1641:—a self-excited vibration of the journal. Oil whirl occurs when the lubrication wedge becomes unstable: small disturbances of the journal result in reaction forces from the oil film, which cause further movement, causing both the oil film and the journal to "whirl" around the bearing shell. Typically the whirl frequency is around 42% of the journal turning speed. In extreme cases oil whirl leads to direct contact between the journal and the bearing, which quickly wears out the bearing. In some cases the frequency of the whirl coincides with and "locks on to" the critical speed of the machine shaft; this condition is known as "oil whip". Oil whip can be very destructive.
1436:
67:
481:
184:
172:
79:
1630:, which is the angle formed between the vertical and a line that crosses through the center of the journal and the center of the bearing, and the eccentricity ratio, which is the ratio of the distance of the centre of the journal from the centre of the bearing, to the overall radial clearance. The attitude angle and eccentricity ratio are dependent on the direction and speed of rotation and the load. In hydrostatic bearings the oil pressure also affects the eccentricity ratio. In electromagnetic equipment like motors,
489:
1567:
1559:
87:
1669:, which has a shallow relief cut in the center of the bearing over the top half of the bearing. The groove abruptly stops in order to create a downward force to stabilize the journal. This design has a high load capacity and corrects most oil whirl situations. The disadvantage is that it only works in one direction. Offsetting the bearing halves does the same thing as the pressure dam. The only difference is the load capacity increases as the offset increases.
1575:
1686:
200:
951:
972:
25:
1544:
quality and quantity of lubricant, and temperature (affecting lubricant viscosity). If the plain bearing is not designed to run in the dry or boundary condition, it has a high coefficient of friction and wears out. Dry and boundary conditions may be experienced even in a fluid bearing when operating outside of its normal operating conditions; e.g., at startup and shutdown.
1540:. Full-film conditions are when the bearing's load is carried solely by a film of fluid lubricant and there is no contact between the two bearing surfaces. In mix or boundary conditions, load is carried partly by direct surface contact and partly by a film forming between the two. In a dry condition, the full load is carried by surface-to-surface contact.
504:. Often the bearing is made up of at least two constituents, where one is soft and the other is hard. The hard constituent supports the load while the soft constituent supports the hard constituent. In general, the harder the surfaces in contact the lower the coefficient of friction and the greater the pressure required for the two to
995:
wear/reduced life) at elevated temperature, brittle fractures at cold temperatures, and swelling due to moisture absorption. While most bearing-grade plastics/polymers are designed to reduce these design cautions, they still exist and should be carefully considered before specifying a solid polymer (plastic) type.
1657:
are installed between the two halves of the bearing housing and then the bore is machined to size. After the shims are removed, the bore resembles a lemon shape, which decreases the clearance in one direction of the bore and increases the pre-load in that direction. The disadvantage of this design is
1621:
Hydrodynamic bearings require greater care in design and operation than hydrostatic bearings. They are also more prone to initial wear because lubrication does not occur until there is rotation of the shaft. At low rotational speeds the lubrication may not attain complete separation between shaft and
414:, or a ring that is molded onto the OD of the bushing that matches with a groove in the housing. This is usually a more durable way to retain the bushing, because the forces acting on the bushing could press it out. Flanged bushings are designed for enhanced resistance to both radial and axial loads.
994:
process. Not all shapes are possible with this process, and shapes that are possible are limited to what is considered good design practice for injection molding. Plastic bearings are subject to the same design cautions as all other plastic parts: creep, high thermal expansion, softening (increased
463:
The distance from one parting edge to the other is slightly larger than the corresponding distance in the housing so that a light amount of pressure is required to install the bearing. This keeps the bearing in place as the two halves of the housing are installed. Finally, the shell's circumference
390:
bushings. A sleeve, split, or clenched bushing is only a "sleeve" of material with an inner diameter (ID), outer diameter (OD), and length. The difference between the three types is that a solid sleeved bushing is solid all the way around, a split bushing has a cut along its length, and a clenched
334:
are easier to accommodate and can be replaced if necessary. Depending on the material, an integral bearing may be less expensive but it cannot be replaced. If an integral bearing wears out, the item may be replaced or reworked to accept a bushing. Integral bearings were very common in 19th-century
1543:
Bearings that are made from bearing grade materials always run in the dry condition. The other two classes of plain bearings can run in all three conditions; the condition in which a bearing runs is dependent on the operating conditions, load, relative surface speed, clearance within the bearing,
1520:
groove channel on the inner diameter that is filled with graphite. A similar bearing replaces the figure eight groove with holes plugged with graphite. This lubricates the bearing inside and out. The last form is a plastic bearing, which has the lubricant molded into the bearing. The lubricant is
982:
Solid plastic plain bearings are now increasingly popular due to dry-running lubrication-free behavior. Solid polymer plain bearings are low weight, corrosion resistant, and maintenance free. After studies spanning decades, an accurate calculation of the service life of polymer plain bearings is
1622:
bushing. As a result, hydrodynamic bearings may be aided by secondary bearings that support the shaft during start and stop periods, protecting the fine tolerance machined surfaces of the journal bearing. On the other hand, hydrodynamic bearings are simpler to install and are less expensive.
