915:
725:
716:
707:
657:
648:
146:) for writing Akkadian, this was ambiguous because both words were written with the same character (𒆳, conventionally transcribed KUR, after its Sumerian pronunciation). To alert the reader as to which Akkadian word was intended, the phonetic complement
512:, the phonetic complements are not a reliable guide to pronunciation. Also, sometimes it is not obvious at all where the phonetic complements reside, for instance, the phonetic complement in
541:
is almost all constructed as phono-semantic characters, whose phonetic component and semantic component are usually individual unabridged
Chinese characters (like the
605:, used phonetic complements extensively and phonetic complements could be used synharmonically or disharmonically. The former is exemplified by the placement of the
451:(-る) in which this syllable drops in derived nouns, the final two syllables are written phonetically. There are also irregularities. For example, the word
55:
by spelling out the first or last syllable of the word; occasionally (as in Linear B) they may instead abbreviate an adjective that modifies the logogram.
936:
785:
182:
898:
832:
460:
428:
They are used even when the inflection of the stem can be determined by a following inflectional suffix, so the primary function of
866:
800:
459:'to bear, to produce'. As such, it may be written 生まれる , reflecting its derivation, or 生れる , as with other verbs ending in
66:'second', which avoids ambiguity with 2 standing for the word 'two'. In addition to numerals, other examples include
500:. However, the phonetic element is basic, and these might be better thought of as characters used for multiple near
488:
never developed a system of purely phonetic characters. Instead, about 90% of
Chinese characters are compounds of a
58:
Written
English has few logograms, primarily numerals, and therefore few phonetic complements. An example is the
496:'), which may not exist independently, and a phonetic complement indicates the approximate pronunciation of the
247:
737:
using combinations of the logogram with the syllabic signs as phonetic complements. The usage is analogous to
493:
440:
925:
288:
192:(which were also used to disambiguate) since determinatives were used specifically to indicate the
44:
583:
are phono-semantic characters, like 働, 腺, 鑓, whose phonetic complement is 動, 泉, 遣 respectively.
854:
932:
845:
DISHARMONY IN MAYA HIEROGLYPHIC WRITING: LINGUISTIC CHANGE AND CONTINUITY IN CLASSIC SOCIETY
150:
was written after KUR if 'hill' was intended, so that the characters KUR-ú were pronounced
8:
538:
292:
128:
32:
873:
807:
627:
193:
139:
892:
826:
602:
575:
377:
257:
243:
239:
235:
170:
123:
103:
134:
965:
592:
485:
213:
201:
111:
36:
554:
388:
162:
763:
475:
533:
521:
517:
513:
959:
563:
489:
189:
166:
31:) that have multiple readings, in mixed logographic-phonetic scripts such as
75:
622:
505:
174:
83:
291:, stands for several native Japanese words as well. When these words have
598:
48:
439:
containing the inflectional ending is written phonetically. However, in
748:
509:
418:), and okurigana are conventionally picked to maximize these sharings.
264:) do not work when they are pronounced in Japanese, and there is not a
178:
743:
738:
606:
423:
308:
300:
265:
229:
79:
674:
614:
566:(pronounced as 돌, dol) whose phonetic complement is the bottom 乙.
497:
436:
52:
40:
28:
504:, the identity of which is constrained by the determiner. Due to
501:
154:
whereas KUR without a phonetic complement was understood to mean
119:
71:
914:
773:
670:
618:
579:
304:
197:
196:
of the word they preceded or followed. For example, the sign
678:
558:
252:
220:. It is believed that determinatives were not pronounced.
209:
855:
http://www.famsi.org/research/pitts/MayaGlyphsBook1Sect1.pdf
768:
562:
are also constructed as phono-semantic characters, such as
296:
269:
217:
205:
115:
67:
27:
is a phonetic symbol used to disambiguate word characters (
724:
715:
706:
656:
647:
639:". Disharmonic spellings also existed in the Maya Script.
173:
occasionally uses phonetic complements to attach
Hittite
684:, and then, phonetically using the three syllable signs
545:𣎏 and 𣩂), instead of often radicals as in Sinographs.
126:, however, had separate words for these two meanings:
939:
to it so that it can be listed with similar articles.
407:
Note that some of these verbs share a kanji reading (
16:
Pronunciation guide accompanying logographic writing
432:for many kanji is that of a phonetic complement.
