its permanent dipoles which are weaker than hydrogen bonds. 1854:(except in Umeå), primary clarification, and secondary clarification. Juvenile rainbow trout were procured from Antens fiskodling AB, Sweden and Umlax AB, Sweden. The fish were exposed to aerated, undiluted, treated effluent. Since all of the sites underwent sludge treatment, it can be inferred that they are not representative of the low end of treatment efficacy. Of the 21 pharmaceuticals that were detected in the water samples, 18 were identified in the effluent, 17 in the plasma portion, and 14 pharmaceuticals were found in both effluent and plasma. 1699:

sediments. Some microbiologists believe that if antibiotic concentrations are higher than the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of a species of pathogenic bacteria, a selective pressure would be exerted and, as a result, antibiotic resistance would be selectively promoted. It has also been demonstrated that at even sub-inhibitory concentrations (e.g., one-fourth of the MIC), several antibiotics are able to have an effect on gene expression (e.g., as shown for the modulation of expression of toxin-encoding genes in Staphylococcus aureus).

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from karst aquifers, this affects a large number of people. A 2016 study of karst aquifers in southwest Illinois found that 89% of water samples had one or more PPCP measured. Triclocarban (an antimicrobial) was the most frequently detected PPCP, with gemfibrozil (a cardiovascular drug) the second most frequently detected. Other PPCPs detected were trimethoprim, naproxen, carbamazepine, caffeine, sulfamethoxazole, and fluoxetine. The data suggests that septic tank effluent is a probable source of PPCPs.

7823: 990: 1684:"The U.S. EPA risk assessment states that the acceptable daily intake (ADI) of pharmaceuticals is around 0.0027 mg/kg‐day." Due to the lack of research of toxicity guidelines and their effects on human health it is difficult to determine a healthy dosage for water contaminated by pharmaceuticals. "The pharmaceutical sample size tested does not give a full representation of human exposure. Only 17 out of 3000 prescriptions are screened for in drinking water." 7785: 6514: 1368:

Furthermore, many pharmaceutical substances are not fully taken up from the intestine (following oral administration in patients) into their blood stream. The fraction not taken up into the blood stream will remain in the gut and eventually be excreted via the feces. Hence, both urine and feces from treated patients contain pharmaceutical residues. Between 30 and 90% of the orally administered dose is generally excreted as active substance in the urine.

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human and animal exposure. Environmental risk assessment is a regulatory requirement in the launch of any new drug. This precaution has become a necessary step towards the understanding and prevention of adverse effects of pharmaceutical residue in the environment. It is important to note that pharmaceuticals enter the environment from the excretion of drugs after human use, hospitals, and improper disposal of unused drugs from patients.

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it would be helpful to reduce further environmental damage caused by the use of cars. Awareness of air pollution problems was a factor in their decision to take action on a more environmentally favorable choice of transportation. Thus, the goal of Bound's project encapsulates whether the perception of risk associated with pharmaceuticals has an effect on the way in which medication is commonly disposed.

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assessing different aspects of drug safety in the environment. We must look at the effects of drugs not only in medical practice, but also at its environmental effects. Any good clinical trial should look at the impact of particular drugs on the environment. Things we need to address in pharmacoenvironmentology are drugs and their exact concentration in different parts of the environment.

1432:"environmental and/or human health in more than a quarter of the studied locations". It investigated 1,052 sampling sites along 258 rivers in 104 countries, representing the river pollution of 470 million people. It found that "the most contaminated sites were in low- to middle-income countries and were associated with areas with poor wastewater and waste management infrastructure and 1109:"environmental and/or human health in more than a quarter of the studied locations". It investigated 1,052 sampling sites along 258 rivers in 104 countries, representing the river pollution of 470 million people. It found that "the most contaminated sites were in low- to middle-income countries and were associated with areas with poor wastewater and waste management infrastructure and 1695:

Because the amounts of these chemicals in the water supply may be in the parts per trillion or parts per billion, it is difficult to chemically determine the exact amounts present. Many studies have therefore been focused on determining if the concentrations of these pharmaceuticals exist at or above the accepted daily intake (ADI) at which the designed biological outcomes can occur.

1863: 1691:"However, adverse health outcomes are displayed in aquatic organisms. Fish living near water treatment plants have been reported to be feminized." "Some male fish started to develop ovaries and other feminized characteristic due to pharmaceutical pollution, and some species have decreased in population due to exposure of EE2 and other hormonal ECD substances." 1681:

transformation of the chemical compounds either through metabolism or natural degradation processes; and the potential bioaccumulation of the drugs. More research is needed to determine the effects on humans of long-term exposure to low levels of PPCPs. The full effects of mixtures of low concentrations of different PPCPs is also unknown.

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local basis exist. Though most of the waste goes to incineration and people are asked to throw unused or expired pharmaceuticals into their household waste, investigations in Germany showed that up to 24% of liquid pharmaceuticals and 7% of tablets or ointments are disposed always or at least "rarely" via the toilet or sink.

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of pharmaceuticals takes place in low-cost production countries like India and China. Recent reports from India demonstrate that such production sites may emit very large quantities of e.g. antibiotics, yielding levels of the drugs in local surface waters higher than those found in the blood of patients under treatment.

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their metabolites in dairy waste disposal is still being investigated, yet research suggest that the land application of solid wastes is likely linked with more hormone contamination problems. Not only does the pollution from PPCPs affect marine ecosystems, but also those habitats that depend on this polluted water.

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environment which affect humans and other animal species. There has been a growing focus among scientists about the impact of drugs on the environment. In recent years, we have been able to see human pharmaceuticals that are being detected in the environment which most are typically found on surface water.

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waste water due to birth control and hormonal therapies has been linked to increased feminization of exposed fish and other aquatic organisms. The chemicals within these PPCP products could either affect the feminization or masculinization of different fishes, therefore affecting their reproductive rates.

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dung-beetles). Lipid-soluble pharma residues from veterinary use may bind strongly to soil particles, with little tendency to leak out to ground water or to local surface waters. More water-soluble residues may be washed out with rain or melting snow and reach both ground water and surface water streams.

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are nearly impossible to eliminate. The investigations showed that depending on the installed technologies the treatment costs for such a hospital treatment facility may be up to 5.50 € per m. Other studies and comparisons expect the treatment costs to increase up to 10%, mainly due to energy demand.

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and contaminants from waste water. Usually the STP is equipped with an initial mechanical separation of solid particles (cotton buds, cloth, hygiene articles etc.) appearing in the incoming water. Following this there may be filters separating finer particles either occurring in the incoming water or

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There are various concerns about the effects of pharmaceuticals found in surface waters and specifically the threats against rainbow trout exposed to treated sewage effluents. Analysis of these pharmaceuticals in the blood plasma of fish compared to human therapeutic plasma levels have yielded vital

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While the full effects of most PPCPs on the environment are not understood, there is concern about the potential they have for harm because they may act unpredictably when mixed with other chemicals from the environment or concentrate in the food chain. Additionally, some PPCPs are active at very low

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bacteria, the most common food-borne pathogen in the United States, is 60 ng/mL. One study found that the average concentration of erythromycin, a commonly prescribed antibiotic, was 0.09 ng/mL in water treatment plant effluents. Additionally, transfer of genetic elements among bacteria has

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Pharmaceutical residues that have been conjugated (bound to a bile acid) before being excreted from the patients may undergo de-conjugation in the STP, yielding higher levels of free pharmaceutical substance in the outlet from the STP than in its incoming water. Some pharmaceuticals with large sales

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PPCPs are difficult to remove from wastewater with conventional methods. Some research shows the concentration of such substances is even higher in water leaving the plant than water entering the plant. Many factors including environmental pH, seasonal variation, and biological properties affect the

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According to the EPA, pharamacovigilance is science aiming to capture any adverse effects of pharmaceuticals in humans after use. However, ecopharmacovigilance is the science, and activities concerning detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects of pharmaceuticals in the

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In addition to being found only in waterways, the ingredients of some PPCPs can also be found in the soil. Since some of these substances take a long time or cannot be degraded biologically, they make their way up the food chain. Information pertaining to the transport and fate of these hormones and

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The relationship between risk perception and behavior is multifaceted. Risk management is most effective once the motivation behind the behavior of disposing unused pharmaceuticals is understood. There was little correlation found between the perception of risk and knowledge regarding pharmaceutical

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In addition, "The EPA and FDA regulations state that a drug or chemical is not considered harmful until clear evidence shows that a substance causes harm". This means that the U.S. is not testing or screening for thousands of potential contaminants in drinking water. Health risk assessments have not

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Proper destruction of pharma residues should yield rest products without any pharmaceutical or ecotoxic activity. Furthermore, the residues should not act as components in the environmental formation of new such products. Incineration at a high temperature (>1000 degrees Celsius) is considered to

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It is generally assumed (albeit hardly verified) that the production of pharmaceuticals in industrialised countries is well controlled and unharmful to the environment, due to the local legal restrictions usually required to permit production. However, a substantial fraction of the global production

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Because of the high solubility of most PPCPs, aquatic organisms are especially vulnerable to their effects. Researchers have found that a class of antidepressants may be found in frogs and can significantly slow their development. The increased presence of estrogen and other synthetic hormones in

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Community-based programs should be developed to monitor exposure and health outcomes. We should encourage the pharmaceutical industry to develop technology that extracts pharmaceuticals from waterways. "Extensive research must be conducted to determine the amount of pharmaceutical contamination in

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Also, implementing initiatives for hospitals to focus on better practices for hazardous waste disposal may prove to be beneficial. The US EPA encourages hospitals to develop efficient pharmaceutical disposal practices by giving them grants. This incentive may be very beneficial to other hospitals

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regulators. Next, a survey was created to examine the disposal patterns of the participants and their perception of the existing risk or threat against the environment. Respondents were asked the following questions in part one of the survey: 1. When and how they disposed of pharmaceuticals. 2. How

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It is advised to take careful measures to inform the public in a way that does not impart guilt but rather public awareness. For example, a study carried out by Norlund and Garvill in Sweden (2003) that found that some people may make a personal sacrifice in terms of comfort because they feel that

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plants, and selection of resistant bacteria has been documented in sewers receiving wastewaters from pharmaceutical plants. Moreover, antibiotic resistant bacteria may also remain in sewage sludge and enter the food chain if the sludge is not incinerated but used as fertilizer on agricultural land.

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Some PPCPs are broken down or processed easily by a human or animal body and/or degrade quickly in the environment. However, others do not break down or degrade easily. The likelihood or ease with which an individual substance will break down depends on its chemical makeup and the metabolic pathway

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An additional source to environmental pollution with pharmaceuticals is improper disposal of unused or expired drug residues. In European countries take-back systems for such residues are usually in place (although not always utilized to full extent), while in the US only voluntary initiatives on a

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Nail polish remover can also enter the lithosphere by landfills and by precipitation. However, it will not bind to the soil. Microorganisms in the soil will decompose acetone. The consequence of microorganisms decomposing acetone is the risk it has to cause oxygen depletion in bodies of water. The

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The importance of ecopharmacovigilance is to monitor adverse effects of pharmaceuticals on humans through environmental exposure. Due to this relatively new field of science, researchers are continuously developing and understanding the impacts of pharmaceuticals in the environment and its risk on

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First, it is imperative that patients become educated on pharmaceutical pollution and its hazardous effects on humans, animals, and the overall environment. By educating patients on proper disposal of unused drugs, steps are being taken to further prevent pharmaceutical waste in the environment.

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Dr. Bound noted that participation in altruistic activities such as Environmental Conservation groups may provide members with the ability to better grasp the effects of their actions in the environment. In regards to the aquatic environment, it is hard for one to perceive the favorable effects of

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Although research has shown that PPCPs are present in water bodies throughout the world, no studies have shown a direct effect on human health. However, the absence of empirical data cannot rule out the possibility of adverse outcomes due to interactions or long-term exposures to these substances.

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and community use. In Europe, the input of pharmaceutical residues via domestic waste water is estimated to be around 80% whereas 20% is coming from hospitals. Individuals may add PPCPs to the environment through waste excretion and bathing as well as by directly disposing of unused medications to

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Several research projects are running to optimize the use of advanced sewage treatment techniques under different conditions. The advanced techniques will increase the costs for the sewage treatment substantially. In a European cooperation project between 2008 and 2012 in comparison four hospital

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A 2013 study of a drinking water treatment plant found that of 30 PPCPs measured at both the source water and the drinking water locations, 76% of PPCPs were removed, on average, in the water treatment plant. Ozonation was found to be an efficient treatment process for the removal of many PPCPs.

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The geology of a karst aquifer area assists with the movement of PPCPs from the surface to the ground water. Relatively soluble bedrock creates sinkholes, caves and sinking streams into which surface water easily flows, with minimal filtering. Since 25% of the population get their drinking water

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Pharmacoenvironmentology is an extension of pharmacovigilance as it deals specifically with the environmental and ecological effects of drugs given at therapeutic doses. Pharmacologists with this particular expertise (known as a pharmacoenvironmentologist) become a necessary component of any team

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The use of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) is on the rise with an estimated increase from 2 billion to 3.9 billion annual prescriptions between 1999 and 2009 in the United States alone. PPCPs enter into the environment through individual human activity and as residues

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Pharmaceuticals used in veterinary medicine, or as additives to animal food, pose a different problem, since they are excreted into soil or possibly open surface waters. It is well known that such excretions may affect terrestrial organisms directly, leading to extinction of exposed species (e.g.

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Depending on the sources and ingredients, there are various ways in which the public can dispose of pharmaceutical and personal care products in acceptable ways. The most environmentally safe disposal method is to take advantage of community drug take-back programs that collect drugs at a central

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is the second biggest consumer in the world (24% of the world total) after the USA and in the majority of EU Member States, around 50% of unused human medicinal products is not collected to be disposed of properly. In the EU, between 30 and 90% of the orally administered doses are estimated to be

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Many STPs also include one or several steps of biological treatment. By stimulating the activity of various strains of microorganisms physically their activity may be promoted to degrade the organic content of the sewage by up to 90% or more. In certain cases more advanced techniques are used as

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Ecopharmacology concerns the entry of chemicals or drugs into the environment through any route and at any concentration disturbing the balance of ecology (ecosystem), as a consequence. Ecopharmacology is a broad term that includes studies of "PPCPs" irrespective of doses and route of entry into

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The three sites chosen for field exposures were in located in Stockholm, Gothenburg, and Umeå. They were chosen according to their varying degrees of treatment technologies, geographic locations, and size. The effluent treatment includes active sludge treatment, nitrogen and phosphorus removal

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Many pharmaceuticals pass through the human body unchanged, so there are advantages when human excreta does not go into waterways, even after conventional sewage treatment, which also does not remove most of these chemicals. It is therefore preferable for human feces and urine to go into fertile

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More attention has been devoted since 2016 to PPCPs in the environment. Two causes may contribute to this: PPCPs are actually increasing in the environment due to widespread use and/or analytical technology is better able to detect PPCPs in the environment. These substances enter the environment

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In addition to the growing concerns about human health risks from pharmaceutical drugs via environmental exposures, many researchers have speculated about the potential for inducing antibiotic resistance. One study found 10 different antibiotics in sewage treatment effluents, surface water, and

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Take-back programs in the US are funded by state or local health departments or are volunteer programs through pharmacies or health care providers. In recent years, the proposition that pharmaceutical manufacturers should be responsible for their products "from the cradle to the grave" has been

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Since nail polish remover is a solvent, it will dissolve in water. When acetone dissolves in water, it hydrogen bonds with water. The more nail polish remover that enters the hydrosphere will increase the concentration of acetone and then increase the concentration of the solution created when

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The major route for pharmaceutical residues to reach the aquatic environment is most probably by excretion from patients undergoing pharma treatment. Since many pharmaceutical substances are not metabolized in the body they may be excreted in biologically active form, usually via the urine.

