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then produced either absorbs or rejects light, breaking up the surface of the painting by disrupting the uniformity of the black. He often used bold cuts in vertical and horizontal lines, the crevasses and forms created by using angles and contours. In his recent work from 2013 to 2014, Soulages began to explicitly vary the pigment used in the paint, mixing matte and glossy types of black as well as hardened densities of black pigment. Preferring to suspend the paintings like walls, he uses wires to hang them in the middle of the room, "I always liked paintings to be walls rather than windows. When we see a painting on a wall, it's a window, so I often put my paintings in the middle of the space to make a wall. A window looks outside, but a painting should do the opposite—it should look inside of us".
404:(Beyond Black), the paintings he produces are known for their endless black depth, created by playing with the light reflected off of the texture of the paint. Knowing that he needed a new term to define the way that he worked, Soulages invented 'Outrenoir' to define his practice. Not having a translation into English, the closest meaning is 'beyond black'; in a 2014 interview he explained the definition of the term, "Outrenoir doesn't exist in English; the closest is "beyond black." In French, you say "outre-Manche," "beyond the
33:
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fascination with the colour, "during thousands of years, men went underground, in the absolute black of grottoes, to paint with black." "I made these because I found that the light reflected by the black surface elicits certain emotions in me. These aren't monochromes. The fact that light can come from the colour which is supposedly the absence of light is already quite moving, and it is interesting to see how this happens."
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harmonious explosion inside the church, it's beyond religious. And that's what he was trying to achieve with his black paintings, to capture whatever you give them, but they're reflected in a completely independent way. It puts you in front of the void, in front of fullness and emptiness, in front of strength and vulnerability. It has this tension, and that is what it was to know
Soulages.
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Applying the paint in thick layers, Soulages' painting technique includes using objects such as spoons, tiny rakes and bits of rubber to work away at the painting, often making scraping, digging or etching movements depending on whether he wants to evoke a smooth or rough surface. The texture that is
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The infatuation
Soulages had with black began long before his investigations with 'Outrenoir' at the age of 60. Initially inspired by his interest in the prehistoric and his want of retreating to something more pure, primal and deliberately stripped of any other connotations, he says of his
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Soulages is known as "the painter of black", owing to his interest in the colour "both as a colour and a non-colour. When light is reflected on black, it transforms and transmutes it. It opens a mental field all its own." He saw light as a work material; striations of the black surface of his
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He studied the way that light wouldn't cross through the stained glass, but would be fractionally fragmented, exploded through the stained glass. So when you are in
Conques and you see the light coming through these stained-glass panels, how the light hits the glass and then comes in and the
200:, Aveyron, on 24 December 1919. His father, Amans, was a carriage maker who ran a hunting and fishing shop. He died when Pierre was age five. Pierre was raised by his older sister Antoinette and their mother, Aglaé Zoé Julie (Corp) Soulages. As a child, he was interested in the area's
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After wartime military service, he studied further at the Fine Arts School of
Montpellier. He opened a studio in Courbevoie, Paris, painting in "complete abstraction", with black as the dominant colour, and experimenting with walnut oil. His first exhibition was at the
658:
Essays by Alain Seban, Alfred
Pacquement, Pierre Encrevé, Serge Guilbaut, Yve-Alain Bois, Guitermie Maldonado, Annie Claustres, Harry Cooper, Hans Belting, Isabelle Ewig, Éric de Chassey, Hans Ulrich Obrist; Edited by Pierre Encrevé, Alfred Pacquement
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devoted an entire room to
Soulages, presenting a donation he made to the city. It included twenty paintings dating from 1951 to 2006, among which were major works from the 1960s, two large "plus-black" works from the 1970s, and several large
352:, as a place to permanently display his works and to house temporary contemporary exhibitions. Soulages and his wife donated 900 works. The paintings represent all stages of his work, from post-war oils to a phase of work he calls
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589:
Essays by Hans
Belting, Yve-Alain Bois, Pierre Encrevé, Alfred Pacquement, Serge Guilbaut, Bernard de Montferrand, Alain Seban, Joachim Sartorius, Gereon Sievernich, Hans-Ulrich Obrist; edited by Pierre Encrevé, Alfred Paquement
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While at the Fine Arts School of
Montpellier, Soulages met Colette Llaurens (born 1920). They were married on 24 October 1942. The couple had no children. In 2017, they permanently moved to their summer retreat in Sète.
