1938:. Students of pharmacology must have a detailed working knowledge of aspects in physiology, pathology, and chemistry. They may also require knowledge of plants as sources of pharmacologically active compounds. Modern pharmacology is interdisciplinary and involves biophysical and computational sciences, and analytical chemistry. A pharmacist needs to be well-equipped with knowledge on pharmacology for application in pharmaceutical research or pharmacy practice in hospitals or commercial organisations selling to customers. Pharmacologists, however, usually work in a laboratory undertaking research or development of new products. Pharmacological research is important in academic research (medical and non-medical), private industrial positions, science writing, scientific patents and law, consultation, biotech and pharmaceutical employment, the alcohol industry, food industry, forensics/law enforcement, public health, and environmental/ecological sciences. Pharmacology is often taught to pharmacy and medicine students as part of a
886:
alteration to the chemical structure of a medicinal compound could alter its medicinal properties, depending on how the alteration relates to the structure of the substrate or receptor site on which it acts: this is called the structural activity relationship (SAR). When a useful activity has been identified, chemists will make many similar compounds called analogues, to try to maximize the desired medicinal effect(s). This can take anywhere from a few years to a decade or more, and is very expensive. One must also determine how safe the medicine is to consume, its stability in the human body and the best form for delivery to the desired organ system, such as tablet or aerosol. After extensive testing, which can take up to six years, the new medicine is ready for marketing and selling.
60:
642:
1686:
molecular weight, polarity etc. in order to be absorbed, the fraction of a drug the reaches the systemic circulation is termed bioavailability, this is simply a ratio of the peak plasma drug levels after oral administration and the drug concentration after an IV administration(first pass effect is avoided and therefore no amount drug is lost). A drug must be lipophilic (lipid soluble) in order to pass through biological membranes this is true because biological membranes are made up of a lipid bilayer (phospholipids etc.) Once the drug reaches the blood circulation it is then distributed throughout the body and being more concentrated in highly perfused organs.
162:, deals with the research, discovery, and characterization of chemicals which show biological effects and the elucidation of cellular and organismal function in relation to these chemicals. In contrast, pharmacy, a health services profession, is concerned with the application of the principles learned from pharmacology in its clinical settings; whether it be in a dispensing or clinical care role. In either field, the primary contrast between the two is their distinctions between direct-patient care, pharmacy practice, and the science-oriented research field, driven by pharmacology.
813:
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7165:
1954:
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506:
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7187:
1400:. This describes the ratio of desired effect to toxic effect. A compound with a narrow therapeutic index (close to one) exerts its desired effect at a dose close to its toxic dose. A compound with a wide therapeutic index (greater than five) exerts its desired effect at a dose substantially below its toxic dose. Those with a narrow margin are more difficult to dose and administer, and may require
280:
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693:
664:. Both pharmacology and toxicology are scientific disciplines that focus on understanding the properties and actions of chemicals. However, pharmacology emphasizes the therapeutic effects of chemicals, usually drugs or compounds that could become drugs, whereas toxicology is the study of chemical's adverse effects and risk assessment.
561:, mind and behavior (e.g. antidepressants) in treating mental disorders (e.g. depression). It incorporates approaches and techniques from neuropharmacology, animal behavior and behavioral neuroscience, and is interested in the behavioral and neurobiological mechanisms of action of psychoactive drugs. The related field of
1022:
1256:
as well as the type of drug-drug interactions, thus can help designing efficient and safe therapeutic strategies. The topology
Network pharmacology utilizes computational tools and network analysis algorithms to identify drug targets, predict drug-drug interactions, elucidate signaling pathways, and
943:
or environmental pharmacology is the study of the effects of used pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) on the environment after their elimination from the body. Human health and ecology are intimately related so environmental pharmacology studies the environmental effect of drugs and
885:
The metabolic stability and the reactivity of a library of candidate drug compounds have to be assessed for drug metabolism and toxicological studies. Many methods have been proposed for quantitative predictions in drug metabolism; one example of a recent computational method is SPORCalc. A slight
1685:
Pharmacokinetics is the movement of the drug in the body, it is usually described as 'what the body does to the drug' the physico-chemical properties of a drug will affect the rate and extent of absorption, extent of distribution, metabolism and elimination. The drug needs to have the appropriate
1251:
Network pharmacology is a subfield of pharmacology that combines principles from pharmacology, systems biology, and network analysis to study the complex interactions between drugs and targets (e.g., receptors or enzymes etc.) in biological systems. The topology of a biochemical reaction network
1724:
Gaining FDA approval usually takes several years. Testing done on animals must be extensive and must include several species to help in the evaluation of both the effectiveness and toxicity of the drug. The dosage of any drug approved for use is intended to fall within a range in which the drug
889:
Because of these long timescales, and because out of every 5000 potential new medicines typically only one will ever reach the open market, this is an expensive way of doing things, often costing over 1 billion dollars. To recoup this outlay pharmaceutical companies may do a number of things:
417:. Pharmacology as a scientific discipline did not further advance until the mid-19th century amid the great biomedical resurgence of that period. Before the second half of the nineteenth century, the remarkable potency and specificity of the actions of drugs such as
448:
Pharmacology developed in the 19th century as a biomedical science that applied the principles of scientific experimentation to therapeutic contexts. The advancement of research techniques propelled pharmacological research and understanding. The development of the
1345:
at specific receptors in the body. Agonists bind to receptors and produce a biological response, a partial agonist produces a biological response lower than that of a full agonist, antagonists have affinity for a receptor but do not produce a biological response.
974:. The energy of light is used to change for shape and chemical properties of the drug, resulting in different biological activity. This is done to ultimately achieve control when and where drugs are active in a reversible manner, to prevent
477:, and other advanced tools to transform information about molecular mechanisms and targets into therapies directed against disease, defects or pathogens, and create methods for preventive care, diagnostics, and ultimately
135:. Pharmacodynamics studies the effects of a drug on biological systems, and pharmacokinetics studies the effects of biological systems on a drug. In broad terms, pharmacodynamics discusses the chemicals with biological
1717:
The drug must be found to be effective against the disease for which it is seeking approval (where 'effective' means only that the drug performed better than placebo or competitors in at least two trials).
2256:; see especially "III. Säure im Opium" (acid in opium), pp. 234–235, and "I. Nachtrag zur Charakteristik der Säure im Opium" (Addendum on the characteristics of the acid in opium), pp. 236–241.
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42:
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translated and used pharmacological texts. Culpeper detailed plants and the conditions they could treat. In the 18th century, much of clinical pharmacology was established by the work of
3572:
Roeland van Wijk et al., Non-monotonic dynamics and crosstalk in signaling pathways and their implications for pharmacology. Scientific
Reports 5:11376 (2015) doi: 10.1038/srep11376
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3584:
Mehrad Babaei et al., Biochemical reaction network topology defines dose-dependent Drug–Drug interactions. Comput Biol Med 155:106584 (2023) doi: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2023.106584
781:
that considers the value of drugs
Pharmacoeconomics evaluates the cost and benefits of drugs in order to guide optimal healthcare resource allocation. The techniques used for the
1850:
707:
945:
657:
is the application of pharmacological methods and principles in the study of drugs in humans. An example of this is posology, which is the study of dosage of medicines.
599:
studies the effect of microbiome variations on drug disposition, action, and toxicity. Pharmacomicrobiomics is concerned with the interaction between drugs and the gut
429:
were explained vaguely and with reference to extraordinary chemical powers and affinities to certain organs or tissues. The first pharmacology department was set up by
3513:
1934:
and is the study of the effects of drugs on living organisms. Pharmacological research can lead to new drug discoveries, and promote a better understanding of human
2994:
2815:
3092:
Smith J, Stein V (April 2009). "SPORCalc: A development of a database analysis that provides putative metabolic enzyme reactions for ligand-based drug design".
1842:
2539:
8163:
7243:
1897:
2723:
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in 1847, at
University of Tartu, in recognition of the need to understand how therapeutic drugs and poisons produced their effects. Subsequently, the first
1973:
1740:
3016:
Reklaitis GV, Khinast J, Muzzio F (November 2010). "Pharmaceutical engineering science—New approaches to pharmaceutical development and manufacturing".
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7211:
1377:
is the drug concentration of a drug that produces an efficacy of 50% and the lower the concentration the higher the potency of the drug therefore EC
1846:
1713:(FDA) is responsible for creating guidelines for the approval and use of drugs. The FDA requires that all approved drugs fulfill two requirements:
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by affecting sites directly on cell-surface receptors (which modulate and mediate cellular signaling pathways controlling cellular function).
8269:
2645:
Rizkallah MR, Saad R, Aziz RK (September 2010). "The Human
Microbiome Project, personalized medicine and the birth of pharmacomicrobiomics".
2602:
Kaddurah-Daouk R, Weinshilboum RM (February 2014). "Pharmacometabolomics: implications for clinical pharmacology and systems pharmacology".
2509:
8869:
4633:
1353:, in a dose-response profile it is indicated as percentage on the y-axis, where 100% is the maximal efficacy (all receptors are occupied).
96:. More specifically, it is the study of the interactions that occur between a living organism and chemicals that affect normal or abnormal
8874:
7233:
3602:
2239:
1639:– How is the API disintegrated (for solid oral forms (breaking down into smaller particles), dispersed, or dissolved from the medication?
711:
457:, and physiological responses are recorded after drug application, allowed analysis of drugs' effects on tissues. The development of the
2216:
8014:
3665:
2330:
7974:
2149:
Takács-Novák, K.; Avdeef, A. (August 1996). "Interlaboratory study of log P determination by shake-flask and potentiometric methods".
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5732:
773:
has been identified through drug discovery, drug development involves bringing the drug to the market. Drug discovery is related to
525:
comprising the body. Divisions related to bodily systems study the effects of drugs in different systems of the body. These include
5638:
5395:
5087:
2127:
2564:
Kaddurah-Daouk R, Kristal BS, Weinshilboum RM (2008). "Metabolomics: a global biochemical approach to drug response and disease".
8852:
2869:
8896:
3805:
2097:
1753:
1733:
1669:– Is the API converted chemically inside the body, and into which substances. Are these active (as well)? Could they be toxic?
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3765:
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3176:
2846:
2460:
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Obtain a patent on the new medicine preventing other companies from producing that medicine for a certain allocation of time.
812:
3295:
2672:
Gomez A, Ingelman-Sundberg M (April 2009). "Pharmacoepigenetics: its role in interindividual differences in drug response".
1236:. Receptors are typically categorised based on structure and function. Major receptor types studied in pharmacology include
1041:
increasing, the field of pharmacology has also changed substantially. It has become possible, through molecular analysis of
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3464:
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and further characterization of drugs related to an organism's entire genome. For pharmacology regarding individual genes,
2244:
Journal der
Pharmacie für Aerzte, Apotheker und Chemisten (Journal of Pharmacy for Physicians, Apothecaries, and Chemists)
591:
compounds, and to better understand the pharmacokinetic profile of a drug. Pharmacometabolomics can be applied to measure
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41:"Pharmacologist" redirects here. For the American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics newsletter, see
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process of finding new drugs. In the most basic sense, this involves the design of molecules that are complementary in
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3744:
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3151:
2324:
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Brater DC, Daly WJ (May 2000). "Clinical pharmacology in the Middle Ages: principles that presage the 21st century".
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to chemically design drugs. This overlaps with the biological approach of finding targets and physiological effects.
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181:
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substances, and biologically active substances which are not used as drugs. Typically it includes pharmacological
59:
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levels following the administration of a drug, in order to monitor the effects of the drug on metabolic pathways.
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Pharmacodynamics is defined as how the body reacts to the drugs. Pharmacodynamics theory often investigates the
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drugs have a narrow therapeutic margin: toxic side-effects are almost always encountered at doses used to kill
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and prevent abuse, many governments regulate the manufacture, sale, and administration of medication. In the
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The study of chemicals requires intimate knowledge of the biological system affected. With the knowledge of
127:, therapy, and medical applications and antipathogenic capabilities. The two main areas of pharmacology are
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Pharmacology can be studied in relation to wider contexts than the physiology of individuals. For example,
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Carefully research the demand for their potential new product before spending an outlay of company funds.
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1993:
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are organisations representing standardisation and regulation of clinical and scientific pharmacology.
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Ritter, James; Flower, Rod J.; Henderson, G.; MacEwan, David J.; Loke, Yoon Kong; Rang, H. P. (2020).
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Arnold RJ, Ekins S (2010). "Time for cooperation in health economics among the modelling community".
1901:
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Content needs to be generalised to encompass pharmacokinetics as a whole, not just individual ideas.
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concerns the variations of the effects of drugs in or between populations, it is the bridge between
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The discipline of pharmacology can be divided into many sub disciplines each with a specific focus.
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1998:
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have been used since prehistory as a preparation of substances from natural sources. However, the
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When describing the pharmacokinetic properties of the chemical that is the active ingredient or
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may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience
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Ligand-binding assays development, validation, and implementation in the drug development arena
1988:
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Maehle AH, Prüll CR, Halliwell RF (August 2002). "The emergence of the drug receptor theory".
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4343:
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Broichhagen J, Frank JA, Trauner D (July 2015). "A roadmap to success in photopharmacology".
3201:
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Binding affinity is the ability of a ligand to form a ligand-receptor complex either through
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Pharmacology is typically studied with respect to particular systems, for example endogenous
1116:
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340:
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The safety and effectiveness of prescription drugs in the U.S. are regulated by the federal
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varies between cultures and may be specific to a particular culture, such as in traditional
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The drug must meet safety criteria by being subject to animal and controlled human testing.
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marking patterns that lead to variation in an individual's response to medical treatment.
