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manipulated by either adding or subtracting visible weight. Reverse retouching is just as common as making models skinnier, "distorting the bodies of very thin models to make them appear more robust in a process called reverse retouching. It is almost worse than making someone slimmer because the image claims you can be at an unhealthy weight but still look healthy. In reality, you can't, you have to
Photoshop it". Reverse retouching includes eliminating shadows from protruding bones, adding flesh over body parts, color correcting, and removing hair generated for warmth from extreme weight loss. Professionals are saying that if an image is not labeled "not retouched," then the public can assume that photograph has been modified. As the fashion industry continues to use photos that have been manipulated to idealize body types, there is a need for education about how unreal and unhealthy these images are and the negative implications they are promoting.
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weight of models in photographs should be stopped, so that children and teenagers are not exposed to body types that cannot be attained in reality. The
American Medical Association as a whole adopted a policy to work with advertisers to work on setting up guidelines for advertisements to try to limit how much digital image manipulation is used. The goal of this policy is to limit the number of unrealistic expectations for body image in advertisements.
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appearance of up to 10 kilograms (22 lb). However, in the past 20 years, the practice has changed, as more celebrities are on social media and the public is now more aware of their actual appearances; it is likely that significant alterations would be noticed. The retoucher notes that the industry's goal is to make significant income in advertising and that the unrealistic ideals cycle will continue as they have to maintain this.
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features such as skin complexion, hair color, body shape, and other features. Many of the alterations to skin involve removing blemishes through the use of features included within popular image editing programs which are designed for just such purposes. Photo editors may also alter the color of hair to remove roots or add shine. Additionally, the model's teeth and eyes may be made to look whiter than they are in reality.
257:. At the onset, digital photography was considered by some to be a radical new approach and was initially rejected by photographers because of its substandard quality. The transition from film to digital has been an ongoing process, although much progress was made in the early 21st century as a result of innovation that has greatly improved digital image quality while reducing the bulk and weight of cameras and equipment.
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671:(NPPA) established a Code of Ethics which promotes the accuracy of published images, advising that photographers "do not manipulate images that can mislead viewers or misrepresent subjects." Infringements of the Code are taken very seriously, especially regarding digital alteration of published photographs, as evidenced by a case in which
770:. Photo editing techniques include the addition of polls, GIFs, music, countdowns, donations, and links. Influencers use filters to grow engagement and boost follower activity, in order to be seen as unique, creative, or fascinating. Meta reported that over 600 million people have used an AR effect on Facebook or Instagram.
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already subjective photograph creates a constructed reality for the individual and it can become difficult to differentiate fact from fiction. With the potential to alter body image, debate continues as to whether manipulated images, particularly those in magazines, contribute to self-esteem issues in both men and women.
398:, photographs were published as engravings based on more than one negative. In 1860, a photograph of the politician John Calhoun was manipulated and his body was used in another photograph with the head of the president of the United States, Abraham Lincoln. This photo credits itself as the first manipulated photo.
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Dove and People Weekly also did a survey to see how photo manipulation affects the self-esteem of females. In doing this, they found that 80% of the women surveyed felt insecure when seeing photos of celebrities in the media. Of the women surveyed who had lower self-esteem, 70% of them do not believe
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Photo manipulation has been used in advertisements for television commercials and magazines to make their products or the person look better and more appealing than how they look in reality. Some tricks that are used with photo manipulation for advertising are: fake grill marks with eye-liner, using
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A common form of photographic manipulation, particularly in advertising, fashion, and glamour photography, involves edits intended to enhance the appearance of the subject. Common transformations include smoothing skin texture, erasing scars, pimples, and other skin blemishes, slimming the subject's
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showed that 90% of the individuals surveyed would prefer seeing a wider variety of body shapes in media. This would involve them wanting to see cover models that are not all thin, but some with more curves than others. The survey also talked about how readers view the use of photo manipulation. One
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of the series from him, it became clear that an element had been removed from one of the original photographs." As of 2015, up to 20% of World Press Photo entries that made it to the penultimate round of the contest were disqualified after they were found to have been manipulated or post-processed
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In the early 19th century, photography and the technology that made it possible were rather crude and cumbersome. While the equipment and technology progressed over time, it was not until the late 20th century that photography evolved into the digital realm. In the 20th century, digital retouching
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Please avoid using the term 'photoshop' as a verb, meaning any kind of photo manipulation or image editing in general. Photoshop is just the name of one particular image editing program, which should be avoided since it is proprietary. There are plenty of free programs for editing images, such as
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None but those who have endeavoured can realise the insurmountable difficulties of portraying a modern battle by the camera. To include the event on a single negative, I have tried and tried, but the results are hopeless. Now, if negatives are taken of all the separate incidents in the action and
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discusses the objectivity, or lack thereof, in photography, concluding that "photographs, which fiddle with the scale of the world, themselves get reduced, blown up, cropped, retouched, doctored and tricked out". A practice widely used in the magazine industry, the use of photo manipulation on an
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In 2015, France proceeded to pass a law that battles against the use of unrealistic body images and anorexia in the fashion industry. This includes modeling and photography. The models now have to show they are healthy and have a BMI of over 18 through a note from their doctor. Employers breaking
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The
American Medical Association stated that it is opposed to the use of photo manipulation. Dr. McAneny made a statement that altering models to such extremes creates unrealistic expectations in children and teenagers regarding body image. He also said that the practice of digitally altering the
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enable users to manipulate photos using the back or front camera, applying pre-made filters to enhance the quality of the picture, distort themselves, or add creative elements such as text, coloring or stickers. Filters provided on social media platforms are made by social media companies or are
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A digital manipulation expert, who edited and altered a lot of images for the fashion industry and wants to remain private, says it is normal to digitally manipulate a photograph of a model to make them appear thinner, regardless of actual weight. Generally, photographs are edited to remove the
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is one specific industry that has been heavily involved with the use of photo manipulation (what many consider to be a concerning element as many people look up to celebrities in search of embodying the 'ideal figure'). Manipulation of a photo to alter a model's appearance can be used to change
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allow users to modify their own personal images. Social media users, especially younger people, are thus exposed to an extreme amount of manipulated imagery presenting unrealistic, unachievable body ideals. For example, social media platforms such as TikTok have include filters that create an
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In an article entitled "Confessions of a
Retoucher: how the modeling industry is harming women", a professional retoucher who has worked for mega-fashion brands shares the industry's secrets. Along with fixing imperfections like skin wrinkles and smoothing features, the size of the model is
846:, take photos of him that emphasized his flaws. Chuck Close is known for his photos that emphasize the skin flaws of an individual. Pitt did so in an effort to speak out against media using image manipulation software and manipulating celebrities' photos in an attempt to hide their flaws.
