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Pinus sabiniana

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as well. It is adapted to long, hot, dry summers and is found in areas with an unusually wide range of precipitation: from an average of 250 mm (10 in) per year at the edge of the Mojave to 1,780 mm (70 in) in parts of the Sierra Nevada. It prefers rocky, well drained soil, but
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tree typically grows to 36–45 feet (11–14 m), but can reach 105 feet (32 m) feet in height. The needles of the pine are in fascicles (bundles) of three, distinctively pale gray-green, sparse and drooping, and grow to 20–30 cm (8–12 inches) in length. The seed
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foraged for its seeds by digging around the base of the tree, although it is more likely that the term was first applied to the people; "Digger Indians" was in common use in California literature from the 1800s. The historically more common name
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found at higher elevations in the southwest US and Mexico. Some Native American groups relied heavily on sweet pine nuts for food and are thought to have contributed to the current distribution pattern, including the large gap in distribution in
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inches) in length and almost as wide as they are long. When fresh, they weigh from 0.3 to 0.7 kilograms (0.7 to 1.5 lb), rarely over 1 kilogram (2.2 lb). The male cones grow at the base of shoots on the lower branches.
314:. Some sources discourage using the name "digger pine," considering it pejorative ("digger" was a slur commonly used to refer to Indigenous Americans in the Great Basin and California). 2376: 629:, the often crooked form, heavy weight, and low stand density, made it expensive otherwise to log, transport and process. Commercial value decreased by the 1960s, to limited use for 1264: 946:, the governing body of botanical nomenclature. In that code, recommendation 60.2C states that personal names can be Latinized in species epithets: 'Sabine' is Latinised to 390: 1789:
Handbuch der Nadelholzkunde: Systematik, Beschreibung, Verwendung und Kultur der Ginkgoaceen, Freiland- Coniferen und Gnetaceen. Für Gärtner, Forstleute und Botaniker
518: 2366: 1490: 1751: 503: 2371: 2152: 2204: 1166: 1704: 1350: 655:, an alkane hydrocarbon, at about 3 percent of needle and twig oil, is unusual in botany; the only other source in nature perhaps being the 2346: 943: 559:. Fossil evidence suggests that it has only recently become adapted to the Mediterranean climate as its closest relatives are part of the 2266: 1256: 2100: 1893: 1633: 429:
grows at elevations between sea level and 1,200 metres (4,000 ft) and is common in the northern and interior portions of the
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Hickman, J.C. (Ed.) "The Jepson Manual, Higher Plants of California". University of California Press, Berkeley, 1993 p.120.
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advises avoiding this name as the authors believe "digger" is pejorative in origin. It is also sometimes thought of as a
2361: 2051: 1931: 1907: 1229: 483: 926:, because they were confused with Latin grammar. The proposal has not been accepted by the relevant authorities (i.e. 478:, and "Oak/Foothill Pine vegetation" (also known as "Oak/Gray Pine vegetation") is used as a description of a type of 402: 76: 1744: 1463: 2310: 2209: 1881: 1526: 2391: 2139: 2401: 2396: 2305: 1298: 846: 2284: 1676: 430: 1486: 1290: 2079: 1312: 472:
also grows in serpentine soil and heavy, poorly drained clay soils. It commonly occurs in association with
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stands loggable in winter, when higher-altitude species were inaccessible. However, the high amounts of
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Wood uses historically were determined by its particular characteristics, e.g., 0.43 mean
8: 1787: 1623: 41: 2258: 2318: 2087: 1596: 1257:"Classification for Kingdom Plantae Down to Species Pinus sabiniana Douglas ex Douglas" 756: 746: 736: 449: 71: 1028: 2240: 2012: 1853: 1845: 1740: 1603: 1459: 1426: 931: 866: 706: 479: 474: 457: 453: 378: 303: 176: 1912: 980: 958:). The GRIN database notes that Sabine's last name is not correctable and therefore 2323: 2017: 1821: 1308: 998: 776: 716: 626: 610: 586: 418: 1994: 1777: 1375: 2227: 1783: 1708: 1627: 1104: 836: 826: 816: 786: 726: 673: 468: 276: 2351: 2253: 1965: 907: 856: 796: 766: 598: 101: 2340: 2178: 2056: 1591: 1509: 1434: 989: 915: 876: 682: 602: 565: 461: 311: 61: 56: 1798: 1217: 2297: 1857: 1416:
Munz, P. "A California Flora and supplement" University of California Press
1029:"Data Source and References for Pinus sabiniana (California foothill pine)" 950:, with the addition of the suffix "-anus" (pertaining to) the word becomes 896: 630: 328: 2232: 2191: 2126: 1974: 1772: 686: 645: 578: 545: 541: 464: 2105: 1837: 307: 114: 2131: 2038: 1927: 638: 552: 490: 486: 441: 255: 1936: 2292: 1959: 1888: 1376:"Pinus sabiniana (gray pine) description - The Gymnosperm Database" 892: 672:
The name digger pine supposedly came from the observation that the
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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Protein and fat nutritional value of the seed are similar to
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in mountain foothills habitat in Pinnacles National Monument
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Plants used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California
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Natural history of the California chaparral and woodlands
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Flutes of fire :essays on California Indian languages
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Hogan, C. Michael (2008). Stromberg, Nicklas (ed.).
