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1083:, some of which are paired with displays, to communicate with others of its kind. One such display call pairing is the conspicuous hunch-whistle, where the tail is slightly raised, the wings held slightly out and the head thrown back 45-90° while whistling, before snapping back to horizontal. The function of this call is to advertise ownership of a territory. Another call, the trill, denotes ownership over larger distances. Trills can be performed singly or as duets between pairs; if performed as a duet then the call also functions to help reinforce pair bond. Trills are usually given from a resting position, except for the trill-waggle, which has the bird raising its tail, opening its wings and ruffling the feathers of its neck and head, followed by a waggling of its outstretched neck and head. This display is antagonistic in a context where pigeon guillemots are in a group and often is the precursor to an attack. Low whistles are made by unpaired males attempting to attract a mate, and are deeper than hunch-whistles and involve less movement of the head. Other calls made include seeps and cheeps made between mates and screams made in the presence of predators.
1115:
881:. The wings of the pigeon guillemot are shorter and rounder than other auks, reflecting greater adaptation towards diving than flying. It has difficulty taking off in calm conditions without a runway, but once in the air it is faster than the black guillemot, having been recorded at 77 km/h (48 mph), about 20 km/h (12 mph) faster than the black guillemot. In the water it is a strong swimmer on the surface using its feet. When diving, propulsion is provided both by the wings, which beat at a rate of 2.1/s, but unusually for auks also by the feet. Pigeon guillemots have been recorded travelling 75 m (246 ft) horizontally on dives.
835:
894:
1278:. This is due to multiple factors, including its large population, estimated at 470,000 individuals, its stable population, and its large range, as this bird is thought to occur over a range of 15,400,000 km (5,950,000 sq mi). This bird is vulnerable to introduced mammalian predators, such as raccoons. The removal of introduced predators from breeding islands allows the species to recover. Climate change has a negative effect on this bird, and reproductive performance decreases with increased temperatures. It is also particularly vulnerable to oil, and adults near oiled shores display symptoms of
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1051:
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998:. This guillemot usually retains its nest site, meaning that nest sites are generally used multiple times, although it does not display this behaviour if its mate does not return to breed. The nests are found at a wide range of heights, from about 1 to 55 m (3.3 to 180.4 ft) above sea-level. Nesting sites are defended by established pairs, as is a small territory around the nest entrance of between 1–4 m (11–43 sq ft). Both sexes defend the nesting site, although most defence is done by the male.
82:
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Young birds do not breed until at least three years after fledging, with most first breeding at four years of age. While they may not return to breed, two or three year old birds may start attending the breeding colony before they reach sexual maturity, arriving in the colony after the breeding birds. Pigeon guillemots that reach adulthood have an average life-expectancy of 4.5 years, and the oldest recorded individual lived for 14 years.
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and 70 ft). The dives can range from 10 to 144 seconds, and usually average 87 seconds, with an intermission between dives lasting around 98 seconds. Dives of two to ten seconds are typical when feeding on shoals of sandlance at the water's surface. Smaller prey are probably consumed underwater, but larger organisms are brought to the surface to eat after capture.
957:
coastal sea cliffs. In the winter it forages along rocky coasts, often in sheltered coves. Sandy-bottomed water is avoided, presumably because this does not provide the right habitat to feed in. It occasionally can be found further offshore, as far as the continental shelf break. In the Bering Sea and Alaska, it feeds in openings in ice sheets.
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34 to 42 days after hatching, although the time taken to fledge has been known to take anywhere from 29 to 54 days. Chicks fledge by leaving the colony and flying to sea, after which they are independent of their parents and receive no post-fledging care. After this, the adult also leaves the colony.