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Whereas manipulating photographs with tools such as
Photoshop and GIMP is generally skill-intensive and time-consuming, the 21st century has seen the arrival of image editing software powered by advanced algorithms which allow complex transformations to be mostly automated. For example,
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appear closer together than they actually were in the original photograph. The incident triggered a debate about the appropriateness of falsifying an image, and raised questions regarding the magazine's credibility. Shortly after the incident, Tom
Kennedy, director of photography for
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Image manipulation software has affected the level of trust many viewers once had in the aphorism "the camera never lies". Images may be manipulated for fun, aesthetic reasons, or to improve the appearance of a subject but not all image manipulation is innocuous, as evidenced by the
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this law will be fined and can serve a jail sentence of up to six months. When a creator of a photograph does not disclose that the picture is edited or retouched, no matter how small the edit, they may also receive a fine or 30% of the costs of what they used to create their ad.
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said they intended to no longer manipulate photos of their models. The decision was made after a 14-year-old girl, Julia Bluhm, petitioned that the magazine use a minimum of one unaltered photo in each of their spread per issue. The petition received over 84,000 signatures.
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was added to a sign carried by a demonstrator. A spokesman for Dublin Pride defended the change, saying that the "practice of altering iconic images for campaigns is a common practice". The altered image was ultimately removed from the Dublin Pride website.
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object to what they refer to as misuse of their trademarked software name, and consider it an infringement on their trademark to use terms such as "photoshopped" or "photoshopping" as a noun or verb, in possessive form or as a slang term, to prevent
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In today's world, photo manipulation has a positive impact by developing the creativity of one's mind or maybe a negative one by removing the art and beauty of capturing something so magnificent and natural or the way it should be. According to
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by piecing photos or negatives together. Some darkroom manipulations involved techniques such as bleaching to artfully lighten or totally wash out parts of the photograph, hand coloring for aesthetic purposes, or mimicking a fine art painting.
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and made the first photographic print from a photoengraved printing plate. Traditional photographic prints can be altered using various methods and techniques that involve manipulation directly to the print, such as retouching with ink, paint,
785:", which translates to an overall aspect of cuteness; exerting fragile, girly, and childlike emotions. Kawaii-enhanced photos present a perception of perfection in a photo booth setting. This notion catalyzed the first selfie phone camera by
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agreed to release "un-airbrushed images of herself next to the digitally altered ones". The fundamental motive behind her move was to "highlight the pressure exerted on women to look perfect". In 2014, Hungarian pop vocalist and songwriter
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Photo manipulation is largely considered a useful tool in modern political campaigning and photo manipulations are oftentimes used to amplify political messages and undermine political opponents. For example, on
January 6, 2020, US Rep.
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statistic stated that 15% of the readers believed that the cover images are accurate depictions of the model in reality. Also, they found that 33% of women who were surveyed are aiming for a body that is impossible for them to attain.
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used a photograph of
Stewart's face on the body of a much slimmer woman for their cover, suggesting that Stewart had lost weight while in prison. Speaking about the incident in an interview, Lynn Staley, assistant managing editor at
507:, with the caption "The world is a better place without these guys in power." It was pointed out that this meeting never took place and in reality was a doctored photo of a meeting between President Obama and Indian Prime Minister
894:(#3 Jazz Album, #17 World Music Album). In the videos, the artist is shown singing as she is extensively retouched in real-time, ending with a side-by-side comparison of her natural and manipulated images as the song fades out.
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74:. Some photograph manipulations are considered to be skillful artwork, while others are considered to be unethical practices, especially when used to deceive. Motives for manipulating photographs include political
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stated, "We no longer use that technology to manipulate elements in a photo simply to achieve a more compelling graphic effect. We regarded that afterward as a mistake, and we wouldn't repeat that mistake today."
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in
Belgium. Hurley argued with his superiors over the ethics of compositing photos, arguing that war was conducted on such a vast scale that it was impossible to capture the essence of it in a single negative.