188:Phonetic complements should not be confused with
161:Phonetic complements also indicated the Akkadian
957:
469:
246:, designed for a very different language. The
677:representing the entire word with the single
395:as well as the hybrid Chinese-Japanese word
86:, and Crossing – note the separate readings
665:Two different ways of writing the word
958:
897:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
831:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
635:", the word for "jaguar" was spelled "
601:, the logosyllabic orthography of the
586:
421:These phonetic characters are called
908:
447:(-しい), and in those verbs ending in
673:' in the Maya script – first, as a
13:
924:needs additional or more specific
14:
977:
913:
723:
714:
705:
655:
646:
569:
527:
242:borrowed a logographic script,
97:
859:
848:
839:
793:
223:
1:
779:
480:
51:. Often they disambiguate an
631:): thus, though pronounced "
593:Maya script § Structure
548:
470:In Phono-Semantic Characters
7:
757:
289:borrowed Chinese vocabulary
248:Chinese phonetic components
10:
982:
590:
473:
455:'be born' is derived from
435:Generally it is the final
227:
204:) often precedes names of
114:) had two main meanings: '
311:is written phonetically:
261:
358:'produce, give birth to'
275:For example, the kanji
266:one-to-one relationship
508:over the last several
144:orthographic borrowing
142:was adapted (known as
268:between them and the
733:Three ways to write
293:inflectional endings
33:Egyptian hieroglyphs
786:Phonetic complement
25:phonetic complement
879:on August 20, 2018
587:In the Maya Script
307:), the end of the
140:Sumerian cuneiform
106:, the single word
37:Akkadian cuneiform
954:
953:
937:adding categories
747:in Japanese, and
603:Maya Civilization
351:'living, arrange'
250:built into these
171:Hittite cuneiform
973:
949:
946:
940:
917:
909:
903:
902:
896:
888:
886:
884:
878:
872:. Archived from
871:
863:
857:
852:
846:
843:
837:
836:
830:
822:
820:
818:
812:
806:. Archived from
805:
797:
727:
718:
709:
683:
659:
650:
441:adjectival verbs
272:they represent.
263:
138:'country'. When
981:
980:
976:
975:
974:
972:
971:
970:
956:
955:
950:
944:
941:
930:
918:
907:
906:
890:
889:
882:
880:
876:
869:
867:"Archived copy"
865:
864:
860:
853:
849:
844:
840:
824:
823:
816:
814:
813:on May 15, 2008
810:
803:
801:"Archived copy"
799:
798:
794:
782:
764:Ruby characters
760:
755:
754:
753:
752:
730:
729:
728:
720:
719:
711:
710:
699:
698:
697:
696:
681:
662:
661:
660:
652:
651:
613:underneath the
595:
589:
572:
551:
530:
483:
478:
472:
232:
226:
100:
17:
12:
11:
5:
979:
969:
968:
952:
951:
921:
919:
912:
905:
904:
858:
847:
838:
791:
790:
789:
788:
781:
778:
777:
776:
771:
766:
759:
756:
732:
731:
722:
721:
713:
712:
704:
703:
702:
701:
700:
664:
663:
654:
653:
645:
644:
643:
642:
641:
591:Main article:
588:
585:
571:
568:
550:
547:
529:
526:
482:
479:
476:Phono-semantic
474:Main article:
471:
468:
405:
404:
393:
392:
381:
370:
359:
352:
345:
338:
331:
324:
270:Japanese words
228:Main article:
225:
222:
190:determinatives
167:genitive cases
99:
96:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
978:
967:
964:
963:
961:
948:
938:
934:
928:
927:
922:This article
920:
916:
911:
910:
900:
894:
875:
868:
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851:
842:
834:
828:
809:
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796:
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783:
775:
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746:
745:
740:
736:
726:
717:
708:
695:
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680:
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672:
668:
658:
649:
640:
638:
634:
630:
629:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
594:
584:
582:
581:
577:
567:
565:
561:
560:
556:
553:A handful of
546:
544:
540:
536:
535:
528:In Vietnamese
525:
523:
520:is 頪, and in
519:
515:
511:
507:
506:sound changes
503:
499:
495:
491:
490:determinative
487:
477:
467:
465:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
433:
431:
427:
425:
419:
417:
413:
410:
402:
398:
397:
396:
390:
386:
382:
379:
375:
371:
368:
364:
361:生まれる or 生れる
360:
357:
353:
350:
346:
344:'make use of'
343:
339:
336:
332:
329:
325:
322:
318:
314:
313:
312:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
279:, pronounced
278:
273:
271:
267:
259:
255:
254:
249:
245:
241:
237:
231:
221:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
186:
184:
180:
176:
172:
169:. Similarly,
168:
164:
159:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
136:
131:
130:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
95:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
56:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
26:
21:
19:
942:
923:
881:. Retrieved
874:the original
861:
850:
841:
815:. Retrieved
808:the original
795:
751:in Akkadian.