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EPA published regulations for hazardous waste disposal of pharmaceuticals by health care facilities in 2019. The agency also studied disposal practices for health care facilities where unused pharmaceuticals might be flushed rather than placed in solid waste, but did not develop wastewater

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Additionally, "It is critical for us to develop an analytical method of identifying, testing, and regulating the amount of pharmaceuticals in the water systems". Data must be collected in order to accurately measure the prevalence of pharmaceuticals in drinking water. "Multiple Health risk

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from treated wastewater infiltrating into the aquifer are among emerging ground-water contaminants being studied throughout the United States. Popular pharmaceuticals such as antibiotics, anti-inflammatories, antidepressants, decongestants, tranquilizers, etc. are normally found in treated

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Starting in the mid-1960s, ecologists and toxicologists began to express concern about the potential adverse effects of pharmaceuticals in the water supply, but it wasn't until a decade later that the presence of pharmaceuticals in water was well documented. Studies in 1975 and 1977 found

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The scope of human exposure to pharmaceuticals and personal care products from the environment is a complex function of many factors. These factors include the concentrations, types, and distribution of pharmaceuticals in the environment; the pharmacokinetics of each drug; the structural

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Pharmacovigilance is a new branch of science, which was born in 1960 after the incidence of the thalidomide disaster. Thalidomide is a teratogen and caused horrific birth abnormalities. The thalidomide disaster lead to the present day approach to drug safety and adverse event reporting.

1272: 2455:. Now many labels are available including not only 3-Free but higher, for example 5-Free or 12-Free. Studies on the possible health outcomes of nail polish exposures identify risks such as skin problems, respiratory disorders, neurologic disorders, and reproductive disorders. 2099:

The fate of incoming pharmaceutical residues in the STP is unpredictable. Some substances seem to be more or less completely eliminated, while others pass the different steps in the STP unaffected. There is no systematic knowledge at hand to predict how and why this happens.

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Dodgen LK, Kelly WR, Panno SV, Taylor SJ, Armstrong DL, Wiles KN, et al. (February 2017). "Characterizing pharmaceutical, personal care product, and hormone contamination in a karst aquifer of southwestern Illinois, USA, using water quality and stream flow parameters".

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Levonorgestrel was detected in fish blood plasma at concentrations between 8.5 and 12 ng mL-1 which exceed the human therapeutic plasma level. The measured effluent level of Levonorgestrel in the three areas was shown to reduce the fertility of the rainbow trout.

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There are no national regulations covering disposal by consumers to sewage treatment plants (i.e., disposed down the drain). To address pharmaceuticals that may be present in drinking water, in 2009 EPA added three birth control substances and one antibiotic to its

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Trace amounts of pharmaceuticals in both groundwater and surface water are far below what is considered dangerous or of concern in most areas, but it could be an increasing problem as population grows and more reclaimed wastewater is utilized for municipal water

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professionals in the United States began writing reports of pharmaceutical contamination in waterways in the 1970s." Most pharmaceuticals are deposited in the environment through human consumption and excretion, and are often filtered ineffectively by municipal

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Since then, a great deal of attention has been directed to the ecological and physiological risk associated with pharmaceutical compounds and their metabolites in water and the environment. In the last decade, most research in this area has focused on

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plants which are not designed to manage them. Once in the water, they can have diverse, subtle effects on organisms, although research is still limited. Pharmaceuticals may also be deposited in the environment through improper disposal, runoff from

1340:, lotions, shampoos, soaps, toothpastes, and sunscreen. These products typically enter the environment when passed through or washed off the body and into the ground or sewer lines, or when disposed of in the trash, septic tank, or sewage system. 1722:

waste according to a study conducted by Cook and Bellis in 2001. This study cautioned against the effectiveness of attempting to change the public's behavior on these health issues by warning them of the risks associated with their actions.

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Rainbow trout were exposed to undiluted, treated sewage water at three different sites in Sweden. They were exposed for a total of 14 days while 25 pharmaceuticals were measured in the blood plasma at different levels for analysis. The

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Downs CA, Kramarsky-Winter E, Fauth JE, Segal R, Bronstein O, Jeger R, et al. (March 2014). "Toxicological effects of the sunscreen UV filter, benzophenone-2, on planulae and in vitro cells of the coral, Stylophora pistillata".

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Fick J, Lindberg RH, Parkkonen J, Arvidsson B, Tysklind M, Larsson DJ (April 2010). "Therapeutic levels of levonorgestrel detected in blood plasma of fish: results from screening rainbow trout exposed to treated sewage effluents".

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Padhye LP, Yao H, Kung'u FT, Huang CH (March 2014). "Year-long evaluation on the occurrence and fate of pharmaceuticals, personal care products, and endocrine disrupting chemicals in an urban drinking water treatment plant".

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When these substances find their way into water, it is much more difficult to deal with them. Water treatment facilities use different processes in order to minimize or fully eliminate these pollutants. This is done by using

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volumes have not been detected in the incoming water to the STP, indicating that complete metabolism and degradation must have occurred already in the patient or during the transport of sewage from the household to the STP.

2676:, in which the urine is dispersed into fertile soil among plants, would the microbes eventually decompose this chemical entirely? After how much time? Which types of pharmaceuticals would break down faster and which slower? 2372:

By employing proper disposal methods, all manufacturing materials of blister packs like PP, PE, PVC and Al can be recycled and the adverse effects to the environment can be minimized. Even though, the synthesis of these

1907:, an estrogen used in oral contraceptive medications and one of the most commonly prescribed pharmaceuticals, can cause endocrine disruption in aquatic and amphibian wildlife in concentrations as low as 1 ng/L. 1282:, or prescription and over-the-counter medications made for human use or veterinary or agribusiness purposes, are common PPCPs found in the environment. There are nine classes of pharmaceuticals included in PPCPs: 1658:

showed traces of PPCPs upstream of waste water treatment plant effluents to rivers. The noPILLS report found that "the whole medicinal product chain needs to be considered for multi-point, targeted intervention".

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Reutman SR, Rohs AM, Clark JC, Johnson BC, Sammons DL, Toennis CA, et al. (November 2009). "A pilot respiratory health assessment of nail technicians: symptoms, lung function, and airway inflammation".

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showed the effects of a combination of membranes, ozone, powdered activated carbon and sand filtration. But even a maximum of installed technologies could not eliminate 100% of all substances and especially

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to investigate the elimination rates of concentrated waste water with pharmaceutical "cocktails" by using different and combined advanced treatment technologies. Especially the German STP at Marienhospital

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in nearby rivers coinciding with a Taiwanese youth event attended by around 600,000 people. In 2018, shellfish in Puget Sound, waters that receive treated sewage from the Seattle area, tested positive for

2839:"Toxicopathological Effects of the Sunscreen UV Filter, Oxybenzone (Benzophenone-3), on Coral Planulae and Cultured Primary Cells and Its Environmental Contamination in Hawaii and the U.S. Virgin Islands" 2065:

However, there are some PPCPs that were not removed, such as DEET used as mosquito spray, nonylphenol which is a surfactant used in detergents, the antibiotic erythromycin, and the herbicide atrazine.

1628:. Although most chemical concentrations were detected at low levels (nano-grams/Liter (ng/L)), there are uncertainties that remain regarding the levels at which toxicity occurs and the risks of 1577:

found detectable quantities of one or more chemicals in 80 percent of a sampling of 139 susceptible streams in 30 states. The most common pharmaceuticals detected were nonprescription drugs;

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largely started in the early 1990s. Until this time, PPCPs were largely ignored because of their relative solubility and containment in waterways compared to more familiar pollutants like

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Pharmacoenvironmentology is a specific domain of pharmacology and not of environmental studies. This is because it deals with drugs entering through living organisms through elimination.

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more acetone readily available for microorganism decomposition leads to more microorganisms reproduced and thus oxygen depletion because more microorganisms use up the available oxygen.

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A second pathway that nail polish remover can enter in the atmosphere is reacting with hydroxyl radicals. When acetone reacts with hydroxyl radicals, its main product is methylglyoxal.

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In order to conduct this study, the pharmaceuticals were grouped by their therapeutic action in order to help participants identify them. The eight therapeutic groups are listed below:

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soil, where they will receive more effective treatment by numerous microbes found there, over longer amounts of time, and stay away from waterways. This can be achieved via the use of

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In the United States, EPA has published wastewater regulations for pharmaceutical manufacturing plants. EPA has also issued air pollution regulations for manufacturing facilities.

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Hernando MD, Mezcua M, Fernández-Alba AR, Barceló D (April 2006). "Environmental risk assessment of pharmaceutical residues in wastewater effluents, surface waters and sediments".

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Hernando MD, Mezcua M, Fernández-Alba AR, Barceló D (April 2006). "Environmental risk assessment of pharmaceutical residues in wastewater effluents, surface waters and sediments".

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The intent of the recommended practices is that the chemicals would be separated from the open environment, especially water bodies, long enough for them to naturally break down.

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A 2006 study found detectable concentrations of 28 pharmaceutical compounds in sewage treatment plant effluents, surface water, and sediment. The therapeutic classes included

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Roelofs C, Azaroff LS, Holcroft C, Nguyen H, Doan T (August 2008). "Results from a community-based occupational health survey of Vietnamese-American nail salon workers".

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Besides the identified input from human medicine, there appears to be diffuse pollution from pharmaceuticals used in other areas such as agriculture. Investigations in

2161:, which is the most convenient type for several reasons. Blister packs have two main components, the "lid" and the "blister" (cavity). Lid is mainly manufactured with 1147:

concluded that U.S. manufacturers had legally released 271 million pounds of compounds used as drugs into the environment, 92% of which was the industrial chemicals

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Snyder S, Westerhoff P, Yoon Y, Sedlak D (2003). "Pharmaceuticals, Personal Care Products, and Endocrine Disruptors in Water: Implications for the Water Industry".

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wastewater. This wastewater is discharged from the treatment facility, and often makes its way into the aquifer or source of surface water used for drinking water.

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method which uses hydrochloric acid (HCl) can be incorporated. Then PVC can be recycled by using mechanical or chemical methods. The most recent trend is to use

5739: 1086:, but the current state of research shows that personal care products impact the environment and other species, such as coral reefs and fish. PPCPs encompass 5935: 2977:

Larsson DG, Adolfsson-Erici M, Parkkonen J, Pettersson M, Berg AH, Olsson PE, Förlin L (1999-04-01). "Ethinyloestradiol — an undesired fish contraceptive?".

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and nail polish removers. Nail polishes have many ingredients which are considered toxic, including solvents, resins, colorants and pigments, among others.

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location for proper disposal. Several local public health departments in the United States have initiated these programs. In addition, the United States

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Modolo JR, Giuffrida R, Lopes CD (July 2003). "Antimicrobial Susceptibility of 51 Campylobacter Strains Isolated From Diarrheic and Diarrhea-Free Dogs".

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Jiang JJ, Lee CL, Fang MD, Tu BW, Liang YJ (January 2015). "Impacts of emerging contaminants on surrounding aquatic environment from a youth festival".

3285: 4782: 4452: 1412:, or trash. Because PPCPs tend to dissolve relatively easily and do not evaporate at normal temperatures, they often end up in soil and water bodies. 4796: 5732: 2711: 1168: 1087: 3238: 2493:

and breakdown into carbon monoxide, methane, and ethane. When temperatures are between 100 - 350 degrees Celsius, the following mechanism occurs:

2661:

is known to degrade PPCPs. How long would urine need to lay in the sun in transparent bottles to destroy the PPCPs before its use as fertilizer?

7772: 5950: 5945: 5918: 954: 3820: 4045: 3972:

Nordlund AM, Garvill J (December 2003). "Effects of values, problem awareness, and personal norm on willingness to reduce personal car use".

1766:

Several recommendations and initiatives have been made to prevent pharmaceutical pollution in the environment. Important practices include:

5903: 5851: 5005:

Wang C, Wang H, Liu Y (2015-09-01). "Separation of aluminum and plastic by metallurgy method for recycling waste pharmaceutical blisters".

2706: 5496: 1458: 7467: 5925: 5898: 5871: 5846: 3198: 3112:

Doerr-MacEwen NA, Haight ME (November 2006). "Expert stakeholders' views on the management of human pharmaceuticals in the environment".

2096:

It is therefore important to define best available technique before extensive infrastructure investments are introduced on a wide basis.

1032: 720: 4205: 3631: 3784: 2466:

has the ability to enter bodies of water and soil after entering landfills or by precipitation, such as rain or snow. However, due to

1376:

fulfill the requirements, but even following such incineration residual ashes from the incineration should be properly taken care of.

7876: 6257: 5997: 3224: 6527: 6522: 6242: 5866: 2489:

When nail polish remover evaporates, acetone enters the atmosphere in the gaseous phase. In the gaseous phase, acetone can undergo

1931:

Jaipur cows eating trash, which may contain medicines and supplements that will pass through their system and enter the environment

1923:

Are certain populations, such as the elderly, very young, or immuno-compromised, more vulnerable to the effects of these compounds?

17: 7886: 7706: 6517: 5861: 2189:

can be minimized. However, a problem arises with the improper disposal either by burning or disposing as normal household waste.

6247: 1641: 1209: 7749: 6506: 6262: 5940: 4460: 3463: 939: 7037: 6849: 6357: 6205: 4412:

Ruhoy IS, Daughton CG (November 2008). "Beyond the medicine cabinet: an analysis of where and why medications accumulate".

4065: 3682: 2770:

Wang J, Wang S (November 2016). "Removal of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) from wastewater: A review".

2636:

Is there a temperature at which PPCPs are burned and destroyed? Would they thus be eliminated when materials are made into

1205: 213: 4230: 2126: 7002: 6895: 6565: 6210: 5856: 5841: 2482:

acetone and water bonds. If enough nail polish remover is disposed, it can reach the lethal dose level for aquatic life.