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that has decided that " must stop exposing impressionable children and teenagers to advertisements portraying models with body types only attainable with the help of photo editing software". These include
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can even be edited into pictures to look as though the model was wearing them when the photo was taken. Through photo editing, the appearance of a model may be drastically changed to mask imperfections.
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was coined in 2017 to refer to real images and videos generated with deep-learning techniques. The alterations can be created for entertainment purposes, or more nefarious purposes such as spreading
320:. More recently, deep fakes superimposing the faces of celebrities and other persons onto those of pornographic performers for the purpose of creating pornographic material has become prevalent;
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And with digital photography, there is also the possibility of photoshopping – digitally editing the representation to make it more aesthetically pleasing, or to change decisions about framing.
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which smooth skin tone and create more visually pleasing facial proportions (for example, by enlarging a subject's eyes) are available within a number of widely used social media apps such as
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In 2010, a
Ukrainian photographer – Stepan Rudik, winner of the 3rd prize story in Sports Features – was disqualified due to violation of the rules of the
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In 2023, the organizers of Dublin Pride were accused of “intentionally doctoring photos” to push “propaganda” when they posted an altered image from a 1983 protest, in which the slogan
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for being misleading, stating that the flawless skin seen in the photo was too good to be true. The US is also moving in the direction of banning excessive photo manipulation where a
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illusion of physical attributes, such as the "skinny filter" and the "perfect skin filter". Part of the idea of perfection on social media comes from Japanese culture and the word "
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Photo manipulation has triggered negative responses from both viewers and celebrities. This has led to celebrities refusing to have their photos retouched in support of the
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body, and erasing wrinkles and folds. Commentators have raised concerns that such practices may lead to unrealistic expectations and negative body image among the audience.
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enacted legislation making it a requirement to label digital manipulations of the bodies of persons when depicted in advertising. Failure to do so is punishable by a fine.
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Before its release to news media, congressional staff digitally added into this 2013 official portrait the heads of four members absent in the original photo shoot.
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algorithms to automate complex, content-aware transformations, such as changing the age or gender of the subject of a photo, or modifying their facial expression.
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The growing popularity of image manipulation has raised concern as to whether it allows for unrealistic images to be portrayed to the public. In her article "
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and then photographing the dramatized scenes—then pasting faces of the real news-personalities (gathered from unrelated photos) onto his staged images.
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Governments are exerting pressure on advertisers, and are starting to ban photos that are too airbrushed and edited. In the United Kingdom, the
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emphasizes that their clothes are for everyone and that their advertisements have not been retouched in any way, saying "The real you is sexy."
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The image of an engraving depicting a man leading a horse was made in 1825 by Nicephore Niepce, who invented a technique known as heliogravure.
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A notable incident of controversial photo manipulation occurred over a photograph that was altered to fit the vertical orientation of a 1982
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in professional environments, which, alongside other contemporary packages, were effectively replaced in the market by editing software for
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said, "The piece that we commissioned was intended to show Martha as she would be, not necessarily as she is." Staley also explained that
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because they involve creation of unique images and in some instances, signature expressions of art by photographic artists. For example,
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This article is about the uses, cultural impact, and ethical concerns of image manipulation. For the mechanics of altering images, see
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511:. Gosar was criticized for attempting to spread disinformation. The photo had also been previously used in a 2015 advert for Senator
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3048:"Boggie Photoshop music video: Singer uses Nouveau Parfum promo to show how digital trickery can transform you | Metro News"
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Photo manipulation has been used to deceive or persuade viewers or improve storytelling and self-expression. As early as the
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to build confidence in young women, emphasizing "real beauty", or unretouched photographs, in the media. Clothing retailer
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There are other incidents of questionable photo manipulation in journalism. One such incident occurred in early 2005 after
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Some ethical theories have been applied to image manipulation. During a panel on the topic of ethics in image manipulation
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The photo manipulation industry has often been accused of promoting or inciting a distorted and unrealistic image of
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attended. Stalin had Trotsky retouched out of a photograph showing Trotsky in attendance. In a well-known case of
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model's ad was banned because it had exaggerated effects, leading to a misleading representation of the product.
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theorized that categorical shifts are necessary in order for an edited image to be viewed as a manipulation. In
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taken in August 1972 sharing the same platform at a 1971 antiwar rally, the latter of which carried a fake
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Pioneer Photographers from the Mississippi to the Continental Divide: A Biographical Dictionary, 1839–1865
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during the 19th century. The practice began not long after the creation of the first photograph (1825) by
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chart hit "ParfĂĽm" (Hungarian version) and "Nouveau Parfum" (French version) from her self-titled album
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Photograph manipulated in Photoshop to give the impression it is a painting complete with brush strokes
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228:). Negatives can be manipulated while still in the camera using double-exposure techniques, or in the
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theory by applying it to photo editing and image manipulations. In "How to Do Things with Pictures",
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The term photoshopping is a neologism, meaning "editing an image", regardless of the program used.
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resigned his post following the revelation that a number of his photographs had been manipulated.
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Some companies have begun to speak out against photo manipulation in advertising their products.
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Digitally manipulated composite: horses in the original photo are added to a photo of a pasture.
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2896:"Food photography and manipulation in advertising: Why do we accept knowingly being lied to?"
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was artificially generated by converting the infrared data into the visible-color spectrum.
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to darken and lighten photographs. Other techniques include retouching using ink or paint,
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866:'s 2012 March/April issue, makeup-free and without digital retouching for the first time.
