997:
are usually used for photographic imaging. The Base and lower resolution images are usually used for file indexes and thumbnails. The components used to create the Base/16 through 16Base resolutions are stored in a single file called an Image Pac. The Base, Base/4, and Base/16 images are stored uncompressed in order to allow easy extraction for display. 4Base and 16Base images are stored compressed, and as deltas (incremental images) from the resolution below them. Note all resolutions up the maximum resolution in a file (actually an Image Pac) are all present simultaneously. So, for example, a 16Base file contains a Base/16, Base/4, Base and 4Base image as well as the 16Base components. The sixth component, 64Base, is stored in separate files on the Photo CD as part of the IMAGE PAC Extension (IPE). This only exists on Photo CD Pro Master discs.
963:$ 3 per image mark. However this promise was never realized, often resulting in the scanning process being rushed, with a resulting fall in quality. As a result of Photo CD's loss of market share and substantial corporate losses, partially attributed by Kodak Management to its scanning business, Kodak abandoned the format over the period 2001-2004. By 2004, Kodak 4050 Photo CD scanners were being offered for free to anyone that would pay for their removal by more than one processing lab. This abandonment generated considerable controversy both at the time and subsequently as the Photo CD format's technical specifications have never been released by Kodak. Photo CD remains an often quoted example of an “orphan format” and of the dangers of proprietary image formats within photographic circles.
959:
achieved by even a low cost desktop scanner. Secondly, the color rendition of Photo CD images changed over time and with different scanner versions; 4050 scanners had different color rendition to earlier versions. Thirdly, the dynamic range of scans was lower than for desktop scanners. Tests at the time indicated that the dmax rating (a measure of maximum density obtainable) of Photo CD was 2.8-3.0, while commonly available desktop scanners were reaching 4.2, a substantial difference. As a result of this, and Photo CD's problems with color rendering, by 2004 the professional segment of the user community had generally turned against Photo CD.
1779:". At the time of Photo CD's introduction, this allowed the display of images on the analog televisions of the day to show brighter, more vivid colors than would otherwise be the case. This was acceptable as the analog televisions of the day were designed to be driven beyond their 100% level without abruptly clipping. However, this aspect of Photo CD encoding is not compatible with modern image formats, and is the cause of the well documented "Blown Highlights" problem when converting Photo CD images to more modern formats. All modern photo formats enforce hard clipping at 100% (video formats in
971:, who deciphered the format by studying hex dumps of Photo CD files, and subsequently wrote hpcdtoppm, which converts Photo CD Images to PPM format, in the early 1990s. During the early 1990s, hpcdtoppm was extensively distributed as part of various Linux distributions, but has since been almost entirely abandoned due to concerns about hpcdtoppm's restrictive license conditions and lack of color management. However, Hadmut Danisch's reverse engineering work has been used to create a number of other
909:
643:
3436:
1826:
form, and its elements are added to each corresponding pixel. The resulting image contains detail for the full 1024-line by 1536-pixel sampled image. To recompose an image to a resolution of 2048 lines by 3072 pixels, the process is essentially repeated, using both the 4Base and 16Base residual. A similar operation is subsequently used to recompose the 4096 line by 6144 pixel resolution. In each step, an identical process is applied to the chroma channels.
3456:
51:
3446:
32:
24:
1254:
1846:
accurate color reproduction, especially when scanning reversal film, Kodak found it necessary to provide ICC color profiles specific to film type and scanner. As a result, by the time that the Photo CD format fell into disuse, five different color spaces were in common use in Photo CD images (PCD 4050 is a Kodak scanner model number):
1904:
Correct highlight handling. Blown or clipped highlights are a common problem with many Photo CD conversion packages. Once a highlight is clipped by a conversion program, the information cannot be recovered by later manipulation. Many
Windows based software packages partially correct for the highlight
982:
licence. Also acknowledged by the author to be based on Hadmut
Danisch's reverse engineering work, pcdtojpeg allows Photo CD metadata to be decoded, is color managed, and can decode all known variants of Photo CD files. Currently hpcdtoppm and pcdtojpeg together form the core of information available
962:
In the retail segment, while Photo CD was initially relatively popular with consumers, it was largely an economic failure for processing labs. At the time of its introduction, Kodak claimed that processing costs to labs would be close to $ 1 per image, which would allow the lab profitably sell at the
1872:
Thus, while the use of the generic Photo CD color space will provide color reproduction that is acceptable for many purposes e.g., Web viewing of thumbnail images, in order to achieve fully accurate color reproduction, e.g., for photographic purposes, any Photo CD display or conversion software must
711:
became an issue when watching still photographs. The Photo CD system gained a fair level of acceptance among professional photographers due to the low cost of the high quality film scans. Prior to Photo CD, professionals who wished to digitize their film images were forced to pay much higher fees to