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Photos by
Vincent Cunillère; Essays by Georges Frêche, Michel Hilaire, Emmanuel Nebout, Laurence Javal, Olivier Brochet, Yves Larbiou, Dan McEnroe, Thierry Dieudonnat, Pierre Susini, Claude Cougnenc, Pierre Encrevé
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It was the most complete display of work from his first 30 years. Some space in the museum is always reserved for exhibitions of other contemporary artists, as
Soulages had wanted from the beginning.
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of France described him as "the world's greatest living artist." His works are held by leading museums of the world, and there is a museum dedicated to his art in his hometown of
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on 25 October 2022, less than two months before his 103rd birthday, and was survived by his wife. He had marked their 80th wedding anniversary the day before his death.
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1423:"Pierre Soulages malte in Schwarz und war dennoch der Maler des Lichts. Nun ist der grosse französische Meister der Abstraktion im Alter von 102 Jahren gestorben"
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paintings enable him to reflect light, allowing the black to come out of darkness and into brightness, thus becoming a luminous colour.
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367:, New York. In September 2019, the LĂ©vy Gorvy Gallery in New York held a major exhibition ahead of the retrospective at the
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demonstrates the artist's boldly brushed black on white canvases. His works had to be hung without frames in exhibitions.
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Essays by Mikhaïl Piotrovsky, Suzanne Pagé, Albert Kosténévitch, Pierre Encrevé, JeanClaude Marcadé; Preface by
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Soulages said, "My instrument is not black but the light reflected from the black." Naming his own practice
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157:; 24 December 1919 – 25 October 2022) was a French painter, printmaker, and sculptor. In 2014, President
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Essays by Georges Duby, Pierre Encrevé, Henri Meschonnic, Werner Meyer, Thierry Raspail, Clément Rosset
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Essays by Suzanne Pagé, Jean-Louis Andral, Pierre Encrevé, Robert Fleck, Donald Kuspit, William Rubin
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In 2014, Soulages presented fourteen recent works in his first American exhibition in 10 years, at
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1364:"Pierre Soulages, who found infinite possibility in black abstract paintings, has died, aged 102"
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presented a retrospective of paintings that also included an interview-video with the artist.
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2005:"Pierre Soulages, the Nouvelle École de Paris, and Painting 202 x 143 cm, 6 November 1967"
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From 1987 to 1994, he produced 104 stained-glass windows for the Abbey of Sainte-Foy in
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1981:
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Essays by Huang Kuang-nan, Alfred Pacquement, Jean-Paul Réau, François Marcel Plaisant
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412:," to mean Germany. In other words, "beyond black" is a different country from black."
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in 1954, and in New York City the same year, gaining recognition in the United States.
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in Paris, but soon dropped out because he was disappointed by the traditional style.
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Soulages was the first living artist to have been invited to exhibit at the state
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971:(Musée Saint-Pierre Art Contemporain, Lyon / Hans Thoma-Gesellschaft, Reutlingen)
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2066:"A 96 ans, Pierre Soulages fait Grand'Croix dans l'ordre de la LĂ©gion d'Honneur"
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Instead of having titles, Soulages paintings are uniformly named as "Peinture" (
280:(1955) in New York. In 1979, Soulages was made a Foreign Honorary Member of the
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1519:"Soulages – Pierre Soulages et les vitraux de l'abbatiale de Conques – Ina.fr"
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325:
300:, Germany. A gallerist reflected the windows in the context of his paintings:
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Black is the new black for Pierre Soulages, France's best known living artist
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264:. His works were included in the two major exhibitions of European artists,
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in Paris held a retrospective of his works on the occasion of his centenary.