34:. For the restoration of physical photographs and documents using digital techniques, see
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Metzmacher, Dirk. "Smashing Magazine." Smashing Magazine. N.p., n.d. Web. April 16, 2014.
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The Secret Parts of Fortune: Three Decades of Intense Investigations and Edgy Enthusiasms
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The Secret Parts of Fortune: Three Decades of Intense Investigations and Edgy Enthusiasms
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Depending on the application and intent, some photograph manipulations are considered an
3553:"Here Is Adobe's Attempt to Stop People From Using the Term "Photoshop" All Willy-Nilly"
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are usually generated from data provided by complex digital cameras. Raw images include
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made use of photo retouching for propaganda purposes. On May 5, 1920, his predecessor
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3620:"Words to Avoid (or Use with Care) Because They Are Loaded or Confusing: 'Photoshop'"
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are games organized online with the goal of creating humorous images around a theme.
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There is a growing body of writings devoted to the ethical use of digital editing in
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3768:"House Democratic leader Nancy Pelosi defends altered photo of women House members"
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The Commissar Vanishes: the falsification of Photographs and Art in Stalin's Russia
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2753:"Photoshop contributes to unrealistic expectations of appropriate body image: AMA"
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that their appearance is pretty or stylish enough in comparison to cover models.
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Graphic Design Portfolio-Builder: Adobe Photoshop and Adobe Illustrator Projects
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1977:"Political Art. Official John Heartfield Exhibition. Integrity. Courage. Genius"
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The pioneer among journalists distorting photographic images for news value was
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3246:"Influencers In Norway Will Legally Have To Disclose Their Photoshopped Images"
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white glue instead of milk, or using deodorant to make vegetables look glossy.
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1302:"It's harder than ever to identify a manipulated photo. Here's where to start"
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Photo manipulation dates back to some of the earliest photographs captured on
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3219:"France Bans Too-Thin Fashion Models, Demands That Photoshopping Be Labeled"
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2009:. International Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques.
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Becoming Beside Ourselves: The Alphabet, Ghosts, and Distributed Human Being
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disclosed on page 3 that the cover image of Martha Stewart was a composite.
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details the long history of photo manipulation and discusses it critically.
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2567:"4 Companies That Refuse to Photoshop—And Why That Matters For All Genders"
2541:"Photoshop shock: Insider reveals fashion industry image editing practices"
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produced two music videos that achieved global attention for its stance on
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3273:"In Defense of Photoshop: Why Retouching Isn't As Evil As Everyone Thinks"
3123:"Aerie's Unretouched Ads 'Challenge Supermodel Standards' For Young Women"
2779:"FaceTune is conquering Instagram – but does it take airbrushing too far?"
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1837:"Analysis of Key Photo Manipulation Cases and their Impact on Photography"
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combined, some idea may then be gained of what a modern battle looks like.
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light, which is invisible to humans. This composite representation of the
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2166:"Republican Congressman Shares Fake Image of Obama and Iranian President"
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3299:"Women Need Further Educating Into Extent of Digital Manipulation of Mo"
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Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media
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Bakhshi, Saeideh; Shamma, David; Kennedy, Lyndon; Gilbert, Eric (2015).
2488:"Confessions of a retoucher: how the modeling industry is harming women"
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The terms "Photoshop", "photoshopped" and "photoshopping", derived from
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magazine altered her body, making it look unnaturally thin. 42-year-old
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Undead Theories: Constructivism, Eclecticism, And Research in Education
2972:"SEE PICS! Before & After: Britney Spears' airbrushed Candie's ads"
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advises against using "photoshop" as a verb because Adobe Photoshop is
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in 1999, which led to the posting of selfies during the beginnings of
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credit with the intent to change the public's perspective of reality.
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as an issue. In an interview with the editor of the French magazine
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94:
82:
2359:
965:
Some editors of magazine companies do not view manipulating their
836:
790:
786:
288:
238:
204:
132:
2846:"Beauty filters are changing the way young girls see themselves"
1713:"Where do all those colors in space telescope images come from?"
1589:"This app uses neural networks to put a smile on anybody's face"
592:
Photojournalism § Ethical, legal, and social considerations
147:, the latter giving rise to the phrase "airbrushed from history"
3908:
2711:"How girls use social media to build up, break down self-image"
2078:
The Reconfigured Eye: Visual Truth in the Post-Photographic Era
954:
875:
782:
762:
280:
127:
3175:"Julia Roberts Makeup Ads Banned in UK for Too Much Photoshop"
1053:" or "genericide" of the company's trademark. Separately, the
169:
was not discovered for almost a century, when photojournalist
3823:"Nancy Pelosi Defends Altered Photo Of Congresswomen (PHOTO)"
3303:
2871:"Digital Media Literacy: The Problem with Photo Manipulation"
2379:"Blade Editor: Detrich Submitted 79 Altered Photos This Year"
441:" process involved reenacting real news events with costumed
352:
317:
267:, burning (darkening) and dodging (lightening) a photograph.