537:), depending on the diameter. Babbitt is made using soft material when compared to the material of composition of the journal or the rotating shaft. Babbitt bearings are designed to not damage the journal during direct contact and to collect any contaminants in the lubrication.
142:
in contact with the bearing slides over the bearing surface. The simplest example of a plain bearing is a shaft rotating in a hole. A simple linear bearing can be a pair of flat surfaces designed to allow motion; e.g., a drawer and the slides it rests on or the
1644:
Oil whirl can be prevented by a stabilising force applied to the journal. A number of bearing designs seek to use bearing geometry to either provide an obstacle to the whirling fluid or to provide a stabilising load to minimize whirl. One such is called the
399:) across the cut connecting the parts. A flanged bushing is a sleeve bushing with a flange at one end extending radially outward from the OD. The flange is used to positively locate the bushing when it is installed or to provide a thrust bearing surface.
1676:
design, which uses multiple pads that are designed to move with changing loads. It is usually used in very large applications but also finds extensive application in modern turbomachinery because it almost completely eliminates oil whirl.
2682:
Bearings and
Bearing Metals: A Treatise Dealing with Various Types of Plain Bearings, the Compositions and Properties of Bearing Metals, Methods of Insuring Proper Lubrication, and Important Factors Governing the Design of Plain
406:
numbering system. The numbering system uses the format -XXYY-ZZ, where XX is the ID in sixteenths of an inch, YY is the OD in sixteenths of an inch, and ZZ is the length in eighths of an inch. Metric sizes also exist.
1582:
Fluid lubrication results in a full-film or a boundary condition lubrication mode. A properly designed bearing system reduces friction by eliminating surface-to-surface contact between the journal and bearing through
1625:
In the hydrodynamic state a lubrication "wedge" forms, which lifts the journal. The journal also slightly shifts horizontally in the direction of rotation. The location of the journal is measured by the
1460:: bearings that contain a lubricant within the walls of the bearing (e.g., bronze, graphite, etc.). Typically these bearings require an outside lubricant to achieve maximum performance.
790:
A cast iron bearing can be used with a hardened steel shaft because the coefficient of friction is relatively low. The cast iron glazes over therefore wear becomes negligible.
1658:
its lower load carrying capacity, as compared to typical journal bearings. It is also still susceptible to oil whirl at high speeds, however its cost is relatively low.
1496:
Self-lubricating plain bearings have a lubricant contained within the bearing walls. There are many forms of self-lubricating bearings. The first, and most common, are
2766:
1801:
46:
1384:
bearings are very hard, so sand and other grit that enters the bearing are simply ground to a fine powder that does not inhibit the operation of the bearing.
2613:
1466:: bearings made of materials that are the lubricant. These bearings are typically considered "self-lubricating" and can run without an external lubricant.
158:
Plain bearings, in general, are the least expensive type of bearing. They are also compact and lightweight, and they have a high load-carrying capacity.
1606:
amount of pressure. In a hydrodynamic bearing the pressure in the oil film is maintained by the rotation of the journal. Hydrostatic bearings enter a
553:. Steel-backed PTFE-coated bronze bearings are rated for more load than most other bi-metal bearings and are used for rotary and oscillating motions.
1375:
2002:
315:
plain bearings are built into the object of use as a hole prepared in the bearing surface. Industrial integral bearings are usually made from
1439:
A schematic of a journal bearing under a hydrodynamic lubrication state showing how the journal centerline shifts from the bearing centerline
456:
pin is used. The button stop is screwed to the housing, while the dowel pin keys the two shells together. Another less common method uses a
2452:
826:, therefore it is low friction and low maintenance. The copper adds strength, durability, and provides heat dissipation characteristics.
452:
edge that correlates with a notch in the housing to prevent axial movement after installation. For large, thick shells a button stop or
2725:
545:
Bi-material bearings consist of two materials, a metal shell and a plastic bearing surface. Common combinations include a steel-backed
287:: This bearing provides linear motion; it may take the form of a circular bearing and shaft or any other two mating surfaces (e.g., a
33:
1618:, however bearings can be designed to use whatever fluid is available, and several pump designs use the pumped fluid as a lubricant.