565:
focuses on the effects of drugs at the overlap between the nervous system and the psyche.
64:
Diagrammatic representation of organ bath used for studying the effect of isolated tissues
8:
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4353:
3999:
3959:
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is the study of the bodily absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs.
1357:
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synapse. Targets in synapses can be modulated with pharmacological agents. In this case,
1026:
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is the field of study concerned with creating new drugs. It encompasses the subfields of
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The field encompasses drug composition and properties, functions, sources, synthesis and
101:
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of crude drugs are not purified and the substance is adulterated with other substances.
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Kritikos PG, Papadaki SP (1 January 1967). "The early history of the poppy and opium".
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2020:
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and natural substances, mainly plant extracts. Medicines were compiled in books called
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84:
is the science of drugs and medications, including a substance's origin, composition,
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is assessed in pharmacokinetics and is important in drug research and prescribing.
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describes the relationship between a drugs therapeutic benefits and its marketing.
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specialises in detecting and investigating potential undesirable effects of drugs.
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3206:(Second ed.). Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Wiley Blackwell. pp. 21–23.
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preparation, where tissue samples are connected to recording devices, such as a
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1968:
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782:
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31:
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in South Africa. Hierarchical systems have also been developed, including the
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73:
30:
This article is about the science. For the book type ("a pharmacology"), see
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any relevant information, and removing excessive detail that may be against
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1038:
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546:
474:
97:
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2929:
2896:"Prescription drug spending: the impact of age and chronic disease status"
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studies how genetic variation gives rise to differing responses to drugs.
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of drugs at chemical targets. Modern pharmacologists use techniques from
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108:
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2685:
1502:
1177:. The major systems studied in pharmacology can be categorised by their
1084:
990:
115:, organ/systems mechanisms, signal transduction/cellular communication,
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4476:
4408:
4300:
4075:
1935:
1646:
1295: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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912:
effect must be considered to assess the drug's true therapeutic value.
843:
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646:
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450:
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144:
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function. If substances have medicinal properties, they are considered
93:
8247:
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3483:
2745:
1908:(GPI), a hierarchical classification number published by MediSpan and
1129:
1052:
Chemicals can have pharmacologically relevant properties and effects.
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in an individual's bodily fluids, in order to predict or evaluate the
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2316:
1672:
1650:
1364:(irreversible), therefore efficacy is dependent on binding affinity.
1206:
1202:
1190:
1142:
1057:
847:
789:, manufacturing and quality control of drugs discovery is studied by
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4348:
4335:
4024:
3294:
Jena, Monalisa; Mishra, Archana; Maiti, Rituparna (26 March 2019).
2452:
2413:
1953:
1405:
1349:
The ability of a ligand to produce a biological response is termed
1198:
1150:
967:
851:
839:
676:
672:
466:
454:
418:
335:
308:
241:
155:
3200:
Strom, Brian L.; Kimmel, Stephen E.; Hennessy, Sean, eds. (2013).
1675:– How is the API excreted (through the bile, urine, breath, skin)?
571:, also known as pharmacometabonomics, is a field which stems from
9653:
8709:
8439:
8309:
8152:
8070:
7735:
7502:
7324:
7274:
7115:
6847:
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6421:
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6074:
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5996:
5991:
5971:
5764:
5749:
5700:
4695:
3837:
3716:
IUPHAR Committee on
Receptor Nomenclature and Drug Classification
3364:
2563:
1338:
1045:, to design chemicals that act on specific cellular signaling or
909:
438:
422:
2836:
821:
8374:
7834:
7497:
6782:
6313:
6298:
6258:
6253:
6127:
6049:
6044:
5954:
5208:
4777:
4657:
3783:
3691:
American
Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
3629:
1909:
1851:
European
Association for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics
1420:
1225:
1214:
1029:. Dose response curves are studied extensively in pharmacology.
249:
191:
3757:
3754:
Brunton L (2011). Brunton LL, Chabner B, Knollmann BC (eds.).
8134:
7844:
7339:
6444:
6343:
6275:
6263:
6001:
5949:
2475:
2448:
1424:
1166:
1069:
971:
946:
pharmaceuticals and personal care products in the environment
762:
579:
produced by the body. It refers to the direct measurement of
406:
may have spiritual and religious use and historical context.
286:
195:
179:
3237:"Pharmacoenvironmentology--a component of pharmacovigilance"
3166:
9628:
7838:
6323:
6308:
6248:
5924:
5813:
5769:
5313:
4229:
4122:
4118:
3920:
3715:
1371:
1194:
311:, was first isolated in 1804 and is now known to act as an
158:
and the two terms are frequently confused. Pharmacology, a
5669:
4295:
2746:"Posology, Factors Influencing Dose, Calculation of Doses"
2601:
955:
studies the ethnic and cultural aspects of pharmacology.
509:
A variety of topics involved with pharmacology, including
206:
with the meaning of "study of" or "knowledge of" (cf. the
9638:
6102:
4569:
3393:
3296:"Environmental pharmacology: source, impact and solution"
2893:
2597:
2595:
2559:
2557:
1689:
4371:
3710:
1912:, C axis. Ingredients of drugs have been categorised by
1068:
describes the chemical's effect on the body (desired or
517:, intracellular metabolism, and intracellular regulation
5986:
4529:
3695:
3690:
3537:
1056:
describes the effect of the body on the chemical (e.g.
757:. Drug discovery starts with drug design, which is the
626:
3991:
3711:
International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology
3700:
3462:
3015:
2671:
2592:
2554:
1843:
International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology
874:, the main body that regulates pharmaceuticals is the
858:, the main body that regulates pharmaceuticals is the
653:
Pharmacology can be applied within clinical sciences.
7244:
Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System
3705:
3580:
3578:
3359:
3357:
2502:"Psychopharmacology | Psychology Today International"
1898:
Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System
3463:
Velema WA, Szymanski W, Feringa BL (February 2014).
3234:
2837:
Madsen U, Krogsgaard-Larsen P, Liljefors TV (2002).
2442:
2399:
1949:
1888:, administered by the Pharmaceutical Service of the
803:
3953:
3732:
3199:
1974:
List of abbreviations used in medical prescriptions
1741:
Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency
3575:
3354:
3235:Rahman SZ, Khan RA, Gupta V, Uddin M (July 2007).
2647:Current Pharmacogenomics and Personalized Medicine
2148:
970:in which drugs are activated and deactivated with
398:. However much of this has since been regarded as
3736:Textbook of Receptor Pharmacology, Second Edition
3135:
2644:
2151:Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis
1434:which is one of several common reference models.
1075:
951:Drugs may also have ethnocultural importance, so
557:is the study of the use of drugs that affect the
151:(ADME) of chemicals from the biological systems.
9727:
3394:Ricart-Ortega M, Font J, Llebaria A (May 2019).
2894:Mueller C, Schur C, O'Connell J (October 1997).
2202:Molecular, clinical and environmental toxicology
2183:
1847:Federation of European Pharmacological Societies
217:, the ritualistic sacrifice or exile of a human
3293:
3131:
3129:
3127:
3125:
3123:
2443:Rang HP, Dale MM, Ritter JM, Flower RJ (2007).
2357:"The receptor concept: pharmacology's big idea"
2186:Journal of the Archaeological Society of Athens
1836:
1663:– How does the API spread through the organism?
1628:(API), pharmacologists are often interested in
3465:"Photopharmacology: beyond proof of principle"
2781:. Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto.
2779:"The Science of Pharmacology & Toxicology"
2476:Masood N. Khan; John W. Findlay, eds. (2009).
607:is the application of genomic technologies to
541:in the immune system. Other divisions include
293:has been used as a drug since before 1100 BCE.
8762:
8263:
7227:
5685:
5329:
4627:
4434:
3799:
3365:"International Society for Ethnopharmacology"
2830:
2018:
1370:of drug is the measure of its effectiveness,
978:and pollution of drugs into the environment.
7242:Major chemical drug groups – based upon the
3777:Lippincott Illustrated Reviews: Pharmacology
3120:
2566:Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology
1384:Medication is said to have a narrow or wide
667:Pharmacological knowledge is used to advise
3369:International Society for Ethnopharmacology
2942:
2773:
2771:
2350:
2348:
1804:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1491:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1381:can be used to compare potencies of drugs.
409:In the 17th century, the English physician
8769:
8755:
8270:
8256:
7234:
7220:
5692:
5678:
5336:
5322:
4634:
4620:
3806:
3792:
3623:
3493:11370/d6714f52-c2c8-4e48-b345-238e98bcc776
3091:
2265:
1765:
1430:The effect of drugs can be described with
1220:Molecular targets in pharmacology include
8776:
8736:Timeline of biology and organic chemistry
4835:
4407:
3875:
3830:
3701:International Conference on Harmonisation
3491:
3419:
3270:
3260:
3068:
2919:
2578:10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.48.113006.094715
2376:
2308:
2237:
2040:
1824:Learn how and when to remove this message
1600:Learn how and when to remove this message
1582:Learn how and when to remove this message
1311:Learn how and when to remove this message
1161:) target membrane transport proteins and
981:
734:Learn how and when to remove this message
5396:Separation of prescribing and dispensing
3733:Foreman JC, Johansen T, Gibb AJ (2009).
3472:Journal of the American Chemical Society
2841:. Washington, DC: Taylor & Francis.
2768:
2480:. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons.
2345:
1930:The study of pharmacology overlaps with
1749:is a prescription drug plan in the U.S.
1128:
1020:
878:, and they enforce standards set by the
769:to a given biomolecular target. After a
640:
521:Pharmacology can also focus on specific
504:
491:
358:Commentary on the Antedotary of Nicholas
8277:
4334:
4042:
3753:
3171:(Ninth ed.). Edinburgh: Elsevier.
2393:
2192:
2177:
1864:have been developed. These include the
1734:Prescription Drug Marketing Act of 1987
1645:– How is the API absorbed (through the
1257:explore the polypharmacology of drugs.
14:
9728:
8221:Pharmacological classification systems
7588:Selective estrogen receptor modulators
4641:
4167:
4097:
3774:
3760:(12 ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
3519:from the original on 24 September 2019
2674:Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics
2604:Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics
2268:Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics
1754:Prescription Drug Marketing Act (PDMA)
1690:Administration, drug policy and safety
915:Drug development uses techniques from
500:
461:in 1945 allowed quantification of the
402:. Pharmacological substances known as
8750:
8731:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
8251:
7868:Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
7215:
5673:
5317:
4615:
3787:
3617:
3444:from the original on 24 February 2022
3342:from the original on 24 February 2022
2839:Textbook of Drug Design and Discovery
2802:
2800:
2512:from the original on 24 February 2022
2019:Vallance P, Smart TG (January 2006).
1894:National Pharmaceutical Product Index
1743:(MHRA) has a similar role in the UK.
575:, the quantification and analysis of
139:, and pharmacokinetics discusses the
9684:
7186:
4222:
3400:Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology
3375:from the original on 21 January 2021
3136:Newton D, Thorpe A, Otter C (2004).
3050:
2997:from the original on 31 October 2021
2875:from the original on 31 October 2021
2818:from the original on 31 October 2021
2756:from the original on 31 October 2021
2726:from the original on 31 October 2021
2469:
2436:
2354:
2198:
1802:adding citations to reliable sources
1769:
1762:are drugs regulated by legislation.
1532:
1497:
1456:
1293:adding citations to reliable sources
1264:
1079:
985:
686:
627:Clinical practice and drug discovery
194:", together with another Greek word
154:Pharmacology is not synonymous with
9708:
7481:Angiotensin II receptor antagonists
7196:
3094:Computational Biology and Chemistry
3057:International Journal of Toxicology
2130:from the original on 2 October 2017
2100:from the original on 2 October 2017
1452:
1337:to their receptors. Ligands can be
1260:
660:Pharmacology is closely related to
232:is used more broadly than the term
24:
6113:Evolutionary developmental biology
5241:Angiotensin II receptor antagonist
5185:Endocannabinoid reuptake inhibitor
4592:Minimum bactericidal concentration
3726:
3106:10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2008.11.002
2797:
2333:from the original on 17 April 2021
2219:from the original on 6 August 2020
1900:(AT, or ATC/DDD), administered by
1756:is an act related to drug policy.
958:
307:Opium's major active constituent,
266:List of drugs by year of discovery
27:Branch of biology concerning drugs
25:
9757:
6138:Post-transcriptional modification
5132:Acetylcholine receptor antagonist
4894:Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor
3684:
3662:U.S. Food and Drug Administration
3605:from the original on 16 July 2019
2987:"Pharmacoeconomics – an overview"
2900:American Journal of Public Health
2785:from the original on 16 July 2019
2542:from the original on 23 July 2020
1472:This section has multiple issues.
922:
777:, which is the sub-discipline of
682:
9707:
9695:
9683:
9672:
9671:
8230:
8210:
8209:
7195:
7185:
7176:
7175:
7163:
6514:
5654:
5653:
5614:List of pharmaceutical companies
4582:Minimum inhibitory concentration
3813:
3721:IUPHAR/BPS Guide to Pharmacology
3668:from the original on 27 May 2016
3203:Textbook of pharmacoepidemiology
3144:Heinemann Educational Publishers
3053:"Safety Pharmacology Approaches"
2957:10.2165/11537580-000000000-00000
2716:"What is Clinical Pharmacology?"