1295: 1155:, which are also used as antiseptics. It could not distinguish between drugs released by manufacturers as opposed to the 340: 260: 5713: 5108:

Hiipakka D, Samimi B (March 1987). "Exposure of acrylic fingernail sculptors to organic vapors and methacrylate dusts".

4091:

Zheng W, Yates SR, Bradford SA (January 2008). "Analysis of steroid hormones in a typical dairy waste disposal system".

7767: 7744: 6923: 6583: 6307: 6121: 6111: 6032: 5955: 5418:"Neuropsychological symptoms associated with low-level exposure to solvents and (meth)acrylates among nail technicians" 4842: 3606: 2040: 1792:

assessments should be conducted to understand the effects of prolonged exposure to pharmaceuticals in drinking water".

1776:

encouraging pharmaceutical industries to implement strategies for proper disposal of drugs or recycling strategies, and

1356:

directly or indirectly. Direct methods include contamination of surface water by hospitals, households, industries, or

934: 848: 290: 1053:) is being investigated since at least the 1990s. PPCPs include substances used by individuals for personal health or 7809: 7556: 7442: 6936: 6931: 6532: 6141: 6126: 5960: 5908: 4797:"Final Rule: Management Standards for Hazardous Waste Pharmaceuticals and Amendment to the P075 Listing for Nicotine" 4005: 3767: 3657: 3174: 790: 695: 7736: 6188: 6002: 5893: 5883: 3457:

Bexfield, Laura M.; Toccalino, Patricia L.; Belitz, Kenneth; Foreman, William T.; Furlong, Edward T. (2019-03-19).

2701: 1688:

been conducted to provide concrete evidence to link pharmaceutical contamination and adverse human health effects.

5193:"Exposures in nail salons to trace elements in nail polish from impurities or pigment ingredients - A pilot study" 7482: 7219: 6609: 6322: 6071: 6049: 6007: 5977: 5930: 5813: 5796: 5779: 5755: 2679:

Are there types of PPCPs that cannot enter into the roots of plants because their molecules are simply too large?

2562:

is an organic compound that is a by-product of many metabolic pathways. It is an intermediate precursor for many

1193: 1025: 735: 498: 80: 4447:

Hashemi Z (2008). "Addendum: Terminologies related to Drug Safety". In Rahman SZ, Shahid M & Gupta A (ed.).

1078:

PPCPs have been detected in water bodies throughout the world. More research is needed to evaluate the risks of

7861: 6027: 6022: 4926:"Plastic Degradation and Its Environmental Implications with Special Reference to Poly(ethylene terephthalate)" 4810: 2563: 3292: 2566:, that are formed for diseases such as diabetes or neurodegenerative diseases. The following reaction occurs: 7817: 7792: 7097: 6193: 6131: 5250:"NIOSH hazards controls HC28 - controlling chemical hazards during the application of artificial fingernails" 1562: 1512: 1197: 970: 420: 1061:

to boost growth or health of livestock. More than twenty million tons of PPCPs are produced every year. The

7268: 7017: 6997: 6749: 5789: 2137: 1433: 1429: 1143:

fertilizer and reclaimed wastewater irrigation, and leaky sewer pipes. In 2009, an investigative report by

1126: 1110: 1106: 1091: 508: 360: 335: 130: 6342: 4768: 4655: 3358: 2292:

The disposal of blister packs as normal waste, will forbid recycling process and eventually accumulate in

7866: 7373: 7027: 6160: 6044: 5801: 3884:"Review of the occurrence of anti-infectives in contaminated wastewaters and natural and drinking waters" 3750:

Daughton CG (2008). "Pharmaceuticals as Environmental Pollutants: the Ramifications for Human Exposure".

3459:"Hormones and Pharmaceuticals in Groundwater Used As a Source of Drinking Water Across the United States" 2686:

are extracted from plants, would PPCPs pass into them, stay in the cauldron, or be destroyed by the heat?

619: 370: 4783:"Pharmaceuticals Production Industry: National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP)" 7801: 7701: 7624: 7032: 6862: 6692: 3246: 2673: 2018:

well. The today most commonly used advanced treatment steps especially in terms of micropollutants are

1801: 1171:(EPPP) was suggested in the 2010 nomination of pharmaceuticals and environment as an emerging issue to 1018: 375: 225: 4824: 3432: 3267: 7504: 7462: 7424: 6989: 6783: 6430: 6382: 6277: 6170: 6054: 4887:"Toxicity of the pyrolysis and combustion products of poly(vinyl chlorides): A literature assessment" 3217: 2837:

Downs CA, Kramarsky-Winter E, Segal R, Fauth J, Knutson S, Bronstein O, et al. (February 2016).

1937:

Are the levels of antibiotics in the aquatic environment sufficient to promote antibiotic resistance?

750: 715: 675: 328: 295: 145: 6337: 1388:

Further information on how pollutants enter the environment through the manufacturing of PPCPs:

7871: 7499: 7022: 6963: 6874: 6435: 6390: 6292: 6017: 5833: 5143:

Quach T, Gunier R, Tran A, Von Behren J, Doan-Billings PA, Nguyen KD, et al. (December 2011).

2393: 1879:

at trace concentrations in treated water. Widespread concern about and research into the effect of

745: 365: 300: 237: 1671:

PPCPS: shelves with tampons, women's sanitary towels, tooth brushes, health and body care products

7711: 7477: 7007: 6558: 6482: 6420: 5823: 5282:"Phthalate and Organophosphate Plasticizers in Nail Polish: Evaluation of Labels and Ingredients" 4690: 2810:"The Effects of Ultraviolet Filters and Sunscreen on Corals and Aquatic Ecosystems: Bibliography" 2130: 2006: 1995: 1598: 1156: 775: 730: 350: 5544:

Cundall RB, Davies AS (1 January 1966). "The Mechanism of the Gas Phase Photolysis of Acetone".

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Estill CF, Flesch JP, Johnston OE, McCammon JB, Mickelsen RL, Spencer AB, Votaw A (1999-01-01).

4870:

Pilchik R (November 2000). "Pharmaceutical Blister Packaging, Part I: Rationale and Materials".

2215: 1991: 1779:

requiring hospitals to implement better management practices for disposing pharmaceutical waste.

1232:

cover up any personal identification with a black marker that is on the original pill containers

7881: 7670: 7060: 6425: 6252: 2616: 1866:

There are traces pharmaceuticals in waterways that have an adverse effect on the environment.

1828:

A class of antidepressants may be found in frogs and can significantly slow their development.

1574: 913: 400: 55:

Methods of PPCP entry into the environment from residential homes via septic and sewage systems

7640: 7472: 7348: 7256: 6946: 6839: 6639: 5808: 2377:

relatively simple, the recycling process can be very complex since the blister packs contain

2349: 2329: 1841:

information providing a means of assessing risk associated with medication waste in water.

883: 725: 591: 503: 200: 3788: 3538:

Occurrence of Pharmaceuticals in Shallow Ground Water of Suffolk County, New York, 2002–2005

2672:

the ability to break down PPCPs over time? If a person who consumes a pharmaceutical uses a

2181:(PET) or aluminum (Al). If users employ proper disposal methods, all these materials can be 1263:, feed on or break down these pollutants thus eliminating them from the contaminated media. 7447: 7102: 6798: 6410: 6178: 5818: 5784: 5774: 5553: 5293: 5191:

Ceballos DM, Young AS, Allen JG, Specht AJ, Nguyen VT, Craig JA, et al. (March 2021).

4621: 4540: 4144: 4100: 3567: 3519: 3472: 3121: 3057: 2941: 2433: 1714: 1235:

place these containers in the bag with the mixture, seal them, and place them in the trash.

425: 158: 5653: 5636: 5145:"Characterizing workplace exposures in Vietnamese women working in California nail salons" 5045: 4957:

Rosseland BO, Eldhuset TD, Staurnes M (March 1990). "Environmental effects of aluminium".

4576:"The occurrence of pharmaceutical waste in different parts of the world: A scoping review" 8: 7514: 7452: 7419: 7358: 7290: 7155: 7150: 7128: 6702: 6472: 6465: 6405: 6302: 6297: 5972: 5280:

Young AS, Allen JG, Kim UJ, Seller S, Webster TF, Kannan K, Ceballos DM (November 2018).

3953:

Cook B (2001). "Knowing the risk: relationships between behaviour and health knowledge".

3421:

EU project report summary "Pharmaceutical Input and Elimination from Local Sources", 2012

2930:"Emerging wastewater contaminant metformin causes intersex and reduced fecundity in fish" 2463: 2448: 2186: 2092: 2022: 2014:

developing as a consequence of chemical treatment of the water with flocculating agents.

1900: 1279: 1224: 760: 705: 670: 596: 523: 473: 468: 453: 110: 5557: 5546:

Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences

5297: 4712: 4625: 4544: 4148: 4104: 3571: 3476: 3420: 3125: 3061: 3015: 2945: 7856: 7827: 7788: 7721: 7696: 7691: 7509: 7386: 7180: 7052: 6816: 6687: 6614: 6551: 6487: 6445: 6440: 6400: 6352: 6116: 6012: 5888: 5693: 5658: 5577: 5569: 5478: 5362: 5314: 5281: 5225: 5192: 5165: 5144: 5085: 5060: 5059:

Goldin LJ, Ansher L, Berlin A, Cheng J, Kanopkin D, Khazan A, et al. (June 2014).

4982: 4593: 4504: 4477: 4394: 4346: 4319: 4295: 4268: 3908: 3883: 3145: 3086: 3045: 2910: 2866: 2648: 2297: 2170: 1821:

concentrations, and are often released continuously in large or widespread quantities.

1389: 994: 755: 631: 393: 175: 115: 85: 34: 5595:

Darwent B, Allard MJ, Hartman MF, Lange LJ (1960-12-01). "The Photolysis of Acetone".

4382: 3985: 3658:"Pharmaceuticals, Hormones, and Other Organic Wastewater Contaminants in U.S. Streams" 3537: 3245:. Springfield, Virginia: United States Drug Enforcement Administration. Archived from 2990: 2954: 2929: 2838: 2809: 7716: 7576: 7396: 7305: 7273: 7190: 7143: 7070: 7042: 6811: 6806: 6604: 6362: 6237: 6183: 5982: 5967: 5612: 5470: 5465: 5448: 5429: 5398: 5354: 5319: 5230: 5212: 5170: 5125: 5090: 4974: 4906: 4637: 4597: 4556: 4509: 4456: 4429: 4386: 4351: 4300: 4160: 4116: 3913: 3861: 3763: 3759: 3725: 3583: 3498: 3490: 3403: 3335: 3180: 3170: 3137: 3091: 3073: 2994: 2959: 2902: 2858: 2787: 2490: 2444: 2345: 2286: 2282: 2047: 1805: 1152: 643: 566: 559: 513: 380: 170: 165: 75: 5697: 5662: 5581: 5482: 5366: 4986: 4588: 4575: 4552: 4398: 3435:. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2012. Archived from 3149: 7660: 7561: 7519: 7487: 7381: 7335: 7295: 7202: 7170: 7138: 7123: 7107: 7082: 6867: 6821: 6317: 6312: 6287: 6086: 6059: 5683: 5648: 5604: 5561: 5460: 5390: 5346: 5309: 5301: 5257: 5220: 5204: 5160: 5152: 5117: 5080: 5072: 5041: 5014: 4966: 4937: 4898: 4629: 4583: 4548: 4499: 4489: 4421: 4378: 4341: 4331: 4290: 4280: 4237: 4187: 4152: 4108: 3981: 3903: 3895: 3853: 3755: 3717: 3601: 3575: 3480: 3395: 3325: 3129: 3081: 3065: 2986: 2949: 2914: 2894: 2870: 2850: 2817: 2779: 2321: 2053: 2034: 1940:

What is the effect of exposure to steroid hormones on animal and human populations?

1904: 1896: 1888: 1625: 1357: 1345:

Traces of illicit drugs can be found in waterways and may even be carried by money.

1337: 1144: 1135: 1095: 903: 800: 740: 626: 579: 528: 488: 463: 448: 430: 405: 345: 230: 180: 5724: 5018: 3857: 3721: 2783: 7524: 7434: 7400: 7285: 7239: 7165: 7092: 7012: 6915: 6857: 6712: 6450: 6367: 6347: 6327: 6227: 6076: 5523: 4633: 4425: 3399: 3383: 3314:"Scrutinizing pharmaceuticals and personal care products in wastewater treatment" 2716: 2624: 2385: 2325: 2301: 2212:). The combustion reactions and products of these chemicals are mentioned below. 2078: 1734: 1629: 1621: 1425: 1311: 1122: 1102: 1083: 1070: 688: 648: 518: 483: 415: 355: 283: 220: 120: 5208: 4069: 4053:. Deutsche Gesellschaft fürInternationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH. p. 12. 3686: 2420:

for pharmaceutical packaging, to reduce the hostile effects to the environment.

2277:

Even though polypropylene and polyester is harmful to the environment, the most

1229:

place the mixture into a disposable container with a lid, such as a sealable bag

7837: 7571: 7457: 7414: 7408: 7404: 7249: 7234: 7185: 7175: 7087: 6941: 6697: 6668: 6477: 6372: 6272: 6200: 5987: 4191: 3660:. USGS Fact Sheet FS-027-02. Reston, VA: U.S. Geological Survey. Archived from 3216:

Mudgal S, De Toni A, Lockwood S, Salès K, Backhaus T, Sorensen B (2013-12-12).

2696: 2652: 2389: 2344:

according to the following equation. As a result, the negative effects of both

2305: 1876: 1872: 1742: 1738: 1730: 1582: 1537: 1307: 1303: 1252: 1160: 1062: 1006: 810: 710: 665: 658: 653: 410: 105: 5688: 5671: 5350: 5121: 5076: 4686: 3386:(January 2011). "Disposal practices for unused medications around the world". 3133: 2898: 2854: 1561:

is frequent and ubiquitous enough that PPCPs in wastewater can be measured to

1476:

Detection frequencies and number of active pharmaceutical ingredients detected

7850: 7822: 7591: 7492: 7278: 7207: 6979: 6727: 6591: 6460: 6415: 6395: 6217: 5992: 5616: 5216: 5156: 4910: 4336: 3494: 3184: 3077: 2998: 2683: 2665: 2644: 2559: 2193: 2174: 2087: 1884: 1708: 1617: 1549: 1317: 1248: 1130: 989: 825: 315: 310: 305: 63: 5305: 3485: 3458: 3069: 3044:

Wilkinson, John L.; Boxall, Alistair B. A.; et al. (14 February 2022).