2813:"The Power of Kawaii: How Cute, Squishy Things Influence Us"
2424:"World Press Photo Organizer: 20% of Finalists Disqualified"
644:. The image in question was a fraudulent composite image of
3648:
3533:(Press release). Adobe Systems Incorporated. Archived from
2997:"Single Top 40 slágerlista - Hivatalos magyar slágerlisták"
2638:
1533:(Interview). Interviewed by Tom Legro. South Florida: WPBT2
1404:
Encyclopedia of Twentieth-Century Photography, 3-Volume Set
1087:
1073:
456:
was manipulated to show Hitler celebrating the outbreak of
419:
254:
2922:"Keep It Real Challenge: Photoshop's Impact on Body Image"
1086:
via e-mail as humor or passed as actual news in a form of
712: most specifically in younger people. The world of
173:
noticed Lincoln's mole was on the wrong side of his face.
2641:"Why We Filter Our Photos and How It Impacts Engagement"
1098:
Photo of the Year" and was later revealed to be a hoax.
1072:
in the form of visual jokes, such as those published on
983:
A survey done by the United Kingdom-based fashion store
324:
has been criticized due to issues with lack of consent.
2678:
2676:
1643:"How deepfakes could impact the 2019 Canadian election"
852:
390:
celebrating the outbreak of World War I in Munich.
119:, meaning to digitally edit an image with any program.
2514:"Here's how retouched photos impact our mental health"
2123:
2121:
2001:
Carlson, Kathryn; DeLevie, Brian; Oliva, Aude (2006).
1152:
Original photograph of horses being sorted in a corral
1122:
of 16 photos which have been digitally manipulated in
3853:
3550:
1907:""The Commissar Vanishes" in The Vanishing Commissar"
1458:
The Focal Encyclopedia of Photography, Fourth Edition
2673:
850:
spoke out against photo manipulation in media after
3499:
2596:Mueller, Marie Elisabeth; Rajaram, Devadas (2022).
2118:
2000:
995:
3705:Danielson, Stentor; Braun, David (March 8, 2005).
3573:
2283:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1126:to give the impression that it is a real landscape
1022:
3920:Digital Tampering in the Media, Politics, and Law
3589:(2). State University of New York. Archived from
3198:"US watchdog bans photoshopping in cosmetics ads"
3939:
3070:"The Evolution Video – Dove Self Esteem Project"
1810:Peter E. Palmquist, Thomas R. Kailbourn (2005).
1266:
1221:, browser extension for detecting altered images
3856:"Pelosi defends altered photo of congresswomen"
3820:
3801:"Pelosi defends altered photo of congresswomen"
3765:
3740:"Pelosi Defends Altered Photo of Congresswomen"
3374:"Photoshop: A Positive and Negative Innovation"
1695:
1512:"Ansel Adams, and Photography Before Photoshop"
1461:. Focal Press; 4 edition. p. Preface, 24.
1094:", which was widely circulated as a so-called "
464:used a type of photo manipulation known as the
418:("condemnation of memory") image manipulation,
373:
3704:
2595:
2310:
2308:
1881:The King of Oil: The Secret Lives of Marc Rich
1293:
1243:
308:. Fraudulent creations can be used to conduct
192:is a composite of three different photographs.
2317:"The Camera Never Lies, But The Software Can"
1782:
1580:
1545:
1252:"One man's record of the war to end all wars"
3681:
3389:"Photoshop: It's Not Just a Program Anymore"
3237:
2734:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2314:
2232:
2198:
2196:
2194:
1509:
1494:"Making The Transition From Film To Digital"
1400:
694:
55:photograph from three original negatives of
27:Transformation or alteration of a photograph
3875:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
3662:
3371:
3148:"AMA Adopts New Policies at Annual Meeting"
2305:
2254:
2252:
1904:
1524:
1427:
642:Kerry Fonda 2004 election photo controversy
602:magazine cover. The altered image made two
3707:"Shark "Photo of the Year" Is E-Mail Hoax"
2684:"Do You Use a Filter Every Time You Post?"
2286:"Martha Stewart Gets New Body In Newsweek"
2279:
2277:
1934:(20 October 2010). Accessed 22 March 2022.
1927:"Famous Hitler photograph declared a fake"
1741:(20 October 2010). Accessed 22 March 2022.
1734:"Famous Hitler photograph declared a fake"
906:created the Dove Self-Esteem Fund and the
499:(R-Ariz.) tweeted a photo of US President
3854:WSET News (ABC TV-13) (January 4, 2013).
3798:
3583:Buffalo Intellectual Property Law Journal
3551:Katharine Trendacosta (August 26, 2015).
3439:
3372:L. Boutwell, Allison (February 5, 2012).
2656:
2564:
2191:
2127:
1943:
1814:. Stanford University Press. p. 55.
1803:
1789:. Duke University Press. pp. 96–97.
1750:
1614:
1488:
1431:Abduzeedo Inspiration Guide for Designers
122:
105:together in the darkroom, and scratching
3737:
3614:
3120:
2364:National Press Photographers Association
2249:
2068:
2041:
1551:
1373:
1090:. An example of the latter category is "
925:
669:National Press Photographers Association
562:
428:censorship of images in the Soviet Union
377:
126:
42:
3386:
3325:
3243:
2946:
2481:
2479:
2329:
2274:
2090:
1667:
1586:
1272:
897:
805:
14:
3940:
3469:
3351:
2969:
2336:Code/Space: Software and Everyday Life
2260:"National Geographic — Altered Images"
1877:
1871:
1835:Sharma, Jitendra & Rohita (2017).