1387:
1817:
Mukutadze, M. A.; Khasyanova, D. U. (2019-09-01). "Radial
Friction Bearing with a Fusible Coating in the Turbulent Friction Mode".
1030:
2325:
2164:
2357:
410:
A linear bushing is not usually pressed into a housing, but rather secured with a radial feature. Two such examples include two
2083:
1881:
220:
The design of a plain bearing depends on the type of motion the bearing must provide. The three types of motions possible are:
2710:
2528:
2415:
2256:
2123:
1969:
1710:: These are standardized bearing mounts designed to accept plain bearings. They are designed to mount to a flat surface.
2485:
2652:
253:
1395:
is a self lubricating wood and in clocks it gives extremely long life. Also used with bronze wheels in ship rigging.
983:
possible today. Designing with solid polymer plain bearings is complicated by the wide range, and non-linearity, of
2555:
1798:
1516:, which require no additional lubrication during operation. Another form is a solid one-piece metal bushing with a
984:
464:
is also slightly larger than the housing circumference so that when the two halves are bolted together the bearing
2431:
1402:, various (usually) wooden parts of the keyboard and action are linked together by center pins typically made of
2786:
2035:
2759:: Movies and photos of hundreds of working mechanical-systems models at Cornell University. Also includes an
908:
Unalloyed graphite bearings are used in special applications, such as locations that are submerged in water.
529:
is usually used in integral bearings. It is coated over the bore, usually to a thickness of 0.25 to 2.5
1522:
1726:: A sealing system used to keep fluid from leaking out of a pressurized system through the plain bearing.
1454:: bearings that require the application of a lubricant from an external source (e.g., oil, grease, etc.).
964:
as used on some steam locomotive tenders. A version of the archbar truck was at one time also used on US
1918:
1637:
One disadvantage specific to fluid-lubricated, hydrodynamic journal bearings in high-speed machinery is
144:
468:
slightly. This creates a large amount of radial force around the entire bearing, which keeps it from
262:
91:
2614:"Dynamic Characteristics of Rotors on Passive and Active Thrust Fluid-film Bearings with Fixed Pads"
2587:
448:. There are various systems used to keep the shells located. The most common method is a tab on the
2113:
2017:
1718:: A lubricating mechanism used in the first half of the 20th century for medium speed applications.
2246:
1084:
1026:
859:
704:
591:
546:
370:
for rotary applications; this is the most common form of a plain bearing. Common designs include
276:
38:
987:. These materials can heat rapidly when used in applications outside the recommended pV limits.
1513:
1360:
1073:
847:
695:
582:
2518:
2405:
1959:
2224:
1631:
1490:
954:
534:
336:
243:: This is the most common type of plain bearing; it is simply a shaft rotating in a hole. In
95:
2056:
1768: – Bearing which carries a load with rolling elements placed between two grooved rings
1754:
1706:
1690:
1353:
501:
127:
1435:
472:. It also forms a good interface for heat to travel out of the bearings into the housing.
8:
1673:
66:
1842:
1615:
1486:
1430:
480:
2771:
2334:
2161:
965:
2719:
2706:
2687:
2648:
2630:
2524:
2411:
2363:
2252:
2119:
1965:
1846:
1834:
999:
991:
550:
403:
331:
2089:
1887:
1517:
78:
2647:, pps480: 489. (2002), Bently.D. & Hatch.C. The Bently Pressurised Bearing Co.
2625:
2383:
1826:
1501:
1080:
855:
558:
300:
183:
171:
2700:
2680:
2168:
1805:
1736:
1034:
1011:
557:-backed Frelon are commonly used in corrosive environments because the Frelon is
526:
521:
488:
367:
320:
148:
131:
2760:
1634:
can counteract gravity loads, causing the journal to take up unusual positions.
402:
Sleeve bearings of inch dimensions are almost exclusively dimensioned using the
1765:
1584:
1007:
411:
366:, is an independent plain bearing that is inserted into a housing to provide a
347:
324:
295:
283:
135:
2756:
2691:
2217:
1830:
1598:
lubricated. Hydrostatically lubricated bearings are lubricated by an external
1493:. The grooves help lubrication enter the bearing and cover the whole journal.