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International Code of Botanical Nomenclature. 2006.
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Pines: Drawings and descriptions of the genus Pinus
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Western Forests (The Audubon Society Nature Guides)
1340:"Discovering Gray Pine (Pinus sabiniana) in Oregon" 1197: 1803:Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 1595: 1222:Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 942:agrees with a provision in the Vienna Code of the 1489:. USDA Forest Service Southern Research Station. 1398: 2338: 582:seeds and figured in the local indigenous diet. 1830:(Digger-pine, Gray-pine, Piñon-pine, Nut-pine)" 1728:The Cone-bearing Trees of Yosemite: Digger Pine 1185: 1834:Cone-bearing Trees of the California Mountains 1567:The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California 1079:The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California 1147:. Berkeley, California: The Calflora Database 1004:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42413A2978429.en 467:. Multiple specimens have also been found in 1799:"The Digger Indian Stereotype in California" 1251: 1249: 1247: 1218:"The Digger Indian Stereotype in California" 1098: 1096: 944:International Code of Botanical Nomenclature 871:xisi (unripe pinenut); chati (ripe pinenut) 568:. Native Americans also consumed the roots. 689:, though it does not belong to that group. 659:known as "petroleum nut" or kerosene tree. 413: 2367:Flora of the Sierra Nevada (United States) 1694: 1337: 1284: 1282: 1135: 1133: 1131: 1129: 1064: 1062: 1060: 1058: 1056: 1054: 978: 644:It may still offer potential as windbreak 50: 31: 1586: 1584: 1244: 1093: 1023: 1021: 1002: 938:(GRIN). The GRIN notes that the spelling 922:. Some botanists proposed a new spelling 693:Pinus sabiniana in Californian languages 512:in chaparral habitat in Sacramento Valley 1796: 1782: 1215: 1203: 891: 417: 1681:United States Department of Agriculture 1672:Germplasm Resources Information Network 1657: 1655: 1622: 1556: 1481: 1479: 1477: 1475: 1447: 1425: 1317:United States Department of Agriculture 1279: 1126: 1068: 1051: 936:Germplasm Resources Information Network 928:United States Department of Agriculture 2372:Flora of the California desert regions 2339: 1590: 1581: 1327:– via Southern Research Station. 1288: 1232:from the original on 20 September 2022 1018: 1941: 1940: 1820: 1749: 1404: 1267:from the original on 12 November 2012 1102: 1039:from the original on 12 November 2012 2311:5a021712-ddef-45c8-b5bc-1f8d1c7b3e1c 2220:03869b46-d53b-4ccb-a8fb-345a75ead3ac 1724: 1652: 1529:from the original on 9 February 2022 1472: 1356:from the original on 23 January 2023 1191: 962:is the proper name for the species. 761:ton' (pinenut); shaaxal' (pine sap) 721:hireeni (pine tree); saak (pinenut) 331:are large and heavy, 12–35 cm ( 2347:IUCN Red List least concern species 1103:Earle, Christopher J., ed. (2018). 990:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 532: 13: 1932:University of California, Berkeley 1908:University of California, Berkeley 1814: 1711:. Accessed online: 1 October 2010. 1431:A Natural History of Western Trees 489:in California, providing a sparse 484:California chaparral and woodlands 14: 2413: 1865: 887: 651:The main turpentine constituent, 2285:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:325668-2 1887: 1871: 1569:. University and Jepson Herbaria 1503: 1386:from the original on 1 June 2020 1081:. University and Jepson Herbaria 681:is still in widespread use. The 517: 502: 401: 389: 377: 365: 75: 16:Pine tree found in North America 1640:from the original on 2 May 2024 1616: 1557:Hickman, James C., ed. (1993). 1550: 1541: 1515: 1493:from the original on 2 May 2024 1441: 1419: 1410: 1368: 1331: 1069:Hickman, James C., ed. (1993). 920:Horticultural Society of London 571: 2382:Garden plants of North America 1602:. Berkeley, CA: Heyday Books. 1209: 1159: 667: 317: 1: 1718: 1677:Agricultural Research Service 589:nearly equal to Douglas-fir ( 433:. It is found throughout the 431:California Floristic Province 1313:United States Forest Service 613:comparable to some northern 7: 2357:Endemic flora of California 1913:USDA PLANTS Treatment for 1454:. New York: Knopf. p.  910:with the standard spelling 662: 10: 2418: 1917:(California foothill pine) 1840:(illustrations). Chicago: 1770:Discovery Channel (2010), 1634:Government Printing Office 1289:Powers, Robert F. (1990). 561:Madrean pine-oak woodlands 540:needles are a food of the 482:characteristic within the 452:and interior valleys; the 2362:Trees of Northern America 1949: 1448:Whitney, Stephen (1985). 241: 234: 72:Scientific classification 70: 48: 39: 30: 23: 1797:Lonnberg, Allan (1981). 1305:Silvics of North America 1216:Lonnberg, Allan (1981). 965: 821:hireeni; saak (pinenut) 414:Distribution and habitat 1725:Cole, James E. (1939). 1707:26 January 2021 at the 1427:Peattie, Donald Culross 1113:The Gymnosperm Database 831:tuwa; sanank (pinenut) 657:Pittosporum resiniferum 2392:Drought-tolerant trees 1884:) at Wikimedia Commons 1842:A.C. McClurg & Co. 903: 493:above a canopy of the 423: 396:Cone, seeds, and resin 2402:Edible nuts and seeds 2397:Butterfly food plants 895: 847:Southern Sierra Miwok 591:Pseudotsuga menziesii 421: 1904:The Jepson Herbarium 1766:on 28 February 2012. 1702:Recommendation 60C.2 1624:Chesnut, Victor King 1525:. 23 December 2021. 997:: e.T42413A2978429. 1173:on 25 February 2002 979:Farjon, A. (2013). 918:, secretary of the 694: 595:strength properties 269:(sometimes spelled 42:Conservation status 1735:A. Farjon (2005). 