2447:) started being replaced by other substances. One of the new components was 7612: 7586: 7566: 7390: 7353: 7317: 6953: 6900: 6776: 6732: 6717: 6646: 6153: 6148: 6136: 6096: 6081: 5769: 5565: 5433: 5417: 5402: 5358: 5323: 5262: 5234: 5174: 5094: 4978: 4641: 4560: 4513: 4494: 4433: 4355: 4304: 4285: 4164: 4120: 3917: 3865: 3729: 3587: 3502: 3407: 3339: 3141: 3095: 2963: 2906: 2862: 2791: 2608: 2440: 2333: 2158: 1927: 1703: 1436:" and lists the most frequently detected and concentrated pharmaceuticals. 1405: 1329: 1325: 1299: 1113:" and lists the most frequently detected and concentrated pharmaceuticals. 1058: 858: 820: 805: 636: 601: 546: 265: 125: 5474: 5129: 4902: 4390: 4020: 3661: 2736: 7549: 7544: 7229: 7224: 7195: 7160: 7133: 6663: 6267: 6222: 6091: 6064: 5672:"Fate, occurrence, and toxicity of veterinary antibiotics in environment" 5249: 4942: 4925: 3514: 3512: 2976: 2658: 2612: 2604: 2452: 2429: 2428:

In nail salons, employees can be exposed to dozens of chemicals found in

2070: 1605: 1594: 1333: 1287: 780: 478: 458: 95: 5608: 5032:

Sadat-Shojai M, Bakhshandeh GR (2011-04-01). "Recycling of PVC wastes".

4684: 2384:

As the first step of recycling, separation of Al and Polymers using the

2308:

processes of compounds like PVC, PP and PET are very slow. As a result,

7726: 7343: 6658: 6651: 6634: 6619: 6332: 5573: 5394: 4970: 2822: 2620: 2435:

In the early 2000's some of the toxic components found in nail polish (

2397: 2341: 2197: 2141: 2140:

banned coral damaging sunscreens, in a growing trend to try to protect

2082: 2009:(STP) work with physical, chemical, and biological processes to remove 1609: 1586: 1578: 1558: 1520: 1396: 1321: 1291: 1220: 1066: 830: 586: 90: 4156: 4112: 3899: 3683:"Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products in Drinking Water Supplies" 3579: 3509: 3330: 3313: 2473: 1824: 7655: 7607: 7581: 7529: 7363: 7325: 7075: 7065: 6737: 6599: 6574: 6455: 6101: 2669: 2405: 2317: 2182: 2178: 2162: 2010: 1999: 1986: 1846: 1554: 1450:

Points = groups of sampling sites across respective river catchments;

1196:(DEA) periodically promotes local take-back programs, as well as the 1054: 898: 853: 815: 765: 700: 606: 70: 42: 4886: 4231:"Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products: An Emerging Issue]" 3218:

Study on the environmental risks of medicinal products; Final report

2647:

that degrade under similar conditions to PPCPs and could be used as

1770:

educating patients on the importance of proper unused drug disposal,

7300: 7244: 6905: 6754: 6722: 4369:

Dally A (April 1998). "Thalidomide: was the tragedy preventable?".

3843: 3707: 3291:. U.S. Office of National Drug Policy. October 2009. Archived from 2278: 2056:(which is sometimes added as a last step after the aforementioned). 1934:

What is the effect of PPCPs on bacterial, fungal, and aquatic life?

1899:

and antibiotics. There is concern that steroid hormones may act as

1809: 1655: 1590: 1545: 1541: 1409: 1400: 1256: 1244: 1079: 270: 1557:. The occurrence of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in 1424:

In 2022, the most comprehensive study of pharmaceutical pollution

1275:

Illicit drugs such as ecstasy (above) can be found in waterways.

1204:

gaining attention. Where there is no local take-back program, the

1101:

In 2022, the most comprehensive study of pharmaceutical pollution

1047:

environmental effect of pharmaceuticals and personal care products

7261: 6764: 6742: 6629: 6624: 6282: 6232: 2637: 2467: 2436: 2409: 2374: 2313: 2309: 2281:

is due to the combustion of polyvinyl chloride since it produces

2074: 1746: 1647: 1283: 1098:

but require a fourth treatment stage which not many plants have.

1914:

What is the effect of exposure to low levels of PPCPs over time?

1271: 7665: 7645: 7539: 7214: 6707: 6106: 4663: 4066:"Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products in the Environment" 2883: 2836: 2413: 2401: 1651: 1642:

Planetary boundaries § Novel entities (chemical pollution)

1260: 1148: 1140: 908: 888: 795: 785: 493: 5676:

Journal of the Korean Society for Applied Biological Chemistry

4687:"noPILLS Emschergenossenschaft Gelsenkirchen (Marienhospital)" 4133: 3785:"Pharmaceuticals and personal care products in drinking water" 3456: 1796:

the environment and its effects on animals and marine life".

1488:

Cumulative concentrations of active pharmaceutical ingredients

1360:. Direct contamination can also affect the sediment and soil. 1212:

suggested in a 2009 guidance that consumers do the following:

7675: 7617: 6958: 6890: 6788: 6680: 5533:. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. May 1994. 4685:

EGLV Emschergenossenschaft/ Lippeverband (24 February 2015).

4013:

International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Sciences

2417: 2378: 2166: 2028: 1862: 1750: 1613: 1176: 918: 863: 255: 6543: 5336: 5247: 4478:"Pharmacoenvironmentology--a component of pharmacovigilance" 4269:"Pharmacoenvironmentology--a component of pharmacovigilance" 3268:"Long Battle for State Drug Take-Back Program Must Continue" 2619:, among others. These chemical compounds affect the life of 1536:

A study published in 2014 reported a spike in the levels of

1216:

take the prescription drugs out of their original containers

50: 7650: 6771: 6759: 6675: 5422:

Neuropsychiatry, Neuropsychology & Behavioral Neurology

4206:"Chemicals from Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products" 3544: 2293: 1998:

use physical, chemical, and biological processes to remove

1880: 893: 140: 135: 100: 4811:"Unused Pharmaceutical Disposal at Health Care Facilities" 4177: 3215: 2603:

Sunscreens use a variety of chemical compounds to prevent

1920:

Are the effects acute (short-term) or chronic (long-term)?

1910:

Current research on PPCPs aims to answer these questions:

1773:

educating physicians and patients of proper drug disposal,

5594: 5254:

The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

5197:

International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health

5142: 4956: 4924:

Webb HK, Arnott J, Crawford RJ, Ivanova EP (2012-12-28).

4923: 4320:"Ecopharmacovigilance: an issue urgently to be addressed" 3881: 3632:"Mussels In Waters Off Seattle Test Positive For Opioids" 3016:"Pharmaceuticals in rivers threaten world health - study" 2746:. EPA, National Exposure Research Laboratory. March 2006. 5190: 4610: 3839: 3837: 3536:

Benotti MJ, Fisher SC, Terracciano SA (September 2006).

3535: 3169:. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. 2012. 2025:(which may be used instead of the biological treatment), 1917:

What is the effect of exposure to mixtures of chemicals?

1173:

Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management

5379: 5058: 5031: 2337: 4529: 3877: 3875: 3436: 2843:

Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology

1336:. These products may be found in cosmetics, perfumes, 5415: 3882:

Segura PA, François M, Gagnon C, Sauvé S (May 2009).

3834: 2623:

in different stages of their life and contributes to

1452:

Shades of countries = total number of sampling sites.

5061:"Indoor air quality survey of nail salons in Boston" 4843:"U.S. Virgin Islands bans coral-damaging sunscreens" 4475: 4405: 4266: 3930: 3597:"Large Gathering Causes Spike in Water Contaminants" 1181:

International Society of Doctors for the Environment

5754: 5279: 4006:"Greener Route to Prevent Pharmaceutical Pollution" 3872: 3111: 2069:waste water treatment facilities were developed in 4769:"Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Effluent Guidelines" 4476:Rahman SZ, Khan RA, Gupta V, Uddin M (July 2007). 4453:Ibn Sina Academy of Medieval Medicine and Sciences 4267:Rahman SZ, Khan RA, Gupta V, Uddin M (July 2007). 4090: 4044:von Münch, Elisabeth; Winker, Martina (May 2011). 3787:. American Water Works Association. Archived from 3311: 2285:(HCl) which is an irritant in the lower and upper 1987:Fate of pharmaceuticals in sewage treatment plants 1706:that is effective against 90 percent of lab grown 1255:, and through this method microorganisms, such as 1169:environmental persistent pharmaceutical pollutants 1088:environmental persistent pharmaceutical pollutants 4737:"Report of the German Federal Environment Agency" 3359:"EU project noPILLS in waters, final report 2015" 2712:Environmental persistent pharmaceutical pollutant 1448:Locations of studied rivers/catchments (n = 137). 7848: 5720:. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 2015-06-04. 5416:LoSasso GL, Rapport LJ, Axelrod BN (July 2001). 5186: 5184: 3745: 3743: 3741: 3739: 3107: 3105: 3046:"Pharmaceutical pollution of the world's rivers" 2289:that can cause adverse effects to human beings. 1903:. Some research suggests that concentrations of 1164:excreted as the active substances in the urine. 5110:American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal 4047:Technology review of urine diversion components 4043: 3971: 3381: 3211: 3209: 3207: 3050:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 3043: 5107: 3557: 3353: 3351: 3349: 3312:Ternes TA, Joss A, Siegrist H (October 2004). 3307: 3305: 2737:"Origins and Fate of PPCPs in the Environment" 1383: 1350: 6559: 5740: 5543: 5446: 5275: 5273: 5181: 4449:An Introduction to Environmental Pharmacology 4411: 4068:. Washington State University. Archived from 3736: 3102: 2927: 1026: 5449:"Spontaneous abortions among cosmetologists" 4884: 4262: 4260: 4258: 4084: 3948: 3946: 3685:. The Groundwater Foundation. Archived from 3655: 3433:"Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products" 3204: 2803: 2801: 2707:Environmental impact of silver nanoparticles 2219:The basic configuration of blister packaging 5669: 5004: 4236:. The Groudwater Foundation. Archived from 3830:: 38 – via American Chemical Society. 3752:International Encyclopedia of Public Health 3594: 3346: 3302: 1944: 6566: 6552: 5747: 5733: 5641:Annual Review of Environment and Resources 5270: 4317: 3828:Association of Metropolitan Water Agencies 3821:"Pharmaceuticals in the Water Environment" 3239:"National Prescription Drug Take Back Day" 2744:Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products 2312:damaging effects like disturbances of the 2157:80% of pills in the world are packed with 2129:(CCL 3) for possible regulation under the 1713:been observed under natural conditions in 1033: 1019: 49: 6258:Environmental issues in the United States 5687: 5652: 5464: 5447:John EM, Savitz DA, Shy CM (March 1994). 5313: 5261: 5224: 5164: 5084: 4941: 4587: 4503: 4493: 4345: 4335: 4294: 4284: 4255: 3943: 3907: 3629: 3551: 3484: 3329: 3225:Executive Agency for Health and Consumers 3085: 2953: 2821: 2798: 2451:which is known as a endocrine-disrupting 2192:Burning of blister packs directly causes 6243:Effects of climate change on agriculture 5634: 5518: 5516: 5339:Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health 5065:Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health 3749: 3520:"Emerging Contaminants In Arizona Water" 2928:Niemuth NJ, Klaper RD (September 2015). 2769: 2472: 2396:"bio plastics" which are also called as 2320:by the animals, affect the secretion of 2214: 1990: 1926: 1861: 1823: 1666: 1568: 1270: 1074: 7707:Pollutant release and transfer register 5383:American Journal of Industrial Medicine 4869: 4865: 4863: 4574:Jin, Kim Yun; Aslam, Muhammad Shahzad. 4446: 3286:"Proper Disposal of Prescription Drugs" 3199:Tons of Released Drugs Taint U.S. Water 2477:Nail polish remover contains acetone. 1956: 1513:Groundwater pollution § Pharmaceuticals 1094:. They are not removed in conventional 14: 7849: 6248:Effects of climate change on livestock 5286:Environmental Science & Technology 4137:Environmental Science & Technology 4093:Environmental Science & Technology 3818: 3814: 3812: 3810: 3808: 3806: 3560:Environmental Science & Technology 3464:Environmental Science & Technology 3318:Environmental Science & Technology 2655:experiments of how to eliminate PPCPs? 2458: 1247:where suspended solids are removed by 1210:Office of National Drug Control Policy 6547: 5728: 5654:10.1146/annurev-environ-052809-161223 5513: 5497:"Intermolecular Forces and Solutions" 5046:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2010.12.001 5000: 4998: 4996: 4959:Environmental Geochemistry and Health 4525: 4523: 4368: 4003: 3999: 3997: 3995: 3274:. Olympia, WA. 2011-03-13. Editorial. 3161: 3159: 2807: 1531: 1073:and soil to be "priority substances". 7797: 7038:Electromagnetic radiation and health 6502: 6358:Tropical cyclones and climate change 5714:"How to Dispose of Unused Medicines" 5637:"Pharmaceuticals in the Environment" 4950: 4860: 4573: 4533:The Science of the Total Environment 3952: 3039: 3037: 3010: 3008: 2765: 2763: 2761: 2759: 2757: 2755: 2753: 2630: 1341: 1296:nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs 1206:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 7813: 7805: 6896:Radium and radon in the environment 6391:Alternative fuel vehicle propulsion 3974:Journal of Environmental Psychology 3803: 3425: 2772:Journal of Environmental Management 2061:ability of an STP to remove PPCPs. 1857: 1632:of these pharmaceutical compounds. 261:Radium and radon in the environment 27:Effects of drugs on the environment 24: 5627: 5537: 4993: 4885:Huggett C, Levin BC (1987-09-01). 4878: 4520: 3992: 3656:Buxton HT, Kolpin DW (June 2002). 3156: 2002:and contaminants from waste water. 1973: 1761: 1395:from manufacturing, agribusiness, 25: 7898: 6038:pharmaceuticals and personal care 5706: 5670:Kumar RR, Lee JT, Cho JY (2012). 5597:The Journal of Physical Chemistry 5524:"Toxilogical Profile for Acetone" 5149:American Journal of Public Health 5034:Polymer Degradation and Stability 4180:Environmental Engineering Science 3888:Environmental Health Perspectives 3167:Pharmaceuticals in drinking-water 3034: 3005: 2955:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.03.060 2750: 1505: 1346: 1314:, and diagnostic contrast media. 1057:reasons and the products used by 7877:Environmental impact of products 7831: 7821: 7812: 7804: 7796: 7784: 7783: 6513: 6512: 6501: 6189:decline in amphibian populations 5894:Deforestation and climate change 5466:10.1097/00001648-199403000-00004 4829:CCL and Regulatory Determination 4318:Medhi B, Sewal RK (2012-09-01). 3760:10.1016/b978-012373960-5.00403-2 3754:. Vol. 5. pp. 66–122. 3525:. September 2016. p. 4.3.1. 2702:Plastic particle water pollution 2152: 1815: 1511:This section is an excerpt from 1493: 1481: 1469: 1457: 1441: 1186: 1000: 988: 6610:Atmospheric dispersion modeling 6323:Land surface effects on climate 5780:Environmental impact assessment 5756:Human impact on the environment 5588: 5489: 5440: 5409: 5373: 5330: 5241: 5136: 5101: 5052: 5025: 4917: 4835: 4817: 4803: 4789: 4775: 4761: 4729: 4705: 4693:from the original on 2021-12-20 4678: 4648: 4604: 4589:10.7287/peerj.preprints.27951v1 4567: 4553:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.10.103 4469: 4440: 4362: 4311: 4223: 4198: 4171: 4127: 4057: 4037: 3965: 3924: 3776: 3701: 3675: 3649: 3623: 3595:Andrew Szal (15 January 2015). 3529: 3450: 3414: 3375: 3278: 3260: 3231: 3191: 2564:advanced glycation end-products 2332:and may also cause problems in 2185:and the harmful effects to the 1194:Drug Enforcement Administration 1125:by pharmaceuticals has been an 1069:residues with the potential of 81:Atmospheric dispersion modeling 7887:Occupational safety and health 4324:Indian Journal of Pharmacology 3933:Arquivos do Instituto Biológic 2970: 2921: 2877: 2830: 2729: 2423: 2328:that can decrease the feeding 950:Least polluted cities by PM2.5 13: 1: 7098:Electrical resistance heating 6573: 6194:decline in insect populations 5019:10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.04.067 5007:Journal of Cleaner Production 4383:10.1016/s0140-6736(97)09038-7 3986:10.1016/S0272-4944(03)00037-9 3858:10.1016/j.talanta.2005.09.037 3722:10.1016/j.talanta.2005.09.037 3547:. Open-File Report 2006–1297. 2991:10.1016/S0166-445X(98)00112-X 2784:10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.07.049 2722: 2598: 2107: 1500:Sites exceeding "safe" limits 1198:National Take Back Initiative 1092:persistent organic pollutants 421:Electrical resistance heating 6750:Persistent organic pollutant 5151:. 101 Suppl 1 (S1): S271-6. 4634:10.1016/j.watres.2013.10.070 4426:10.1016/j.envint.2008.05.002 3400:10.1016/j.envint.2010.10.002 2340:, aluminum can increase its 2296:or water, which will result 2138:United States Virgin Islands 1887:, industrial chemicals, and 1434:pharmaceutical manufacturing 1419: 1111:pharmaceutical manufacturing 1090:(EPPPs) and are one type of 131:Persistent organic pollutant 7: 7760:Least polluted cities by PM 5209:10.1016/j.ijheh.2020.113687 4847:Mongabay Environmental News 4825:"Overview of CCL 3 Process" 3630:Papenfuss M (25 May 2018). 3243:Office of Diversion Control 3223:(Report). Luxembourg City: 2690: 2316:and movements can be seen. 2208:), and polyvinyl chloride ( 2200:products of polypropylene ( 2147: 1802:urine-diverting dry toilets 1384:Presence in the environment 1351:Routes into the environment 1116: 10: 7903: 7702:Pollution haven hypothesis 7625:Brain health and pollution 6863:Ecological light pollution 6693:Internal combustion engine 4713:"EU project PILLS summary" 4192:10.1089/109287503768335931 3819:Snyder S (November 2010). 2674:urine-diverting dry toilet 2127:Contaminant Candidate List 1662: 1639: 1510: 1387: 1251:. Another method used is 7781: 7735: 7684: 7633: 7600: 7505:Nonpoint source pollution 7433: 7425:War and environmental law 7372: 7334: 7316: 7116: 7051: 6988: 6914: 6883: 6848: 6832: 6797: 6784:Volatile organic compound 6590: 6581: 6496: 6431:Environmental engineering 6381: 6278:Environmental degradation 6169: 6055:fishing down the food web 5832: 5762: 5689:10.1007/s13765-012-2220-4 5351:10.1007/s10903-007-9084-4 5122:10.1080/15298668791384670 5077:10.1007/s10903-013-9856-y 4872:Pharmaceutical Technology 4451:(1st ed.). Aligarh: 4414:Environment International 4033:– via IJPCS Online. 3602:Pharmaceutical Processing 3388:Environment International 3134:10.1007/s00267-005-0306-z 2899:10.1007/s10646-013-1161-y 2855:10.1007/s00244-015-0227-7 2169:. The Cavity consists of 2037:(powdered or granulated), 1702:For reference the MIC of 1612:and anti-inflammatories, 676:War and environmental law 296:Health effects from noise 146:Volatile organic compound 6964:Marine mammals and sonar 6875:Radio spectrum pollution 6436:Environmental mitigation 6293:Greenhouse gas emissions 6253:Environmental insecurity 5157:10.2105/AJPH.2010.300099 4893:(Submitted manuscript). 4337:10.4103/0253-7613.100363 3114:Environmental Management 1945:Pharmacoenvironmentology 1675: 1635: 1599:prescription medications 1589:, natural and synthetic 1266: 301:Marine mammals and sonar 18:Pharmacoenvironmentology 7810:WikiProject Environment 7768:Most polluted countries 7712:Polluter pays principle 7443:Agricultural wastewater 6483:Sustainable consumption 5824:Social ecology (ethics) 5306:10.1021/acs.est.8b04495 3486:10.1021/acs.est.8b05592 3070:10.1073/pnas.2113947119 2400:such as derivatives of 2381:and polymers together. 2131:Safe Drinking Water Act 2007:Sewage treatment plants 1996:Sewage treatment plants 1593:, and an assortment of 1358:sewage treatment plants 1338:menstrual care products 1157:pharmaceutical industry 1096:sewage treatment plants 776:Freshwater salinization 696:Agricultural wastewater 7828:Environment portal 7061:Agricultural pollution 6426:Ecological engineering 6206:runaway climate change 5566:10.1098/rspa.1966.0071 5263:10.26616/nioshpub99112 4495:10.1186/1476-069X-6-20 4286:10.1186/1476-069x-6-20 4019:(4): 7. Archived from 3543:(Report). Reston, VA: 2478: 2350:terrestrial ecosystems 2220: 2003: 1932: 1867: 1829: 1672: 1575:U.S. Geological Survey 1318:Personal care products 1276: 1071:contamination of water 995:Environment portal 7862:Environmental science 7483:Industrial wastewater 7349:Clutter (advertising) 7257:Municipal solid waste 7103:Soil guideline values 6947:Sustainable transport 6840:Information pollution 6640:Open burning of waste 5809:List of global issues 4903:10.1002/fam.810110303 2476: 2218: 1994: 1930: 1865: 1827: 1670: 1569:Studies prior to 2006 1426:of the world's rivers 1274: 1103:of the world's rivers 736:Industrial wastewater 504:Municipal solid waste 426:Soil guideline values 7755:Most polluted cities 7448:Biological pollution 7359:Overhead power lines 6411:Community resilience 6211:in the United States 6179:Biodiversity threats 5852:cannabis cultivation 5819:Planetary boundaries 5785:Environmental issues 5775:Ecological footprint 5501:employees.csbsju.edu 4943:10.3390/polym5010001 4701:– via YouTube. 4660:www.pills-project.eu 4482:Environmental Health 4455:. pp. 257–259. 4273:Environmental Health 4004:Bhati I (Dec 2013). 