1834:
1776:
1640:
1367:
1324:"World's oldest photo sold to library"
3567:
3520:
3328:"Why Beauty Ads Should Be Legislated"
3172:
3040:
2900:Truly Deeply – Brand Agency Melbourne
2776:
2747:
2745:
2709:Media, Caroline Knorr, Common Sense.
2511:
2323:
1710:
1641:Bogart, Nicole (September 10, 2019).
1482:
1454:
1394:
1285:from the original on March 20, 2022.
503:shaking hands with Iranian President
408:held a speech for Soviet troops that
3684:"The Photoshopping of the President"
3121:Krupnick, Ellie (January 17, 2014).
2538:
2485:
2476:
2376:
2284:Jonathan D. Glater (March 3, 2005).
2214:from the original on August 14, 2023
2042:Reynolds, C. J. (July 12–14, 2007).
1852:
1723:from the original on April 22, 2024.
1448:
1421:
1354:"Photo Tampering Throughout History"
1345:
1312:from the original on March 13, 2024.
1299:
1281:. State Library of New South Wales.
1249:
1189:List of photo manipulation incidents
585:
3821:Huffington Post (January 4, 2013).
3766:Washington Post (January 4, 2013).
3544:
3419:. Peachpit Press. August 15, 2005.
3195:
2539:Clun, Rachel (September 24, 2014).
2226:
2163:
2128:Thebeault, Reis (January 6, 2020).
1082:magazine. Images may be propagated
165:'s head superimposed on a print of
24:
3688:Salon.com Arts & Entertainment
2947:Roberts, Soraya (March 22, 2012).
2838:
2742:
2399:"Announcement of disqualification"
2091:Harwell, Drew (January 14, 2020).
1615:Bellemare, Andrea (July 5, 2019).
1558:IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine
1510:Jack Dziamba (February 27, 2013).
1434:. Pearson Education. p. 124.
1316:
978:
748:
351:or other energy lying outside the
25:
3984:
3887:
3663:Jenn Shreve (November 19, 2001).
3636:from the original on May 28, 2018
3387:Blatner, David (August 1, 2000).
3326:Matlins, Seth (August 22, 2011).
2708:
2512:Flynn, Caitlin (March 30, 2018).
2486:Cage, Carolyn (October 6, 2017).
2235:"Photography's New Bag Of Tricks"
2233:Fred Ritchin (November 4, 1984).
1905:The Newseum (September 1, 1999).
1525:Mia Fineman (November 29, 2012).
1351:
1262:from the original on May 7, 2021.
796:
703:
113:, has led to the use of the term
3932:Erased figures in Kagemni's tomb
3907:
3893:
3528:"Use Of The Photoshop Trademark"
3476:. Sense Publisher. p. 146.
3173:Zhang, Michael (July 27, 2011).
2970:Claire, Marie (April 14, 2010).
2810:
2074:"How to Do Things with Pictures"
1857:. New York: Metropolitan Books.
1711:Lewis, Briley (April 18, 2024).
1552:Corcoran, Peter (October 2014).
1169:
1157:
1145:
1131:
1112:
996:Social and cultural implications
545:
530:
460:in Munich. In the 1930s, artist
178:
155:
3847:
3814:
3792:
3759:
3731:
3698:
3675:
3656:
3608:
3493:
3463:
3433:
3405:
3380:
3365:
3345:
3319:
3291:
3265:
3211:
3189:
3166:
3140:
3114:
3088:
3062:
3050:. metro.co.uk. January 22, 2014
3014:
2989:
2963:
2940:
2914:
2888:
2863:
2804:
2777:Solon, Olivia (March 9, 2018).
2770:
2702:
2632:
2589:
2558:
2532:
2505:
2467:
2442:
2416:
2391:
2370:
2352:
2315:Katie Hefner (March 11, 2004).
2157:
2084:
2062:
2035:
1994:
1969:
1937:
1920:
1898:
1846:
1828:
1744:
1727:
1668:Mahdawi, Arwa (April 1, 2023).
1661:
1634:
1608:
1587:Vincent, James (May 27, 2019).
1518:
1503:
934:has banned an advertisement by
932:Advertising Standards Authority
882:in the beauty industry: the #1
520:"Trans rights are human rights"
3665:"Photoshop: It's All the Rage"
3576:"The Genericide of Trademarks"
2450:"What counts as manipulation?"
2377:Lang, Daryl (April 15, 2007).
2338:. The MIT Press. p. 120.
2164:Qiu, Linda (January 6, 2020).
2003:"Ethics in image manipulation"
1621:Canadian Broadcast Corporation
1300:Yang, Allie (March 12, 2024).
1033:Digital photograph restoration
842:Brad Pitt had a photographer,
343:data generated in response to
36:Digital photograph restoration
13:
1:
3958:Photojournalism controversies
3898:The dictionary definition of
3799:Salon.com (January 4, 2013).
3682:Corrie Pikul (July 1, 2004).
3503:Medical Records for Attorneys
3244:Onibada, Ade (July 1, 2021).
2319:. The New York Times Company.
1955:. Random House. p. 495.
1762:. Random House. p. 495.
1499:. Adobe Systems Incorporated.
1236:
1068:is sometimes associated with
1064:In popular culture, the term
908:Dove Campaign for Real Beauty
537:1903 achromatic photo of the
3738:ABC News (January 4, 2013).
3500:Laurence M. Deutsch (2001).