742:
734:
693:
689:
685:
666:
636:
632:
626:
623:Classic Maya
610:
596:
578:
573:
557:
552:
542:
532:
531:
524:is 朕, etc.
484:
463:
456:
452:
448:
444:
434:
429:
422:
420:
415:
411:
408:
406:
400:
394:
384:
378:intransitive
373:
366:
362:
355:
348:
341:
334:
327:
320:
316:
284:
280:
276:
274:
251:
233:
187:
175:case endings
160:
155:
151:
147:
143:
133:
127:
107:
101:
98:In cuneiform
91:
87:
84:Christianity
63:
59:
57:
24:
22:
20:
18:
883:January 17,
817:January 17,
607:syllabogram
599:Maya Script
570:In Japanese
492:(called a '
224:In Japanese
216:) does for
183:Akkadograms
179:Sumerograms
158:'country'.
132:'hill' and
926:categories
780:References
749:Sumerogram
739:Sinographs
637:BALAM-m(a)
539:Vietnamese
516:is 𡈼, in
481:In Chinese
443:ending in
389:transitive
301:adjectives
163:nominative
744:okurigana
549:In Korean
510:millennia
430:okurigana
424:okurigana
369:'be born'
319:'raw' or
230:Okurigana
80:Christmas
29:logograms
960:Category
945:May 2024
933:help out
893:cite web
827:cite web
758:See also
675:logogram
615:logogram
576:Japanese
574:Some of
502:homonyms
498:morpheme
461:elidable
437:syllable
401:shō-jiru
387:'grow' (
376:'grow' (
367:uma-reru
363:u-mareru
330:'expand'
258:Japanese
240:Japanese
236:Akkadian
194:category
124:Akkadian
104:Sumerian
53:ideogram
45:Japanese
41:Linear B
966:Writing
931:Please
543:Chữ Nôm
534:Chữ Nôm
494:radical
486:Chinese
453:umareru
403:'occur'
385:ha-yasu
323:'alive'
305:adverbs
244:Chinese
120:country
118:' and '
72:Xianity
774:Pinyin
735:bʼalam
692:, and
682:bʼalam
671:jaguar
667:bʼalam
621:" (in
619:jaguar
580:Kokuji
555:Korean
374:ha-eru
349:i-keru
342:i-kasu
337:'live'
335:i-kiru
234:As in
198:DINGIR
88:Christ
74:, and
47:, and
877:(PDF)
870:(PDF)
811:(PDF)
804:(PDF)
741:with
679:glyph
633:BALAM
628:BALAM
617:for "
559:gukja
445:-shii
399:生じる
383:生やす
372:生える
347:生ける
340:生かす
333:生きる
297:verbs
253:kanji
218:kings
210:LUGAL
208:, as
152:šadú,
92:Cross
49:Mayan
899:link
885:2011
833:link
819:2011
769:Kana
609:for
597:The
414:and
356:u-mu
354:生む
326:生う
317:nama
309:stem
303:and
206:gods
181:and
165:and
156:mātu
135:mātu
129:šadú
122:'.
116:hill
90:and
78:for
76:Xing
68:Xmas
935:by
686:bʼa
537:of
464:-ru
457:umu
449:-ru
365:or
328:o-u
287:in
285:sei
283:or
281:shō
177:to
108:kur
102:In
64:2nd
62:of
962::
895:}}
891:{{
829:}}
825:{{
694:ma
690:la
688:,
625:,
611:ma
466:.
416:ha
412:u,
409:i,
321:ki
315:生
262:漢字
260::
238:,
214:𒈗
202:𒀭
185:.
148:-ú
112:𒆳
94:.
82:,
70:,
60:nd
43:,
39:,
35:,
23:A
947:)
943:(
929:.
901:)
887:.
835:)
821:.
669:'
564:乭
522:勝
518:類
514:聽
426:.
391:)
380:)
299:/
295:(
277:生
256:(
212:(
200:(
110:(
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