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of one or two eggs. The eggs have grey and brown blotches near the larger end of the egg and range in colour from creamy to pale blue-green. They measure 61.2 mm × 41.0 mm (2.41 in × 1.61 in) on average, but become longer when laid later in the breeding season. Incubated
842:
The juvenile pigeon guillemot resembles a winter adult but has underpart feathers tipped in brown, giving the appearance of barring, more brown feathers in the upperparts and its wing patch is smaller. Its legs are a grey-brown in color. It loses the brown underpart feathers after its first moult two
826:
between August and
October, taking around a month to complete and leaving the bird unable to fly for around four weeks. Birds moult into their breeding plumage between January and March. The legs and feet are red, with black claws. The iris is brown and the eye is surrounded by a thin unbroken white
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The adult pigeon guillemot requires about 20% of its own weight, or 90 grams (3.2 oz) of food each day. It doubles its rate of fishing when feeding the nestlings. As the nestlings get older, they are fed more, until 11 days after hatching, when the food generally levels out. The food they get,
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worms, gastropods, bivalves and squid. The diet varies greatly, based on where the individual bird is, the season, and also from year to year, as ocean conditions change prey availability. For example, invertebrates are more commonly taken in winter. The foraging method used by this species differs
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The pigeon guillemot forages by itself or in small groups, diving underwater for food, usually close to shore and during the breeding season within 1 km (0.6 mi) of the colony. It forages at depths from 6 to 45 m (20 to 148 ft), but it prefers depths between 15 and 20 m (50
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This bird's breeding habitats are rocky shores, cliffs, and islands close to shallow water less than 50 m (160 ft) deep. It is flexible about its breeding site location, the important factor being protection from predators, and it is more commonly found breeding on offshore islands than
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Pigeon guillemots form long-term pair bonds, the pairs usually reuniting each year, although occasionally pairs divorce. The formation of the pair bond is poorly understood. It is thought that form of play known as "water games", which involves chasing of birds on and under the water at sea, and
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This guillemot nests at a variety of densities, ranging from a single individual to dense colonies. The nesting density is generally not affected by predation, although on a very local scale, nesting closer to neighbors has a slight advantage. Colonies are attended during the day and, except for
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continuously by both parents for three days, and then at intervals for another two to four days, after which it is able to control its own body temperature. Both parents are responsible for feeding the chicks, and bring single fish held in the bill throughout the day, but most frequently in the
765:
The pigeon guillemot is a medium-sized auk, 30 to 37 cm (12 to 15 in) in length and weighing 450 to 550 g (16 to 19 oz). Both sexes are alike in appearance and mass, except for
Californian birds where females were found to have larger bills than males. The summer or
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is higher and less when the tide is lower, probably because the prey this bird feeds on is more accessible during low tide, thus more birds are away from the colony. The counts vary the most before laying, while they are relatively stable during incubation and egg laying.
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birds incubating or brooding, adults do not remain in the colony at night. Birds usually arrive in the colony in the morning, with counts decreasing after early afternoon, when high tide is. Colony attendance is affected by the tide, more appearing when the
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from that of auks in other genera. It hangs upside down above the seafloor, probing with its head for prey and using its feet and wings to maintain position. The chick's diet varies slightly, with more fish than invertebrates, particularly rockfish (family
989:
The pigeon guillemot usually lays its eggs in rocky cavities near water, but it often nests in any available cavity, including caves, disused burrows of other seabirds, and even old bomb casings. It is noted that pigeon guillemots do not inhabit nests with
342:. The pigeon guillemot breeds and sometimes roosts on rocky shores, cliffs, and islands close to shallow water. In the winter, some birds move slightly south in the northernmost part of their range in response to advancing ice and
969:, but have been recorded feeding before dawn and after sunset. They typically sleep in loose groups in sheltered waters or on shore close to water. They typically rest spaced apart, but mated pairs rest close together. Bathing and
953:, meaning it returns to the colony where it hatched to breed, but it sometimes moves long distances after fledging before settling, for example a chick ringed in the Farallones was recorded breeding in British Columbia.
884:
The pigeon guillemot is similar to the related black guillemot, but can be distinguished by its larger size, and in the breeding season by its dusky-grey underwing and the dark brown wedge on the white wing patch.
1387:
Zoographia Rosso-Asiatica: sistens omnium animalium in extenso
Imperio Rossico, et adjacentibus maribus observatorum recensionem, domicilia, mores et descriptiones, anatomen atque icones plurimorum
1286:
can be found in the liver. Otherwise, the effects of oil spills on the pigeon guillemot are unclear. Unlike some seabirds, ingestion of plastic does not seem to be a problem for this species.
1167:). Specialization in the prey taken by a pigeon guillemot when foraging for its chicks generally results in greater reproductive success, with a high-lipid diet allowing for more growth.
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to three months after fledging. Its moult to its first summer plumage is later than adults, happening between March and May, and first summer birds lack the glossy sheen of adults.
921:
from Alaska to
California. This bird's wintering range is more restricted than its breeding season range, the pigeon guillemot usually wintering at sea or on the coasts, from the
1891:
Wallace, George E.; Collier, Beverly; Sydeman, William J. (1992). "Interspecific nest-site competition among cavity-nesting alcids on southeast
Farallon Island, California".
1568:). In: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J., Christie, D.A. & de Juana, E. (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. (retrieved from
2461:
Oakley, K. L.; Kuletz, Kathy J. (1996). "Population, reproduction and foraging of pigeon guillemots at Naked Island, Alaska, before and after the Exxon Valdez oil spill".
1033:
Usually arriving at its breeding range 40 to 50 days before laying starts, the pigeon guillemot breeds from late April to
September. During this time, it generally lays a
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the eggs and feed the chicks. After leaving the nest the young bird is completely independent of its parents. Several birds and other animals prey on the eggs and chicks.
2376:
Byrd, G. Vernon; Bailey, Edgar P.; Stahl, William (1997). "Restoration of Island
Populations of Black Oystercatchers and Pigeon Guillemots by Removing Introduced Foxes".