1262:
As a result of this function, colors that are outside of the gamut defined by the CCIR 709 primaries are encoded by the negative values. Linear RGB values are from -0.20 to 2.00, while nonlinear RGB' are from -0.43357 to 1.402278. Reference white (perfect, non-fluorescent, white-reflecting diffuser
1020:
924:
in 1990. Photo CD targeted a full range of photographic needs, ranging from consumer level point-and-shoot cameras to high-end professionals using large format 4x5 sheet film. The first Photo CD products, including scanners for processing labs and Photo CD players for consumers, became available in
1825:
For example, to recompose an image of 1024 lines by 1536 pixels, the 512-line by 768-pixel luma Base image (which is neither "residual" or
Huffman compressed) is interpolated to a 1024-line by 1536-pixel image. A 1024-line by 1536-pixel 4Base residual is then decompressed from its Huffman-encoded
996:
Photo CD images are stored as a hierarchy of components ranging from Base/16 to 64Base which relate to the varying image resolutions that can be reconstructed. The Base image, which has a luma resolution of 512 lines by 768 pixels, is typically used for the TV systems. The higher-resolution images
946:
image of 2.1 Mb at 80% quality, visually indistinguishable from the original. When the Photo CD format was designed in the early 1990s, a design goal was to allow low cost playback-to-TV devices. At that time the available technology precluded 2-dimensional compression schemes such as JPEG, but by
929:
in 1992 by which the catalog would be distributed in Photo CD format, and an arrangement with
Silicon Graphics in 1993 to make all Silicon Graphics image-processing workstations capable of accepting Kodak Photo CD optical disks. These measures, together with the then relatively low cost of $ 3 per
1802:
reduces the size of the images by approximately 50%. This subsampling is by a factor of 4 for 4Base images, and a factor of 2 (4:2:0) for all other resolutions. Secondly an additional reduction in size is achieved by decomposing the highest-resolution image data, and storing the 4Base, 16Base and
958:
in the mid range, and by drum scanners at the very high end. While the pixel resolution of Photo CD was still comparable or better than the alternatives, Photo CD suffered from a number of other disadvantages. Firstly, the Photo CD color space, designed for TV display, is smaller than what can be
1845:
In practice the color space of Photo CD images varies significantly from Rec. 709. Firstly, the Photo CD encoding scheme allows greater than 100% values for color components, thus allowing Photo CD images to display colors outside of the nominal Rec. 709 gamut. In addition, in order to achieve
1807:
to further compress this residual data. This
Huffman encoding is performed on an image-row-by-image-row basis. The Huffman tables are encoded into the Photo CD image itself, and have different lengths depending on the compression class. These Huffman classes are:
884:
The Kodak Pro Photo CD Master Disc contains 25 images with maximum resolution of 6144 x 4096 pixels (six resolutions per file, Base/16 to 64 Base). This type is appropriate for 120 film, 4x5, but also for small picture film, if highest resolution is required.
1916:
is information such as the date that the scan was performed, the model number of the scanner, and film type. This information is not only useful to the user, but is also critical in selecting the appropriate color profile, as these vary by film type and
1443:
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1992. The project was expected to be a $ 600 million business by 1997 with $ 100 million in operational earnings. Kodak entered into a number of partnerships in order to grow the usage of Photo CD. This included, for example, an arrangement with
966:
Despite Kodak not releasing the specifications for the Photo CD format, it has been reverse engineered, thus allowing images to be converted to more modern formats. The original reverse engineering work was performed by Hadmut
Danisch of the
1005:
PCD images use a gamma transformed PhotoYCC encoding. Under this scheme, in order to encode scanned images into Photo CD file, the first step is to preshape the RGB data via a non-linear transform (the Rec. 709 OETF flipped to become an
1249:{\displaystyle {\mathit {RGB^{\prime }={\begin{cases}\alpha \cdot RGB^{0.45}-(1-\alpha ),&RGB\geq \beta \\-\alpha \cdot (-RGB)^{0.45}+(1-\alpha ),&RGB\leq -\beta \\4.5\cdot RGB&-\beta <RGB<\beta \\\end{cases}}}}}
1342:
657:
for digitizing and saving photos onto a CD. Launched in 1991, the discs were designed to hold nearly 100 high quality images, scanned prints and slides using special proprietary encoding. Photo CDs are defined in the
933:
By 2000, over 140 Photo CD processing labs in the U.S. were active, with many more outside the U.S. However, by the late 1990s, Photo CD was being eclipsed by alternate formats, mainly based on the industry standard
1908:
The use of scanner and film type specific ICC color profiles. Unless such profiles are used, the color reproduction of the image will be incorrect, often, especially for reversal (slide) films, very noticeably
1750:
1678:
1606:
2116:
1760:
Kodak claims that "the scale factors and offsets for the C1 and C2 channels result from the distribution of real world colors". Given the 8-bit integer range for each of the 3 components, 0 ≤
1786:
In addition, although "toeroom" (Y < 0) is not provided, Kodak expressly allows the use of R, G, B < 0, allowing out-of-gamut (for Rec. 709) colors to be expressed. The effect is similar to
1783:
still have headroom that is present on high level TVs), resulting in highlight clipping in converted images unless some form of Photo CD specific luminance and chrominance mapping is performed.