2237:. The New York Times Company
812:American Medical Association
648:taken on June 13, 1971, and
374:Political and ethical issues
265:darkroom exposure techniques
91:darkroom exposure techniques
68:transformation or alteration
7:
3574:John Dwight Ingram (2004).
3446:. Netlibrary. p. 163.
1407:. Routledge. p. 1007.
1181:
686:contest. "After requesting
483:, Carson Reynolds extended
10:
3989:
3440:Rodriguez, Edward (2008).
3096:"Aerie for American Eagle"
3022:"It's Boggie for Hungary!"
2262:. Bronx Documentary Center
1981:John Heartfield Exhibition
1884:. Macmillan. p. 228.
1376:"How to manipulate SX-70?"
1105:
1026:
960:
753:Social media apps such as
621:was released from prison.
589:
571:returns data representing
569:James Webb Space Telescope
360:James Webb Space Telescope
29:
3963:Photography controversies
3928:– more manipulated photos
2599:Social Media Storytelling
2545:The Sydney Morning Herald
2492:The Sydney Morning Herald
1428:Fabio Sasso (July 2011).
1225:Truth claim (photography)
860:appeared on the cover of
774:Mobile phone applications
695:Retouching human subjects
452:'s official photographer
437:: in the mid-1920s, his "
3712:National Geographic News
3630:Free Software Foundation
2658:10.1609/icwsm.v9i1.14622
1566:10.1109/MCE.2014.2338573
1273:Wishart, Alison (2017).
1055:Free Software Foundation
675:-nominated photographer
386:was manipulated to show
337:binary (black-and-white)
131:Early retouching tools:
47:Australian photographer
3953:Photographic techniques
3901:photograph manipulation
3443:Computer Graphic Artist
2019:10.1145/1179171.1179176
1878:Ammann, Daniel (2009).
1455:Peres, Michael (2007).
1275:"Truth and photography"
691:with rules violations.
209:Joseph Nicéphore Niépce
64:Photograph manipulation
3470:Geelan, David (2006).
3413:"Photoshop Essentials"
2070:Mitchell, William John
1783:Rotman, Brian (2008).
768:user-generated content
582:
391:
364:Hubble Space Telescope
237:became available with
148:
123:History and techniques
60:
3968:Photography forgeries
2850:MIT Technology Review
2608:10.4324/9781003275251
2360:"NPPA Code of Ethics"
2330:Kitchin, Rob (2011).
1931:Sydney Morning Herald
1738:Sydney Morning Herald
1647:Federal Election 2019
1401:Lynne Warren (2006).
1363:on September 8, 2015.
1230:Whitewashing (beauty)
1023:"Photoshop" as a verb
926:Government opposition
566:
381:
130:
46:
3916:at Wikimedia Commons
3196:Anthony, Sebastian.
1374:Klaus Wolfer (ed.).
1214:Straight photography
1199:Error level analysis
1059:proprietary software
898:Corporate opposition
890:, which reached two
806:Celebrity opposition
793:in the early 2000s.
322:deepfake pornography
101:, piecing photos or
3773:The Washington Post
3596:on February 2, 2017
3307:. November 26, 2013
3225:. December 22, 2015
3127:The Huffington Post
3102:on January 29, 2017
3028:. February 28, 2015
2902:. November 19, 2015
2430:. February 12, 2015
2384:Photo District News
2366:. January 28, 2017.
2210:. August 13, 2023.
2135:The Washington Post
1306:National Geographic
1096:National Geographic
1016:The Huffington Post
714:glamour photography
667:, for example, the
610:National Geographic
599:National Geographic
578:Pillars of Creation
489:William J. Mitchell
329:astronomical images
312:, political gains,
224:during developing (
3973:Media manipulation
3926:Hoax Photo Gallery
3914:Photo manipulation
3835:on January 7, 2013
3719:on August 20, 2002
3694:on March 10, 2008.
3618:(April 21, 2018).
3401:on March 15, 2005.
3074:selfesteem.dove.us
2291:The New York Times
2208:www.independent.ie
2170:The New York Times
1490:Reichmann, Michael
1382:. Skylab Portfolio
1380:Polaroid SX-70 Art
1250:Arbuckle, Alex Q.
1100:Photoshop contests
737:Starting in 2012,
583:
396:American Civil War
392:
241:computers running
149:
61:
3912:Media related to
3616:Stallman, Richard
3513:978-0-8318-0817-4
3453:978-81-89940-42-3
3426:978-0-321-33658-3
3279:. August 29, 2010
2688:Newport Institute
2454:World Press Photo
2403:World Press Photo
2345:978-0-262-04248-2
2007:ACM SIGGRAPH 2006
1962:978-0-375-50338-2
1891:978-1-4299-8685-4
1853:King, D. (1997).