754:
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breeders, nesting in small colonies close to the shore. They defend small territories around a nesting cavity, in which they lay one or two eggs. Both parents
2050:
Vermeer, K.; Morgan, K. H.; Smith, G. E. J. (1993). "Nesting biology and predation of pigeon guillemots in the Queen
Charlotte Islands, British Columbia".
1030:
duet-trilling may have a function in maintaining the pair bond or act as a prelude to copulation. The red colour of the mouth may also be a sexual signal.
2221:
2488:
Seiser, Pamela E; Duffy, Lawrence K; David McGuire, A; Roby, Daniel D; Golet, Gregory H; Litzow, Michael A (2000). "Comparison of pigeon guillemot,
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due to its large, stable population and wide range. Threats to this bird include climate change, introduced mammalian predators, and oil spills.
1275:
365:
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This species feeds on small fish and marine invertebrates, mostly near the sea floor, that it catches by pursuit diving. Pigeon guillemots are
2863:
713:, meaning "pigeon". Pallas noted in his description of this species that the common name for the related black guillemot was Greenland dove.
2989:
2969:
1407:
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among other classical writers, later variously identified as types of seabirds, including gulls, auks and gannets. The specific epithet,
1966:
Vermeer, K.; Morgan, K. H.; Smith, G. E. J. (1993). "Colony attendance of pigeon guillemots as related to tide height and time of day".
2259:
Lewis, Stephen B. (December 2003). "Delivery and
Consumption of a Pigeon Guillemot by Nesting Northern Goshawks in Southeast Alaska".
1854:
2999:
1743:
Duffy, David
Cameron; Todd, Frank S.; Siegfried, W. R. (1987). "Submarine foraging behavior of alcids in an artificial environment".
2413:"Climate change, reproductive performance and diet composition of marine birds in the southern California current system, 1969–1997"
806:, eye line and ear coverts are black with white tips, sometimes the tips are narrow and the head looks black. In all plumages, the
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of the adult is mostly dark brown with a black sheen, with a white wing patch broken by a brown-black wedge. In winter, the
2829:
2294:
Muzaffar, S.B.; Jones, I.L. (2004). "Parasites and diseases of the auks (Alcidae) of the world and their ecology—a review".
1192:
Avian predation is the most common cause of egg loss in the pigeon guillemot. Species that prey on the nests include the
1130:
prey found at the lowest level in a body of water close to the sea floor, but it also takes some prey from higher in the
319:. The long bill is black, as are the claws. The legs, feet, and inside of the mouth are red. It closely resembles the
1583:
1509:
Campbell, Wayne; Dawe, Neil K.; McTaggart-Cowan, Ian; Cooper, John M.; Kaiser, Gary W.; McNall, Michael C.E. (2007).
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and wing length. These are larger in southern subspecies and smaller further north. The amount of white on the outer
820:
297:
2994:
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in central California have been recorded moving north, as far as Oregon and even British Columbia. It generally is
2868:
2984:
2762:
1582:
Turner, Angela. del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi; Christie, David A.; de Juana, Eduardo (eds.).
864:
440:. Within the genus, the pigeon guillemot and spectacled guillemot are sister species, and the black guillemot is
2150:
2133:
768:
289:
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Sydeman, William J; Hester, Michelle M; Thayer, Julie A; Gress, Franklin; Martin, Paige; Buffa, Joelle (2001).
2238:
1114:
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The pigeon guillemot walks well and habitually has an upright posture. When sitting it frequently rests on its
295:, are dark brown with a black iridescent sheen and a distinctive wing patch broken by a brown-black wedge. Its
1771:
1408:"Phylogenetic relationships within the Alcidae (Charadriiformes: Aves) inferred from total molecular evidence"
2666:
1803:
Nelson, Douglas A. (1991). "Demography of the pigeon guillemot on Southeast Farallon Island, California".
808:
784:
776:
313:
305:
2713:
2492:, blood parameters from oiled and unoiled areas of Alaska eight years after the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill".
856:
2718:
1040:
2098:
Nelson, Douglas A. (1984). "Communication of Intentions in Agonistic Contexts By the Pigeon Guillemot,
1359:
1283:
1679:
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The pigeon guillemot is a very vocal bird, particularly during the breeding season, and makes several
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2933:
2682:
2657:
2605:
1155:
800:
792:
81:
1772:"Diving times and behavior of Pigeon Guillemots and Marbled Murrelets off Rosario Head, Washington"
759:
2855:
1935:
717:
is dedicated to Captain Henry James Snow, a British seaman and hunter. The name of the subspecies
2920:
2907:
1716:
1702:
1453:"Taxonomic revision and phylogenetic analysis of the flightless Mancallinae (Aves, Pan-Alcidae)"
1307:
A superspecies is a classification based on physical description, whereas a sister species is a
2816:
2700:
2619:
1208:
are also common predators, preying on eggs, chicks, and adults. Adults are sometimes hunted by
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slightly north in the southern part of their range, generally preferring more sheltered areas.