1897:, most are capable of only basic, low resolution (often only to Base resolution, 512x768) conversions. The main distinguishing features between programs as regards Photo CD capabilities are:
1348:
1449:
2095:
2833:
2445:
2208:
1803:
64Base components as residuals (differences from pixels at the previous level of resolution). Thirdly and finally, the Photo CD system employs a form of quantization and
2586:
1259:
In Kodak documentation, α = 1.099, β = 0.018. However, the full standard values (1.099296826809442, 0.018053968510807) provide mathematical continuity.
942:
files of similar quality, and thus less convenient for transmission across the internet, etc. For example, a 16Base Photo CD image of 5.5 Mb can be encoded as a
896:
CD audio and Beige Book PCD with interactive menus and hotspots on PCD images. Some standalone
Philips Photo/Audio CD players could play Portfolio CDs, and
3262:
947:
the late 1990s, advances in microprocessor technology had moved JPEG/PNG compression to well within the range of even very low cost consumer electronics.
938:
format. In the consumer segment, the Photo CD format's relatively inefficient compression scheme meant that Photo CD files were significantly larger than
2373:
2258:
1272:
2163:
2676:
Using information Beyond 100% White, Article No. 1 -- from the "Fully
Utilizing Photo CD Images" series, Photo CD Information Bulletin PCD042
2796:
2052:
2843:
1842:
used for HDTV. The PhotoYCC definition is defined in a manner that is not constrained by the limitations of the actual video display.
3267:
2288:
1684:
1612:
1552:
346:
2237:
2625:
Tatsuhiko
Matsumoto; Yoshihide Shimpuku; Takehiro Nakatsue; Shuichi Haga; Hiroaki Eto; Yoshiyuki Akiyama & Naoya Katoh (2006).
2449:
3492:
3272:
3133:
2471:
598:
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PhotoYCC Color
Encoding and Compression Schemes, Article No. 4 -- from the "Fully Utilizing Photo CD Images" series, Photo CD
2212:
626:
1775:
An oddity of this encoding scheme is that it allows Photo CD images to represent colors which are above 100% (up to 140.2%), "
950:
In the professional and advanced amateur segments, Photo CD had been eclipsed by low cost desktop scanners such as those from
930:
image and convenience, made Photo CD the digital imaging solution of choice for many photographers in the mid to late 1990s.
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85:
1266:
The preshaped RGB values are then converted to a luminance and two chrominance components via a CCIR 601-1-like matrix:
3330:
2017:
2848:
3530:
2990:
968:
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3175:
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The system failed to gain mass usage among consumers partly due to its proprietary nature, the rapidly decreasing
437:
320:
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player application was freely available. The Kodak Portfolio CD is not defined in any particular Rainbow Book.
511:
246:
2696:
Adjusting the Balance of Images, Article No. 3 -- from the "Fully Utilizing Photo CD Images" series, Photo CD
3355:
2823:
2759:
Universal Film Terms for Reversal Films, Article No. 2 -- from the "Fully Utilizing Photo CD Images" series,
2492:
1438:{\displaystyle B^{\prime }-Y^{\prime }=-0.299\cdot R^{\prime }-0.587\cdot G^{\prime }+0.886\cdot B^{\prime }}
2117:"Silicon Graphics to use Kodak Photo CD's; for a troubled maker of film, an application of a new technology"
1536:{\displaystyle R^{\prime }-Y^{\prime }=0.701\cdot R^{\prime }-0.587\cdot G^{\prime }-0.114\cdot B^{\prime }}
3684:
90:
3651:
3485:
3315:
3138:
2266:
1893:. While there are a large number of image conversion programs available, both commercial and freeware or
554:
499:
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Finally the luminance and chrominance components are scaled to 8-bit values by the following equations:
80:
3515:
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2600:
2513:
1798:
Photo CD images use three forms of compression in order to reduce image storage requirements. Firstly,
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619:
313:
127:
559:
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1968:
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3609:
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implementations of Photo CD decoders such as ImageMagick. In 2009, pcdtojpeg was created under the
506:
2624:
3621:
3616:
2980:
2800:
430:
299:
266:
2060:
1901:
The ability to convert images at maximum resolution, ideally up to the 64Base (4096x6144) level.
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893:
458:
306:
75:
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707:-based TV sets for home use. However, these were designed for moving pictures. Their typical
612:
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1881:
For practical use, any Photo CD images will have to be converted to a modern format such as
3421:
3416:
3246:
3148:
3118:
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use the correct color profile for the combination of the original media and scanner model.
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8:
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Kodak based the PhotoYCC scheme on some existing video standards, notably on aspects of
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3206:
3196:
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1799:
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102:
70:
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2629:. SID INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM. Society for Information Display. pp. 1130–1133.
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708:
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19.2: xvYCC: A New Standard for Video Systems using Extended-Gamut YCC Color Space
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1337:{\displaystyle Y^{\prime }=0.299R^{\prime }+0.587G^{\prime }+0.114B^{\prime }}
3668:
3567:
3562:
3501:
3071:
3011:
2733:
717:
692:
659:
525:
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2649:"H.273: Coding-independent code points for video signal type identification"
2024:
3542:
2963:
2913:
2899:
1860:
1007:
713:
451:
122:
65:
42:
728:
support PhotoYCC colorspace as described below that is used in pcd files.