904: 692: 424: 2334: 2333: 2241:Open Tree of Life 1943:Taxon identifiers 1876:Media related to 1822:Chase, J. Smeaton 1754:Quercus douglasii 1609:978-0-930588-62-5 1167:"Pinus sabiniana" 1141:"Pinus sabiniana" 932:The Jepson Manual 885: 884: 757:Chukchansi Yokuts 475:Quercus douglasii 458:Peninsular Ranges 262: 261: 227:P. sabiniana 65: 2409: 2387:Ornamental trees 2327: 2326: 2314: 2313: 2301: 2300: 2288: 2287: 2275: 2274: 2262: 2261: 2249: 2248: 2236: 2235: 2223: 2222: 2213: 2212: 2200: 2199: 2187: 2186: 2174: 2173: 2161: 2160: 2148: 2147: 2135: 2134: 2122: 2121: 2109: 2108: 2096: 2095: 2083: 2082: 2070: 2069: 2060: 2059: 2047: 2046: 2034: 2033: 2021: 2020: 2008: 2007: 1998: 1997: 1985: 1984: 1983: 1970: 1969: 1968: 1938: 1937: 1930:photo database, 1892:Data related to 1891: 1875: 1861: 1844:pp. 28–30. 1810: 1793: 1784:Beissner, Ludwig 1767: 1762:. Archived from 1732: 1712: 1698: 1692: 1691: 1689: 1687: 1659: 1650: 1649: 1647: 1645: 1620: 1614: 1613: 1601: 1588: 1579: 1578: 1576: 1574: 1554: 1548: 1545: 1539: 1538: 1536: 1534: 1519: 1513: 1507: 1506: 1502: 1500: 1498: 1483: 1470: 1469: 1445: 1439: 1438: 1423: 1417: 1414: 1408: 1402: 1396: 1395: 1393: 1391: 1380:www.conifers.org 1372: 1366: 1365: 1363: 1361: 1355: 1344: 1338:Frank Callahan. 1335: 1329: 1328: 1326: 1324: 1309:Washington, D.C. 1286: 1277: 1276: 1274: 1272: 1253: 1242: 1241: 1239: 1237: 1213: 1207: 1201: 1195: 1189: 1183: 1182: 1180: 1178: 1169:. Archived from 1163: 1157: 1156: 1154: 1152: 1137: 1124: 1123: 1121: 1119: 1100: 1091: 1090: 1088: 1086: 1066: 1049: 1048: 1046: 1044: 1025: 1016: 1015: 1013: 1011: 1006: 976: 747:Chochenyo Ohlone 695: 691: 627:compression wood 611:tensile strength 587:specific gravity 533:Ecology and uses 521: 506: 422:Distribution map 405: 393: 381: 369: 358: 357: 353: 350: 344: 343: 339: 336: 277:vernacular names 247: 80: 79: 59: 54: 53: 35: 21: 20: 2417: 2416: 2412: 2411: 2410: 2408: 2407: 2406: 2337: 2336: 2335: 2330: 2322: 2317: 2309: 2304: 2296: 2291: 2283: 2278: 2270: 2265: 2257: 2252: 2244: 2239: 2231: 2228:Observation.org 2226: 2218: 2216: 2208: 2203: 2195: 2190: 2182: 2177: 2169: 2164: 2156: 2151: 2143: 2138: 2130: 2125: 2117: 2112: 2104: 2099: 2093:Pinus sabiniana 2091: 2086: 2078: 2073: 2065: 2063: 2055: 2050: 2042: 2037: 2029: 2024: 2016: 2011: 2003: 2001: 1993: 1988: 1981:Pinus sabiniana 1979: 1978: 1973: 1964: 1963: 1958: 1951:Pinus sabiniana 1945: 1923:Pinus sabiniana 1915:Pinus sabiniana 1894:Pinus sabiniana 1878:Pinus sabiniana 1868: 1828:Pinus sabiniana 1817: 1815:Further reading 1721: 1716: 1715: 1709:Wayback Machine 1699: 1695: 1685: 1683: 1665:Pinus sabiniana 1661: 1660: 1653: 1643: 1641: 1636:. p. 408. 1621: 1617: 1610: 1589: 1582: 1572: 1570: 1561:Pinus sabiniana 1555: 1551: 1546: 1542: 1532: 1530: 1521: 1520: 1516: 1504: 1496: 1494: 1485: 1484: 1473: 1466: 1446: 1442: 1424: 1420: 1415: 1411: 1403: 1399: 1389: 1387: 1374: 1373: 1369: 1359: 1357: 1353: 1342: 1336: 1332: 1322: 1320: 1307:. Vol. 1. 