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1512:
Birds of British Columbia, Volume 2: Nonpasserines – Diurnal Birds of Prey through Woodpeckers
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1271:
1237:
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1184:
834:
441:
361:
176:
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323:, which is slightly smaller and lacks the dark wing wedge present in the pigeon guillemot.
2705:
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2424:
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1460:
1197:
533:
417:
387:
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1390:(in Latin). Vol. 2. Petropoli : Ex Officina Caes. Academiae Scientiarum. p. 348.
1385:
985:
Two pigeon guillemot chicks, one just hatched, in a nesting crevice with eggshell remains.
8:
2016:
Nelson, Douglas A. (1985). "The Syntactic and Semantic Organization of Pigeon Guillemot (
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910:
350:
46:
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Clowater, James S.; Burger, Alan E. (1994). "The diving behaviour of pigeon guillemots (
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1991:
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2134:"Adult prey choice affects chick growth and reproductive success in pigeon guillemots"
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are iridescent black, often with black fringes giving a scalloped appearance, and the
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is occasional, the pigeon guillemot almost always just removing the eggs, and rarely
633:
577:
Cladogram showing the relationship of the pigeon guillemot. Based on Friesen (1996).
399:
2560:
2537:"Plastic ingestion in marine-associated bird species from the eastern North Pacific"
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Foreign eggs in this guillemot's nest are generally removed. Nest competition with
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2132:
Golet, Gregory H.; Kuletz, Katherine J.; Roby, Daniel D.; Irons, David B. (2000).
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The differences between the subspecies are based on body measurements such as the
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or ice holes some distance from the edge of the ice sheet. Further south, birds
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is from the motto of the state of California, which is derived from the Greek
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1987:
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1017:, have been reported evicting pigeon guillemots from their nesting crevices.
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918:
906:
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287:. There are five subspecies of the pigeon guillemot; all subspecies, when in
66:
61:
2115:
2568:
2535:
Avery-Gomm, S.; Provencher, J.F.; Morgan, K.H.; Bertram, D.F. (July 2013).
1936:"Significance of the pattern of nest distribution in the pigeon guillemot (
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by both sexes, the eggs usually hatch after 26 to 32 days. The chick is
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within the genus. The pigeon guillemot and the black guillemot form a
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1241:, a fungal disease, while in captivity. It is also vulnerable to the
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437:
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93:
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1134:. It mainly eats fish and other aquatic animals. Fish taken include
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828:
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2323:"Alcataenia campylacantha (Krabbe, 1869) from pigeon guillemots,
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831:. The bill is long and black and the inside of the mouth is red.
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The pigeon guillemot is one of three species of auk in the genus
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153:
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south because of advancing sea-ice, although others remain in
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sp. indet. (Cestoda: Dilepididae) from Kittlitz's murrelets,
707:
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275:
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10.1642/0004-8038(2000)117[0082:APCACG]2.0.CO;2
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1225:
1188:, a fungal disease that affects this bird when in captivity
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although, starts to decrease about 30 days after hatching.
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16:
Seabird in the auk family from North Pacific coastal waters
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is most closely related to the murrelets from the genus
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1224:. In the water, they have been reported to be taken by
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before removal. On the other hand, larger auk species,
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1334:
736:, "unwetted". The trinomial epithet of the subspecies
694:, referring to an unknown pale waterbird mentioned by
412:. An alternative arrangement, proposed in 2001 using
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from the Eastern Pacific. It was described in 1811 by
2229:(Master of Science). University of British Columbia.
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1961:
1959:
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1406:Friesen, V. L.; Baker, A. J.; Piatt, J. F. (1996).
1235:This bird, especially its chicks, is vulnerable to
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1965:
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1360:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22694864A132578338.en
2404:
2223:Bioenergetics of growth in the pigeon guillemot,
1954:
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874:, where the white is reduced or entirely absent.
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2451:
901:The pigeon guillemot ranges across the Northern
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330:is found on North Pacific coastal waters, from
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2011:
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2005:
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1276:International Union for Conservation of Nature
366:International Union for Conservation of Nature
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870:increases in northern subspecies, except for
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371:
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2002:
1933:
1564:Nettleship, D.N. (2017). Pigeon Guillemot (
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1444:
1270:The pigeon guillemot is considered to be a
1054:An almost fledged pigeon guillemot nestling
888:
838:Pigeon guillemot flying off coast of Oregon
360:The pigeon guillemot is considered to be a
2314:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1789:
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1662:Ewins, Peter; Poole, A.; Gill, F. (1993).
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933:and southern California. In Alaska, some
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1704:The Encyclopedia of North American Birds
1588:Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive
1584:"Key to Scientific Names in Ornithology"
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1262:) have been recorded on chicks as well.
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892:
833:
758:A pigeon guillemot in winter plumage at
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1934:Emms, S. K.; Verbeek, N. A. M. (1989).