2780:
1838:
1774:
1654:
1566:
1553:
1403:
1069:
1003:
917:
844:
823:
803:
692:
579:
500:, low wear to the bearing and shaft, resistant to elevated temperatures, and
396:
392:
210:
206:
2733:
1512:
is applied. An example of a sintered metal bearing in action can be seen in
2494:
1742:
1722:
1558:
1392:
1042:
449:
248:
1500:
metal bearings, which have porous walls. The porous walls draw oil in via
484:
Split bi-material bushings: a metal exterior with an inner plastic coating
86:
1760:
1444:
976:
961:
509:
440:
in industrial machinery, are commonly used for larger diameters, such as
288:
267:
2564:
1906:
460:
that keys the shell to the housing through a hole or slot in the shell.
257:
specifically referred to the plain bearing once used at the ends of the
1714:
1694:
1685:
1574:
1475:
1022:
871:
815:
530:
441:
244:
1701:
Other components that are commonly used with plain bearings include:
1497:
1050:
554:
457:
316:
1378:: Specially developed polymer bearing materials with life prediction
1505:
1417:
931:
927:
819:
811:
497:
199:
1485:
Most plain bearings have a plain inner surface; however, some are
1014:, food and packaging machines, car seating, and marine equipment.
1748:
1478:; examples of the third type are metalized graphite bearings and
1411:
1381:
950:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
505:
496:
Plain bearings must be made from a material that is durable, low
272:
71:
651:
bushing. The bushing is replaced whenever it has worn too much.
299:: A thrust bearing provides a bearing surface for forces acting
24:
1610:
when the journal is rotating. Hydrostatic bearings usually use
1471:
1046:
939:
807:
648:
643:
A common plain bearing design utilizes a hardened and polished
190:
74:
locomotive showing the axle, bearing, oil supply and oiling pad
971:
1399:
1018:
957:
644:
453:
343:
152:
1745: – Miniature fan used in a computer for active cooling
1739: – Dimensionless number used in journal bearing design
1599:
1509:
1479:
1407:
1038:
935:
799:
258:
139:
2284:
2282:
2269:
2267:
2195:
2193:
2180:
2178:
2176:
1757: – Bracket used to provide support to rotating shafts
998:
Plastic bearings are now quite common, including usage in
2612:
Babin, Alexander; Savin, Leonid; Majorov, Sergey (2018).
1611:
417:
The thrust form of a bushing is conventionally called a
2536:
2466:
2306:
2294:
2279:
2264:
2190:
2173:
1770:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
2763:
of classic texts on mechanical design and engineering.
2657:
2131:
2588:"Converting Ships to Seawater Lubricated Shaft Lines"
2118:(5th ed.), Butterworth-Heinemann, p. 1094,
1977:
2757:
Kinematic Models for Design
Digital Library (KMODDL)
2520:
Chrysler: The Life and Times of an
Automotive Genius
2143:
1936:
1874:
342:
For example, a common integral plain bearing is the
98:(GWR) wagon showing a plain, or journal, bearing end
1816:
565:Bearing properties of various bi-material bearings
335:machinery, but became progressively less common as
2580:
1907:Car and Locomotive Cyclopedia Of American Practice
1864:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1856:
82:A sliding table with four cylindrical bearings (1)
16:Simplest type of bearing, with no rolling elements
2611:
2445:
2205:
391:bearing is similar to a split bushing but with a
2778:
2424:
2036:"Metric Bronze Bushings – A Brief Overview"
1958:Brumbach, Michael E.; Clade, Jeffrey A. (2003),
1911:
1819:Journal of Machinery Manufacture and Reliability
654:Common bronze alloys used for bearings include:
1853:
1578:Miba tilting pad bearing used in turbomachinery
990:Solid polymer type bearings are limited by the
303:to the shaft. One example is a propeller shaft.
2645:Fundamentals of Rotating Machinery Diagnostics
2226:High Temperature Graphite-Metal Alloy Bearings
814:alloy, commonly known by the trademarked name
2548:
1957:
1919:"The Evolution of Railway Axlebox Technology"
1614:, while hydrodynamic bearings can use oil or
1447:system can be categorized into three groups:
1751: – Overheating of railway rolling stock
1420:alloys can be used for low load applications
678:Bearing properties of various bronze alloys
330:Integral bearings are not as common because
2523:, Oxford University Press US, p. 485,
1528:There are three main types of lubrication:
1470:Examples of the second type of bearing are
2478:
2350:
1953:
1951:
1336:−240 to 288 °C (−400 to 550 °F)
1285:−240 to 288 °C (−400 to 550 °F)
1268:−240 to 288 °C (−400 to 550 °F)
1251:−240 to 288 °C (−400 to 550 °F)
1234:−212 to 260 °C (−350 to 500 °F)
1217:−212 to 260 °C (−350 to 500 °F)
1183:−100 to 249 °C (−148 to 480 °F)
1166:−100 to 249 °C (−148 to 480 °F)
1098:−240 to 260 °C (−400 to 500 °F)
830:Bearing properties of graphitic materials
2629:
2605:
2455:. Endeavor Business Media LLC. 2002-11-15
2376:
2155:
2107:
2105:
1900:
1302:−129 to 82 °C (−200 to 180 °F)
2000:
1810:
1684:
1573:
1565:
1557:
1434:
1149:−40 to 110 °C (−40 to 230 °F)
1115:−29 to 121 °C (−20 to 250 °F)
1031:ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene
970:
949:
487:
479:
85:
77:
65:
49:of all important aspects of the article.