2814:NOAA Central Library 2645:artificial colorings 2093:radiocontrast agents 1957:Ecopharmacovigilance 1901:endocrine disruptors 1715:wastewater treatment 1573:A 2002 study by the 945:Most polluted cities 597:Overhead power lines 7818:WikiProject Ecology 7515:Ocean acidification 7420:Unexploded ordnance 7291:Post-consumer waste 7151:Foam food container 7129:Biodegradable waste 6703:Global distillation 6473:Restoration ecology 6406:Climate engineering 6343:Ocean acidification 6333:Loss of green belts 6303:Holocene extinction 6298:Habitat destruction 5973:Environmental crime 5635:Kümmerer K (2010). 5609:10.1021/j100841a010 5558:1966RSPSA.290..563C 5298:2018EnST...5212841Y 5292:(21): 12841–12850. 4656:"The PILLS Project" 4626:2014WatRe..51..266P 4545:2017ScTEn.578..281D 4149:2010EnST...44.2661F 4105:2008EnST...42..530Z 3572:2015EnST...49..792J 3477:2019EnST...53.2950B 3382:Tong AY, Peake BM, 3126:2006EnMan..38..853D 3062:2022PNAS..11913947W 2946:2015Chmsp.135...38N 2464:Nail polish remover 2459:Nail polish remover 2449:triphenyl phosphate 1320:have four classes: 1225:used coffee grounds 1127:environmental issue 1082:, persistence, and 761:Ocean acidification 671:Unexploded ordnance 592:Advertising clutter 524:Post-consumer waste 469:Foam food container 454:Biodegradable waste 111:Global distillation 7867:Drug manufacturing 7838:Ecology portal 7722:Waste minimisation 7697:Industrial ecology 7692:Cleaner production 7510:Nutrient pollution 7387:Herbicidal warfare 7181:Construction waste 6817:Introduced species 6688:Indoor air quality 6615:Chlorofluorocarbon 6488:Waste minimization 6446:Mitigation banking 6441:Industrial ecology 6401:Cleaner production 6353:Resource depletion 5889:Corporate behavior 5847:animal agriculture 5395:10.1002/ajim.20751 4971:10.1007/BF01734045 4891:Fire and Materials 4831:. EPA. 2018-07-11. 4813:. EPA. 2016-02-01. 4799:. EPA. 2020-03-31. 4785:. EPA. 2016-11-07. 4771:. EPA. 2017-06-30. 4210:Water Encyclopedia 3022:. 15 February 2022 2979:Aquatic Toxicology 2823:10.25923/hhrp-xq11 2479: 2386:hydrometallurgical 2352:can be generated. 2221: 2171:polyvinyl chloride 2004: 1933: 1868: 1830: 1806:composting toilets 1673: 1563:estimate their use 1532:Recreational drugs 1390:Industrial ecology 1277: 1007:Ecology portal 632:Herbicidal warfare 176:Introduced species 116:Indoor air quality 86:Chlorofluorocarbon 7844: 7843: 7717:Pollution control 7397:Nuclear holocaust 7306:Thermal treatment 7274:Plastic pollution 7191:Mercury poisoning 7144:Battery recycling 7043:Radioactive waste 6812:Genetic pollution 6807:Biological hazard 6605:Air quality index 6541: 6540: 6363:Water degradation 6238:Ecological crisis 6184:biodiversity loss 5983:Industrialisation 5968:Genetic pollution 5814:Impact assessment 5603:(12): 1847–1850. 5552:(1423): 563–582. 5531:www.atsdr.cdc.gov 4462:978-81-906070-4-9 4157:10.1021/es903440m 4113:10.1021/es071896b 3900:10.1289/ehp.11776 3580:10.1021/es503944e 3331:10.1021/es040639t 3324:(20): 392A–399A. 3227:, European Union. 2659:Ultraviolet light 2631:Pending questions 2445:dibutyl phthalate 2287:respiratory tract 2283:hydrochloric acid 2274:O + n HCl + n CO 2159:blister packaging 2048:potassium ferrate 1601:were also found. 1519:Trace amounts of 1416:of the compound. 1153:hydrogen peroxide 1129:of concern. Many 1121:Since the 1990s, 1043: 1042: 978: 977: 644:Nuclear holocaust 567:Urban heat island 381:Radioactive waste 166:Biological hazard 76:Air quality index 16:(Redirected from 7894: 7836: 7835: 7834: 7826: 7825: 7816: 7815: 7808: 7807: 7800: 7799: 7787: 7786: 7661:Legacy pollution 7520:Oil exploitation 7382:Chemical warfare 7296:Waste management 7203:Industrial waste 7171:Biomedical waste 7139:Electronic waste 7124:Advertising mail 7108:Phytoremediation 7083:Land degradation 6868:Overillumination 6822:Invasive species 6568: 6561: 6554: 6545: 6544: 6516: 6515: 6505: 6504: 6338:Phosphorus cycle 6318:Land consumption 6313:Land degradation 6288:Freshwater cycle 6087:Overexploitation 6060:marine pollution 5867:cocoa production 5749: 5742: 5735: 5726: 5725: 5721: 5718:Consumer Updates 5701: 5691: 5666: 5656: 5621: 5620: 5592: 5586: 5585: 5541: 5535: 5534: 5528: 5520: 5511: 5510: 5508: 5507: 5493: 5487: 5486: 5468: 5444: 5438: 5437: 5413: 5407: 5406: 5377: 5371: 5370: 5334: 5328: 5327: 5317: 5277: 5268: 5267: 5265: 5245: 5239: 5238: 5228: 5188: 5179: 5178: 5168: 5140: 5134: 5133: 5105: 5099: 5098: 5088: 5056: 5050: 5049: 5029: 5023: 5022: 5002: 4991: 4990: 4954: 4948: 4947: 4945: 4921: 4915: 4914: 4882: 4876: 4875: 4867: 4858: 4857: 4855: 4854: 4839: 4833: 4832: 4821: 4815: 4814: 4807: 4801: 4800: 4793: 4787: 4786: 4779: 4773: 4772: 4765: 4759: 4758: 4756: 4754: 4749:on 23 March 2015 4748: 4742:. Archived from 4741: 4733: 4727: 4726: 4724: 4722: 4717: 4709: 4703: 4702: 4700: 4698: 4682: 4676: 4675: 4673: 4671: 4666:on 24 April 2018 4662:. Archived from 4652: 4646: 4645: 4608: 4602: 4601: 4591: 4571: 4565: 4564: 4527: 4518: 4517: 4507: 4497: 4473: 4467: 4466: 4444: 4438: 4437: 4409: 4403: 4402: 4377:(9110): 1197–9. 4366: 4360: 4359: 4349: 4339: 4315: 4309: 4308: 4298: 4288: 4264: 4253: 4252: 4250: 4248: 4242: 4235: 4227: 4221: 4220: 4218: 4216: 4202: 4196: 4195: 4175: 4169: 4168: 4131: 4125: 4124: 4088: 4082: 4081: 4079: 4077: 4061: 4055: 4054: 4052: 4041: 4035: 4034: 4032: 4031: 4025: 4010: 4001: 3990: 3989: 3969: 3963: 3962: 3950: 3941: 3940: 3928: 3922: 3921: 3911: 3879: 3870: 3869: 3841: 3832: 3831: 3825: 3816: 3801: 3800: 3798: 3796: 3780: 3774: 3773: 3747: 3734: 3733: 3705: 3699: 3698: 3696: 3694: 3679: 3673: 3672: 3670: 3669: 3653: 3647: 3646: 3644: 3642: 3627: 3621: 3618: 3616: 3614: 3605:. Archived from 3591: 3555: 3549: 3548: 3542: 3533: 3527: 3526: 3524: 3516: 3507: 3506: 3488: 3471:(6): 2950–2960. 3454: 3448: 3447: 3445: 3444: 3429: 3423: 3418: 3412: 3411: 3379: 3373: 3372: 3370: 3368: 3363: 3355: 3344: 3343: 3333: 3309: 3300: 3299: 3297: 3290: 3282: 3276: 3275: 3264: 3258: 3257: 3255: 3254: 3235: 3229: 3228: 3222: 3213: 3202: 3197:Donn J. (2009). 3195: 3189: 3188: 3163: 3154: 3153: 3109: 3100: 3099: 3089: 3041: 3032: 3031: 3029: 3027: 3012: 3003: 3002: 2974: 2968: 2967: 2957: 2925: 2919: 2918: 2881: 2875: 2874: 2834: 2828: 2827: 2825: 2808:Shinn H (2019). 2805: 2796: 2795: 2767: 2748: 2747: 2741: 2733: 2326:steroid hormones 2035:activated carbon 1905:ethinylestradiol 1897:steroid hormones 1891:and byproducts. 1889:industrial waste 1858:Current research 1749:treatments, and 1626:steroid hormones 1565:in a community. 1497: 1485: 1473: 1461: 1445: 1334:sunscreen agents 1292:lipid regulators 1145:Associated Press 1136:sewage treatment 1035: 1028: 1021: 1005: 1004: 1003: 993: 992: 924: 923: 627:Chemical warfare 529:Waste management 489:Industrial waste 464:Electronic waste 449:Advertising mail 431:Phytoremediation 406:Land degradation 346:Depleted uranium 231:Overillumination 181:Invasive species 53: 30: 29: 21: 7902: 7901: 7897: 7896: 7895: 7893: 7892: 7891: 7872:Water pollution 7847: 7846: 7845: 7840: 7832: 7830: 7820: 7777: 7763: 7731: 7680: 7629: 7596: 7535:Pharmaceuticals 7525:Oil exploration 7429: 7401:Nuclear fallout 7368: 7330: 7312: 7286:Packaging waste 7240:Deep sea mining 7166:Hazardous waste 7112: 7093:Open defecation 7047: 7013:Nuclear fallout 7008:Nuclear fission 6984: 6910: 6879: 6850:Electromagnetic 6844: 6828: 6793: 6713:Ozone depletion 6586: 6577: 6572: 6542: 6537: 6492: 6451:Organic farming 6377: 6368:Water pollution 6348:Ozone depletion 6328:Loss and damage 6228:Desertification 6165: 6077:Overconsumption 5998:cleaning agents 5899:Energy industry 5862:meat production 5828: 5758: 5753: 5712: 5709: 5704: 5630: 5628:Further reading 5625: 5624: 5593: 5589: 5542: 5538: 5526: 5522: 5521: 5514: 5505: 5503: 5495: 5494: 5490: 5445: 5441: 5414: 5410: 5378: 5374: 5335: 5331: 5278: 5271: 5246: 5242: 5189: 5182: 5141: 5137: 5106: 5102: 5057: 5053: 5030: 5026: 5003: 4994: 4955: 4951: 4922: 4918: 4883: 4879: 4868: 4861: 4852: 4850: 4841: 4840: 4836: 4823: 4822: 4818: 4809: 4808: 4804: 4795: 4794: 4790: 4781: 4780: 4776: 4767: 4766: 4762: 4752: 4750: 4746: 4739: 4735: 4734: 4730: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4711: 4710: 4706: 4696: 4694: 4683: 4679: 4669: 4667: 4654: 4653: 4649: 4609: 4605: 4580:PeerJ Preprints 4572: 4568: 4528: 4521: 4474: 4470: 4463: 4445: 4441: 4410: 4406: 4367: 4363: 4316: 4312: 4265: 4256: 4246: 4244: 4240: 4233: 4229: 4228: 4224: 4214: 4212: 4204: 4203: 4199: 4176: 4172: 4132: 4128: 4089: 4085: 4075: 4073: 4064: 4062: 4058: 4050: 4042: 4038: 4029: 4027: 4023: 4008: 4002: 3993: 3970: 3966: 3951: 3944: 3929: 3925: 3880: 3873: 3842: 3835: 3823: 3817: 3804: 3794: 3792: 3783: 3781: 3777: 3770: 3748: 3737: 3706: 3702: 3692: 3690: 3681: 3680: 3676: 3667: 3665: 3654: 3650: 3640: 3638: 3636:Huffington Post 3628: 3624: 3612: 3610: 3609:on 15 June 2018 3556: 3552: 3540: 3534: 3530: 3522: 3518: 3517: 3510: 3455: 3451: 3442: 3440: 3431: 3430: 3426: 3419: 3415: 3380: 3376: 3366: 3364: 3361: 3357: 3356: 3347: 3310: 3303: 3295: 3288: 3284: 3283: 3279: 3266: 3265: 3261: 3252: 3250: 3237: 3236: 3232: 3220: 3214: 3205: 3196: 3192: 3177: 3165: 3164: 3157: 3110: 3103: 3042: 3035: 3025: 3023: 3014: 3013: 3006: 2975: 2971: 2926: 2922: 2882: 2878: 2835: 2831: 2806: 2799: 2768: 2751: 2739: 2735: 2734: 2730: 2725: 2717:Water pollution 2693: 2633: 2625:coral bleaching 2601: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2580: 2576: 2573:)2CO + ·OH → CH 2572: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2518: 2514: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2461: 2426: 2369: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2322:gastric enzymes 2306:bio-degradation 2302:water pollution 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2155: 2150: 2110: 2079:The Netherlands 2054:sand filtration 2046:treatment with 1989: 1976: 1974:Ecopharmacology 1959: 1947: 1877:salicylic acids 1860: 1818: 1764: 1762:Recommendations 1735:antidepressants 1678: 1665: 1644: 1638: 1630:bioaccumulation 1622:anti-convulsant 1583:fire retardants 1571: 1534: 1529: 1528: 1521:pharmaceuticals 1516: 1508: 1501: 1498: 1489: 1486: 1477: 1474: 1465: 1462: 1453: 1451: 1449: 1446: 1422: 1392: 1386: 1353: 1312:antineoplastics 1308:anticonvulsants 1304:antidepressants 1280:Pharmaceuticals 1269: 1219:mix drugs with 1189: 1123:water pollution 1119: 1084:bioaccumulation 1039: 1001: 999: 987: 980: 979: 879: 871: 870: 844: 836: 835: 771:Pharmaceuticals 751:Nonpoint source 691: 681: 680: 649:Nuclear fallout 622: 612: 611: 582: 572: 571: 562: 552: 551: 542: 534: 533: 519:Packaging waste 484:Hazardous waste 444: 436: 435: 396: 386: 385: 356:Nuclear fallout 351:Nuclear fission 331: 321: 320: 286: 276: 275: 251: 243: 242: 216: 214:Electromagnetic 206: 205: 196: 188: 187: 161: 151: 150: 121:Ozone depletion 66: 56: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7900: 7890: 7889: 7884: 7879: 7874: 7869: 7864: 7859: 7842: 7841: 7782: 7779: 7778: 7776: 7775: 7770: 7765: 7761: 7757: 7752: 7750:Law by country 7747: 7741: 7739: 7733: 7732: 7730: 7729: 7724: 7719: 7714: 7709: 7704: 7699: 7694: 7688: 7686: 7682: 7681: 7679: 7678: 7673: 7668: 7663: 7658: 7653: 7648: 7643: 7637: 7635: 7631: 7630: 7628: 7627: 7622: 7621: 7620: 7615: 7604: 7602: 7598: 7597: 7595: 7594: 7589: 7584: 7579: 7574: 7572:Surface runoff 7569: 7564: 7559: 7554: 7553: 7552: 7547: 7537: 7532: 7527: 7522: 7517: 7512: 7507: 7502: 7497: 7496: 7495: 7485: 7480: 7475: 7470: 7465: 7460: 7458:Eutrophication 7455: 7450: 7445: 7439: 7437: 7431: 7430: 7428: 7427: 7422: 7417: 7415:Scorched earth 7412: 7409:nuclear winter 7405:nuclear famine 7394: 7384: 7378: 7376: 7370: 7369: 7367: 7366: 7361: 7356: 7351: 7346: 7340: 7338: 7332: 7331: 7329: 7328: 7322: 7320: 7314: 7313: 7311: 7310: 7309: 7308: 7303: 7293: 7288: 7283: 7282: 7281: 7271: 7266: 7265: 7264: 7254: 7253: 7252: 7250:Uranium mining 7247: 7242: 7237: 7235:Surface mining 7232: 7227: 7217: 7212: 7211: 7210: 7200: 7199: 7198: 7193: 7188: 7186:Lead poisoning 7183: 7178: 7176:Chemical waste 7173: 7163: 7158: 7153: 7148: 7147: 7146: 7136: 7131: 7126: 7120: 7118: 7114: 7113: 7111: 7110: 7105: 7100: 7095: 7090: 7088:Bioremediation 7085: 7080: 7079: 7078: 7073: 7068: 7057: 7055: 7049: 7048: 7046: 7045: 7040: 7035: 7030: 7025: 7020: 7015: 7010: 7005: 7003:Bioremediation 7000: 6994: 6992: 6986: 6985: 6983: 6982: 6977: 6974: 6971: 6968: 6967: 6966: 6956: 6951: 6950: 6949: 6944: 6939: 6934: 6929: 6924:Transportation 6920: 6918: 6912: 6911: 6909: 6908: 6903: 6898: 6893: 6887: 6885: 6881: 6880: 6878: 6877: 6872: 6871: 6870: 6865: 6854: 6852: 6846: 6845: 6843: 6842: 6836: 6834: 6830: 6829: 6827: 6826: 6825: 6824: 6814: 6809: 6803: 6801: 6795: 6794: 6792: 6791: 6786: 6781: 6780: 6779: 6769: 6768: 6767: 6757: 6752: 6747: 6746: 6745: 6740: 6735: 6730: 6725: 6715: 6710: 6705: 6700: 6698:Global dimming 6695: 6690: 6685: 6684: 6683: 6673: 6672: 6671: 6669:Diesel exhaust 6661: 6656: 6655: 6654: 6644: 6643: 6642: 6637: 6632: 6627: 6617: 6612: 6607: 6602: 6596: 6594: 6588: 6587: 6582: 6579: 6578: 6571: 6570: 6563: 6556: 6548: 6539: 6538: 6536: 6535: 6530: 6525: 6520: 6509: 6497: 6494: 6493: 6491: 6490: 6485: 6480: 6478:Sustainability 6475: 6470: 6469: 6468: 6458: 6453: 6448: 6443: 6438: 6433: 6428: 6423: 6418: 6413: 6408: 6403: 6398: 6393: 6387: 6385: 6379: 6378: 6376: 6375: 6373:Water scarcity 6370: 6365: 6360: 6355: 6350: 6345: 6340: 6335: 6330: 6325: 6320: 6315: 6310: 6308:Nitrogen cycle 6305: 6300: 6295: 6290: 6285: 6280: 6275: 6273:Forest dieback 6270: 6265: 6260: 6255: 6250: 6245: 6240: 6235: 6230: 6225: 6220: 6215: 6214: 6213: 6208: 6201:Climate change 6198: 6197: 6196: 6191: 6186: 6175: 6173: 6167: 6166: 6164: 6163: 6158: 6157: 6156: 6146: 6145: 6144: 6139: 6134: 6129: 6119: 6114: 6109: 6104: 6099: 6094: 6089: 6084: 6079: 6074: 6069: 6068: 6067: 6062: 6057: 6052: 6042: 6041: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6020: 6018:nanotechnology 6015: 6010: 6005: 6000: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5964: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5948: 5943: 5938: 5933: 5923: 5922: 5921: 5916: 5911: 5906: 5896: 5891: 5886: 5881: 5880: 5879: 5874: 5869: 5864: 5859: 5854: 5849: 5838: 5836: 5830: 5829: 5827: 5826: 5821: 5816: 5811: 5806: 5805: 5804: 5802:on marine life 5794: 5793: 5792: 5790:list of issues 5782: 5777: 5772: 5766: 5764: 5760: 5759: 5752: 5751: 5744: 5737: 5729: 5723: 5722: 5708: 5707:External links 5705: 5703: 5702: 5667: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5623: 5622: 5587: 5536: 5512: 5488: 5439: 5408: 5389:(11): 868–75. 