1979:List of pharmaceutical companies
1952:
1890:Department of Health (Hong Kong)
1774:
1626:active pharmaceutical ingredient
1537:
1501:
1461:
1269:
1083:
989:
820:
811:
691:
360:. Early pharmacology focused on
300:
278:
58:
7618:Hypothalamic–pituitary hormones
5634:Pharmacies in the United States
5260:Vasopressin receptor antagonist
5174:Cannabinoid receptor antagonist
4522:WHO list of essential medicines
4015:Non-specific effect of vaccines
3696:British Pharmacological Society
3650:
3587:
3566:
3531:
3456:
3387:
3300:Reviews on Environmental Health
3287:
3228:
3193:
3160:
3085:
3044:
3009:
2979:
2936:
2887:
2855:
2738:
2708:
2665:
2638:
2524:
2494:
2361:British Journal of Pharmacology
2302:
2240:"Untitled letter to the editor"
2025:British Journal of Pharmacology
1480:or discuss these issues on the
1280:needs additional citations for
1232:. Enzymes can be targeted with
5246:Endothelin receptor antagonist
5110:Acetylcholine receptor agonist
4869:Adrenergic receptor antagonist
4577:Antimicrobial pharmacodynamics
3658:"National Drug Code Directory"
2402:Nature Reviews. Drug Discovery
2259:
2231:
2142:
2112:
2082:
2057:
2012:
1694:
1076:Systems, receptors and ligands
13:
1:
9036:Interface and colloid science
8790:Glossary of chemical formulae
7370:Thrombolytics / fibrinolytics
5078:Glutamate receptor antagonist
4994:Serotonin receptor antagonist
4947:Histamine receptor antagonist
4722:Negative allosteric modulator
4716:Positive allosteric modulator
4502:Functional analog (chemistry)
3626:Pharmacology: An Introduction
3540:Accounts of Chemical Research
2863:"Introduction to Drug Design"
2005:
1252:determines the shape of drug
850:implications. To protect the
8081:Wakefulness-promoting agents
5343:
5235:Adenosine reuptake inhibitor
5169:Cannabinoid receptor agonist
5088:Glutamate reuptake inhibitor
5007:Serotonin reuptake inhibitor
4918:Dopamine receptor antagonist
4055:Hill equation (biochemistry)
3552:10.1021/acs.accounts.5b00129
3169:Rang and Dale's pharmacology
3018:Chemical Engineering Science
2532:"What is Psychopharmacology"
2312:Introduction to pharmacology
2163:10.1016/0731-7085(96)01773-6
2065:"Definition of PHARMACOLOGY"
2027:. 147 Suppl 1 (S1): S304–7.
2021:"The future of pharmacology"
1919:
1914:Unique Ingredient Identifier
1870:Food and Drug Administration
1837:Societies and administration
1711:Food and Drug Administration
860:Food and Drug Administration
716:Knowledge's inclusion policy
513:, renal pharmacology, human
484:
165:
7:
9313:Bioorganometallic chemistry
8800:List of inorganic compounds
5699:
5609:Pharmacy benefit management
4923:Dopamine reuptake inhibitor
4845:Adrenergic receptor agonist
3051:Hite, Mark (25 June 2016).
2363:. 147 Suppl 1 (S1): S9-16.
2124:Online Etymology Dictionary
2094:Online Etymology Dictionary
1945:
1886:Hong Kong Drug Registration
1557:. The specific problem is:
1402:therapeutic drug monitoring
1238:G protein coupled receptors
1230:membrane transport proteins
966:is an emerging approach in
868:United States Pharmacopoeia
213:). Pharmakon is related to
10:
9762:
9239:Dynamic covalent chemistry
9210:Enantioselective synthesis
9190:Physical organic chemistry
9143:Organolanthanide chemistry
7731:Intravenous immunoglobulin
5214:Opioid receptor antagonist
5068:Glutamate receptor agonist
4989:Serotonin receptor agonist
4942:Histamine receptor agonist
4570:Antimicrobial pharmacology
4050:Dose–response relationship
3980:Desensitization (medicine)
2659:10.2174/187569210792246326
1994:Pharmaceutical formulation
1923:
1906:Generic Product Identifier
1874:Drug Identification Number
1698:
1611:
1322:
1114:
908:When designing drugs, the
791:pharmaceutical engineering
637:Drug Discovery Hit to Lead
630:
535:peripheral nervous systems
263:
259:
196:
180:
40:
29:
9667:
9570:
9331:
9247:
9168:
9118:
8994:
8937:
8828:Electroanalytical methods
8813:
8785:
8718:
8285:
8205:
8161:
8133:
8089:
7898:
7833:
7796:
7744:
7657:
7601:
7561:
7518:
7402:
7338:
7250:
7157:
7126:
6688:
6658:
6624:Polymerase chain reaction
6584:Green fluorescent protein
6534:
6523:
6512:
6420:
6352:
6284:
6224:
6161:Earliest known life forms
6146:
6093:
6010:
5917:
5757:
5748:
5707:
5649:
5584:
5521:
5478:
5404:
5351:
5272:
5227:
5194:
5159:
5100:
5058:
5029:
5020:
4979:
4932:
4913:Dopamine receptor agonist
4903:
4822:
4808:
4793:
4776:
4769:
4649:
4492:Coinduction (anesthetics)
4485:
4286:
4158:
3944:
3821:
3624:Nagle H, Nagle B (2005).
3412:10.1016/j.mce.2019.03.003
3038:10.1016/j.ces.2010.08.041
2250:: 229–243. Archived from
1902:World Health Organization
1437:Other models include the
1246:receptor tyrosine kinases
1242:ligand gated ion channels
836:Development of medication
496:Areas within Pharmacology
443:University College London
111:, molecular and cellular
69:
57:
52:
9583:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
9499:Supramolecular chemistry
9138:Organometallic chemistry
7786:Topoisomerase inhibitors
7470:renin–angiotensin system
7464:Calcium channel blockers
5604:Investigational New Drug
5445:Pharmaceutical chemistry
5391:Pharmacological activity
5179:Endocannabinoid enhancer
5125:Cholinesterase inhibitor
5044:GABA receptor antagonist
4557:Multiple drug resistance
4530:Tolerance and resistance
3898:Physiological antagonist
3396:"GPCR photopharmacology"
2355:Rang HP (January 2006).
2205:. Springer. p. 20.
1999:Pharmaceutical physician
1175:neurotransmitter systems
941:Pharmacoenvironmentology
826:The drug discovery cycle
9521:Combinatorial chemistry
9432:Food physical chemistry
9395:Environmental chemistry
9279:Bioorthogonal chemistry
9205:Retrosynthetic analysis
9026:Chemical thermodynamics
9009:Spectroelectrochemistry
8952:Computational chemistry
6676:species discovery curve
5804:Response to environment
5586:Pharmaceutical industry
5405:Pharmaceutical sciences
5219:Enkephalinase inhibitor
5209:Opioid receptor agonist
5049:GABA reuptake inhibitor
4754:♦ Miscellaneous:
4308:Neuropsychopharmacology
4070:Cheng-Prussoff Equation
4065:Del Castillo Katz model
3992:Other effects of ligand
3975:Receptor (biochemistry)
3893:Irreversible antagonist
3312:10.1515/reveh-2018-0049
3070:10.1080/109158197227332
2912:10.2105/ajph.87.10.1626
2280:10.1067/mcp.2000.106465
1984:List of withdrawn drugs
1876:(DIN), administered by
1868:(NDC), administered by
1766:Societies and education
619:studies the underlying
563:neuropsychopharmacology
435:pharmacology department
92:, therapeutic use, and
34:. For the journal, see
9746:Life sciences industry
9593:of element discoveries
9439:Agricultural chemistry
9427:Carbohydrate chemistry
9318:Bioinorganic chemistry
9183:Alkane stereochemistry
9128:Coordination chemistry
8957:Mathematical chemistry
8823:Instrumental chemistry
8345:Biological engineering
7578:Hormonal contraception
7508:Bile acid sequestrants
7289:Proton-pump inhibitors
7252:gastrointestinal tract
7149:Plant morphology terms
6753:Biological engineering
6435:Biological interaction
4802:Ion channel modulators
4444:Classical pharmacology
4205:Plasma protein binding
4180:Volume of distribution
3888:Competitive antagonist
3262:10.1186/1476-069X-6-20
2369:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706457
2033:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706454
1989:Pharmaceutical company
1858:medical classification
1443:Cheng-Prusoff equation
1358:weak attractive forces
1341:, partial agonists or
1170:
1155:transporter inhibitors
1062:volume of distribution
1030:
982:Theory of pharmacology
880:European Pharmacopoeia
842:, but also has strong
838:is a vital concern to
650:
518:
497:
441:was set up in 1905 at
223:Ancient Greek religion
36:Pharmacology (journal)
9588:Timeline of chemistry
9485:Post-mortem chemistry
9470:Clandestine chemistry
9400:Atmospheric chemistry
9323:Biophysical chemistry
9155:Solid-state chemistry
9105:Equilibrium chemistry
9014:Photoelectrochemistry
8430:Developmental biology
8405:Computational biology
8385:Cellular microbiology
6838:Developmental biology
6813:Computational biology
6793:Cellular microbiology
6133:Mendelian inheritance
6045:Energy transformation
5561:Pharmacist prescriber
5546:Consultant pharmacist
5039:GABA receptor agonist
4552:Antibiotic resistance
4344:Clinical pharmacology
3863:Physiological agonist
3823:Ligand (biochemistry)
2616:10.1038/clpt.2013.217
2309:Hollinger MA (2003).
1392:certain safety factor
1132:
1117:Ligand (biochemistry)
1024:
933:clinical pharmacology
655:Clinical pharmacology
644:
508:
495:
479:personalized medicine
341:The Canon of Medicine
324:clinical pharmacology
190:, meaning "drug" or "
117:molecular diagnostics
9578:History of chemistry
9533:Chemical engineering
9308:Bioorganic chemistry
9058:Structural chemistry
8795:List of biomolecules
8650:Reproductive biology
8535:Mathematical biology
8460:Evolutionary biology
8410:Conservation biology
8187:Radiopharmaceuticals
7975:Antiparkinson agents
7056:Reproductive biology
6943:Mathematical biology
6868:Evolutionary biology
6818:Conservation biology
6629:Two-hybrid screening
6599:Protein purification
6430:Biogeochemical cycle
6392:Internal environment
6040:Cellular respiration
5629:Pharmacies of Norway
5566:Pharmacy informatics
5460:Pharmacoepidemiology
5369:Prehistoric medicine
4449:Reverse pharmacology
4359:Pharmacoepidemiology
4200:Biological half-life
4080:Ligand binding assay
3954:Activity at receptor
3848:Irreversible agonist
3241:Environmental Health
2538:. 29 November 2012.
2238:Sertürner F (1805).
2199:Luch A, ed. (2009).
1862:pharmaceutical codes
1798:improve this section
1729:or desired outcome.
1564:improve this section
1553:to meet Knowledge's
1289:improve this article
1153:) target receptors;
1027:dose response curves
929:pharmacoepidemiology
597:Pharmacomicrobiomics
569:Pharmacometabolomics
459:ligand binding assay
380:Traditional medicine
252:inhibitors (such as
236:because it includes
9601:The central science
9555:Ceramic engineering
9480:Forensic toxicology
9453:Chemistry education
9351:Radiation chemistry
9333:Interdisciplinarity
9286:Medicinal chemistry
9224:Fullerene chemistry
9100:Microwave chemistry
8969:Molecular mechanics
8964:Molecular modelling
8435:Ecological genetics
8279:Branches of biology
7970:Antimigraine agents
7960:Antidementia agents
7863:Anti-inflammatories
7553:Medicated dressings
7493:Antihyperlipidemics
7320:Diabetes medication
6843:Ecological genetics
6554:Gel electrophoresis
6544:Genetic engineering
6497:Population dynamics
6407:Reproductive system
5576:Veterinary pharmacy
5508:Pharmacy technician
5470:Pharmacocybernetics
5364:History of pharmacy
5255:receptor antagonist
4497:Combination therapy
4385:Pharmacoinformatics
4354:Medicinal chemistry
3960:Mechanism of action
3253:2007EnvHe...6...20R
3139:Revise A2 Chemistry
3030:2010ChEnS..65D...4R
2752:. 23 January 2019.
2686:10.1038/clpt.2009.2
2506:psychologytoday.com
1932:biomedical sciences
1254:dose-response curve
1163:anticholinesterases
917:medicinal chemistry
903:inverse benefit law
799:Safety pharmacology
617:Pharmacoepigenetics
501:Systems of the body
350:Commentary on Isaac
270:History of pharmacy
9644:Chemical substance
9506:Chemical synthesis
9475:Forensic chemistry
9356:Actinide chemistry
9298:Clinical chemistry
8979:Molecular geometry
8974:Molecular dynamics
8929:Elemental analysis
8882:Separation process
8726:History of biology
8660:Structural biology
8645:Relational biology
8470:Generative biology
8465:Freshwater biology
7823:Immunosuppressants
7693:Antimycobacterials
7649:Antithyroid agents
7633:Mineralocorticoids
7437:Cardiac stimulants
7427:Cardiac glycosides
7419:cardiac therapy /
7315:Anti-obesity drugs
7170:Biology portal
7066:Structural biology
7051:Relational biology
6878:Generative biology
6873:Freshwater biology
6671:mark and recapture
6619:Restriction enzyme
6412:Respiratory system
6367:Circulatory system
6294:Epidermis (botany)
5571:Specialty pharmacy
5534:Community pharmacy
5503:Pharmacy residency
4643:Pharmacomodulation
4467:Immunopharmacology
4417:Pharmacotoxicology
4318:Psychopharmacology
4110:Intrinsic activity
4010:Pleiotropy (drugs)
3931:Agonist-antagonist
3843:Endogenous agonist
3595:"Pharmacokinetics"
2808:"Drug Development"
2254:on 17 August 2016.