1293:Pinus sabiniana 1287: 1280: 1270: 1268: 1255: 1254: 1245: 1235: 1233: 1214: 1210: 1202: 1198: 1190: 1186: 1176: 1174: 1165: 1164: 1160: 1150: 1148: 1139: 1138: 1127: 1117: 1115: 1107:Pinus sabiniana 1101: 1094: 1084: 1082: 1073:Pinus sabiniana 1067: 1052: 1042: 1040: 1027: 1026: 1019: 1009: 1007: 983:Pinus sabiniana 977: 973: 968: 960:Pinus sabiniana 906:The scientific 901:Pinus sabiniana 890: 751:saak (pinenut) 731:šaak (pinenut) 670: 665: 633:, box "shook", 574: 538:Pinus sabiniana 535: 528: 522: 513: 507: 469:Southern Oregon 427:Pinus sabiniana 416: 409: 406: 397: 394: 385: 382: 373: 370: 355: 351: 348: 346: 341: 337: 334: 332: 324:Pinus sabiniana 320: 266:Pinus sabiniana 258: 249: 245:Pinus sabiniana 243: 230: 74: 66: 55: 51: 44: 25:Pinus sabiniana 17: 12: 11: 5: 2415: 2405: 2404: 2399: 2394: 2389: 2384: 2379: 2374: 2369: 2364: 2359: 2354: 2349: 2332: 2331: 2329: 2328: 2324:wfo-0000481519 2315: 2302: 2289: 2276: 2263: 2250: 2237: 2224: 2214: 2201: 2188: 2175: 2162: 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Retrieved 994: 988: 982: 974: 959: 955: 951: 947: 939: 923: 911: 905: 900: 678: 671: 650: 643: 584: 577: 575: 572:Special uses 551: 542:caterpillars 537: 536: 525:P. sabiniana 524: 510:P. sabiniana 509: 495:oak woodland 473: 439:Coast Ranges 426: 425: 372:Pollen cones 323: 321: 296: 292: 288: 284: 280: 272:P. sabineana 271: 270: 265: 264: 263: 244: 242: 226: 225: 213: 209: 205:Subsection: 197: 193: 181: 177: 165: 115:Gymnospermae 108: 95: 24: 18: 2259:kew-2562153 2192:NatureServe 2127:iNaturalist 1975:Wikispecies 1838:Eytel, Carl 1792:. P. Parey. 1778:Episode 138 1773:MythBusters 1752:"Blue Oak ( 1497:10 February 1390:26 February 1261:USDA PLANTS 1033:USDA PLANTS 1010:19 November 687:pinyon pine 679:digger pine 668:Common name 648:plantings. 646:shelterbelt 637:stock, and 617:pulps; and 603:Kraft pulps 597:similar to 579:Pinus pinea 465:sky islands 450:San Joaquin 318:Description 297:digger pine 281:towani pine 2341:Categories 2254:Plant List 2002:Calflora: 1719:References 1533:9 February 1405:Hogan 2008 1271:20 October 1151:20 October 1118:8 February 1085:20 October 1043:20 October 556:sabinianus 454:Transverse 308:California 279:including 214:Ponderosae 173:Subgenus: 121:Division: 2080:233500953 1928:CalPhotos 1739:. Brill. 1686:1 October 1644:24 August 1573:6 January 1192:Cole 1939 952:sabiniana 940:sabiniana 924:sabineana 912:sabiniana 881:c’ala’i 737:Chimariko 553:Chionodes 546:Gelechiid 491:overstory 487:ecoregion 442:foothills 293:bull pine 289:gray pine 221:Species: 212:subsect. 198:Trifoliae 189:Section: 135:Pinopsida 125:Pinophyta 85:Kingdom: 2306:VicFlora 2298:24900215 2293:Tropicos 2197:2.133005 2158:10589695 2145:263297-1 1966:Q2473331 1960:Wikidata 1882:category 1850:11004975 1824:(1911). 1786:(1909). 1705:Archived 1667:Douglas" 1638:Archived 1626:(1902). 1594:(1996). 1527:Archived 1491:Archived 1429:(1953). 