2648:
1854:
908:
667:
642:
1947:
The Kodak documentation makes a typographic error and writes "CCIR 809".
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3158:
3128:
1993:
1927:
685:
675:
548:
340:
270:
17:
3459:
2634:
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in the public domain on the technical details of the Photo CD format.
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765:
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332:
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2834:
Comparison by Kodak between the Photo CD and Picture CD formats
1838:
used with PAL and NTSC digital television systems, and also on
1745:{\displaystyle C_{2}=135.64\cdot (R^{\prime }-Y^{\prime })+137}
1673:{\displaystyle C_{1}=111.40\cdot (B^{\prime }-Y^{\prime })+156}
1601:{\displaystyle Y^{\prime \prime }={255/1.402}\cdot Y^{\prime }}
696:
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2259:"Improved KODAK CMS Transforms for use with Photo CD discs"
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1240:
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939:
935:
819:
671:
179:
135:
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23:
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CCIR Recommendation 709 (now ITU-R Recommendation BT.709)
1780:
1042:
1029:
976:
681:
for example), and any computer with a suitable software (
193:
1564:
670:
specifications as well. They were intended to play on
2400:"OT: converting Kodak PhotoCD format to, e.g., TIFF?"
2164:"Comparing Kodak Picture CD and Kodak Photo CD Discs"
1905:
problem by using a “hacked” DLL created by Ted Felix.
1687:
1615:
1555:
1452:
1351:
1275:
1023:
892:'s proprietary "Portfolio CD" format, which combines
2397:
2209:"35mm film scanners for 35mm slides and film strips"
2096:"Kodak is aiming Photo CD concept at business firms"
1263:
in the original scene) is 1.0, just like in BT.709.
873:
Professional print, pre-press, archiving (optional)
639:
CD-based format used for storing uncompressed photos
2704:
2526:
2371:
1744:
1672:
1600:
1535:
1437:
1336:
1248:
347:High-Definition Versatile Multilayer Disc (HD VMD)
3666:
2601:"Kodak PhotoYCC colour space for PhotoCD images"
2539:
1821:class 4 - text and graphics, high dynamic range.
2140:
2046:
2044:
2788:
2490:
2114:
2108:
856:Print-out up to ca. 20 x 30 cm
3486:
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2155:
2136:
2134:
2132:
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1818:class 3 - text and graphics, high resolution,
620:
2534:ImageMagick 5.5.6 pcd.c source code comments
2505:
2484:
2463:
2422:
2346:
2316:, pages 5-6. Harvard Business School, 2005.
2041:
703:of the day. Furthermore, Photo CD relied on
2824:Photo CD page at the official Kodak website
2618:
2250:
3493:
3479:
2891:
2877:
2731:
2713:"Kodak Photo CD's Lost Highlights Problem"
2545:
2469:
2202:
2200:
2129:
627:
613:
2753:
2751:
2749:
2725:
2690:
2688:
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2668:
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2256:
2194:tested with pcdtojpeg V1.06 March 3, 2010
2161:
2094:The Wall Street Journal Western Edition.
2050:
2023:. 2014-07-09. p. 184. Archived from
2018:"JPEG 2000 Part II Final Committee Draft"
1812:class 1 - 35mm film; pictorial hard copy,
2767:
2437:
2391:
2365:
2340:
2319:
2306:
2084:, page 4. Harvard Business School, 2005.
907:
641:
30:
22:
2849:Tool to convert Photo CD into web pages
2472:"netpbm-10.35.74/doc/copyright_summary"
2416:
2197:
741:
599:High-definition optical disc format war
27:Photo Compact Disc (PCD) logo/trademark
3667:
2844:More info on the Photo and Picture CD.
2746:
2681:
2665:
2560:
2511:
2231:
2229:
2074:
438:Stacked Volumetric Optical Disk (SVOD)
321:China Blue High-definition Disc (CBHD)
3474:
2872:
2773:
2710:
2548:"keychainDD and pcdtojpeg are out..."
2325:
2314:Kodak and the Digital Revolution (A)
2312:Gavetti, G; Henderson, R; Giorgi, S:
2286:
2087:
2080:Gavetti, G; Henderson, R; Giorgi, S:
920:The Photo CD system was announced by
912:Photo CD player in the Photomusem of
888:Separate from the Photo CD format is
3445:
2794:
2761:Photo CD Information Bulletin PCD043
2641:
2280:
2082:Kodak and the Digital Revolution (A)
2226:
1768:≤ 0.888689, -1.01003 ≤
991:
13:
2493:"graphics/netpbm: remove NO_CDROM"
2328:"Help with Kodak PCD 4050 Scanner"
1969:"What Happened To Kodak's Moment?"