1882:Food and Drugs Act
1866:National Drug Code
1760:Prescription drugs
1727:therapeutic effect
1513:. You can help by
1397:therapeutic window
1171:
1095:. You can help by
1047:metabolic pathways
1031:
1001:. You can help by
651:
555:Psychopharmacology
539:immunopharmacology
519:
498:
285:Naturally derived
160:biomedical science
43:The Pharmacologist
9723:
9722:
9659:Quantum mechanics
9624:Chemical compound
9607:Chemical reaction
9545:Materials science
9463:General chemistry
9458:Amateur chemistry
9386:Photogeochemistry
9371:Stellar chemistry
9341:Nuclear chemistry
9262:Molecular biology
9229:Polymer chemistry
9200:Organic synthesis
9195:Organic reactions
9160:Ceramic chemistry
9150:Cluster chemistry
9080:Chemical kinetics
9068:Molecular physics
8947:Quantum chemistry
8860:Mass spectrometry
8744:
8743:
8665:Synthetic biology
8545:Molecular biology
8400:Cognitive biology
8245:
8244:
8148:Ophthalmologicals
7858:Anabolic steroids
7761:Anticancer agents
7724:Ectoparasiticides
7444:Antihypertensives
7392:Antifibrinolytics
7209:
7208:
7071:Synthetic biology
6953:Molecular biology
6808:Cognitive biology
6684:
6683:
6510:
6509:
6201:Natural selection
5982:Organic compounds
5879:Scientific method
5869:Emergent property
5810:Hierarchy of life
5780:Energy processing
5667:
5666:
5624:Pharmacy in China
5551:Hospital pharmacy
5529:Clinical pharmacy
5465:Pharmacovigilance
5381:Prescription drug
5311:
5310:
5307:
5306:
5268:
5267:
5096:
5095:
5016:
5015:
4786:Enzyme inhibition
4609:
4608:
4605:
4604:
4565:
4564:
4462:Photopharmacology
4457:
4456:
4430:
4429:
4403:
4402:
4367:
4366:
4330:
4329:
4323:Electrophysiology
4313:Neuropharmacology
4268:
4267:
4218:
4217:
4154:
4153:
4141:Therapeutic index
4093:
4092:
4038:
4037:
3987:
3986:
3916:
3915:
3871:
3870:
3775:Whalen K (2014).
3767:978-0-07-162442-8
3484:10.1021/ja413063e
3213:978-1-118-34484-2
3178:978-0-7020-8060-9
2991:sciencedirect.com
2945:PharmacoEconomics
2848:978-0-415-28288-8
2812:sciencedirect.com
2462:978-0-443-06911-6
2212:978-3-7643-8335-0
1926:Medical education
1834:
1833:
1826:
1610:
1609:
1602:
1592:
1591:
1584:
1555:quality standards
1546:This section may
1531:
1530:
1495:
1447:Schild regression
1387:therapeutic index
1321:
1320:
1313:
1234:enzyme inhibitors
1169:) target enzymes.
1113:
1112:
1019:
1018:
964:Photopharmacology
953:ethnopharmacology
833:
832:
775:pharmacoeconomics
744:
743:
736:
527:neuropharmacology
511:neuropharmacology
471:molecular biology
415:William Withering
411:Nicholas Culpeper
374:active ingredient
326:date back to the
254:monoamine oxidase
79:
78:
16:(Redirected from
9753:
9711:
9710:
9699:
9687:
9686:
9675:
9674:
9619:Chemical element
9274:Chemical biology
9133:Magnetochemistry
9110:Mechanochemistry
9063:Chemical physics
9004:Electrochemistry
8909:Characterization
8771:
8764:
8757:
8748:
8747:
8390:Chemical biology
8272:
8265:
8258:
8249:
8248:
8234:
8213:
8212:
8197:Senotherapeutics
8051:Neuroprotectives
8046:Mood stabilizers
7945:Anti-ADHD agents
7885:Muscle relaxants
7818:Immunostimulants
7813:Immunomodulators
7645:Thyroid hormones
7583:Fertility agents
7486:Renin inhibitors
7377:Antihemorrhagics
7344:forming organs (
7330:Dietary minerals
7236:
7229:
7222:
7213:
7212:
7199:
7198:
7189:
7188:
7179:
7178:
7172:
7168:
7167:
7144:Ecological terms
6798:Chemical biology
6659:Field techniques
6532:
6531:
6518:
6377:Digestive system
6372:Endocrine system
5945:Chemical element
5904:Biology journals
5800:Self-replication
5755:
5754:
5694:
5687:
5680:
5671:
5670:
5657:
5656:
5619:Medication costs
5594:Drug development
5556:Nuclear pharmacy
5433:Pharmacogenomics
5421:Pharmacodynamics
5417:Pharmacokinetics
5338:
5331:
5324:
5315:
5314:
5285:Enzyme cofactors
5204:Opioid modulator
5161:Cannabinoidergic
5027:
5026:
4833:
4832:
4820:
4819:
4774:
4773:
4636:
4629:
4622:
4613:
4612:
4567:
4566:
4527:
4526:
4507:Polypharmacology
4432:
4431:
4405:
4404:
4395:Pharmacogenomics
4390:Pharmacogenetics
4369:
4368:
4332:
4331:
4293:
4292:
4220:
4219:
4190:Rate of infusion
4165:
4164:
4160:Pharmacokinetics
4095:
4094:
4040:
4039:
3989:
3988:
3951:
3950:
3946:Pharmacodynamics
3926:Neurotransmitter
3908:Enzyme inhibitor
3873:
3872:
3828:
3827:
3808:
3801:
3794:
3785:
3784:
3780:
3771:
3750:
3678:
3677:
3675:
3673:
3654:
3648:
3647:
3621:
3615:
3614:
3612:
3610:
3591:
3585:
3582:
3573:
3570:
3564:
3563:
3535:
3529:
3528:
3526:
3524:
3518:
3495:
3469:
3460:
3454:
3453:
3451:
3449:
3423:
3391:
3385:
3384:
3382:
3380:
3361:
3352:
3351:
3349:
3347:
3291:
3285:
3284:
3274:
3264:
3232:
3226:
3225:
3197:
3191:
3190:
3164:
3158:
3157:
3133:
3118:
3117:
3089:
3083:
3082:
3072:
3048:
3042:
3041:
3013:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3002:
2983:
2977:
2976:
2940:
2934:
2933:
2923:
2891:
2885:
2884:
2882:
2880:
2874:
2867:
2859:
2853:
2852:
2834:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2823:
2804:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2790:
2775:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2742:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2712:
2706:
2705:
2669:
2663:
2662:
2642:
2636:
2635:
2599:
2590:
2589:
2561:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2528:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2517:
2498:
2492:
2491:
2473:
2467:
2466:
2440:
2434:
2433:
2397:
2391:
2390:
2380:
2352:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2338:
2306:
2300:
2299:
2263:
2257:
2255:
2235:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2196:
2190:
2189:
2181:
2175:
2174:
2146:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2135:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2086:
2080:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2061:
2055:
2054:
2044:
2016:
1962:
1957:
1956:
1829:
1822:
1818:
1815:
1809:
1778:
1770:
1619:Pharmacokinetics
1614:Pharmacokinetics
1605:
1598:
1587:
1580:
1576:
1573:
1567:
1541:
1540:
1533:
1526:
1523:
1505:
1498:
1487:
1465:
1464:
1457:
1453:Pharmacokinetics
1432:Loewe additivity
1360:(reversible) or
1331:binding affinity
1325:Pharmacodynamics
1316:
1309:
1305:
1302:
1296:
1273:
1265:
1261:Pharmacodynamics
1147:anticholinergics
1125:Neurotransmitter
1108:
1105:
1087:
1080:
1066:pharmacodynamics
1054:Pharmacokinetics
1014:
1011:
993:
986:
824:
823:
815:
804:
779:health economics
739:
732:
728:
725:
719:
695:
694:
687:
649:working in a lab
633:Drug development
613:pharmacogenetics
605:Pharmacogenomics
463:binding affinity
354:John of St Amand
304:
303:
282:
281:
228:The modern term
201:
200:
185:
184:
174:is derived from
143:, distribution,
133:pharmacokinetics
129:pharmacodynamics
125:chemical biology
90:pharmacodynamics
86:pharmacokinetics
62:
50:
49:
21:
9761:
9760:
9756:
9755:
9754:
9752:
9751:
9750:
9726:
9725:
9724:
9719:
9663:
9566:
9560:Polymer science
9516:Click chemistry
9511:Green chemistry
9405:Ocean chemistry
9381:Biogeochemistry
9327:
9243:
9215:Total synthesis
9178:Stereochemistry
9164:
9114:
9031:Surface science
9021:Thermochemistry
8990:
8933:
8904:Crystallography
8809:
8781:
8775:
8745:
8740:
8714:
8675:Systems biology
8640:Quantum biology
8281:
8276:
8246:
8241:
8237:Medicine portal
8201:
8157:
8129:
8124:
8116:Cough medicines
8111:Bronchodilators
8092:
8085:
7965:Antidepressants
7955:Anticonvulsants
7903:
7894:
7890:Bisphosphonates
7880:Corticosteroids
7842:
7829:
7801:
7792:
7776:Spindle poisons
7766:Antimetabolites
7749:
7740:
7662:
7653:
7628:Glucocorticoids
7623:Corticosteroids
7604:
7597:
7564:
7557:
7514:
7432:Antiarrhythmics
7405:
7398:
7355:Antithrombotics
7343:
7334:
7310:Antipropulsives
7306:Antidiarrhoeals
7283:
7254:
7246:
7240:
7210:
7205:
7162:
7161:
7153:
7139:Botanical terms
7122:
7121:
7120:
7081:Systems biology
7046:Quantum biology
6680:
6654:
6536:
6526:
6519:
6506:
6416:
6397:Muscular system
6354:
6348:
6339:Vascular tissue
6286:
6280:
6220:
6181:History of life
6142:
6123:Gene regulation
6118:Gene expression
6089:
6006:
5913:
5744:
5703:
5698:
5668:
5663:
5645:
5580:
5517:
5513:Pharmacy school
5474:
5426:Pharmacometrics
5400:
5347:
5342:
5312:
5303:
5264:
5254:
5223:
5190:
5155:
5092:
5054:
5012:
5001:
4975:
4970:
4962:
4954:
4928:
4899:
4813:
4804:
4789:
4765:
4711:Inverse agonist
4701:Partial agonist
4645:
4640:
4610:
4601:
4561:
4547:Drug resistance
4525:
4481:
4453:
4426:
4422:Neurotoxicology
4399:
4363:
4326:
4288:
4282:
4264:
4214:
4210:Bioavailability
4195:Onset of action
4150:
4089:
4034:
3983:
3940:
3912:
3903:Inverse agonist
3867:
3853:Partial agonist
3817:
3812:
3768:
3747:
3729:
3727:Further reading
3706:US Pharmacopeia
3687:
3682:
3681:
3671:
3669:
3656:
3655:
3651:
3644:
3622:
3618:
3608:
3606:
3599:Merriam-Webster
3593:
3592:
3588:
3583:
3576:
3571:
3567:
3536:
3532:
3522:
3520:
3516:
3467:
3461:
3457:
3447:
3445:
3392:
3388:
3378:
3376:
3363:
3362:
3355:
3345:
3343:
3292:
3288:
3233:
3229:
3214:
3198:
3194:
3179:
3165:
3161:
3154:
3134:
3121:
3090:
3086:
3049:
3045:
3014:
3010:
3000:
2998:
2985:
2984:
2980:
2941:
2937:
2892:
2888:
2878:
2876:
2872:
2865:
2861:
2860:
2856:
2849:
2835:
2831:
2821:
2819:
2806:
2805:
2798:
2788:
2786:
2777:
2776:
2769:
2759:
2757:
2744:
2743:
2739:
2729:
2727:
2714:
2713:
2709:
2670:
2666:
2643:
2639:
2600:
2593:
2562:
2555:
2545:
2543:
2530:
2529:
2525:
2515:
2513:
2500:
2499:
2495:
2488:
2474:
2470:
2463:
2441:
2437:
2398:
2394:
2353:
2346:
2336:
2334:
2327:
2307:
2303:
2264:
2260:
2236:
2232:
2222:
2220:
2213:
2197:
2193:
2182:
2178:
2157:(11): 1405–13.
2147:
2143:
2133:
2131:
2118:
2117:
2113:
2103:
2101:
2090:"Pharmacy (n.)"