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402:of the auk family found that the genus
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2015:
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1427:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025595
1126:The pigeon guillemot mostly feeds on
1066:
702:, is derived both from the Icelandic
2463:American Fisheries Society Symposium
1664:"Pigeon Guillemot (Cepphus columba)"
973:can also happen on shore or at sea.
283:, it is most closely related to the
2990:Fauna of the San Francisco Bay Area
2970:IUCN Red List least concern species
1852:
1346:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
13:
2185:) off southern Vancouver Island".
2034:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1985.tb01381.x
1602:
1581:
1537:
1154:include shrimp and crabs like the
790:and rump are white. The forehead,
14:
3011:
2579:
2220:Koelink, Anthony Francis (1972).
1668:The Birds of North America Online
683:In the binomial name, the genus,
3000:Taxa named by Peter Simon Pallas
2599:
2585:
994:eggs, specifically those of the
965:Pigeon guillemots are generally
233:
80:
2561:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.04.021
2528:
2369:
2252:
2022:Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie
1415:Molecular Biology and Evolution
1335:BirdLife International (2018).
2327:Pallas, and black guillemots,
1301:
749:
398:. A 1996 study looking at the
386:of the Atlantic Ocean and the
274:. One of three species in the
266:) is a species of bird in the
1:
2980:Birds of the Aleutian Islands
2514:10.1016/S0025-326X(99)00194-0
2437:10.1016/S0079-6611(01)00028-3
1863:Guide to North American Birds
1570:http://www.hbw.com/node/54064
1318:
1095:A pigeon guillemot diving at
746:, meaning "I have found it".
420:comparisons, found them as a
1289:
960:
394:in the second volume of his
7:
2343:Canadian Journal of Zoology
2187:Canadian Journal of Zoology
1282:, where elevated levels of
976:
814:are plain and dark. Adults
303:has mottled grey and black
10:
3016:
2337:Brachyramphus brevirostris
1590:. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions
1284:aspartate aminotransferase
1086:
732:is derived from the Greek
583:There are five recognised
382:, the other two being the
40:Adult in breeding plumage
2626:
2541:Marine Pollution Bulletin
2494:Marine Pollution Bulletin
1865:. Audubon. Archived from
1353:: e.T22694864A132578338.
1265:
706:, meaning "auk", and the
620:– northern & central
587:of the pigeon guillemot:
531:
518:
511:
496:
489:
467:
460:
396:Zoographia Rosso-Asiatica
372:Taxonomy and nomenclature
209:
200:
182:
175:
77:Scientific classification
75:
53:
44:
39:
30:
25:
2417:Progress in Oceanography
2321:Hoberg, Eric P. (1984).
1701:Vanner, Michael (2004).
1294:
1247:Alcataenia campylacantha
889:Distribution and habitat
760:Moss Landing, California
2995:Birds described in 1811
2116:10.1163/156853984X00524
1230:giant Pacific octopuses
1175:Predators and parasites
592:Cepphus columba columba
2985:Native birds of Alaska
1770:Thoresen, Asa (1989).
1757:10.1002/zoo.1430060411
1474:10.3897/zookeys.91.709
1189:
1123:
1107:
1076:
1055:
986:
898:
839:
762:
687:, is derived from the
2903:Paleobiology Database
1280:hepatocellular injury
1272:least concern species
1238:Aspergillus fumigatus
1198:glaucous-winged gulls
1185:Aspergillus fumigatus
1182:
1117:
1094:
1074:
1053:
984:
917:to coasts in western
896:
872:Cepphus columba snowi
837:
818:into their winter or
757:
362:least concern species
2596:at Wikimedia Commons
1451:Smith, N.A. (2011).
1039:
863:
855:
847:
822:non-breeding plumage
819:
807:
799:
791:
783:
775:
767:
728:, meaning "petrel".
721:is derived from the
534:Spectacled guillemot
388:spectacled guillemot
312:
304:
299:non-breeding plumage
296:
288:
285:spectacled guillemot
2553:2013MarPB..72..257A
2506:2000MarPB..40..152S
2429:2001PrOce..49..309S
2378:Colonial Waterbirds
2339:(Vigors) in Alaska"
2261:The Wilson Bulletin
2052:Colonial Waterbirds
2020:) Vocal Behavior".
1968:Colonial Waterbirds
1893:Colonial Waterbirds
1465:2011ZooK...91....1S
1382:Pallas, Peter Simon
1058:The chicks usually
911:Kamchatka Peninsula
47:Conservation status
2296:Marine Ornithology
2235:10.14288/1.0101536
1855:"Pigeon Guillemot
1572:on 19 March 2017).
1190:
1158:, and even rarely
1124:
1108:
1077:
1067:Calls and displays
1056:
1015:rhinoceros auklets
987:
899:
840:
763:
392:Peter Simon Pallas
2957:
2956:
2620:Taxon identifiers
2590:Media related to
2349:(11): 2297–2301.