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Exhibitions of art by Soulages were accompanied by publications including:
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in 1947. He also worked as a designer of stage sets. He exhibited at the
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1820:"Rencontre : Pierre Soulages, portrait de l'artiste en jeune homme"
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Pierre Soulages, Malerei als Farbe und Licht, Retrospektive 1946–1997.
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Collections of works by Soulages are held by many museums, including:
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1873:"Le peintre Pierre Soulages est mort à Nîmes à l'âge de 102 ans"
1455:"Pierre Soulages / Artworks, Exhibitions, Profile & Content"
608:
Essays by Pierre Soulages, Jean-Dominique Fleury, Benoît Decron
1311:"Pierre Soulages, Leading French Abstract Painter, Dies at 102"
1215:"Pierre Soulages, France's 'Beyond Black' painter, dies at 102"
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378:, was auctioned for $ 20.2M, an auction record for the artist.
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2096:"Pierre Soulages reçoit le Grand Prix du rayonnement français"
1141:"The president and the 'greatest living artist' in the world"
1017:(Musée d'Art et d'Industrie, Saint-Etienne: p. 5–32, 42)
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from 1987 to 1994. He received international awards, and the
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Essays by Young-Bang Lim, Alfred Pacquement, Bernard Prague
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In 2014, the Musée Soulages opened in Soulages' hometown of
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204:, in Celtic carvings in the local museum, and also in the
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Recipients of the Austrian Decoration for Science and Art
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Pierre Soulages au Musée Fabre, Parcours d'un accrochage.
568:(Bibliothèque Nationale de France/ Musée Soulages, Paris)
1789:
Hyperallergic (online), 14 May 2014, Retrieved July 2016
1031:(Galerie Jardin des Arts, Paris: September, p. 150)
1899:"L'œuvre Peinture 324 x 362 cm, 1985 – Centre Pompidou"
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Nous avons visité le Musée d'Orsay avec Pierre Soulages
856:
Essays by Pierre Daix, Pierre Encrevé, Claire Stoullig
640:
Text by Michel Ragon, Estelle Pietrzyk, Gilbert Dupuis
296:, prepared by around 700 tests at a small factory near
216:. He dressed in all black, and his mother disliked it.
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Interview Magazine, 5 August 2014, Retrieved July 2016
427:: Painting), followed by size and date of production.
760:
Essays by Zdenek Felix, Robert Fleck, Charles Juliet
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Soulages, L'oeuvre complet, Peintures III, 1979–1997.
725:(Skira-Le Seuil, Paris / Musée des Beaux-Arts, Berne)
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Texts by Philippe Ungar, Harry Cooper, Sean Sweeney,
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Centre National d'Art et de Culture Georges Pompidou
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Soulages produced 104 stained-glass windows for the
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Members of the American Academy of Arts and Letters
1695:Zoe Stillpass (photography: Patrick Demarchelier):
274:The New Decade: 22 European Painters and Sculptors
1847:Black Is Still the Only Color for Pierre Soulages
1640:"Ambition still burns in art star Soulages at 99"
1116:Grand prix du rayonnement français (France, 2019)
988:Essays by Taka Ashido Okada, d'Alfred Pacquement
16:French painter, engraver and sculptor (1919–2022)
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1931:
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1029:L'aventure de l'art moderne (1): Pierre Soulages
571:Edited by Pierre Encrevé, Marie-Cécile Miessner
408:," to mean England or "outre-Rhin," "beyond the
960:Interview with the artist by Jean-Louis Pradel
635:Musée d'Art Moderne, Contemporain de Strasbourg
1769:(online), 14 October 2009, Retrieved July 2016
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1317:. Vol. 172, no. 59589. p. B12.
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1092:Grand prix national de peinture (France, 1986)
692:Essays by Karlheinz Essl, Andrea Rygg Karberg
523:
341:from October 2009 to March 2010. In 2010, the
252:showed his work in New York in 1949. In 1950,
1020:Interview with the artist by Bernard Ceysson
1003:, Paris / Musée du Parc de la Boverie, Liège)
957:(L'Evénement du Jeudi, Paris: pp. 82–84)
792:Interview with the artist by Bernard Ceysson
1743:Pierre Soulages, Mouvement sans emplacement,
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1034:Interview with the artist by André Parinaud
928:Essays by Henry-Claude Cousseau, Veit Loers
371:in December celebrating his 100th birthday.