2088:
2087:
2083:
2073:
2071:
2069:Merriam-Webster
2063:
2062:
2058:
2017:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1958:
1951:
1948:
1928:
1922:
1839:
1830:
1819:
1813:
1810:
1795:
1779:
1768:
1747:Medicare Part D
1703:
1697:
1692:
1680:Drug metabolism
1616:
1606:
1595:
1594:
1593:
1588:
1577:
1571:
1568:
1561:
1542:
1538:
1527:
1521:
1518:
1511:needs expansion
1466:
1462:
1455:
1380:
1375:
1327:
1317:
1306:
1300:
1297:
1286:
1274:
1263:
1127:
1115:Main articles:
1109:
1103:
1100:
1093:needs expansion
1078:
1015:
1009:
1006:
999:needs expansion
984:
961:
959:Emerging fields
925:
862:; they enforce
829:
828:
827:
825:
817:
816:
740:
729:
723:
720:
706:Please help by
705:
696:
692:
685:
669:pharmacotherapy
639:
631:Main articles:
629:
503:
487:
431:Rudolf Buchheim
396:Korean medicine
322:The origins of
320:
319:
318:
317:
316:
305:
301:
296:
295:
294:
283:
279:
272:
264:Main articles:
262:
168:
102:pharmaceuticals
65:
46:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9759:
9749:
9748:
9743:
9738:
9721:
9720:
9718:
9717:
9705:
9693:
9681:
9668:
9665:
9664:
9662:
9661:
9656:
9651:
9646:
9641:
9636:
9631:
9626:
9621:
9616:
9615:
9614:
9604:
9597:
9596:
9595:
9585:
9580:
9574:
9572:
9568:
9567:
9565:
9564:
9563:
9562:
9557:
9552:
9542:
9541:
9540:
9530:
9529:
9528:
9523:
9518:
9513:
9503:
9502:
9501:
9490:
9489:
9488:
9487:
9482:
9472:
9467:
9466:
9465:
9460:
9449:
9448:
9447:
9446:
9444:Soil chemistry
9436:
9435:
9434:
9429:
9422:Food chemistry
9419:
9417:Carbochemistry
9414:
9412:Clay chemistry
9409:
9408:
9407:
9402:
9391:
9390:
9389:
9388:
9383:
9373:
9367:Astrochemistry
9363:Cosmochemistry
9360:
9359:
9358:
9353:
9348:
9346:Radiochemistry
9337:
9335:
9329:
9328:
9326:
9325:
9320:
9315:
9310:
9305:
9303:Neurochemistry
9300:
9295:
9294:
9293:
9283:
9282:
9281:
9271:
9270:
9269:
9264:
9253:
9251:
9245:
9244:
9242:
9241:
9236:
9234:Petrochemistry
9231:
9226:
9221:
9212:
9207:
9202:
9197:
9192:
9187:
9186:
9185:
9174:
9172:
9166:
9165:
9163:
9162:
9157:
9152:
9147:
9146:
9145:
9135:
9130:
9124:
9122:
9116:
9115:
9113:
9112:
9107:
9102:
9097:
9095:Spin chemistry
9092:
9090:Photochemistry
9087:
9082:
9077:
9075:Femtochemistry
9072:
9071:
9070:
9060:
9055:
9050:
9045:
9044:
9043:
9033:
9028:
9023:
9018:
9017:
9016:
9011:
9000:
8998:
8992:
8991:
8989:
8988:
8987:
8986:
8976:
8971:
8966:
8961:
8960:
8959:
8949:
8943:
8941:
8935:
8934:
8932:
8931:
8926:
8921:
8916:
8911:
8906:
8901:
8900:
8899:
8894:
8887:Chromatography
8884:
8879:
8878:
8877:
8872:
8867:
8857:
8856:
8855:
8850:
8845:
8840:
8830:
8825:
8819:
8817:
8811:
8810:
8808:
8807:
8805:Periodic table
8802:
8797:
8792:
8786:
8783:
8782:
8774:
8773:
8766:
8759:
8751:
8742:
8741:
8739:
8738:
8733:
8728:
8722:
8720:
8716:
8715:
8713:
8712:
8707:
8702:
8697:
8692:
8687:
8682:
8677:
8672:
8667:
8662:
8657:
8652:
8647:
8642:
8637:
8632:
8627:
8622:
8617:
8612:
8607:
8602:
8597:
8592:
8587:
8582:
8577:
8572:
8567:
8562:
8557:
8552:
8547:
8542:
8537:
8532:
8530:Marine biology
8527:
8522:
8517:
8512:
8507:
8502:
8497:
8492:
8487:
8482:
8477:
8472:
8467:
8462:
8457:
8452:
8447:
8442:
8437:
8432:
8427:
8422:
8417:
8412:
8407:
8402:
8397:
8392:
8387:
8382:
8377:
8372:
8367:
8362:
8357:
8352:
8347:
8342:
8340:Bioinformatics
8337:
8332:
8327:
8322:
8317:
8312:
8307:
8302:
8297:
8292:
8286:
8283:
8282:
8275:
8274:
8267:
8260:
8252:
8243:
8242:
8240:
8239:
8228:
8223:
8218:
8206:
8203:
8202:
8200:
8199:
8194:
8189:
8184:
8182:Contrast media
8179:
8173:
8171:
8159:
8158:
8156:
8155:
8150:
8144:
8142:
8135:sensory organs
8131:
8130:
8128:
8127:
8122:
8118:
8113:
8108:
8102:
8100:
8087:
8086:
8084:
8083:
8078:
8073:
8068:
8063:
8058:
8053:
8048:
8043:
8034:
8033:
8032:
8027:
8022:
8012:
8007:
8002:
7997:
7992:
7987:
7982:
7980:Antipsychotics
7977:
7972:
7967:
7962:
7957:
7952:
7950:Antiaddictives
7947:
7942:
7937:
7936:
7935:
7930:
7920:
7914:
7912:
7905:nervous system
7896:
7895:
7893:
7892:
7887:
7882:
7877:
7875:Antirheumatics
7872:
7871:
7870:
7860:
7854:
7852:
7831:
7830:
7828:
7827:
7826:
7825:
7820:
7809:
7807:
7794:
7793:
7791:
7790:
7789:
7788:
7783:
7781:Antineoplastic
7778:
7773:
7768:
7757:
7755:
7742:
7741:
7739:
7738:
7733:
7728:
7727:
7726:
7721:
7716:
7714:Antiprotozoals
7709:Antiparasitics
7706:
7701:
7696:
7689:Antibacterials
7685:Antimicrobials
7681:
7679:
7655:
7654:
7652:
7651:
7642:
7637:
7636:
7635:
7630:
7620:
7614:
7612:
7599:
7598:
7596:
7595:
7590:
7585:
7580:
7574:
7572:
7559:
7558:
7556:
7555:
7550:
7548:Antipsoriatics
7545:
7540:
7535:
7529:
7527:
7516:
7515:
7513:
7512:
7511:
7510:
7505:
7500:
7490:
7489:
7488:
7483:
7478:
7476:ACE inhibitors
7466:
7461:
7456:
7451:
7446:
7441:
7440:
7439:
7434:
7429:
7415:
7413:
7404:cardiovascular
7400:
7399:
7397:
7396:
7395:
7394:
7389:
7384:
7374:
7373:
7372:
7367:
7365:Anticoagulants
7362:
7351:
7349:
7336:
7335:
7333:
7332:
7327:
7322:
7317:
7312:
7303:
7298:
7293:
7292:
7291:
7286:
7281:
7277:
7266:
7264:
7248:
7247:
7239:
7238:
7231:
7224:
7216:
7207:
7206:
7204:
7203:
7193:
7183:
7173:
7158:
7155:
7154:
7152:
7151:
7146:
7141:
7136:
7130:
7128:
7124:
7123:
7119:
7118:
7113:
7108:
7103:
7098:
7093:
7088:
7083:
7078:
7073:
7068:
7063:
7058:
7053:
7048:
7043:
7038:
7033:
7028:
7023:
7018:
7013:
7008:
7003:
7000:
6995:
6990:
6985:
6980:
6975:
6970:
6965:
6960:
6955:
6950:
6945:
6940:
6938:Marine biology
6935:
6930:
6925:
6920:
6915:
6910:
6905:
6900:
6895:
6890:
6885:
6880:
6875:
6870:
6865:
6860:
6855:
6850:
6845:
6840:
6835:
6830:
6825:
6820:
6815:
6810:
6805:
6800:
6795:
6790:
6785:
6780:
6775:
6770:
6765:
6760:
6755:
6750:
6748:Bioinformatics
6745:
6740:
6735:
6730:
6725:
6720:
6715:
6710:
6705:
6700:
6694:
6693:
6692:
6690:
6686:
6685:
6682:
6681:
6679:
6678:
6673:
6668:
6662:
6660:
6656:
6655:
6653:
6652:
6645:
6638:
6631:
6626:
6621:
6616:
6611:
6606:
6601:
6596:
6591:
6586:
6581:
6579:DNA microarray
6576:
6574:DNA sequencing
6571:
6566:
6564:Centrifugation
6561:
6559:Chromatography
6556:
6551:
6549:Transformation
6546:
6540:
6538:
6529:
6521:
6520:
6513:
6511:
6508:
6507:
6505:
6504:
6499:
6494:
6489:
6488:
6487:
6477:
6472:
6467:
6462:
6460:Climate change
6457:
6452:
6447:
6442:
6437:
6432:
6426:
6424:
6418:
6417:
6415:
6414:
6409:
6404:
6402:Nervous system
6399:
6394:
6389:
6384:
6379:
6374:
6369:
6364:
6358:
6356:
6350:
6349:
6347:
6346:
6341:
6336:
6334:Vascular plant
6331:
6326:
6321:
6316:
6311:
6306:
6301:
6296:
6290:
6288:
6282:
6281:
6279:
6278:
6273:
6272:
6271:
6266:
6261:
6256:
6251:
6241:
6236:
6230:
6228:
6222:
6221:
6219:
6218:
6213:
6208:
6203:
6198:
6193:
6191:Microevolution
6188:
6186:Macroevolution
6183:
6178:
6173:
6168:
6163:
6158:
6152:
6150:
6144:
6143:
6141:
6140:
6135:
6130:
6125:
6120:
6115:
6110:
6105:
6099:
6097:
6091:
6090:
6088:
6087:
6082:
6080:Photosynthesis
6077:
6072:
6067:
6062:
6057:
6052:
6047:
6042:
6037:
6035:Cell signaling
6032:
6027:
6022:
6016:
6014:
6008:
6007:
6005:
6004:
5999:
5994:
5989:
5984:
5979:
5974:
5969:
5964:
5963:
5962:
5952:
5947:
5942:
5937:
5932:
5927:
5921:
5919:
5918:Chemical basis
5915:
5914:
5912:
5911:
5906:
5901:
5896:
5891:
5886:
5884:Taxonomic rank
5881:
5876:
5871:
5866:
5864:Reductionistic
5861:
5807:
5772:
5767:
5761:
5759:
5752:
5746:
5745:
5743:
5742:
5737:
5736:
5735:
5725:
5720:
5711:Introduction (
5708:
5705:
5704:
5697:
5696:
5689:
5682:
5674:
5665:
5664:
5662:
5661:
5650:
5647:
5646:
5644:
5643:
5642:
5641:
5631:
5626:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5606:
5601:
5599:Drug discovery
5596:
5590:
5588:
5582:
5581:
5579:
5578:
5573:
5568:
5563:
5558:
5553:
5548:
5543:
5542:
5541:
5531:
5525:
5523:
5522:Practice areas
5519:
5518:
5516:
5515:
5510:
5505:
5500:
5498:Pharmaconomist
5495:
5494:
5493:
5482:
5480:
5476:
5475:
5473:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5441:
5440:
5435:
5430:
5429:
5428:
5408:
5406:
5402:
5401:
5399:
5398:
5393:
5388:
5383:
5378:
5373:
5372:
5371:
5361:
5355:
5353:
5349:
5348:
5341:
5340:
5333:
5326:
5318:
5309:
5308:
5305:
5304:
5302:
5301:
5289:
5276:
5274:
5270:
5269:
5266:
5265:
5263:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5231:
5229:
5225:
5224:
5222:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5200:
5198:
5192:
5191:
5189:
5188:
5182:
5176:
5171:
5165:
5163:
5157:
5156:
5154:
5153:
5147:
5138:
5129:
5128:
5127:
5116:
5106:
5104:
5098:
5097:
5094:
5093:
5091:
5090:
5085:
5075:
5064:
5062:
5056:
5055:
5053:
5052:
5046:
5041:
5035:
5033:
5024:
5018:
5017:
5014:
5013:
5011:
5010:
5004:
4999:
4991:
4985:
4983:
4977:
4976:
4974:
4973:
4968:
4964:
4960:
4956:
4952:
4944:
4938:
4936:
4930:
4929:
4927:
4926:
4920:
4915:
4909:
4907:
4901:
4900:
4898:
4897:
4891:
4885:
4879:
4866:
4860:
4851:
4841:
4839:
4830:
4817:
4806:
4805:
4799:
4797:
4791:
4790:
4782:
4780:
4771:
4767:
4766:
4764:
4763:
4758:
4751:
4750:
4744:
4738:
4726:
4725:
4719:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4687:
4686:
4681:
4670:
4669:
4664:
4653:
4651:
4647:
4646:
4639:
4638:
4631:
4624:
4616:
4607:
4606:
4603:
4602:
4600:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4587:Bacteriostatic
4584:
4579:
4573:
4571:
4563:
4562:
4560:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4537:Drug tolerance
4533:
4531:
4524:
4519:
4517:Lists of drugs
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4487:
4483:
4482:
4480:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4458:
4455:
4454:
4452:
4451:
4446:
4440:
4438:
4436:Drug discovery
4428:
4427:
4425:
4424:
4419:
4413:
4411:
4401:
4400:
4398:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4381:
4379:
4365:
4364:
4362:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4340:
4338:
4328:
4327:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4303:
4290:
4284:
4283:
4281:
4280:
4278:Bioequivalence
4275:
4269:
4266:
4265:
4263:
4262:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4226:
4224:
4216:
4215:
4213:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4177:
4171:
4169:
4162:
4156:
4155:
4152:
4151:
4149:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4112:
4107:
4101:
4099:
4091:
4090:
4088:
4087:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4046:
4044:
4036:
4035:
4033:
4032:
4022:
4020:Adverse effect
4017:
4012:
4007:
3995:
3993:
3985:
3984:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3965:Mode of action
3962:
3957:
3955:
3948:
3942:
3941:
3939:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3917:
3914:
3913:
3911:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3879:
3877:
3869:
3868:
3866:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3834:
3832:
3825:
3819:
3818:
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3703:
3698:
3693:
3686:
3685:External links
3683:
3680:
3679:
3664:. 5 May 2017.