1728:
1715:
1656:
1643:
1593:
1561:
1528:
1509:
1490:
1471:
1458:
1430:
1411:
1392:
1370:
1357:
1329:
1313:
1297:
1281:
1037:
1033:
1026:
14:
3696:
3500:
2817:
2235:
1966:
1930:, a similar product also by Kodak
785:Preview (index print, thumbnail)
3454:
3444:
3435:
3434:
2898:
2207:www.flatbed-scanner-review.org.
2143:"Whatever Happened to Photo CD?"
2141:Brian P. Lawler (15 June 2000).
1764:≤ 1.402, -1.40036 ≤
594:History of optical storage media
314:Holographic Versatile Disc (HVD)
49:
3273:Optical disc authoring software
2593:
2185:
1941:
1829:
986:
2010:
1986:
1960:
1793:
1733:
1707:
1661:
1635:
1166:
1154:
1142:
1126:
1090:
1078:
1:
2840: (archived 21 April 2016)
2734:"pcdtojpeg V1.06 source code"
2289:"Photo CD vs Desktop Scanner"
1954:
1755:
699:drives in most home personal
300:Enhanced Versatile Disc (EVD)
35:Kodak Photo CD logo/trademark
2830: (archived 27 June 2001)
2776:"Kodak Photo CD Library Fix"
1815:class 2 - large format film,
646:Kodak Photo CD and packaging
307:Forward Versatile Disc (FVD)
7:
2698:Information Bulletin PCD044
2587:Information Bulletin PCD045
1921:
1000:
879:
869:
866:
852:
849:
835:
832:
815:
812:
798:
795:
781:
778:
674:players, Photo CD players (
459:Nintendo optical disc (NOD)
445:Fluorescent Multilayer Disc
424:Ultra Density Optical (UDO)
10:
3701:
3263:CD copy protection schemes
2854:Ted Felix's Photo CD Site
2615:NOTE: incomplete wrt gamma
2536:. ImageMagick, 2003-03-01.
2398:Pentax-Discuss Mail List.
1877:Converting Photo CD images
903:
293:Universal Media Disc (UMD)
15:
3508:
3430:
3379:
3281:
3255:
3239:
3185:Hardware/software/content
3184:
3064:
2906:
2514:"Bug (non-free software)"
2053:"Kodak History 1990-1999"
1790:, which came much later.
744:
738:
735:
560:Apple ISO 9660 Extensions
368:Personal Video Disc (PVD)
2372:The Luminous Landscape.
1934:
695:prices, and the lack of
688:DC or HDR for example).
653:is a system designed by
16:Not to be confused with
3268:CD player manufacturers
2757:Eastman Kodak Company:
2694:Eastman Kodak Company:
2674:Eastman Kodak Company:
2583:Eastman Kodak Company:
2446:"pCD A Photo CD Viewer"
2238:"So, What About Kodak?"
1836:CCIR Recommendation 601
969:University of Karlsruhe
566:Universal Disk Format (
431:3D optical data storage
410:Video Single Disc (VSD)
2349:"Archive File Formats"
1746:
1674:
1602:
1537:
1439:
1338:
1250:
917:
864:4096 Ă— 6144
647:
520:(layer jump recording)
86:Recording technologies
76:Optical disc authoring
36:
28:
1912:Extracting metadata.
1747:
1675:
1603:
1538:
1440:
1339:
1251:
911:
745:Intended typical use
645:
417:Magneto-optical discs
34:
26:
3282:Variants based on CD
3247:Orange-Book-Standard
2491:KOMATSU Shinichiro.
2425:"hpcdtoppm Man Page"
2215:on November 28, 1999
2191:BlownJohn.pcd image
2174:on December 14, 2005
2115:The New York Times.
1685:
1613:
1553:
1450:
1349:
1273:
1021:
1010:, same as the later
3685:Digital photography
2063:on November 1, 2004
1994:"exiftool/exiftool"
732:
683:LaserSoft Imaging's
662:and conform to the
162:), Super Video CD (
115:Optical media types
3207:Portable CD player
3087:CD copy protection
2423:R. P. C. Rodgers.
2347:Richard Anderson.
1800:chroma subsampling
1772:≤ 0.86995.
1742:
1670:
1598:
1533:
1435:
1334:
1246:
1239:
918:
742:Uncompressed Size
731:
648:
146:, Super Audio CD (
103:Burst cutting area
81:Authoring software
71:Optical disc drive
37:
29:
3662:
3661:
3468:
3467:
3304:Video Single Disc
2635:10.1889/1.2433175
2380:on March 18, 2012
1777:whiter than white
877:
876:
637:
636:
474:Professional Disc
381:MD Data, MD Data2
275:Mini Blu-ray Disc
3692:
3495:
3488:
3481:
3472:
3471:
3458:
3448:
3447:
3438:
3437:
3336:Hybrid DVD-Audio
3097:CD manufacturing
3037:business card CD
2893:
2886:
2879:
2870:
2869:
2812:
2811:
2809:
2808:
2803:on June 20, 2010
2799:. Archived from
2797:"Color Profiles"
2792:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2782:
2771:
2765:
2755:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2740:
2732:Sandy McGuffog.