1726:978-0-75258-734-9
1530:978-0-7748-4436-9
1222:northern goshawks
1218:great horned owls
1214:peregrine falcons
1194:northwestern crow
897:At cliffside nest
866:underwing coverts
671:
651:
634:Commander Islands
631:
619:
599:
581:
580:
571:
570:
562:
561:
553:
552:
544:
543:
520:Pigeon guillemot
400:mitochondrial DNA
219:
218:
70:
26:Pigeon guillemot
3007:
2950:
2949:
2937:
2936:
2924:
2923:
2911:
2910:
2898:
2897:
2885:
2884:
2872:
2871:
2859:
2858:
2846:
2845:
2833:
2832:
2820:
2819:
2807:
2806:
2794:
2793:
2791:pigeon-guillemot
2784:
2783:
2771:
2770:
2758:
2757:
2745:
2744:
2732:
2731:
2722:
2721:
2709:
2708:
2696:
2695:
2686:
2685:
2683:2F5DF476344AEA92
2673:
2672:
2662:
2661:
2660:
2647:
2646:
2645:
2615:
2614:
2604:Data related to
2603:
2589:
2573:
2572:
2532:
2526:
2525:
2485:
2479:
2478:
2458:
2449:
2448:
2423:(1–4): 309–329.
2408:
2402:
2401:
2373:
2367:
2366:
2331:(Linnaeus), and
2318:
2312:
2311:
2291:
2285:
2284:
2256:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2246:
2237:. Archived from
2217:
2211:
2210:
2178:
2172:
2171:
2153:
2129:
2120:
2119:
2095:
2084:
2083:
2047:
2038:
2037:
2013:
2000:
1999:
1963:
1952:
1951:
1931:
1925:
1924:
1888:
1879:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1850:
1837:
1836:
1800:
1787:
1786:
1776:
1767:
1761:
1760:
1740:
1731:
1730:
1698:
1692:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1678:. Archived from
1659:
1600:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1579:
1573:
1562:
1535:
1534:
1506:
1497:
1496:
1486:
1476:
1448:
1439:
1438:
1412:
1403:
1392:
1391:
1378:
1372:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1362:
1332:
1312:
1305:
1043:
947:Farallon Islands
927:Aleutian Islands
867:
859:
851:
823:
811:
803:
795:
787:
779:
771:
770:breeding plumage
665:
654:Aleutian Islands
645:
638:Aleutian Islands
636:to west-central
630:(Portenko, 1937)
629:
613:
594:
514:
513:
492:
491:
471:Synthliboramphus
463:
462:
456:
455:
451:
450:
409:Synthliboramphus
316:
308:
300:
292:
291:breeding plumage
265:
264:
261:
260:
257:
254:
251:
248:
245:
242:
239:
223:pigeon guillemot
213:
205:
188:
85:
84:
64:
59:
58:
35:
23:
22:
3015:
3014:
3010:
3009:
3008:
3006:
3005:
3004:
2960:
2959:
2958:
2953:
2947:Cepphus-columba
2945:
2940:
2932:
2927:
2919:
2914:
2906:
2901:
2893:
2888:
2880:
2877:Observation.org
2875:
2867:
2862:
2854:
2849:
2841:
2836:
2828:
2823:
2815:
2810:
2802:
2797:
2789:
2787:
2779:
2774:
2766:
2761:
2753:
2748:
2740:
2735:
2727:
2725:
2717:
2712:
2704:
2699:
2691:
2689:
2681:
2676:
2670:
2665:
2658:Cepphus columba
2656:
2655:
2650:
2641:
2640:
2635:
2628:Cepphus columba
2622:
2607:Cepphus columba
2593:Cepphus columba
2582:
2577:
2576:
2533:
2529:
2490:Cepphus columba
2486:
2482:
2459:
2452:
2409:
2405:
2390:10.2307/1521691
2374:
2370:
2355:10.1139/z84-335
2325:Cepphus columba
2319:
2315:
2292:
2288:
2257:
2253:
2244:
2242:
2225:Cepphus columba
2218:
2214:
2199:10.1139/z94-117
2183:Cepphus columba
2179:
2175:
2130:
2123:
2100:Cepphus Columba
2096:
2087:
2064:10.2307/1521430
2048:
2041:
2028:(1–4): 97–130.
2018:Ceppbus columba
2014:
2003:
1980:10.2307/1521550
1964:
1955:
1938:Cepphus columba
1932:
1928:
1905:10.2307/1521460
1889:
1882:
1872:
1870:
1869:on 25 July 2017
1857:Cepphus columba
1853:Kaufman, Kenn.
1851:
1840:
1817:10.2307/1368213
1801:
1790:
1774:
1768:
1764:
1741:
1734:
1727:
1699:
1695:
1685:
1683:
1682:on 1 April 2017
1660:
1603:
1593:
1591:
1580:
1576:
1566:Cepphus columba
1563:
1538:
1531:
1523:. p. 306.