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1780:Pierre Soulages: Painter of Black and Light
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1670:Painting, 324 X 362 cm, 1986 (Polyptyque I)
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1006:Essays by Pontus Hulten, Alfred Pacquement
723:Pierre Soulages, Célébration de la lumière.
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1720:Pierre Soulages, Happy to Stay in the Dark
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874:Essays by Lorand Hegyi, Alfred Pacquement
853:(Maison des Arts Georges Pompidou, Cajarc)
839:(Musée National d'Art Contemporain, Séoul)
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2289:French military personnel of World War II
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1729:Artnet, 19 June 2014, Retrieved July 2016
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234:École nationale supérieure des beaux-arts
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1249:Masters, Christopher (26 October 2022).
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1066:Awards that Soulages received included:
728:Essays by Sandor Kuthy, Pierre Soulages
480:Musée d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris
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2156:Centre Pompidou Virtuel | Espace Presse
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1996:
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1102:Austrian Decoration for Science and Art
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1421:Stremmler, Kerstin (26 October 2022).
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1283:(in French). Le Monde. 26 October 2022
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946:Essays by Bernard Ceysson, Veit Loers
851:Pierre Soulages, polyptyques 1979–1991
2076:from the original on 1 September 2019
1650:from the original on 1 September 2019
1610:
1559:from the original on 1 September 2019
1281:"Le peintre Pierre Soulages est mort"
1076:Grand Prix for Painting (Paris, 1975)
1061:
869:Museum Moderner Kunst Stiftung Ludwig
260:. In 1954 Soulages began showing at
152:
2264:Recipients of the Praemium Imperiale
2141:Biography, pictures at Galerie Birch
2046:from the original on 22 October 2012
1818:Laporte, Arnaud (21 November 2019).
1801:Honolulu Museum of Art, wall label,
1529:from the original on 8 December 2017
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1107:Prix Julio González (Valencia, 2006)
1087:American Academy of Arts and Letters
910:Text by Veit Loers, Bernard Ceysson
789:(Flammarion, Paris: pp. 87–149)
683:Pierre Soulages. Painting the light.
599:Verre cartons des vitraux de Conques
431:from 1966, in the collection of the
381:
282:American Academy of Arts and Letters
2249:Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour
2034:"Reply to a parliamentary question"
1956:"Pierre Soulages French, 1919–2022"
1932:Soulages, Pierre (24 August 1979).
1607:Musée Soulages, Retrieved June 2016
1336:
1309:Grimes, William (26 October 2022).
1111:Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour
907:, Kassel / Cantz Verlag, Stuttgart)
622:Essays by John Yau and Mel Gooding
424:
13:
2214:Art Informel and Tachisme painters
2136:New Soulages museum opens in Rodez
837:Pierre Soulages: une retrospective
801:Pierre Soulages: une retrospective
619:(Bernard Jacobson Gallery, London)
551:(Dominique LĂ©vy Gallery, New York)
376:Peinture 195 x 130 cm, 4 août 1961
337:. A retrospective was held at the
146:Pierre Jean Louis Germain Soulages
47:Pierre Jean Louis Germain Soulages
14:
2300:
2170:National Portrait Gallery, London
2120:
1924:Soulages, Pierre (27 July 1956).
1465:from the original on 6 March 2019
1362:Noce, Vincent (26 October 2022).
1184:from the original on 31 July 2019
1151:from the original on 24 June 2014
518:Tehran Museum of Contemporary Art
2239:21st-century French male artists
2224:20th-century French male artists
2003:Adamson, Natalie (4 June 2014).
1845:Nina Siegal (29 November 2019),
1139:Schofield, Hugh (24 June 2014).
892:Text by Isabelle Monod-Fontaine
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232:, Soulages began studies at the
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1974:
1948:
1928:. Montreal Museum of Fine Arts.
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1745:Opus International, n°57, 1975.