1821:978-0-8047-4057-9
1796:978-0-8223-4183-3
1769:978-0-375-50338-2
1468:978-0-240-80740-9
1441:978-0-13-268472-9
1414:978-1-135-20536-2
684:World Press Photo
604:Egyptian pyramids
586:Use in journalism
454:Heinrich Hoffmann
435:Bernarr Macfadden
415:damnatio memoriae
384:Heinrich Hoffmann
333:celestial objects
310:malicious attacks
16:(Redirected from
3980:
3911:
3897:
3881:
3880:
3874:
3866:
3864:
3862:
3851:
3845:
3844:
3842:
3840:
3831:. Archived from
3818:
3812:
3811:
3809:
3807:
3796:
3790:
3789:
3787:
3785:
3780:on April 2, 2019
3776:. Archived from
3763:
3757:
3756:
3754:
3752:
3735:
3729:
3728:
3726:
3724:
3715:. Archived from
3702:
3696:
3695:
3690:. Archived from
3679:
3673:
3672:
3660:
3654:
3653:
3643:
3641:
3612:
3606:
3605:
3603:
3601:
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3580:
3571:
3565:
3564:
3562:
3560:
3548:
3542:
3541:
3539:
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3497:
3491:
3490:
3467:
3461:
3460:
3437:
3431:
3430:
3409:
3403:
3402:
3397:. Archived from
3384:
3378:
3377:
3369:
3363:
3362:
3349:
3343:
3342:
3340:
3338:
3323:
3317:
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3159:
3144:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3133:
3118:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3107:
3098:. Archived from
3092:
3086:
3085:
3083:
3081:
3066:
3060:
3059:
3057:
3055:
3044:
3038:
3037:
3035:
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2836:
2835:
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2797:
2774:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2749:
2740:
2739:
2733:
2725:
2723:
2721:
2706:
2700:
2699:
2697:
2695:
2680:
2671:
2670:
2660:
2636:
2630:
2629:
2593:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2582:
2577:on March 5, 2015
2573:. Archived from
2562:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2551:
2536:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2518:Business Insider
2509:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2483:
2474:
2471:
2465:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2446:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2420:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2395:
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2388:
2374:
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2367:
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2298:
2281:
2272:
2271:
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2267:
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2244:
2242:
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2223:
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2219:
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2189:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2161:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2125:
2116:
2115:
2113:
2111:
2088:
2082:
2081:
2066:
2060:
2059:
2058:on May 28, 2008.
2057:
2050:
2045:Image Act Theory
2039:
2033:
2032:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1954:
1941:
1935:
1924:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1902:
1896:
1895:
1875:
1869:
1868:
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1843:
1841:
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1825:
1807:
1801:
1800:
1780:
1774:
1773:
1761:
1748:
1742:
1731:
1725:
1724:
1708:
1693:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1665:
1659:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1638:
1632:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1612:
1606:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1584:
1578:
1577:
1554:"Digital Beauty"
1549:
1543:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1522:
1516:
1515:
1507:
1501:
1500:
1498:
1486:
1480:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1452:
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1445:
1425:
1419:
1418:
1398:
1392:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1371:
1365:
1364:
1359:. Archived from
1358:
1349:
1343:
1342:
1337:
1335:
1330:. March 21, 2002
1320:
1314:
1313:
1297:
1291:
1290:
1270:
1264:
1263:
1247:
1209:Source criticism
1173:
1161:
1149:
1135:
1116:
1092:Helicopter Shark
1044:Trademark owner
892:Billboard charts
863:Intelligent Life
711:
654:Associated Press
549:
534:
481:Image Act Theory
458:World War I
448:A photograph by
382:A photograph by
287:. Some, such as
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3154:. June 21, 2011
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2690:. March 5, 2022
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979:Opinion polling
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869:In April 2010,
829:Jessica Simpson
817:Keira Knightley
808:
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749:On social media
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661:photojournalism
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470:Nazi propaganda
462:John Heartfield
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314:financial crime
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247:graphic imaging
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167:John C. Calhoun
163:Abraham Lincoln
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141:charcoal sticks
137:kneaded erasers
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99:double exposure
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3669:Wired Magazine
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3555:. Gawker Media
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3076:. June 2, 2013
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1002:On Photography
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871:Britney Spears
858:Cate Blanchett
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797:In advertising
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619:Martha Stewart
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509:Manmohan Singh
505:Hassan Rouhani
424:Nikolai Yezhov
406:Vladimir Lenin
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306:disinformation
273:beauty filters
211:who developed
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3361:. p. 4.
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3222:
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3203:December 16,
3201:. Retrieved
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3168:
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3152:ama-assn.org
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3042:
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3006:February 19,
3004:. Retrieved
3000:
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2976:Marie Claire
2975:
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2783:The Guardian
2782:
2772:
2760:. Retrieved
2756:
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2687:
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2096:
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466:photomontage
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3559:February 2,
3506:. ALI-ABA.
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2951:. The Juice
2720:October 30,
2571:Groundswell
2524:October 30,
2497:October 30,
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2408:January 22,
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3839:January 4,
3806:January 4,
3784:January 4,
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2241:January 6,
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1027:See also:
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646:John Kerry
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485:speech act
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190:City Point
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3311:April 19,
3283:April 19,
3158:April 19,
2981:April 23,
2955:March 22,
2932:April 19,
2855:March 19,
2830:March 19,
2825:1059-1028
2791:0261-3077
2762:April 25,
2730:cite news
2694:March 19,
2667:2334-0770
2626:249563030
2218:March 17,
2178:0362-4331
2144:0190-8286
2110:March 31,
2105:0190-8286
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1626:March 29,
1594:The Verge
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833:Lady Gaga
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740:Seventeen
723:piercings
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3745:ABC News
3634:Archived
3394:Macworld
3355:(1977).
3332:HuffPost
3229:April 4,
3181:July 27,
2906:April 4,
2880:April 4,
2796:April 4,
2581:April 4,
2550:April 4,
2428:TIME.com
2212:Archived
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2149:April 3,
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1947:(2000).
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1600:June 13,
1492:(2006).
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