1507:
1500:
1449:
1442:
1410:
1404:
1395:
1379:
1375:
1365:
1363:
1339:Cepphus columba
1333:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1315:
1306:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1268:
1177:
1156:pygmy rock crab
1089:
1069:
1045:
1003:Cassin's auklet
979:
963:
891:
869:
861:
853:
825:
813:
805:
797:
789:
781:
773:
752:
572:
563:
554:
545:
499:Black guillemot
384:black guillemot
374:
321:black guillemot
318:
310:
302:
294:
236:
232:
228:Cepphus columba
215:
211:
196:
190:
186:Cepphus columba
184:
171:
168:C. columba
134:Charadriiformes
79:
71:
60:
56:
49:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3013:
3003:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2951:
2938:
2925:
2912:
2899:
2886:
2873:
2860:
2847:
2834:
2821:
2808:
2795:
2785:
2772:
2759:
2746:
2733:
2723:
2710:
2697:
2687:
2674:
2663:
2648:
2632:
2630:
2624:
2623:
2612:
2611:
2610:at Wikispecies
2597:
2581:
2580:External links
2578:
2575:
2574:
2547:(1): 257–259.
2527:
2500:(2): 152–164.
2480:
2450:
2403:
2368:
2329:Cepphus grylle
2313:
2302:(2): 121–146.
2286:
2273:10.1676/03-036
2267:(4): 483–485.
2251:
2212:
2193:(5): 863–872.
2173:
2121:
2110:(1): 145–188.
2085:
2058:(2): 119–127.
2039:
2001:
1953:
1926:
1899:(2): 241–244.
1880:
1838:
1811:(3): 765–768.
1788:
1762:
1751:(4): 373–378.
1732:
1725:
1693:
1676:10.2173/bna.49
1601:
1574:
1536:
1529:
1498:
1440:
1421:(2): 359–367.
1393:
1373:
1323:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1299:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1267:
1264:
1176:
1173:
1088:
1085:
1068:
1065:
1011:tufted puffins
978:
975:
962:
959:
890:
887:
751:
748:
681:
680:
660:
643:C. c. adiantus
640:
624:
608:
579:
578:
574:
573:
569:
568:
565:
564:
560:
559:
556:
555:
551:
550:
547:
546:
542:
541:
538:
537:
530:
527:
526:
523:
522:
517:
512:
510:
507:
506:
503:
502:
495:
490:
488:
480:
479:
476:
475:
466:
461:
459:
454:
373:
370:
217:
216:
210:
207:
206:
198:
197:
191:
180:
179:
173:
172:
165:
163:
159:
158:
151:
147:
146:
141:
137:
136:
131:
127:
126:
121:
117:
116:
111:
107:
106:
101:
97:
96:
91:
87:
86:
73:
72:
54:
51:
50:
45:
42:
41:
37:
36:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3012:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2948:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2786:
2782:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2724:
2720:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2688:
2684:
2679:
2675:
2668:
2664:
2659:
2653:
2649:
2644:
2638:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2616:
2609:
2608:
2602:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2588:
2584:
2583:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2531:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2484:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2457:
2455:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2407:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2372:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2317:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2290:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2255:
2241:on 2020-03-01
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2227:
2224:
2216:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2177:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2128:
2126:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2046:
2044:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2012:
2010:
2008:
2006:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1950:(2): 193–202.
1949:
1945:
1941:
1939:
1930:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1887:
1885:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1858:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1784:
1780:
1779:Western Birds
1773:
1766:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1739:
1737:
1728:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1709:Bath, England
1706:
1705:
1697:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1589:
1585:
1578:
1571:
1567:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1532:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1513:
1505:
1503:
1494:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1459:(91): 1–116.
1458:
1454:
1447:
1445:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1409:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1389:
1388:
1383:
1377:
1361:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1347:
1342:
1340:
1331:
1329:
1324:
1310:
1304:
1300:
1287:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1263:
1261:
1260:
1259:Ceratophyllus
1256:) and fleas (
1255:
1254:
1249:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1239:
1233:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1202:garter snakes
1200:, stoats and
1199:
1195:
1187:
1186:
1181:
1172:
1168:
1166:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1152:invertebrates
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1121:
1120:Buldir Island
1116:
1112:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1097:Living Coasts
1093:
1084:
1082:
1075:Adult calling
1073:
1064:
1061:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1036:
1031:
1027:
1024:
1018:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
999:
997:
993:
983:
974:
972:
968:
958:
954:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
919:North America
916:
912:
908:
907:Kuril Islands
904:
895:
886:
882:
880:
875:
873:
868:
860:
852:
844:
836:
832:
830:
824:
817:
812:
804:
796:
788:
780:
772:
761:
756:
747:
745:
744:
739:
735:
731:
727:
724:
720:
716:
712:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
690:
686:
679:
675:
669:
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1350:
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1311:description.