5372: 5329: 5269: 5240: 5180: 5135: 5100: 5051: 5040:(4): 404–415. 5024: 4992: 4965:(1–2): 17–27. 4949: 4916: 4897:(3): 131–142. 4877: 4859: 4834: 4816: 4802: 4788: 4774: 4760: 4728: 4704: 4677: 4647: 4614:Water Research 4603: 4566: 4519: 4468: 4461: 4439: 4420:(8): 1157–69. 4404: 4361: 4310: 4254: 4222: 4197: 4186:(5): 449–469. 4170: 4126: 4083: 4056: 4036: 3991: 3964: 3942: 3923: 3871: 3833: 3802: 3775: 3768: 3735: 3700: 3674: 3648: 3622: 3620: 3619: 3550: 3528: 3508: 3449: 3424: 3413: 3374: 3345: 3301: 3298:on 2010-03-31. 3277: 3259: 3230: 3203: 3190: 3175: 3155: 3101: 3033: 3004: 2969: 2920: 2876: 2829: 2797: 2749: 2727: 2726: 2724: 2721: 2720: 2719: 2714: 2709: 2704: 2699: 2697:Drug pollution 2692: 2689: 2688: 2687: 2684:essential oils 2680: 2677: 2662: 2656: 2641: 2632: 2629: 2600: 2597: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2516: 2512: 2505: 2501: 2500:)2CO + hv → CH 2497: 2460: 2457: 2425: 2422: 2367: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2209: 2205: 2204:), polyester ( 2201: 2154: 2151: 2149: 2146: 2115: 2114: 2109: 2106: 2058: 2057: 2051: 2044: 2038: 2032: 2026: 1988: 1985: 1975: 1972: 1958: 1955: 1946: 1943: 1942: 1941: 1938: 1935: 1924: 1921: 1918: 1915: 1873:clofibric acid 1859: 1856: 1817: 1814: 1781: 1780: 1777: 1774: 1771: 1763: 1760: 1743:antiepileptics 1739:antihistamines 1731:antibacterials 1677: 1674: 1664: 1661: 1637: 1634: 1570: 1567: 1533: 1530: 1517: 1509: 1507: 1506:In groundwater 1504: 1503: 1502: 1499: 1492: 1490: 1487: 1480: 1478: 1475: 1468: 1466: 1464:Concentrations 1463: 1456: 1454: 1447: 1440: 1421: 1418: 1385: 1382: 1352: 1349: 1268: 1265: 1253:biodegradation 1237: 1236: 1233: 1230: 1227: 1217: 1208:(EPA) and the 1188: 1185: 1161:European Union 1118: 1115: 1067:pharmaceutical 1063:European Union 1041: 1040: 1038: 1037: 1030: 1023: 1015: 1012: 1011: 1010: 1009: 997: 982: 981: 976: 975: 974: 973: 965: 964: 960: 959: 958: 957: 952: 947: 942: 940:Law by country 937: 929: 928: 922: 921: 916: 911: 906: 901: 896: 891: 886: 880: 877: 876: 873: 872: 869: 868: 867: 866: 861: 851: 845: 842: 841: 838: 837: 834: 833: 828: 823: 818: 813: 811:Surface runoff 808: 803: 798: 793: 788: 783: 778: 773: 768: 763: 758: 753: 748: 743: 738: 733: 728: 723: 718: 713: 711:Eutrophication 708: 703: 698: 692: 687: 686: 683: 682: 679: 678: 673: 668: 666:Scorched earth 663: 662: 661: 659:Nuclear winter 656: 654:Nuclear famine 651: 641: 640: 639: 629: 623: 618: 617: 614: 613: 610: 609: 604: 599: 594: 589: 583: 578: 577: 574: 573: 570: 569: 563: 558: 557: 554: 553: 550: 549: 543: 540: 539: 536: 535: 532: 531: 526: 521: 516: 511: 506: 501: 496: 491: 486: 481: 476: 471: 466: 461: 456: 451: 445: 442: 441: 438: 437: 434: 433: 428: 423: 418: 413: 411:Bioremediation 408: 403: 397: 392: 391: 388: 387: 384: 383: 378: 373: 368: 363: 358: 353: 348: 343: 341:Bioremediation 338: 332: 327: 326: 323: 322: 319: 318: 313: 308: 303: 298: 293: 291:Transportation 287: 282: 281: 278: 277: 274: 273: 268: 263: 258: 252: 249: 248: 245: 244: 241: 240: 238:Radio spectrum 235: 234: 233: 228: 217: 212: 211: 208: 207: 204: 203: 197: 194: 193: 190: 189: 186: 185: 184: 183: 173: 168: 162: 157: 156: 153: 152: 149: 148: 143: 138: 133: 128: 123: 118: 113: 108: 106:Global dimming 103: 98: 93: 88: 83: 78: 73: 67: 62: 61: 58: 57: 54: 46: 45: 39: 38: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7899: 7888: 7885: 7883: 7882:Medical waste 7880: 7878: 7875: 7873: 7870: 7868: 7865: 7863: 7860: 7858: 7855: 7854: 7852: 7839: 7829: 7824: 7819: 7811: 7803: 7794: 7790: 7780: 7774: 7771: 7769: 7766: 7764: 7758: 7756: 7753: 7751: 7748: 7746: 7743: 7742: 7740: 7738: 7734: 7728: 7725: 7723: 7720: 7718: 7715: 7713: 7710: 7708: 7705: 7703: 7700: 7698: 7695: 7693: 7690: 7689: 7687: 7683: 7677: 7674: 7672: 7669: 7667: 7664: 7662: 7659: 7657: 7654: 7652: 7649: 7647: 7644: 7642: 7639: 7638: 7636: 7632: 7626: 7623: 7619: 7616: 7614: 7611: 7610: 7609: 7606: 7605: 7603: 7599: 7593: 7592:Water quality 7590: 7588: 7585: 7583: 7580: 7578: 7575: 7573: 7570: 7568: 7565: 7563: 7560: 7558: 7555: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7543: 7542: 7541: 7538: 7536: 7533: 7531: 7528: 7526: 7523: 7521: 7518: 7516: 7513: 7511: 7508: 7506: 7503: 7501: 7498: 7494: 7491: 7490: 7489: 7486: 7484: 7481: 7479: 7476: 7474: 7471: 7469: 7466: 7464: 7461: 7459: 7456: 7454: 7451: 7449: 7446: 7444: 7441: 7440: 7438: 7436: 7432: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7413: 7410: 7406: 7402: 7398: 7395: 7392: 7388: 7385: 7383: 7380: 7379: 7377: 7375: 7371: 7365: 7362: 7360: 7357: 7355: 7354:Traffic signs 7352: 7350: 7347: 7345: 7342: 7341: 7339: 7337: 7333: 7327: 7324: 7323: 7321: 7319: 7315: 7307: 7304: 7302: 7299: 7298: 7297: 7294: 7292: 7289: 7287: 7284: 7280: 7279:Microplastics 7277: 7276: 7275: 7272: 7270: 7269:Nanomaterials 7267: 7263: 7260: 7259: 7258: 7255: 7251: 7248: 7246: 7243: 7241: 7238: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7222: 7221: 7218: 7216: 7213: 7209: 7208:Lead smelting 7206: 7205: 7204: 7201: 7197: 7194: 7192: 7189: 7187: 7184: 7182: 7179: 7177: 7174: 7172: 7169: 7168: 7167: 7164: 7162: 7159: 7157: 7154: 7152: 7149: 7145: 7142: 7141: 7140: 7137: 7135: 7132: 7130: 7127: 7125: 7122: 7121: 7119: 7115: 7109: 7106: 7104: 7101: 7099: 7096: 7094: 7091: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7081: 7077: 7074: 7072: 7069: 7067: 7064: 7063: 7062: 7059: 7058: 7056: 7054: 7050: 7044: 7041: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7028:Radioactivity 7026: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7016: 7014: 7011: 7009: 7006: 7004: 7001: 6999: 6996: 6995: 6993: 6991: 6987: 6981: 6980:Noise control 6978: 6975: 6972: 6969: 6965: 6962: 6961: 6960: 6957: 6955: 6952: 6948: 6945: 6943: 6940: 6938: 6935: 6933: 6930: 6927: 6926: 6925: 6922: 6921: 6919: 6917: 6913: 6907: 6904: 6902: 6899: 6897: 6894: 6892: 6889: 6888: 6886: 6882: 6876: 6873: 6869: 6866: 6864: 6861: 6860: 6859: 6856: 6855: 6853: 6851: 6847: 6841: 6838: 6837: 6835: 6831: 6823: 6820: 6819: 6818: 6815: 6813: 6810: 6808: 6805: 6804: 6802: 6800: 6796: 6790: 6787: 6785: 6782: 6778: 6775: 6774: 6773: 6770: 6766: 6763: 6762: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6744: 6741: 6739: 6736: 6734: 6731: 6729: 6728:Metal working 6726: 6724: 6721: 6720: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6711: 6709: 6706: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6696: 6694: 6691: 6689: 6686: 6682: 6679: 6678: 6677: 6674: 6670: 6667: 6666: 6665: 6662: 6660: 6657: 6653: 6650: 6649: 6648: 6645: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6623: 6622: 6621: 6618: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6597: 6595: 6593: 6589: 6585: 6580: 6576: 6569: 6564: 6562: 6557: 6555: 6550: 6549: 6546: 6534: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6510: 6508: 6499: 6498: 6495: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6467: 6464: 6463: 6462: 6461:Reforestation 6459: 6457: 6454: 6452: 6449: 6447: 6444: 6442: 6439: 6437: 6434: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6416:Cultured meat 6414: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6396:Birth control 6394: 6392: 6389: 6388: 6386: 6384: 6380: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6241: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6231: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6218:Deforestation 6216: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6203: 6202: 6199: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6182: 6181: 6180: 6177: 6176: 6174: 6172: 6168: 6162: 6159: 6155: 6152: 6151: 6150: 6147: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6130: 6128: 6125: 6124: 6123: 6120: 6118: 6115: 6113: 6110: 6108: 6105: 6103: 6100: 6098: 6095: 6093: 6090: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6047: 6046: 6043: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5995: 5994: 5993:Manufacturing 5991: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5941:nuclear power 5939: 5937: 5936:fracking (US) 5934: 5932: 5929: 5928: 5927: 5924: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5901: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5878: 5875: 5873: 5870: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5860: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5845: 5844: 5843: 5840: 5839: 5837: 5835: 5831: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5812: 5810: 5807: 5803: 5800: 5799: 5798: 5795: 5791: 5788: 5787: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5767: 5765: 5761: 5757: 5750: 5745: 5743: 5738: 5736: 5731: 5730: 5727: 5719: 5715: 5711: 5710: 5699: 5695: 5690: 5685: 5681: 5677: 5673: 5668: 5664: 5660: 5655: 5650: 5646: 5642: 5638: 5633: 5632: 5618: 5614: 5610: 5606: 5602: 5598: 5591: 5583: 5579: 5575: 5571: 5567: 5563: 5559: 5555: 5551: 5547: 5540: 5532: 5525: 5519: 5517: 5502: 5498: 5492: 5484: 5480: 5476: 5472: 5467: 5462: 5459:(2): 147–55. 5458: 5454: 5450: 5443: 5435: 5431: 5427: 5423: 5419: 5412: 5404: 5400: 5396: 5392: 5388: 5384: 5376: 5368: 5364: 5360: 5356: 5352: 5348: 5345:(4): 353–61. 5344: 5340: 5333: 5325: 5321: 5316: 5311: 5307: 5303: 5299: 5295: 5291: 5287: 5283: 5276: 5274: 5264: 5259: 5255: 5251: 5244: 5236: 5232: 5227: 5222: 5218: 5214: 5210: 5206: 5202: 5198: 5194: 5187: 5185: 5176: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5158: 5154: 5150: 5146: 5139: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5119: 5115: 5111: 5104: 5096: 5092: 5087: 5082: 5078: 5074: 5071:(3): 508–14. 5070: 5066: 5062: 5055: 5047: 5043: 5039: 5035: 5028: 5020: 5016: 5012: 5008: 5001: 4999: 4997: 4988: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4964: 4960: 4953: 4944: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4920: 4912: 4908: 4904: 4900: 4896: 4892: 4888: 4881: 4873: 4866: 4864: 4848: 4844: 4838: 4830: 4826: 4820: 4812: 4806: 4798: 4792: 4784: 4778: 4770: 4764: 4745: 4738: 4732: 4714: 4708: 4692: 4688: 4681: 4665: 4661: 4657: 4651: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4615: 4607: 4599: 4595: 4590: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4570: 4562: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4534: 4526: 4524: 4515: 4511: 4506: 4501: 4496: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4472: 4464: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4443: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4408: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4365: 4357: 4353: 4348: 4343: 4338: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4314: 4306: 4302: 4297: 4292: 4287: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4263: 4261: 4259: 4243:on 2010-11-25 4239: 4232: 4226: 4211: 4207: 4201: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4174: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4143:(7): 2661–6. 4142: 4138: 4130: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4087: 4072:on 2008-07-05 4071: 4067: 4060: 4049: 4048: 4040: 4026:on 2017-08-08 4022: 4018: 4014: 4007: 4000: 3998: 3996: 3987: 3983: 3980:(4): 339–47. 3979: 3975: 3968: 3960: 3956: 3955:Public Health 3949: 3947: 3939:(3): 283–286. 3938: 3934: 3927: 3919: 3915: 3910: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3894:(5): 675–84. 3893: 3889: 3885: 3878: 3876: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3852:(2): 334–42. 3851: 3847: 3840: 3838: 3829: 3822: 3815: 3813: 3811: 3809: 3807: 3791:on 2008-09-26 3790: 3786: 3779: 3771: 3769:9780123739605 3765: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3746: 3744: 3742: 3740: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3716:(2): 334–42. 3715: 3711: 3704: 3689:on 2009-03-22 3688: 3684: 3678: 3664:on 2021-06-29 3663: 3659: 3652: 3637: 3633: 3626: 3608: 3604: 3603: 3598: 3593: 3592: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3554: 3546: 3539: 3532: 3521: 3515: 3513: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3487: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3465: 3460: 3453: 3439:on 2015-09-24 3438: 3434: 3428: 3422: 3417: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3378: 3360: 3354: 3352: 3350: 3341: 3337: 3332: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3308: 3306: 3294: 3287: 3281: 3273: 3269: 3263: 3249:on 2020-06-12 3248: 3244: 3240: 3234: 3226: 3219: 3212: 3210: 3208: 3200: 3194: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3176:9789241502085 3172: 3168: 3162: 3160: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3120:(5): 853–66. 3119: 3115: 3108: 3106: 3097: 3093: 3088: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3040: 3038: 3021: 3017: 3011: 3009: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2973: 2965: 2961: 2956: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2924: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2893:(2): 175–91. 2892: 2888: 2887:Ecotoxicology 2880: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2849:(2): 265–88. 