2729:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2719:
2708:
2702:
2692:
2679:
2672:
2663:
2662:
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2622:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2611:
2597:
2591:
2581:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2554:
2546:Sandy McGuffog.
2543:
2537:
2530:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2520:
2509:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2499:
2488:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2478:
2470:Steve McIntyre.
2467:
2461:
2460:
2458:
2457:
2448:. Archived from
2441:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2431:
2420:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2410:
2404:The Mail Archive
2395:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2385:
2376:. Archived from
2369:
2363:
2362:
2360:
2359:
2344:
2338:
2337:
2335:
2334:
2323:
2317:
2310:
2304:
2303:
2301:
2300:
2291:. Archived from
2284:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2274:
2265:. Archived from
2254:
2248:
2247:
2245:
2244:
2233:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2220:
2211:. Archived from
2204:
2195:
2189:
2183:
2182:
2180:
2179:
2170:. Archived from
2159:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2149:
2138:
2127:
2126:
2124:
2123:
2112:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2102:
2091:
2085:
2078:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2068:
2059:. Archived from
2048:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2035:
2029:
2022:
2014:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2004:
1990:
1984:
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1981:
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1948:
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1285:
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1252:
1247:
1245:
1244:
1243:
1242:
1150:
1149:
1074:
1073:
1041:
1040:
992:Image components
733:
730:
724:. Both JPEG and
629:
622:
615:
514:(packet writing)
279:Ultra HD Blu-ray
267:BD-R & BD-RE
53:
39:
38:
3700:
3699:
3695:
3694:
3693:
3691:
3690:
3689:
3665:
3664:
3663:
3658:
3504:
3499:
3469:
3464:
3426:
3375:
3277:
3251:
3235:
3180:
3060:
2902:
2897:
2838:Wayback Machine
2828:Wayback Machine
2820:
2815:
2806:
2804:
2793:
2789:
2780:
2778:
2772:
2768:
2756:
2747:
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2510:
2506:
2497:
2495:
2489:
2485:
2476:
2474:
2468:
2464:
2455:
2453:
2444:Dick Phillips.
2442:
2438:
2429:
2427:
2421:
2417:
2408:
2406:
2396:
2392:
2383:
2381:
2374:"Why Use Tiff?"
2370:
2366:
2357:
2355:
2345:
2341:
2332:
2330:
2324:
2320:
2311:
2307:
2298:
2296:
2285:
2281:
2272:
2270:
2257:Eastman Kodak.
2255:
2251:
2242:
2240:
2234:
2227:
2218:
2216:
2205:
2198:
2190:
2186:
2177:
2175:
2162:Eastman Kodak.
2160:
2156:
2147:
2145:
2139:
2130:
2121:
2119:
2113:
2109:
2100:
2098:
2092:
2088:
2079:
2075:
2066:
2064:
2051:Eastman Kodak.
2049:
2042:
2033:
2031:
2027:
2020:
2016:
2015:
2011:
2002:
2000:
1992:
1991:
1987:
1977:
1975:
1967:Crook, Jordan.
1965:
1961:
1957:
1952:
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1946:
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1937:
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1096:
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1036:
1032:
1025:
1024:
1022:
1019:
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1003:
994:
989:
906:
882:
820:Computer screen
640:
633:
604:
603:
589:
581:
580:
495:
487:
486:
116:
108:
107:
91:Recording modes
61:
21:
12:
11:
5:
3698:
3688:
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3377:
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3363:
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3353:
3348:
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3346:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3322:
3321:
3313:
3308:
3307:
3306:
3296:
3291:
3289:5.1 Music Disc
3285:
3283:
3279:
3278:
3276:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3259:
3257:
3253:
3252:
3250:
3249:
3243:
3241:
3237:
3236:
3234:
3233:
3232:
3231:
3229:Mini CD single
3221:
3216:
3211:
3210:
3209:
3199:
3194:
3188:
3186:
3182:
3181:
3179:
3178:
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3168:
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3166:
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3156:
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3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3115:
3114:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3068:
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3004:
2999:
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2896:
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2888:
2881:
2873:
2867:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2831:
2819:
2818:External links
2816:
2814:
2813:
2787:
2766:
2745:
2724:
2703:
2680:
2664:
2640:
2617:
2605:www5.in.tum.de
2592:
2559:
2538:
2525:
2504:
2483:
2462:
2436:
2415:
2390:
2364:
2353:dpbestflow.org
2339:
2318:
2305:
2279:
2269:on May 6, 1999
2249:
2225:
2196:
2184:
2154:
2128:
2107:
2086:
2073:
2040:
2009:
1985:
1958:
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1910:
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1870:
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1863:
1857:
1851:
1850:Color Negative
1831:
1828:
1823:
1822:
1819:
1816:
1813:
1805:Huffman coding
1795:
1792:
1757:
1754:
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1741:
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783:
780:
777:
774:
770:
769:
762:
755:
747:
746:
743:
740:
737:
722:transparencies
718:film negatives
638:
635:
634:
632:
631:
624:
617:
609:
606:
605:
602:
601:
596:
590:
587:
586:
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390:
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371:
364:
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350:
343:
324:
317:
310:
303:
296:
289:
282:
277:, 4K Blu-ray (
260:Blu-ray Disc (
257:
190:
144:5.1 Music Disc
121:Compact disc (
117:
114:
113:
110:
109:
106:
105:
100:
99:
98:
96:Packet writing
93:
83:
78:
73:
68:
62:
59:
58:
55:
54:
46:
45:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3697:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3672:
3670:
3653:
3650:
3649:
3647:
3643:
3640:
3639:
3638:Scarlet Book
3637:
3633:
3630:
3629:
3627:
3623:
3620:
3619:
3618:
3615:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3597:
3596:
3593:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3575:
3573:
3569:
3568:Mixed Mode CD
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3555:
3553:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3540:
3539:
3536:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3513:
3511:
3510:
3507:
3503:
3502:Rainbow Books
3496:
3491:
3489:
3484:
3482:
3477:
3476:
3473:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3451:
3443:
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3110:
3109:
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3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3072:Rainbow Books
3070:
3069:
3067:
3063:
3055:
3052:
3051:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3038:
3035:
3034:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3020:
3019:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3012:Mixed Mode CD
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2984:
2983:
2982:
2979:
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1868:PCD 4050 K-14
1867:
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530:File systems
529:
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526:Rainbow Books
524:
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512:Mount Rainier
510:
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466:Archival Disc
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48:
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43:Optical discs
41:
40:
33:
25:
19:
3675:Compact disc
3648:Purple Book
3631:
3574:Orange Book
3554:Yellow Book
3345:Scarlet Book
3092:CD emulation
3077:CD authoring
3016:
2900:Compact disc
2805:. Retrieved
2801:the original
2790:
2779:. Retrieved
2769:
2758:
2737:. Retrieved
2727:
2716:. Retrieved
2706:
2695:
2675:
2656:. Retrieved
2652:
2643:
2626:
2620:
2608:. Retrieved
2604:
2595:
2584:
2541:
2533:
2528:
2517:. Retrieved
2512:Karl Goetz.
2507:
2496:. Retrieved
2486:
2475:. Retrieved
2465:
2454:. Retrieved
2450:the original
2439:
2428:. Retrieved
2418:
2407:. Retrieved
2403:
2393:
2382:. Retrieved
2378:the original
2367:
2356:. Retrieved
2352:
2342:
2331:. Retrieved
2321:
2313:
2308:
2297:. Retrieved
2293:the original
2282:
2271:. Retrieved
2267:the original
2262:
2252:
2241:. Retrieved
2217:. Retrieved
2213:the original
2187:
2176:. Retrieved
2172:the original
2167:
2157:
2146:. Retrieved
2120:. Retrieved
2110:
2099:. Retrieved
2089:
2081:
2076:
2065:. Retrieved
2061:the original
2056:
2032:. Retrieved
2025:the original
2012:
2001:. Retrieved
1997:
1988:
1976:. Retrieved
1972:
1962:
1943:
1880:
1871:
1865:PCD 4050 E-6
1844:
1833:
1830:ICC profiles
1824:
1797:
1785:
1774:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1759:
1545:
1265:
1261:
1258:
1008:odd function
1004:
995:
987:Image format
965:
961:
949:
932:
919:
887:
883:
847:2048 Ă— 3072
839:HDTV screen
830:1024 Ă— 1536
736:Designation
690:
650:
649:
479:
472:
464:
457:
452:Hyper CD-ROM
450:
443:
436:
429:
422:
415:
408:
392:
385:
373:
366:
359:
352:
345:
326:
319:
312:
305:
298:
291:
284:
259:
192:
154:, CD Video (
151:
120:
66:Optical disc
3628:Beige Book
3610:CD-i Bridge
3341:Hybrid SACD
3320:Purple Book
3240:Court cases
3214:CD recorder
3112:CD bronzing
2943:Yellow Book
2933:Orange Book
2859:pcdtojpeg
2774:Ted Felix.
2711:Ted Felix.
2653:www.itu.int
2326:photo.net.
2287:photo.net.
1895:open source
1794:Compression
980:open source
973:open source
739:Resolution
668:CD-i Bridge
393:LaserDisc (
3669:Categories
3595:White Book
3548:CD-i Ready
3538:Green Book
3460:Wiktionary
3361:Picture CD
3159:Rock Ridge
3129:CD-i Ready
3119:CD subcode
3102:CD ripping
3082:CD burning
3065:Technology
3054:White Book
3021:Beige Book
2969:Green Book
2807:2010-03-02
2795:pcdMagic.