3649:
3642:
3616:
3586:
3574:
3565:
3546:(7): 1947–60.
3530:
3478:(6): 2178–91.
3455:
3386:
3353:
3286:
3227:
3212:
3192:
3177:
3159:
3152:
3119:
3084:
3043:
3024:(21): iv–vii.
3008:
2978:
2935:
2906:(10): 1626–9.
2886:
2854:
2847:
2829:
2796:
2767:
2737:
2707:
2664:
2637:
2591:
2553:
2523:
2493:
2487:978-0470541494
2486:
2468:
2461:
2435:
2414:10.1038/nrd875
2392:
2344:
2325:
2301:
2258:
2230:
2211:
2191:
2176:
2141:
2120:"Pharmacology"
2111:
2081:
2056:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1969:Cosmeceuticals
1965:
1964:
1963:
1960:Biology portal
1947:
1944:
1940:Medical School
1924:Main article:
1921:
1918:
1860:of drugs with
1838:
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1832:
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1773:
1767:
1764:
1722:
1721:
1718:
1699:Main article:
1696:
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1664:
1658:
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1612:Main article:
1608:
1607:
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1529:
1528:
1508:
1506:
1496:
1470:
1469:
1467:
1460:
1454:
1451:
1414:aminoglycoside
1410:antiepileptics
1404:(examples are
1378:
1373:
1323:Main article:
1319:
1318:
1277:
1275:
1268:
1262:
1259:
1111:
1110:
1090:
1088:
1077:
1074:
1017:
1016:
996:
994:
983:
980:
960:
957:
924:
923:Wider contexts
921:
899:
898:
895:
872:European Union
831:
830:
819:
818:
810:
809:
808:
807:
793:, a branch of
747:Drug discovery
742:
741:
699:
697:
690:
684:
683:Drug discovery
681:
628:
625:
609:drug discovery
589:pharmaceutical
553:pharmacology.
543:cardiovascular
502:
499:
486:
483:
366:pharmacopoeias
346:Peter of Spain
313:opioid agonist
306:
299:
298:
297:
284:
277:
276:
275:
274:
273:
261:
258:
167:
164:
77:
76:
71:
70:MeSH Unique ID
67:
66:
63:
55:
54:
32:Materia medica
26:
18:Pharmacologist
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9758:
9747:
9744:
9742:
9739:
9737:
9734:
9733:
9731:
9716:
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9706:
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9703:
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9694:
9692:
9691:
9682:
9680:
9679:
9670:
9669:
9666:
9660:
9657:
9655:
9652:
9650:
9649:Chemical bond
9647:
9645:
9642:
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9637:
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9617:
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9573:
9569:
9561:
9558:
9556:
9553:
9551:
9548:
9547:
9546:
9543:
9539:
9538:Stoichiometry
9536:
9535:
9534:
9531:
9527:
9524:
9522:
9519:
9517:
9514:
9512:
9509:
9508:
9507:
9504:
9500:
9497:
9496:
9495:
9494:Nanochemistry
9492:
9491:
9486:
9483:
9481:
9478:
9477:
9476:
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9471:
9468:
9464:
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9420:
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9415:
9413:
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9406:
9403:
9401:
9398:
9397:
9396:
9393:
9392:
9387:
9384:
9382:
9379:
9378:
9377:
9374:
9372:
9368:
9364:
9361:
9357:
9354:
9352:
9349:
9347:
9344:
9343:
9342:
9339:
9338:
9336:
9334:
9330:
9324:
9321:
9319:
9316:
9314:
9311:
9309:
9306:
9304:
9301:
9299:
9296:
9292:
9289:
9288:
9287:
9284:
9280:
9277:
9276:
9275:
9272:
9268:
9265:
9263:
9260:
9259:
9258:
9255:
9254:
9252:
9250:
9246:
9240:
9237:
9235:
9232:
9230:
9227:
9225:
9222:
9220:
9219:Semisynthesis
9216:
9213:
9211:
9208:
9206:
9203:
9201:
9198:
9196:
9193:
9191:
9188:
9184:
9181:
9180:
9179:
9176:
9175:
9173:
9171:
9167:
9161:
9158:
9156:
9153:
9151:
9148:
9144:
9141:
9140:
9139:
9136:
9134:
9131:
9129:
9126:
9125:
9123:
9121:
9117:
9111:
9108:
9106:
9103:
9101:
9098:
9096:
9093:
9091:
9088:
9086:
9083:
9081:
9078:
9076:
9073:
9069:
9066:
9065:
9064:
9061:
9059:
9056:
9054:
9053:Sonochemistry
9051:
9049:
9048:Cryochemistry
9046:
9042:
9041:Micromeritics
9039:
9038:
9037:
9034:
9032:
9029:
9027:
9024:
9022:
9019:
9015:
9012:
9010:
9007:
9006:
9005:
9002:
9001:
8999:
8997:
8993:
8985:
8982:
8981:
8980:
8977:
8975:
8972:
8970:
8967:
8965:
8962:
8958:
8955:
8954:
8953:
8950:
8948:
8945:
8944:
8942:
8940:
8936:
8930:
8927:
8925:
8922:
8920:
8919:Wet chemistry
8917:
8915:
8912:
8910:
8907:
8905:
8902:
8898:
8895:
8893:
8890:
8889:
8888:
8885:
8883:
8880:
8876:
8873:
8871:
8868:
8866:
8863:
8862:
8861:
8858:
8854:
8851:
8849:
8846:
8844:
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8836:
8835:
8834:
8831:
8829:
8826:
8824:
8821:
8820:
8818:
8816:
8812:
8806:
8803:
8801:
8798:
8796:
8793:
8791:
8788:
8787:
8784:
8780:
8772:
8767:
8765:
8760:
8758:
8753:
8752:
8749:
8737:
8734:
8732:
8729:
8727:
8724:
8723:
8721:
8717:
8711:
8708:
8706:
8703:
8701:
8698:
8696:
8693:
8691:
8688:
8686:
8683:
8681:
8678:
8676:
8673:
8671:
8668:
8666:
8663:
8661:
8658:
8656:
8653:
8651:
8648:
8646:
8643:
8641:
8638:
8636:
8633:
8631:
8628:
8626:
8623:
8621:
8618:
8616:
8613:
8611:
8610:Phylogenetics
8608:
8606:
8603:
8601:
8598:
8596:
8593:
8591:
8588:
8586:
8583:
8581:
8578:
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8568:
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8551:
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8546:
8543:
8541:
8538:
8536:
8533:
8531:
8528:
8526:
8523:
8521:
8518:
8516:
8513:
8511:
8508:
8506:
8505:Human biology
8503:
8501:
8498:
8496:
8493:
8491:
8488:
8486:
8483:
8481:
8478:
8476:
8473:
8471:
8468:
8466:
8463:
8461:
8458:
8456:
8453:
8451:
8448:
8446:
8443:
8441:
8438:
8436:
8433:
8431:
8428:
8426:
8423:
8421:
8418:
8416:
8413:
8411:
8408:
8406:
8403:
8401:
8398:
8396:
8395:Chronobiology
8393:
8391:
8388:
8386:
8383:
8381:
8378:
8376:
8373:
8371:
8370:Biotechnology
8368:
8366:
8365:Biostatistics
8363:
8361:
8358:
8356:
8353:
8351:
8348:
8346:
8343:
8341:
8338:
8336:
8333:
8331:
8328:
8326:
8323:
8321:
8318:
8316:
8313:
8311:
8308:
8306:
8303:
8301:
8298:
8296:
8293:
8291:
8288:
8287:
8284:
8280:
8273:
8268:
8266:
8261:
8259:
8254:
8253:
8250:
8238:
8233:
8229:
8227:
8224:
8222:
8219:
8217:
8208:
8207:
8204:
8198:
8195:
8193:
8190:
8188:
8185:
8183:
8180:
8178:
8175:
8174:
8172:
8169:
8165:
8160:
8154:
8151:
8149:
8146:
8145:
8143:
8140:
8136:
8132:
8126:
8119:
8117:
8114:
8112:
8109:
8107:
8106:Decongestants
8104:
8103:
8101:
8098:
8094:
8088:
8082:
8079:
8077:
8074:
8072:
8069:
8067:
8064:
8062:
8059:
8057:
8054:
8052:
8049:
8047:
8044:
8042:
8038:
8035:
8031:
8028:
8026:
8025:Dissociatives
8023:
8021:
8018:
8017:
8016:
8015:Hallucinogens
8013:
8011:
8008:
8006:
8003:
8001:
7998:
7996:
7993:
7991:
7988:
7986:
7983:
7981:
7978:
7976:
7973:
7971:
7968:
7966:
7963:
7961:
7958:
7956:
7953:
7951:
7948:
7946:
7943:
7941:
7938:
7934:
7931:
7929:
7926:
7925:
7924:
7921:
7919:
7916:
7915:
7913:
7910:
7906:
7901:
7897:
7891:
7888:
7886:
7883:
7881:
7878:
7876:
7873:
7869:
7866:
7865:
7864:
7861:
7859:
7856:
7855:
7853:
7850:
7846:
7840:
7836:
7832:
7824:
7821:
7819:
7816:
7815:
7814:
7811:
7810:
7808:
7805:
7799:
7795:
7787:
7784:
7782:
7779:
7777:
7774:
7772:
7769:
7767:
7764:
7763:
7762:
7759:
7758:
7756:
7753:
7747:
7743:
7737:
7734:
7732:
7729:
7725:
7722:
7720:
7719:Anthelmintics
7717:
7715:
7712:
7711:
7710:
7707:
7705:
7702:
7700:
7697:
7694:
7690:
7686:
7683:
7682:
7680:
7677:
7673:
7669:
7665:
7660:
7656:
7650:
7646:
7643:
7641:
7638:
7634:
7631:
7629:
7626:
7625:
7624:
7621:
7619:
7616:
7615:
7613:
7610:
7606:
7600:
7594:
7591:
7589:
7586:
7584:
7581:
7579:
7576:
7575:
7573:
7570:
7566:
7563:genitourinary
7560:
7554:
7551:
7549:
7546:
7544:
7543:Antipruritics
7541:
7539:
7536:
7534:
7531:
7530:
7528:
7525:
7521:
7517:
7509:
7506:
7504:
7501:
7499:
7496:
7495:
7494:
7491:
7487:
7484:
7482:
7479:
7477:
7474:
7473:
7472:
7471:
7467:
7465:
7462:
7460:
7459:Beta blockers
7457:
7455:
7452:
7450:
7447:
7445:
7442:
7438:
7435:
7433:
7430:
7428:
7425:
7424:
7423:
7422:
7417:
7416:
7414:
7411:
7407:
7401:
7393:
7390:
7388:
7385:
7383:
7380:
7379:
7378:
7375:
7371:
7368:
7366:
7363:
7361:
7360:Antiplatelets
7358:
7357:
7356:
7353:
7352:
7350:
7347:
7341:
7337:
7331:
7328:
7326:
7323:
7321:
7318:
7316:
7313:
7311:
7307:
7304:
7302:
7299:
7297:
7294:
7290:
7287:
7285:
7278:
7276:
7273:
7272:
7271:
7268:
7267:
7265:
7262:
7258:
7253:
7249:
7245:
7237:
7232:
7230:
7225:
7223:
7218:
7217:
7214:
7202:
7194:
7192:
7184:
7182:
7174:
7171:
7166:
7160:
7159:
7156:
7150:
7147:
7145:
7142:
7140:
7137:
7135:
7132:
7131:
7129:
7125:
7117:
7114:
7112:
7109:
7107:
7104:
7102:
7099:
7097:
7094:
7092:
7089:
7087:
7084:
7082:
7079:
7077:
7074:
7072:
7069:
7067:
7064:
7062:
7059:
7057:
7054:
7052:
7049:
7047:
7044:
7042:
7039:
7037:
7034:
7032:
7029:
7027:
7024:
7022:
7019:
7017:
7016:Phylogenetics
7014:
7012:
7009:
7007:
7004:
7001:
6999:
6996:
6994:
6991:
6989:
6986:
6984:
6981:
6979:
6976:
6974:
6971:
6969:
6966:
6964:
6961:
6959:
6956:
6954:
6951:
6949:
6946:
6944:
6941:
6939:
6936:
6934:
6931:
6929:
6926:
6924:
6921:
6919:
6916:
6914:
6913:Human biology
6911:
6909:
6906:
6904:
6901:
6899:
6896:
6894:
6891:
6889:
6886:
6884:
6881:
6879:
6876:
6874:
6871:
6869:
6866:
6864:
6861:
6859:
6856:
6854:
6851:
6849:
6846:
6844:
6841:
6839:
6836:
6834:
6831:
6829:
6826:
6824:
6821:
6819:
6816:
6814:
6811:
6809:
6806:
6804:
6803:Chronobiology
6801:
6799:
6796:
6794:
6791:
6789:
6786:
6784:
6781:
6779:
6778:Biotechnology
6776:
6774:
6773:Biostatistics
6771:
6769:
6766:
6764:
6761:
6759:
6756:
6754:
6751:
6749:
6746:
6744:
6741:
6739:
6736:
6734:
6731:
6729:
6726:
6724:
6721:
6719:
6716:
6714:
6711:
6709:
6706:
6704:
6701:
6699:
6696:
6695:
6691:
6687:
6677:
6674:
6672:
6669:
6667:
6666:Belt transect
6664:
6663:
6661:
6657:
6651:
6650:
6646:
6644:
6643:
6639:
6637:
6636:
6632:
6630:
6627:
6625:
6622:
6620:
6617:
6615:
6614:Southern blot
6612:
6610:
6609:Northern blot
6607:
6605:
6602:
6600:
6597:
6595:
6592:
6590:
6587:
6585:
6582:
6580:
6577:
6575:
6572:
6570:
6567:
6565:
6562:
6560:
6557:
6555:
6552:
6550:
6547:
6545:
6542:
6541:
6539:
6533:
6530:
6528:
6522:
6517:
6503:
6500:
6498:
6495:
6493:
6490:
6486:
6483:
6482:
6481:
6478:
6476:
6473:
6471:
6468:
6466:
6463:
6461:
6458:
6456:
6453:
6451:
6448:
6446:
6443:
6441:
6438:
6436:
6433:
6431:
6428:
6427:
6425:
6423:
6419:
6413:
6410:
6408:
6405:
6403:
6400:
6398:
6395:
6393:
6390:
6388:
6387:Immune system
6385:
6383:
6380:
6378:
6375:
6373:
6370:
6368:
6365:
6363:
6360:
6359:
6357:
6351:
6345:
6342:
6340:
6337:
6335:
6332:
6330:
6327:
6325:
6322:
6320:
6317:
6315:
6312:
6310:
6307:
6305:
6304:Ground tissue
6302:
6300:
6297:
6295:
6292:
6291:
6289:
6283:
6277:
6274:
6270:
6267:
6265:
6262:
6260:
6257:
6255:
6252:
6250:
6247:
6246:
6245:
6242:
6240:
6237:
6235:
6232:
6231:
6229:
6227:
6223:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6206:Phylogenetics
6204:
6202:
6199:
6197:
6194:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6174:
6172:
6171:Genetic drift
6169:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6153:
6151:
6149:
6145:
6139:
6136:
6134:
6131:
6129:
6126:
6124:
6121:
6119:
6116:
6114:
6111:
6109:
6106:
6104:
6101:
6100:
6098:
6096:
6092:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6073:
6071:
6068:
6066:
6063:
6061:
6058:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6048:
6046:
6043:
6041:
6038:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6028:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6017:
6015:
6013:
6009:
6003:
6000:
5998:
5995:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5985:
5983:
5980:
5978:
5977:Nucleic acids
5975:
5973:
5970:
5968:
5965:
5961:
5958:
5957:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5940:Chemical bond
5938:
5936:
5935:Carbohydrates
5933:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5923:
5922:
5920:
5916:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5892:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5859:
5855:
5851:
5847:
5843:
5839:
5835:
5831:
5827:
5823:
5819:
5815:
5811:
5808:
5805:
5801:
5797:
5793:
5789:
5785:
5781:
5777:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5762:
5760:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5747:
5741:
5738:
5734:
5731:
5730:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5721:
5718:
5714:
5710:
5709:
5706:
5702:
5695:
5690:
5688:
5683:
5681:
5676:
5675:
5672:
5660:
5652:
5651:
5648:
5640:
5637:
5636:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5591:
5589:
5587:
5583:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5540:
5537:
5536:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5526:
5524:
5520:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5492:
5489:
5488:
5487:
5484:
5483:
5481:
5477:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5455:Pharmacognosy
5453:
5451:
5450:Pharmaceutics
5448:
5446:
5443:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5427:
5424:
5423:
5422:
5418:
5415:
5414:
5413:
5410:
5409:
5407:
5403:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5370:
5367:
5366:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5356:
5354:
5350:
5346:
5339:
5334:
5332:
5327:
5325:
5320:
5319:
5316:
5299:
5298:
5293:
5290:
5287:
5286:
5281:
5278:
5277:
5275:
5273:Miscellaneous
5271:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5236:
5233:
5232:
5230:
5226:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5201:
5199:
5197:
5193:
5186:
5183:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5166:
5164:
5162:
5158:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5133:
5130:
5126:
5123:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5111:
5108:
5107:
5105:
5103:
5099:
5089:
5086:
5083:
5079:
5076:
5073:
5069:
5066:
5065:
5063:
5061:
5060:Glutamatergic