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1174:"Pierre Soulages: Beyond black"
1085:Foreign Honorary Member of the
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1936:. Montreal Museum of Fine Arts
941:Institut ValenciĂ d'Art Modern
454:
1:
2269:20th-century French sculptors
1453:Paik, Sherry (4 March 2019).
1120:
1043:Soulages, peintures, gravures
828:Georges Duby, Christian Heck
631:Soulages, le temps du papier.
2234:21st-century French painters
2219:20th-century French painters
2166:Portraits of Pierre Soulages
1926:"Painting, 130.2 x 162.5 cm"
1047:Fundaçà o Calouste Gulbenkian
1001:Musee National d´Art Moderne
997:Soulages, peintures récentes
985:(Seibu Museum of Art, Tokyo)
937:Soulages: 40 anos de pintura
919:Soulages: 40 ans de peinture
865:Soulages, peintures récentes
773:Musée d'Art Moderne de Paris
537:Title (publisher or gallery)
506:Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum
475:Montreal Museum of Fine Arts
7:
2039:(in German). p. 1712.
524:Publications and monographs
270:Solomon R Guggenheim Museum
256:organized an exhibition at
10:
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2072:(in French). 7 June 2016.
1251:"Pierre Soulages obituary"
1098:for painting (Japan, 1992)
1045:(Musée Dynamique, Dakar /
901:Soulages: 40 jahre Malerei
701:Soulages – Lumière du noir
689:, Klosterneuburg / Vienna)
586:, Berlin / Hirmer, Munich)
210:Abbey Church of Sainte-Foy
178:Abbey Church of Sainte-Foy
1984:. National Gallery of Art
1702:20 September 2016 at the
670:(Interprint, Montpellier)
566:Soulages l'oeuvre imprimé
540:Editors and contributors
374:On 17 November 2021, his
266:Younger European Painters
122:
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87:
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30:
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2204:French abstract painters
1934:"Painting, 222 x 157 cm"
1762:14 November 2017 at the
809:National Museum of China
2161:Pierre Soulages – Blues
1852:1 December 2019 at the
1553:www.pierre-soulages.com
823:Les vitraux de Soulages
805:Taipei Fine Arts Museum
769:Soulages, Noir lumière.
742:Text by Pierre Encrevé
633:(Cercle d'Art, Paris /
500:National Gallery of Art
464:Centre Georges Pompidou
224:Inspired by the art of
206:Romanesque architecture
174:Romanesque architecture
1668:Musée Soulages, Rodez
1603:2 October 2015 at the
923:Musée d'Arts de Nantes
484:Musée Soulages (Rodez)
470:Honolulu Museum of Art
433:Honolulu Museum of Art
397:
395:Honolulu Museum of Art
307:
242:Salon des Indépendants
2274:French male sculptors
1785:3 August 2016 at the
1725:7 August 2016 at the
1073:(United States, 1964)
1054:LĂ©opold SĂ©dar Senghor
703:(Paris-Musées, Paris)
389:
343:Museum of Mexico City
302:
250:Betty Parsons Gallery
196:Soulages was born in
192:Early life and family
2229:French male painters
1584:27 June 2016 at the
1428:Neue ZĂĽrcher Zeitung
494:Museum of Modern Art
488:Museum of Modern Art
278:Museum of Modern Art
2279:French centenarians
1679:Retrieved July 2016
1675:4 June 2016 at the
1646:. 4 February 2019.
1588:Retrieved June 2016
1366:. The Art Newspaper
549:Soulages in America
317:and later with the
2070:France 3 Occitanie
1805:, accession 4400.1
1778:Robert C. Morgan:
1754:Claire Rosemberg:
1620:. LĂ©vy Gorvy. 2019
1315:The New York Times
1096:Praemium Imperiale
1062:Honours and awards
584:Martin-Gropius-Bau
502:(Washington, D.C.)
398:
321:of Moscow (2001).