2781:2010-03-02
2739:2010-03-14
2718:2010-03-14
2658:2020-12-23
2610:2020-12-23
2553:2010-03-02
2551:Retrieved
2519:2010-03-02
2498:2010-03-02
2477:2010-03-02
2456:2010-03-02
2430:2010-03-02
2409:2010-03-02
2384:2010-10-01
2358:2010-03-02
2333:2010-03-02
2299:2010-03-02
2273:2010-03-02
2243:2010-03-02
2219:2010-03-02
2178:2010-03-02
2148:2010-03-02
2122:2010-03-02
2101:2010-03-02
2067:2010-03-02
2034:2021-01-18
2003:2021-01-18
1973:Techcrunch
1955:References
1928:Picture CD
1859:Universal
1853:Universal
1756:Gamut size
822:, TV, Web
810:512 Ă— 768
793:256 Ă— 384
776:128 Ă— 192
714:drum scans
686:SilverFast
660:Beige Book
549:Rock Ridge
518:Mount Fuji
374:MiniDisc (
341:HD DVD-RAM
271:Blu-ray 3D
18:Picture CD
3617:Blue Book
3563:CD-ROM XA
3512:Red Book
3402:LaserDisc
3371:VinylDisc
3224:CD single
3219:CD ripper
3202:CD player
3164:ISO 13490
3139:El Torito
3134:4ch CD-DA
3032:shaped CD
2998:(Karaoke)
2985:Blue Book
2864:pcdMagic
1729:′
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1088:α
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1076:−
1057:⋅
1054:α
1038:′
927:L.L. Bean
726:JPEG 2000
716:of their
701:computers
664:CD-ROM XA
574:ISO 13490
555:El Torito
494:Standards
337:HD DVD-RW
243:DVD-Video
176:CD-ROM XA
3622:E-CD/CD+
3440:Category
3407:MiniDisc
3380:See also
3366:VideoNow
3326:DualDisc
3299:CD Video
3294:ATRAC CD
3197:CD drive
3144:ISO 9660
3124:C2 error
3017:Photo CD
2923:Red Book
1922:See also
1917:scanner.
1914:Metadata
1001:Encoding
894:Red Book
880:Variants
861:64 Base
844:16 Base
773:Base/16
651:Photo CD
588:See also
534:ISO 9660
481:DataPlay
333:HD DVD-R
219:DVD+R DS
215:DVD-R DS
211:DVD+R DL
207:DVD-R DL
152:Photo CD
3521:CD-Text
3450:Commons
3387:Blu-ray
3351:MovieCD
3192:CD Case
3007:Mini CD
3002:Gold CD
2976:CD-Text
2836:at the
2826:at the
2764:, 1993.
2701:, 2003.
2678:, 2003.
2590:, 2003.
2236:Ctein.
1978:15 July
1770:G' - Y'
1766:B' - Y'
956:Minolta
916:(Spain)
914:Zarautz
904:History
898:Windows
867:25.166
827:4 Base
790:Base/4
752:px Ă— px
712:obtain
709:flicker
693:scanner
679:PowerCD
676:Apple's
255:MiniDVD
251:EcoDisc
231:DVD-RAM
188:Mini CD
172:CD-Text
60:General
3558:CD-ROM
3397:HD DVD
3356:MP3 CD
3149:Joliet
3107:CD rot
2954:CD-MRW
2939:CD-ROM
1998:GitHub
1702:135.64
1630:111.40
870:72.00
853:18.00
850:6.291
833:1.573
813:0.393
796:0.098
779:0.025
697:CD-ROM
551:/ SUSP
539:Joliet
404:LV-ROM
400:LD-ROM
361:GD-ROM
328:HD DVD
286:M-DISC
227:DVD+RW
223:DVD-RW
184:MIL-CD
132:CD-ROM
3680:Kodak
3588:CD-RW
3578:CD-MO
3531:CD+EG
3516:CD-DA
3316:DD-CD
3256:Lists
3154:Romeo
2991:CD+EG
2959:CD-MO
2949:CD-RW
2919:CD-DA
2907:Discs
2263:Kodak
2168:Kodak
2057:Kodak
2028:(PDF)
2021:(PDF)
1935:Notes
1788:xvYCC
1582:1.402
1518:0.114
1499:0.587
1480:0.701
1420:0.886
1401:0.587
1382:0.299
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1290:0.299
1012:xvYCC
952:Nikon
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890:Kodak
836:4.50
816:1.13
807:Base
799:0.28
782:0.07
655:Kodak
544:Romeo
503:ATAPI
387:Hi-MD
354:VCDHD
239:DVD-A
235:DVD-D
203:DVD+R
199:DVD-R
140:CD-RW
128:CD-DA
3652:DDCD
3642:SACD
3605:SVCD
3583:CD-R
3543:CD-i
3526:CD+G
3422:WORM
3412:SACD
3331:HDCD
3311:cDVD
3176:XRCD
3044:SVCD
3027:PMCD
2996:CD+G
2964:CD-i
2929:CD-R
1980:2019
1887:TIFF
1883:JPEG
1861:K-14
1232:<
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1071:0.45
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720:and
672:CD-i
666:and
468:(AD)
180:CD-i
168:CD+G
164:SVCD
148:SACD
136:CD-R
3632:PCD
3600:VCD
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2981:CD+
2631:doi
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1891:DNG
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1855:E-6
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247:HVD
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166:),
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