2848: 2844: 2840: 2833: 2824: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2804: 2802: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2766: 2764: 2762: 2760: 2758: 2756: 2754: 2745: 2738: 2732: 2728: 2718: 2715: 2713: 2710: 2708: 2705: 2703: 2700: 2698: 2695: 2694: 2685: 2681: 2678: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2666:soil microbes 2663: 2660: 2657: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2639: 2635: 2634: 2628: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2596: 2595:C(O)COH + 3H 2581: 2567: 2565: 2561: 2560:Methylglyoxal 2556: 2542: 2520: 2509: 2494: 2492: 2487: 2483: 2475: 2471: 2469: 2465: 2456: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2431: 2421: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2390:biodegradable 2387: 2382: 2380: 2376: 2370: 2353: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2290: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2275: 2257: 2239: 2217: 2213: 2199: 2195: 2194:air pollution 2190: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2175:polypropylene 2172: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2153:Blister packs 2145: 2143: 2139: 2136:In 2019, the 2134: 2132: 2128: 2122: 2121:regulations. 2118: 2113:United States 2112: 2111: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2094: 2089: 2088:Gelsenkirchen 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2066: 2062: 2055: 2052: 2049: 2045: 2042: 2039: 2036: 2033: 2030: 2027: 2024: 2021: 2020: 2019: 2015: 2012: 2008: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1984: 1980: 1979:environment. 1971: 1967: 1963: 1954: 1951: 1939: 1936: 1929: 1925: 1922: 1919: 1916: 1913: 1912: 1911: 1908: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1892: 1890: 1886: 1885:agrochemicals 1882: 1878: 1874: 1864: 1855: 1851: 1848: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1826: 1822: 1816:Environmental 1813: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1778: 1775: 1772: 1769: 1768: 1767: 1759: 1755: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1716: 1711: 1710: 1709:Campylobacter 1705: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1689: 1685: 1682: 1669: 1660: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1643: 1633: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1618:beta-blockers 1615: 1611: 1607: 1602: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1566: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1551: 1550:acetaminophen 1547: 1543: 1539: 1525: 1522: 1514: 1496: 1491: 1484: 1479: 1472: 1467: 1460: 1455: 1444: 1439: 1438: 1437: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1417: 1413: 1411: 1407: 1402: 1398: 1391: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1359: 1348: 1347: 1343: 1342: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1330:disinfectants 1327: 1326:preservatives 1323: 1319: 1315: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1300:beta-blockers 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1273: 1264: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1249:sedimentation 1246: 1240: 1234: 1231: 1228: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1215: 1214: 1213: 1211: 1207: 1201: 1199: 1195: 1187:Safe disposal 1184: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1165: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1137: 1132: 1131:public health 1128: 1124: 1114: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1099: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1076: 1075: 1072: 1068: 1065:has declared 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1036: 1031: 1029: 1024: 1022: 1017: 1016: 1014: 1013: 1008: 998: 996: 991: 986: 985: 984: 983: 972: 969: 968: 967: 966: 962: 961: 956: 953: 951: 948: 946: 943: 941: 938: 936: 933: 932: 931: 930: 926: 925: 920: 917: 915: 912: 910: 907: 905: 902: 900: 897: 895: 892: 890: 887: 885: 882: 881: 875: 874: 865: 862: 860: 857: 856: 855: 852: 850: 847: 846: 840: 839: 832: 829: 827: 826:Water quality 824: 822: 819: 817: 814: 812: 809: 807: 804: 802: 799: 797: 794: 792: 789: 787: 784: 782: 779: 777: 774: 772: 769: 767: 764: 762: 759: 757: 754: 752: 749: 747: 744: 742: 739: 737: 734: 732: 729: 727: 724: 722: 719: 717: 714: 712: 709: 707: 704: 702: 699: 697: 694: 693: 690: 685: 684: 677: 674: 672: 669: 667: 664: 660: 657: 655: 652: 650: 647: 646: 645: 642: 638: 635: 634: 633: 630: 628: 625: 624: 621: 616: 615: 608: 605: 603: 602:Traffic signs 600: 598: 595: 593: 590: 588: 585: 584: 581: 576: 575: 568: 565: 564: 561: 556: 555: 548: 545: 544: 538: 537: 530: 527: 525: 522: 520: 517: 515: 512: 510: 509:Nanomaterials 507: 505: 502: 500: 497: 495: 492: 490: 487: 485: 482: 480: 477: 475: 472: 470: 467: 465: 462: 460: 457: 455: 452: 450: 447: 446: 440: 439: 432: 429: 427: 424: 422: 419: 417: 414: 412: 409: 407: 404: 402: 399: 398: 395: 390: 389: 382: 379: 377: 374: 372: 371:Radioactivity 369: 367: 364: 362: 359: 357: 354: 352: 349: 347: 344: 342: 339: 337: 334: 333: 330: 325: 324: 317: 316:Soundproofing 314: 312: 311:Noise control 309: 307: 306:Noise barrier 304: 302: 299: 297: 294: 292: 289: 288: 285: 280: 279: 272: 269: 267: 264: 262: 259: 257: 254: 253: 247: 246: 239: 236: 232: 229: 227: 224: 223: 222: 219: 218: 215: 210: 209: 202: 199: 198: 192: 191: 182: 179: 178: 177: 174: 172: 169: 167: 164: 163: 160: 155: 154: 147: 144: 142: 139: 137: 134: 132: 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Retrieved 5500: 5491: 5456: 5453:Epidemiology 5452: 5442: 5428:(3): 183–9. 5425: 5421: 5411: 5386: 5382: 5375: 5342: 5338: 5332: 5289: 5285: 5253: 5243: 5200: 5196: 5148: 5138: 5116:(3): 230–7. 5113: 5109: 5103: 5068: 5064: 5054: 5037: 5033: 5027: 5010: 5006: 4962: 4958: 4952: 4933: 4929: 4919: 4894: 4890: 4880: 4871: 4851:. Retrieved 4849:. 2019-07-17 4846: 4837: 4828: 4819: 4805: 4791: 4777: 4763: 4753:10 September 4751:. Retrieved 4744:the original 4731: 4721:10 September 4719:. Retrieved 4707: 4697:10 September 4695:. Retrieved 4680: 4670:10 September 4668:. Retrieved 4664:the original 4659: 4650: 4617: 4613: 4606: 4579: 4569: 4536: 4532: 4485: 4481: 4471: 4448: 4442: 4417: 4413: 4407: 4374: 4370: 4364: 4330:(5): 547–9. 4327: 4323: 4313: 4276: 4272: 4245:. Retrieved 4238:the original 4225: 4213:. Retrieved 4209: 4200: 4183: 4179: 4173: 4140: 4136: 4129: 4099:(2): 530–5. 4096: 4092: 4086: 4074:. Retrieved 4070:the original 4059: 4046: 4039: 4028:. 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Retrieved 3019: 2985:(2): 91–97. 2982: 2978: 2972: 2937: 2933: 2923: 2890: 2886: 2879: 2846: 2842: 2832: 2813: 2775: 2771: 2743: 2731: 2609:benzophenone 2605:UV radiation 2602: 2587:C(O)OH + ·CH 2582: 2577:C(O)OH + ·CH 2568: 2557: 2543: 2521: 2510: 2495: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2462: 2441:formaldehyde 2427: 2394:eco-friendly 2383: 2371: 2354: 2334:reproduction 2310:ecologically 2291: 2279:toxic effect 2276: 2258: 2240: 2222: 2191: 2156: 2135: 2123: 2119: 2116: 2102: 2098: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2041:UV treatment 2016: 2005: 1981: 1977: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1952: 1948: 1909: 1893: 1869: 1852: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1819: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1765: 1756: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1707: 1704:erythromycin 1701: 1697: 1693: 1690: 1686: 1683: 1679: 1645: 1616:regulators, 1603: 1572: 1535: 1518: 1430:it threatens 1423: 1414: 1406:septic tanks 1393: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1354: 1344: 1316: 1278: 1241: 1238: 1202: 1190: 1166: 1120: 1107:it threatens 1100: 1077: 1059:agribusiness 1050: 1046: 1044: 914:Point source 859:Heavy metals 821:Urban runoff 806:Sulfur water 781:Septic tanks 770: 637:Agent Orange 547:Space debris 401:Agricultural 266:Volcanic ash 126:Particulates 7641:Area source 7550:Pit latrine 7473:Groundwater 7230:Gold mining 7225:Coal mining 7196:Toxic waste 7161:Green waste 7134:Brown waste 7117:Solid waste 6664:Exhaust gas 6268:Externality 6263:Coral reefs 6223:Defaunation 6092:Overgrazing 6065:overfishing 6045:Marine life 5919:electricity 5842:Agriculture 5013:: 378–383. 4936:(1): 1–18. 4539:: 281–289. 2934:Chemosphere 2778:: 620–640. 2668:develop or 2621:coral reefs 2613:octocrylene 2453:plasticizer 2430:nail polish 2424:Nail polish 2398:biopolymers 2359:+ 6H → 2Al 2187:environment 2142:coral reefs 2071:Switzerland 1788:worldwide. 1606:antibiotics 1595:antibiotics 1428:finds that 1288:antibiotics 1105:found that 884:Area source 726:Groundwater 479:Green waste 459:Brown waste 443:Solid waste 201:Information 96:Exhaust gas 7851:Categories 7793:by country 7789:Categories 7727:Zero waste 7608:Pollutants 7562:Stagnation 7500:Monitoring 7468:Freshwater 7344:Air travel 7156:Food waste 7076:Pesticides 7066:Herbicides 6970:Industrial 6799:Biological 6659:Demolition 6652:Renovation 6635:Joss paper 6620:Combustion 6533:mitigation 6528:assessment 6523:by country 6421:Decoupling 6383:Mitigation 6112:Reservoirs 6033:pesticides 5978:Explosives 5956:reservoirs 5857:irrigation 5682:(6): 701. 5506:2016-12-06 5203:: 113687. 4853:2020-02-27 4620:: 266–76. 4488:(20): 20. 4030:2018-03-26 3668:2009-04-20 3613:18 January 3443:2015-07-23 3253:2018-11-03 2723:References 2643:Are there 2617:octinoxate 2599:Sunscreens 2491:photolysis 2342:solubility 2198:combustion 2108:Regulation 2083:Luxembourg 1640:See also: 1610:analgesics 1587:pesticides 1579:detergents 1559:wastewater 1397:veterinary 1322:fragrances 1221:cat litter 971:By country 963:Categories 854:Pollutants 831:Wastewater 801:Stagnation 746:Monitoring 721:Freshwater 587:Air travel 474:Food waste 416:Defecation 226:Ecological 159:Biological 91:Combustion 33:Part of a 7857:Pollution 7685:Responses 7656:Garbology 7582:Turbidity 7530:Oil spill 7463:Firewater 7364:Vandalism 7326:Satellite 7023:Poisoning 7018:Plutonium 6998:Actinides 6990:Radiation 6738:Wood dust 6600:Acid rain 6575:Pollution 6456:Recycling 6122:Transport 6107:Quarrying 6102:Pollution 5961:transport 5951:petroleum 5946:oil shale 5909:biodiesel 5647:: 57–75. 5617:0022-3654 5217:1438-4639 4911:1099-1018 4598:203528560 3495:0013-936X 3185:806494582 3078:0027-8424 2999:0166-445X 2940:: 38–45. 2530:)2CO → CH 2406:cellulose 2336:. At low 2318:Ingestion 2179:polyester 2165:(Al) and 2029:ozonation 2023:membranes 2011:nutrients 2000:nutrients 1847:progestin 1810:Arborloos 1555:oxycodone 1527:supplies. 1420:In rivers 1399:use, and 1179:) by the 1167:The term 899:Garbology 816:Turbidity 766:Oil spill 716:Firewater 701:Biosolids 607:Vandalism 366:Poisoning 361:Plutonium 336:Actinides 329:Radiation 71:Acid rain 43:Pollution 7773:Treaties 7745:Diseases 7557:Shipping 7453:Diseases 7301:Landfill 6976:Abstract 6973:Military 6906:Wildfire 6755:Smelting 6723:Asbestos 6518:Category 6142:shipping 6127:aviation 6013:plastics 6003:concrete 5988:Land use 5904:biofuels 5872:palm oil 5698:83822536 5663:29671379 5582:98030939 5483:22332480 5434:11513102 5403:19753596 5367:35060229 5359:17940905 5324:30302996 5235:33445102 5175:21551383 5095:23765035 4987:23714684 4979:24202562 4930:Polymers 4874:: 68–78. 4691:Archived 4642:24262763 4561:27836351 4514:17650313 4434:18571238 4399:34823024 4356:23112410 4305:17650313 4247:20 April 4215:20 April 4165:20222725 4121:18284158 4076:20 April 3961:: 54–61. 3918:19479007 3866:18970571 3795:20 April 3730:18970571 3693:19 April 3588:25495157 3503:30834750 3408:20970194 3384:Braund R 3340:15543724 3150:28350969 3142:16955232 3096:35165193 3026:10 March 3020:BBC News 2964:25898388 2907:24352829 2863:26487337 2792:27552641 2691:See also 2653:low-tech 2375:polymers 2314:habitats 2248:→ 10n CO 2226:+ 9n/2 O 2183:recycled 2163:aluminum 2148:Examples 1656:Scotland 1591:hormones 1546:caffeine 1542:ketamine 1401:hospital 1284:hormones 1257:bacteria 1245:sorption 1183:(ISDE). 1117:Overview 1080:toxicity 1055:cosmetic 955:Treaties 935:Diseases 791:Shipping 756:Nutrient 706:Diseases 271:Wildfire 7802:Commons 7577:Thermal 7478:Hypoxia 7262:Garbage 7033:Uranium 6884:Natural 6833:Digital 6765:Aerosol 6743:Welding 6630:Biomass 6625:Biofuel 6584:History 6507:Commons 6283:Erosion 6233:Ecocide 6171:Effects 6117:Tourism 6050:fishing 6008:fashion 5931:fashion 5884:Bitcoin 5763:General 5574:2415445 5554:Bibcode 5475:8172989 5315:6222550 5294:Bibcode 5226:7854487 5166:3222474 5130:3578034 5086:4008780 4622:Bibcode 4541:Bibcode 4505:1947975 4391:9643709 4347:3480781 4296:1947975 4145:Bibcode 4101:Bibcode 3909:2685827 3846:Talanta 3710:Talanta 3568:Bibcode 3473:Bibcode 3122:Bibcode 3087:8872717 3058:Bibcode 2942:Bibcode 2915:1505199 2871:4243494 2649:proxies 2638:biochar 2607:, like 2515:CO → CH 2468:acetone 2437:toluene 2410:protein 2346:aquatic 2330:stimuli 2244:+ 10n O 2230:→ 3n CO 2196:by the 2173:(PVC), 2075:Germany 1747:hormone 1663:Effects 1648:Germany 1538:ecstasy 849:History 731:Hypoxia 560:Thermal 514:Plastic 376:Uranium 250:Natural 195:Digital 171:Genetic 7666:Midden 7646:Debris 7601:Topics 7540:Sewage 7493:debris 7488:Marine 7336:Visual 7220:Mining 7215:Litter 6708:Mining 6511: 6500: 6072:Mining 5926:energy 5834:Causes 5696: 5661: 5615: 5580: 5572: 5481: 5473: 5432: 5401: 5365: 5357: 5322: 5312: 5233: 5223: 5215: 5173: 5163: 5128: 5093: 5083: 4985: 4977: 4909: 4640: 4596: 4559: 4512: 4502: 4459: 4432: 4397: 4389: 4371:Lancet 4354: 4344: 4303: 4293: 4279:: 20. 4163: 4119: 3916: 3906: 3864: 3766: 3728: 3641:26 May 3586: 3501: 3493: 3406: 3338: 3183: 3173: 3148: 3140: 3094: 3084: 3076: 2997: 2962: 2913: 2905: 2869: 2861: 2790: 2670:evolve 2414:chitin 2402:starch 2379:metals 2304:since 2266:→ n CO 2262:+ 2n O 2177:(PP), 1808:, and 1652:France 1624:, and 1410:sewers 1332:, and 1149:phenol 1141:sludge 909:Midden 904:Legacy 889:Debris 843:Topics 796:Sludge 786:Sewage 741:Marine 580:Visual 499:Mining 494:Litter 35:series 7737:Lists 7676:Waste 7618:Paint 7435:Water 7318:Space 6959:Sonar 6954:Urban 6932:Water 6916:Noise 6891:Ozone 6858:Light 6789:Waste 6681:Smoke 6466:urban 6137:roads 6028:paper 6023:paint 5694:S2CID 5659:S2CID 5578:S2CID 5570:JSTOR 5527:(PDF) 5479:S2CID 5363:S2CID 4983:S2CID 4747:(PDF) 4740:(PDF) 4716:(PDF) 4594:S2CID 4395:S2CID 4241:(PDF) 4234:(PDF) 4051:(PDF) 4024:(PDF) 4009:(PDF) 3824:(PDF) 3541:(PDF) 3523:(PDF) 3362:(PDF) 3296:(PDF) 3289:(PDF) 3221:(PDF) 3201:. 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