135:Praemium Imperiale
2209:People from Rodez
2151:Atelier JD Fleury
1982:"Pierre Soulages"
1618:"Pierre Soulages"
1579:"Pierre Soulages"
1494:"Pierre Soulages"
1397:Guggenheim Museum
1393:"Pierre Soulages"
1221:. 26 October 2022
1178:www.christies.com
1059:
1058:
714:, mayor of Paris
708:Vladimir Yakovlev
447:Soulages died in
382:Artistic practice
319:Tretyakov Gallery
159:François Hollande
143:
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2284:Men centenarians
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2129:Official website
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2104:. 1 October 2019
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1905:on 6 August 2020
1901:. Archived from
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2028:
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2012:
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1976:
1964:. Retrieved
1950:
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1919:
1907:. Retrieved
1903:the original
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1877:midilibre.fr
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1499:. LĂ©vy Gorvy
1467:. Retrieved
1458:
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1426:
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1368:. Retrieved
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1256:The Guardian
1254:
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1219:france24.com
1218:
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1177:
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1065:
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288:Later career
273:
265:
262:Samuel Kootz
258:Sidney Janis
254:Leo Castelli
238:
226:Paul CĂ©zanne
223:
220:Early career
195:
171:
167:
145:
144:
74:(2022-10-25)
18:
2199:2022 deaths
2194:1919 births
2080:1 September
2050:23 November
2009:Art Journal
1909:27 December
1883:10 February
1879:(in French)
1831:19 February
1825:Vanity Fair
1718:Ben Davis:
1654:1 September
1563:1 September
1431:(in German)
883:Polyptyques
603:Musée Fabre
455:Collections
330:Montpellier
326:Musée Fabre
272:(1953) and
2188:Categories
2108:28 October
2101:Midi Libre
2018:28 October
1988:31 October
1966:27 October
1940:31 October
1624:28 October
1598:The Museum
1533:7 December
1503:28 October
1435:31 October
1403:27 October
1370:28 October
1328:29 October
1287:26 October
1262:28 October
1225:27 October
1188:27 October
1121:References
811:, Beijing)
757:, Hamburg)
508:(New York)
490:(New York)
354:Outrenoir.
335:polyptychs
88:Occupation
53:1919-12-24
1644:France 24
1459:ocula.com
1323:0362-4331
1049:, Lisbon)
871:, Vienna)
402:Outrenoir
2074:Archived
2041:Archived
1850:Archived
1783:Archived
1760:Archived
1723:Archived
1700:Archived
1673:Archived
1648:Archived
1601:Archived
1582:Archived
1577:Artnet,
1557:Archived
1527:Archived
1523:Soulages
1463:Archived
1182:Archived
1149:Archived
1052:Text by
1015:Soulages
983:Soulages
889:, Paris)
787:Soulages
655:, Paris)
649:Soulages
514:(London)
393:(1966),
82:, France
63:, France
2168:at the
1469:4 March
1155:24 June
466:(Paris)
425:transl.
406:Channel
298:MĂĽnster
294:Conques
276:at the
268:at the
214:Conques
208:of the
202:menhirs
182:Conques
176:of the
150:French:
117:
105:
91:Painter
1962:. 2022
1856:
1399:. 2022
1321:
1104:(2006)
1089:(1979)
887:Louvre
186:Louvre
123:Awards
111:
96:Spouse
2044:(PDF)
2037:(PDF)
1497:(PDF)
449:Nîmes
410:Rhine
350:Rodez
198:Rodez
163:Rodez
115:)
107:(
103:
80:Nîmes
61:Rodez
2179:IMDb
2110:2022
2082:2019
2052:2012
2020:2022
1990:2022
1968:2022
1960:MoMA
1942:2022
1930:and
1911:2019
1885:2023
1833:2023
1656:2019
1626:2019
1565:2019
1535:2017
1505:2022
1471:2019
1437:2022
1405:2022
1372:2022
1330:2022
1319:ISSN
1289:2022
1264:2022
1227:2022
1190:2019
1157:2014
1039:1974
1025:1975
1011:1976
993:1980
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933:1989
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879:1990
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679:2006
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645:2009
627:2009
613:2010
595:2010
576:2011
562:2011
545:2014
534:Year
363:and
228:and
113:1942
69:Died
43:Born
2177:at
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328:of
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