1309:phylogenetic
1303:
1269:
1257:
1253:Ixodes uriae
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1132:water column
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996:western gull
988:
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738:C. c. eureka
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663:C. c. eureka
662:
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604:through the
600:– northeast
591:
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469:
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446:superspecies
422:sister clade
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2916:SeaLifeBase
2851:NatureServe
2799:iNaturalist
2652:Wikispecies
2469:: 759–769.
1745:Zoo Biology
1715:. pp.
1366:12 November
1210:bald eagles
1118:Feeding on
951:philopatric
905:, from the
750:Description
611:C. c. snowi
214: Range
2964:Categories
2942:Xeno-canto
2384:(2): 253.
2333:Alcataenia
2245:2017-03-19
1974:(1): 1–8.
1805:The Condor
1319:References
1165:Sebastidae
1160:polychaete
810:underwings
786:underparts
778:upperparts
678:California
658:Washington
652:– central
606:Bering Sea
585:subspecies
434:little auk
351:monogamous
340:California
315:underparts
311:and white
307:upperparts
2522:0025-326X
2475:0892-2284
2445:0079-6611
2363:0008-4301
2308:2074-1235
2207:0008-4301
2160:0004-8038
2104:Behaviour
2072:0738-6028
1988:0738-6028
1913:0738-6028
1825:0010-5422
1521:UBC Press
1517:Vancouver
1290:Footnotes
1250:. Ticks (
1047:morning.
961:Behaviour
939:ice leads
858:primaries
696:Aristotle
616:Stejneger
438:great auk
430:razorbill
162:Species:
100:Kingdom:
94:Eukaryota
2856:2.106136
2843:22694864
2817:11015044
2706:22694864
2701:BirdLife
2690:BioLib:
2637:Wikidata
2569:23683586
2281:87391879
2168:85876161
1785:: 33–37.
1713:Parragon
1686:31 March
1594:24 March
1493:21594108
1384:(1811).
1206:Raccoons
1140:sandfish
1136:sculpins
1122:, Alaska
977:Breeding
971:preening
931:Hokkaido
923:Pribilof
909:and the
829:eye-ring
734:adiantos
730:Adiantus
726:kachurka
355:incubate
334:through
270:family,
140:Family:
114:Chordata
110:Phylum:
104:Animalia
90:Domain:
67:IUCN 3.1
2975:Cepphus
2781:2481319
2678:Avibase
2643:Q926867
2549:Bibcode
2502:Bibcode
2425:Bibcode
2398:1521691
2138:The Auk
2080:1521430
1996:1521550
1944:The Auk
1921:1521460
1873:17 July
1833:1368213
1484:3084493
1461:Bibcode
1457:ZooKeys
1435:8587501
1274:by the
1243:cestode
1148:capelin
1128:benthic
1105:England
1101:Torquay
1087:Feeding
1042:brooded
1007:pithing
967:diurnal
945:in the
935:migrate
915:Siberia
903:Pacific
743:heurēka
723:Russian
719:kaiurka
711:columba
700:columba
692:kepphos
685:Cepphus
670:, 1950)
650:, 1950)
618:, 1897)
602:Siberia
485:Cepphus
424:to the
414:genetic
404:Cepphus
379:Cepphus
364:by the
344:migrate
332:Siberia
328:seabird
280:Cepphus
272:Alcidae
155:Cepphus
150:Genus:
144:Alcidae
130:Order:
120:Class:
65: (
2934:343902
2908:276240
2895:343902
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2763:EURING
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2729:piggui
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1035:clutch
943:banded
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704:klumba
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674:Oregon
668:Storer
648:Storer
598:, 1811
596:Pallas
426:murres
336:Alaska
212:
195:, 1811
193:Pallas
2929:WoRMS
2921:75160
2882:73105
2869:28696
2812:IRMNG
2750:eBird
2726:BOW:
2719:10138
2693:97011
2394:JSTOR
2277:S2CID
2164:S2CID
2076:JSTOR
1992:JSTOR
1917:JSTOR
1829:JSTOR
1775:(PDF)
1411:(PDF)
1295:Notes
1081:calls
879:tarsi
816:moult
802:lores
794:crown
715:Snowi
708:Latin
689:Greek
442:basal
326:This
276:genus
2890:OBIS
2864:NCBI
2838:IUCN
2825:ITIS
2804:4415
2776:GBIF
2768:6390
2742:SFVK
2714:BOLD
2565:PMID
2518:ISSN
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2156:ISSN
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1984:ISSN
1909:ISSN
1875:2017
1821:ISSN
1721:ISBN
1688:2017
1596:2017
1525:ISBN
1489:PMID
1431:PMID
1368:2021
1351:2018
1228:and
1226:orca
1220:and
1023:tide
1013:and
992:gull
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862:and
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221:The
124:Aves
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2667:ABA
2557:doi
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