5057:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5036:
5034:
5032:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5019:
5008:
5005:
5002:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4986:
4984:
4982:
4978:
4971:
4965:
4963:
4957:
4955:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4939:
4937:
4935:
4934:Histaminergic
4931:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4910:
4908:
4906:
4902:
4895:
4892:
4889:
4886:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4874:
4870:
4867:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4846:
4843:
4842:
4840:
4838:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4825:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4811:
4807:
4803:
4798:
4796:
4792:
4788:
4787:
4781:
4779:
4775:
4772:
4768:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4753:
4752:
4748:
4745:
4742:
4739:
4736:
4732:
4728:
4727:
4723:
4720:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4693:
4689:
4688:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4676:
4672:
4671:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4659:
4655:
4654:
4652:
4648:
4644:
4637:
4632:
4630:
4625:
4623:
4618:
4617:
4614:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4574:
4572:
4568:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4542:Tachyphylaxis
4540:
4538:
4535:
4534:
4532:
4528:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4484:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4459:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4441:
4439:
4437:
4433:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4414:
4412:
4410:
4406:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4382:
4380:
4378:
4374:
4370:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4341:
4339:
4337:
4333:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4302:
4298:
4294:
4291:
4285:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4270:
4260:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4235:
4231:
4228:
4227:
4225:
4221:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4185:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4172:
4170:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4157:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4136:
4132:
4128:
4124:
4120:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4102:
4100:
4096:
4085:
4081:
4077:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4047:
4045:
4041:
4030:
4029:Neurotoxicity
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4005:
4001:
3998:Selectivity (
3997:
3996:
3994:
3990:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3943:
3937:
3936:Pharmacophore
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3918:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3880:
3878:
3874:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3835:
3833:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3809:
3804:
3802:
3797:
3795:
3790:
3789:
3786:
3778:
3773:
3769:
3763:
3759:
3758:
3752:
3748:
3746:9781439887578
3742:
3739:. CRC Press.
3738:
3737:
3731:
3730:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3688:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3653:
3645:
3643:0-07-312275-0
3639:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3620:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3590:
3581:
3579:
3569:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3534:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3466:
3459:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3390:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3360:
3358:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3290:
3282:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3231:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3209:
3205:
3204:
3196:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3174:
3170:
3163:
3155:
3153:0-435-58347-6
3149:
3146:. p. 1.
3145:
3141:
3140:
3132:
3130:
3128:
3126:
3124:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3100:(2): 149–59.
3099:
3095:
3088:
3080:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3047:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3012:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2982:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2951:(8): 609–13.
2950:
2946:
2939:
2931:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2890:
2871:
2864:
2858:
2850:
2844:
2840:
2833:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2803:
2801:
2784:
2780:
2774:
2772:
2755:
2751:
2750:pharmamad.com
2747:
2741:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2711:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2680:(4): 426–30.
2679:
2675:
2668:
2660:
2656:
2653:(3): 182–93.
2652:
2648:
2641:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2610:(2): 154–67.
2609:
2605:
2598:
2596:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2560:
2558:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2527:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2497:
2489:
2483:
2479:
2472:
2464:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2439:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2408:(8): 637–41.
2407:
2403:
2396:
2388:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2351:
2349:
2332:
2328:
2326:0-415-28033-8
2322:
2319:. p. 4.
2318:
2314:
2313:
2305:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2274:(5): 447–50.
2273:
2269:
2262:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2234:
2218:
2214:
2208:
2204:
2203:
2195:
2187:
2180:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2145:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2115:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2085:
2070:
2066:
2060:
2052:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2015:
2011:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1966:
1961:
1955:
1950:
1943:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1927:
1917:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1878:Health Canada
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1854:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1828:
1825:
1817:
1814:February 2016
1807:
1803:
1799:
1793:
1792:
1788:
1783:This section
1781:
1777:
1772:
1771:
1763:
1761:
1757:
1755:
1750:
1748:
1744:
1742:
1737:
1735:
1730:
1728:
1719:
1716:
1715:
1714:
1712:
1708:
1707:United States
1702:
1687:
1683:
1681:
1674:
1671:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1659:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1635:
1634:
1633:
1631:
1627:
1622:
1620:
1615:
1604:
1601:
1586:
1583:
1575:
1565:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1551:
1544:
1535:
1534:
1525:
1516:
1512:
1509:This section
1507:
1504:
1500:
1499:
1494:
1492:
1485:
1484:
1479:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1459:
1458:
1450:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1439:Hill equation
1435:
1433:
1428:
1426:
1422:
1419:). Most anti-
1418:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1398:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1382:
1376:
1369:
1365:
1363:
1362:covalent bond
1359:
1354:
1352:
1347:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1326:
1315:
1312:
1304:
1301:November 2023
1294:
1290:
1284:
1283:
1278:This section
1276:
1272:
1267:
1266:
1258:
1255:
1249:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1218:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1183:acetylcholine
1180:
1176:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1159:hemicholinium
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1122:
1121:List of drugs
1118:
1107:
1098:
1094:
1091:This section
1089:
1086:
1082:
1081:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1050:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1028:
1023:
1013:
1004:
1000:
997:This section
995:
992:
988:
987:
979:
977:
973:
969:
965:
956:
954:
949:
947:
942:
938:
934:
930:
920:
918:
913:
911:
906:
904:
896:
893:
892:
891:
887:
883:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
856:United States
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
814:
806:
805:
802:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
771:lead compound
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
738:
735:
727:
717:
713:
709:
703:
700:This article
698:
689:
688:
680:
678:
674:
670:
665:
663:
658:
656:
648:
643:
638:
634:
624:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
516:
512:
507:
494:
490:
482:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
446:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
407:
405:
401:
400:pseudoscience
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
342:
337:
333:
332:pharmacognosy
329:
325:
314:
310:
292:
291:opium poppies
288:
271:
267:
257:
256:inhibitors).
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
226:
224:
221:or victim in
220:
216:
212:
211:
208:etymology of
205:
199:
193:
189:
183:
177:
173:
163:
161:
157:
152:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
105:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
75:
72:
68:
61:
56:
51:
48:
44:
37:
33:
19:
9741:Biochemistry
9736:Pharmacology
9712:
9700:
9688:
9676:
9526:Biosynthesis
9376:Geochemistry
9291:Pharmacology
9290:
9267:Cell biology
9257:Biochemistry
9085:Spectroscopy
8984:VSEPR theory
8833:Spectroscopy
8777:Branches of
8655:Sociobiology
8635:Protistology
8600:Photobiology
8595:Pharmacology
8594:
8585:Parasitology
8580:Paleontology
8560:Neuroscience
8540:Microbiology
8450:Epidemiology
8420:Cytogenetics
8380:Cell biology
8360:Biosemiotics
8350:Biomechanics
8330:Biogeography
8325:Biochemistry
8320:Bacteriology
8315:Astrobiology
8020:Psychedelics
7990:Aphrodisiacs
7664:infestations
7640:Sex hormones
7593:Sex hormones
7538:Cicatrizants
7468:
7454:Vasodilators
7421:antianginals
7418:
7270:stomach acid
7269:
7061:Sociobiology
7041:Protistology
7006:Photobiology
7002:Pharmacology
6993:Parasitology
6988:Paleontology
6968:Neuroscience
6948:Microbiology
6858:Epidemiology
6828:Cytogenetics
6788:Cell biology
6768:Biosemiotics
6758:Biomechanics
6738:Biogeography
6733:Biochemistry
6728:Bacteriology
6723:Astrobiology
6647:
6640:
6633:
6604:Western blot
6594:Enzyme assay
6569:Cell culture
6470:Conservation
6355:and function
6353:Animal form
6287:and function
6060:Fermentation
5838:Organ system
5796:Reproduction
5774:Properties (
5412:Pharmacology
5411:
5295:
5283:
4981:Serotonergic
4905:Dopaminergic
4784:
4642:
4512:Chemotherapy
4472:Cell biology
4373:Biochemistry
4297:Neuroscience
4245:Distribution
4175:Loading dose
3858:Superagonist
3815:Pharmacology
3814:
3776:
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3661:
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3421:10261/201805
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2445:Pharmacology
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2247:
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2093:
2084:
2072:. Retrieved
2068:
2059:
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1942:curriculum.
1929:
1856:Systems for
1855:
1840:
1820:
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1796:Please help
1784:
1758:
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1745:
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1661:Distribution
1629:
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1562:Please help
1558:
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1510:
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1471:
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1287:Please help
1282:verification
1279:
1250:
1219:
1181:and include
1172:
1139:cholinergics
1101:
1097:adding to it
1092:
1051:
1039:biochemistry
1035:cell biology
1032:
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1003:adding to it
998:
976:side effects
962:
950:
937:epidemiology
926:
914:
907:
900:
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708:spinning off
701:
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647:toxicologist
573:metabolomics
567:
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475:biochemistry
447:
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357:
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339:
321:
233:
229:
227:
209:
203:
187:
172:pharmacology
171:
169:
153:
121:interactions
106:
82:Pharmacology
81:
80:
53:Pharmacology
47:
9714:WikiProject
8939:Theoretical
8924:Calorimetry
8705:Xenobiology
8700:Virophysics
8670:Systematics
8625:Primatology
8570:Ornithology
8510:Ichthyology
8495:Herpetology
8490:Gerontology
8455:Epigenetics
8415:Cryobiology
8305:Agrostology
8295:Aerobiology
8290:Abiogenesis
8153:Otologicals
8125:antagonists
8091:respiratory
8066:Orexigenics
8061:Neurotoxins
8010:Euphoriants
8000:Entactogens
7995:Depressants
7985:Anxiolytics
7923:Anesthetics
7699:Antifungals
7296:Antiemetics
7284:antagonists
7201:WikiProject
7111:Xenobiology
7106:Virophysics
7076:Systematics
7031:Primatology
6978:Ornithology
6918:Ichthyology
6903:Herpetology
6898:Gerontology
6863:Epigenetics
6823:Cryobiology
6713:Agrostology
6703:Aerobiology
6698:Abiogenesis
6535:Laboratory
6382:Homeostasis
6285:Plant form
6108:Epigenetics
6030:Cell theory
5930:Amino acids
5909:Common name
5899:Peer review
5874:Mechanistic
5479:Professions
5359:Compounding
5297:Amino acids
5196:Opioidergic
5102:Cholinergic
4815:transporter
4795:Ion channel
4731:Transporter
4675:Ion channel
4597:Bactericide
4273:Compartment
4084:Patch clamp
4060:Schild plot
3634:McGraw Hill
2074:28 February
1725:produces a
1701:Drug policy
1695:Drug policy
1655:oral mucosa
1566:if you can.