1384:Archived 1360:24 March 1351:Archived 1323:17 March 1315:(USFS), 1300:Conifers 1265:Archived 1230:Archived 1145:Calflora 1037:Archived 948:sabinius 791:tä-nē’ 771:axyúsip 711:tujhalo 707:Achumawi 698:Language 663:Taxonomy 619:foothill 607:bursting 605:high in 275:), with 155:Pinaceae 151:Family: 62:IUCN 3.1 2106:5285255 2031:1033632 1926:in the 1858:3477527 1523:"Shook" 1177:15 July 841:xirren 801:towáni 781:gapga 777:Klamath 741:hatcho 653:heptane 615:conifer 544:of the 480:habitat 446:Central 408:Foliage 354:⁄ 340:⁄ 310:in the 304:endemic 299:, is a 252:Douglas 161:Genus: 145:Pinales 141:Order: 131:Class: 89:Plantae 60: ( 2267:PLANTS 2246:113478 2233:142127 2217:NZOR: 2210:268869 2171:183377 2067:pinsab 2064:FEIS: 2057:150620 1995:173830 1856:  1848:  1743:  1606:  1462:  1319:(USDA) 851:sakky 827:Patwin 811:tunah 787:Konkow 674:Paiute 635:pallet 460:; and 295:, and 196:sect. 180:subg. 2352:Pinus 2272:PISA2 2184:42413 2153:IRMNG 2132:58772 2119:28540 2088:FoAO2 2052:EUNIS 2044:PIUSA 2018:4J2GS 1354:(PDF) 1343:(PDF) 1228:(2). 966:Notes 956:pinus 867:Wintu 861:náyo 857:Wappo 797:Maidu 767:Karuk 701:Name 639:chips 623:resin 609:with 329:cones 256:D.Don 182:Pinus 166:Pinus 109:Clade 96:Clade 2280:POWO 2205:NCBI 2179:IUCN 2166:ITIS 2140:IPNI 2114:GRIN 2101:GBIF 2039:EPPO 2005:6524 1990:APNI 1854:OCLC 1846:LCCN 1809:(2). 1741:ISBN 1688:2010 1646:2012 1604:ISBN 1575:2011 1535:2022 1499:2022 1460:ISBN 1392:2023 1362:2022 1325:2016 1273:2012 1238:2022 1179:2022 1153:2012 1120:2019 1087:2012 1045:2012 1012:2021 995:2013 897:Cone 877:Yana 807:Mono 625:and 549:moth 456:and 437:and 384:Bark 322:The 301:pine 2319:WFO 2075:FNA 2026:EoL 2013:CoL 1456:409 999:doi 934:or 899:of 593:); 306:to 254:ex 2343:: 2321:: 2308:: 2295:: 2282:: 2269:: 2256:: 2243:: 2230:: 2207:: 2194:: 2181:: 2168:: 2155:: 2142:: 2129:: 2116:: 2103:: 2090:: 2077:: 2054:: 2041:: 2028:: 2015:: 1992:: 1977:: 1962:: 1906:, 1902:, 1852:. 1836:. 1832:. 1805:. 1801:. 1776:, 1758:. 1756:)" 1679:, 1675:. 1669:. 1654:^ 1632:. 1583:^ 1565:. 1474:^ 1458:. 1382:. 1378:. 1349:. 1345:. 1311:: 1303:. 1281:^ 1263:. 1259:. 1246:^ 1224:. 1220:. 1143:. 1128:^ 1111:. 1095:^ 1077:. 1053:^ 1035:. 1031:. 1020:^ 993:. 987:. 930:, 641:. 601:; 497:. 448:, 347:13 291:, 287:, 283:, 210:P. 194:P. 178:P. 111:: 98:: 1880:( 1860:. 1826:" 1807:3 1731:. 1690:. 1663:" 1648:. 1612:. 1577:. 1563:" 1559:" 1537:. 1512:. 1501:. 1468:. 1407:. 1394:. 1364:. 1295:" 1291:" 1275:. 1240:. 1226:3 1206:. 1194:. 1181:. 1155:. 1122:. 1109:" 1105:" 1089:. 1075:" 1071:" 1047:. 1014:. 1001:: 985:" 981:" 356:4 352:3 349:+ 345:– 342:4 338:3 335:+ 333:4 64:)

Index


Conservation status
Least Concern
IUCN 3.1
Scientific classification
Edit this classification
Plantae
Tracheophytes
Gymnospermae
Pinophyta
Pinopsida
Pinales
Pinaceae
Pinus
P. subg. Pinus
P. sect. Trifoliae
P. subsect. Ponderosae
Binomial name
Douglas
D.Don
vernacular names
pine
endemic
California
United States
cones
Pollen cones
Bark
Cone, seeds, and resin
Foliage

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