1417:antibiotics
1343:antagonists
1211:cannabinoid
1135:cholinergic
866:set by the
795:engineering
787:formulation
755:development
751:drug design
581:metabolites
577:metabolites
370:Crude drugs
328:Middle Ages
248:, but also
246:antagonists
109:drug design
98:biochemical
9730:Categories
9550:Metallurgy
9249:Biological
8815:Analytical
8690:Toxicology
8685:Teratology
8630:Proteomics
8615:Physiology
8555:Neontology
8520:Lipidology
8515:Immunology
8485:Geobiology
8445:Embryology
8425:Dendrology
8355:Biophysics
8335:Biogeology
8076:Stimulants
8056:Nootropics
8030:Deliriants
8005:Entheogens
7940:Anorectics
7918:Analgesics
7771:Alkylating
7704:Antivirals
7659:infections
7533:Emollients
7387:Coagulants
7257:metabolism
7127:Glossaries
7096:Toxicology
7091:Teratology
7036:Proteomics
7021:Physiology
6963:Neontology
6928:Lipidology
6923:Immunology
6893:Geobiology
6853:Embryology
6833:Dendrology
6763:Biophysics
6743:Biogeology
6537:techniques
6492:Microbiome
6319:Plant stem
6211:Speciation
6156:Adaptation
6085:Prokaryote
6065:Metabolism
6025:Cell cycle
5856:>
5852:>
5848:>
5846:Population
5844:>
5840:>
5836:>
5832:>
5828:>
5824:>
5820:>
5816:>
5792:Regulation
5776:Adaptation
5486:Pharmacist
5438:Toxicology
5376:Medication
5145:Ganglionic
5136:Muscarinic
5114:Muscarinic
4837:Adrenergic
4706:Antagonist
4477:Physiology
4409:Toxicology
4301:psychology
4250:Metabolism
4240:Absorption
4234:Liberation
4076:Organ bath
4004:Functional
3883:Antagonist
3876:Inhibitory
3831:Excitatory
3379:4 February
3346:4 February
3187:1081403059
3001:31 October
2879:31 October
2822:31 October
2760:31 October
2730:31 October
2572:: 653–83.
2006:References
1936:physiology
1880:under the
1667:Metabolism
1643:Absorption
1637:Liberation
1477:improve it
1187:adrenaline
1025:A trio of
844:economical
712:relocating
662:toxicology
621:epigenetic
601:microbiome
593:metabolite
585:metabolism
515:metabolism
451:organ bath
404:entheogens
238:endogenous
145:metabolism
141:absorption
113:mechanisms
94:toxicology
9612:Catalysis
9120:Inorganic
8914:Titration
8779:chemistry
8605:Phycology
8590:Pathology
8575:Osteology
8565:Nutrition
8525:Mammalogy
8500:Histology
8226:ATC codes
8192:Dressings
8177:Antidotes
8041:Sedatives
8037:Hypnotics
7746:malignant
7603:endocrine
7449:Diuretics
7382:Platelets
7342:and blood
7301:Laxatives
7011:Phycology
6998:Pathology
6983:Osteology
6973:Nutrition
6933:Mammalogy
6908:Histology
6649:in silico
6525:Research
6502:Resources
6475:Ecosystem
6465:Community
6450:Biosphere
6362:Breathing
6244:Eukaryote
6226:Diversity
6176:Gene flow
6148:Evolution
6055:Eukaryote
5967:Molecules
5858:Biosphere
5854:Ecosystem
5850:Community
5822:Organelle
5717:Evolution
5292:Precursor
5141:Nicotinic
5119:Nicotinic
5031:GABAergic
4756:Precursor
4741:Inhibitor
4667:Inhibitor
4259:Clearance
4255:Excretion
4074:Methods (
3510:197196311
3406:: 36–51.
3320:2191-0308
3247:(1): 20.
3222:826123173
3063:: 23–32.
2720:ascpt.org
2536:ascpp.org
2430:205479063
2317:CRC Press
1920:Education
1785:does not
1673:Excretion
1651:intestine
1572:July 2019
1522:July 2019
1483:talk page
1222:receptors
1207:serotonin
1203:histamine
1191:glutamate
1165:(such as
1157:(such as
1149:(such as
1143:muscarine
1141:(such as
1104:July 2019
1058:half-life
1043:receptors
1010:July 2019
870:. In the
864:standards
848:political
783:discovery
759:inventive
724:July 2019
551:endocrine
529:, in the
485:Divisions
427:digitalis
388:Mongolian
362:herbalism
230:pharmacon
219:scapegoat
215:pharmakos
188:pharmakon
170:The word
166:Etymology
149:excretion
137:receptors
9678:Category
9634:Molecule
9571:See also
8996:Physical
8719:See also
8695:Virology
8680:Taxonomy
8620:Pomology
8550:Mycology
8480:Genomics
8475:Genetics
8300:Agronomy
8071:Serenics
7736:Vaccines
7503:Fibrates
7325:Vitamins
7275:Antacids
7181:Category
7101:Virology
7086:Taxonomy
7026:Pomology
6958:Mycology
6888:Genomics
6883:Genetics
6708:Agronomy
6689:Branches
6642:in vitro
6239:Bacteria
6216:Taxonomy
6196:Mutation
6166:Function
6095:Genetics
5997:Proteins
5842:Organism
5818:Molecule
5802:),
5758:Overview
5733:Timeline
5713:Genetics
5659:Category
5386:Pharmacy
5345:Pharmacy
5280:Cofactor
5150:Muscular
4810:Receptor
4761:Cofactor
4747:Releaser
4735:Enhancer
4729:♦
4692:Receptor
4690:♦
4673:♦
4656:♦
4377:genetics
4349:Pharmacy
4336:Medicine
4146:Affinity
4105:Efficacy
4043:Analysis
4025:Toxicity
3666:Archived
3603:Archived
3560:26103428
3514:Archived
3502:24456115
3442:Archived
3438:76664855
3430:30862498
3373:Archived
3340:Archived
3336:73725468
3328:30854834
3281:17650313
3114:19157988
3079:71986376
2995:Archived
2973:23088517
2965:20513161
2870:Archived
2816:Archived
2814:. 2013.
2783:Archived
2754:Archived
2724:Archived
2702:39131071
2694:19242404
2632:22649568
2624:24193171
2586:18184107
2540:Archived
2510:Archived
2453:Elsevier
2422:12402503
2387:16402126
2331:Archived
2296:45980791
2288:10824622
2217:Archived
2128:Archived
2098:Archived
2051:16402118
1946:See also
1548:require
1406:warfarin
1351:efficacy
1339:agonists
1199:dopamine
1151:atropine
968:medicine
852:consumer
840:medicine
677:pharmacy
673:medicine
467:genetics
455:myograph
419:morphine
336:Avicenna
309:morphine
242:agonists
210:pharmacy
182:φάρμακον
156:pharmacy
9690:Commons
9654:Alchemy
9170:Organic
8710:Zoology
8440:Ecology
8310:Anatomy
7928:General
7835:muscles
7804:L03–L04
7800:disease
7752:L01–L02
7748:disease
7498:Statins
7191:Commons
7134:Biology
7116:Zoology
6848:Ecology
6718:Anatomy
6635:in vivo
6527:methods
6480:Habitat
6455:Climate
6440:Biomass
6422:Ecology
6269:Protist
6234:Archaea
6128:Genomes
6075:Mitosis
6070:Meiosis
5992:Polymer
5972:Monomer
5960:Quantum
5794:,
5790:,
5786:,
5782:,
5778:,
5765:Science
5750:Biology
5728:History
5723:Outline
5701:Biology
5639:History
5352:General
5237:(AdoRI)
5187:(eCBRI)
4770:Classes
4696:Agonist
4684:Blocker
4662:Inducer
4287:Related
4230:(L)ADME
4184:Initial
4168:Metrics
4115:Potency
4098:Metrics
4000:Binding
3970:Binding
3838:Agonist
3609:16 July
3448:17 July
3272:1947975
3249:Bibcode
3026:Bibcode
2930:9357343
2921:1381124
2789:16 July
2546:23 July
2516:23 July
2378:1760743
2337:27 June
2223:21 July
2171:8877846
2042:1760753
1806:removed
1791:sources
1705:In the
1550:cleanup
1408:, some
1368:Potency
1335:ligands
1226:enzymes
1179:ligands
1064:), and
910:placebo
531:central
523:systems
439:England
423:quinine
392:Tibetan
384:Chinese
330:, with
260:History
74:D010600
9702:Portal
8848:UV-Vis
8375:Botany
8235:
8214:
8162:other
8093:system
7845:joints
7798:immune
7605:system
7565:system
7406:system
6783:Botany
6589:vector
6445:Biomes
6314:Phloem
6299:Flower
6259:Fungus
6254:Animal
6050:Enzyme
5955:Matter
5950:Lipids
5889:Theory
5830:Tissue
5784:Growth
5419:&
5181:(eCBE)
4778:Enzyme
4679:Opener
4658:Enzyme
4289:fields
3764:
3743:
3672:28 May
3640:
3630:Boston
3558:
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2169:
2134:18 May
2104:18 May
2049:
2039:
1910:SNOMED
1709:, the
1653:, the
1649:, the
1630:L-ADME
1425:tumors
1421:cancer
1215:opioid
1145:) and
1123:, and
767:charge
559:psyche
352:, and
250:enzyme
198:-λογία
192:poison
147:, and
8875:MALDI
8843:Raman
8216:Drugs
7933:Local
7900:brain
7839:bones
7340:blood
6485:niche
6344:Xylem
6329:Shoot
6276:Virus
6264:Plant
6012:Cells
6002:Water
5925:Atoms
5834:Organ
5788:Order
5740:Index
5294:(see
5282:(see
5228:Other
5051:(GRI)
5009:(SRI)
4925:(DRI)
4896:(NRI)
4812:&
4724:(NAM)
4718:(PAM)
4650:Types
4486:Other
4223:LADME
3517:(PDF)
3506:S2CID
3468:(PDF)
3434:S2CID
3332:S2CID
3075:S2CID
2969:S2CID
2873:(PDF)
2866:(PDF)
2698:S2CID
2628:S2CID
2449:China
2426:S2CID
2292:S2CID
1167:sarin
1070:toxic
972:light
763:shape
547:renal
289:from
287:opium
204:logia
178:word
176:Greek
9629:Atom
8897:HPLC
7843:and
7520:skin
6324:Root
6309:Leaf
6249:Alga
5826:Cell
5814:Atom
5770:Life
5539:shop
5491:List
5082:NMDA
5072:AMPA
4998:5-HT
4800:See
4783:see
4749:(RA)
4743:(RI)
4737:(RE)
4375:and
4299:and
4135:TD50
4131:LD50
4127:ED50
4123:IC50
4119:EC50
3921:Drug
3762:ISBN
3741:ISBN
3674:2019
3638:ISBN
3611:2019
3556:PMID
3525:2019
3498:PMID
3450:2020
3426:PMID
3381:2021
3348:2021
3324:PMID
3316:ISSN
3277:PMID
3218:OCLC
3208:ISBN
3183:OCLC
3173:ISBN
3148:ISBN
3110:PMID
3003:2021
2961:PMID
2926:PMID
2881:2021
2843:ISBN
2824:2021
2791:2019
2762:2021
2732:2021
2690:PMID
2620:PMID
2582:PMID
2548:2020
2518:2020
2482:ISBN
2457:ISBN
2418:PMID
2383:PMID
2339:2015
2321:ISBN
2284:PMID
2225:2020
2207:ISBN
2167:PMID
2136:2017
2106:2017
2076:2023
2047:PMID
1892:and
1849:and
1841:The
1789:any
1787:cite
1752:The
1739:The
1647:skin
1445:and
1244:and
1228:and
1213:and
1195:GABA
1133:The
1060:and
1037:and
935:and
901:The
846:and
765:and
753:and
675:and
635:and
549:and
533:and
425:and
394:and
334:and
268:and
244:and
234:drug
131:and
9639:Ion
8870:ICP
8853:NMR
8164:ATC
7902:and
7661:and
6103:DNA
6020:ATP
5894:Law
4232:: (
3548:doi
3488:hdl
3480:doi
3476:136
3416:hdl
3408:doi
3404:488
3308:doi
3267:PMC
3257:doi
3102:doi
3065:doi
3034:doi
2953:doi
2916:PMC
2908:doi
2682:doi
2655:doi
2612:doi
2574:doi
2410:doi
2373:PMC
2365:doi
2276:doi
2159:doi
2037:PMC
2029:doi
1872:.;
1800:by
1517:.
1394:or
1333:of
1291:by
1099:.
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876:EMA
710:or
671:in
587:of
437:in
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9365:/
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8865:EI
8838:IR
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7670:,
7647:/
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