2732:
2705:(2nd ed.), Butterworth-Heinemann,
2542:
2472:
2312:
2300:
2288:
2273:
2244:
2238:
2199:
2184:
1948:
1319:−40 to 82 °C (−40 to 180 °F)
1200:−29 to 82 °C (−20 to 180 °F)
1132:−40 to 80 °C (−40 to 176 °F)
1057:Bearing properties of various plastics
2779:
2724:: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (
2638:
2516:
2510:
2403:
2397:
2318:
2111:
2102:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1794:
1792:
1790:
45:Please consider expanding the lead to
2698:
2663:
2137:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2033:
2027:
1983:
1680:
876:−268–399 °C or −450–750 °F
623:−240–204 °C or −400–400 °F
606:−200–280 °C or −328–536 °F
2407:Bridge Inspection and Rehabilitation
1547:
770:Less than 260 °C (500 °F)
444:bearings. The two halves are called
134:and no rolling elements. Therefore,
18:
2772:Cylindrical Roller Bearings factory
2679:
2211:
2149:
1989:
1942:
1868:
1787:
549:-coated bronze and aluminum-backed
114:(in railroading sometimes called a
13:
2563:, pp. 1.2–1.3, archived from
2063:
14:
2798:
2750:
1964:, Cengage Learning, p. 199,
753:−12–104 °C (10–220 °F)
736:−12–232 °C (10–450 °F)
719:−12–104 °C (10–220 °F)
985:coefficient of thermal expansion
609:248 MPa or 36,000 psi
603:Steel-backed PTFE-coated bronze
492:A graphite-filled groove bushing
198:
182:
170:
23:
2738:(115th ed.), McMaster-Carr
2673:
2049:
2038:. National Bronze Manufacturing
1474:and plastic bearings made from
1186:150 MPa (21,750 psi)
798:In harsh environments, such as
37:may be too short to adequately
2686:. The Industrial Press. 1921.
2631:10.1051/matecconf/201814811003
2432:"Aluminum Alloys for Bearings"
1424:
1406:. These linkages usually have
626:21 MPa or 3,000 psi
540:
327:shaft is used in the bearing.
275:). Axlebox bearings today are
47:provide an accessible overview
1:
2034:Russo, Michael (2013-02-12).
2001:Weichsel, Dick (1994-10-03),
1780:
1672:A more radical design is the
1339:34 MPa (4,900 psi)
1169:59 MPa (8,500 psi)
1135:14 MPa (2,000 psi)
1101:10 MPa (1,500 psi)
773:31 MPa (4,500 psi)
756:28 MPa (4,000 psi)
739:28 MPa (4,000 psi)
722:14 MPa (2,000 psi)
2699:Neale, Michael John (1995),
2434:. Key to Metals AG. Sep 2004
2359:Frelon lined linear bearings
2333:, March 1997, archived from
2327:Frelon lined linear bushings
2245:Glaeser, William A. (1992),
1305:7 MPa (1,000 psi)
1288:7 MPa (1,000 psi)
1254:7 MPa (1,000 psi)
1237:7 MPa (1,000 psi)
1203:7 MPa (1,000 psi)
785:
475:
428:
7:
1730:
1521:released as the bearing is
879:5 MPa or 750 psi
793:
337:interchangeable manufacture
307:
279:rather than plain bearings.
126:), is the simplest type of
10:
2803:
1551:
1428:
1322:5 MPa (700 psi)
1271:5 MPa (750 psi)
1220:3 MPa (500 psi)
1152:2 MPa (300 psi)
1146:MDS-filled nylon blend 2*
1129:MDS-filled nylon blend 1*
1118:3 MPa (400 psi)
945:
915:
519:
515:
353:
2453:"Aluminum-Alloy Bearings"
2115:Plant engineer's handbook
2112:Mobley, R. Keith (2001),
1831:10.3103/S1052618819050066
1504:and release the oil when
1369:
960:with journal bearings in
911:
638:
436:plain bearings, known as
161:
2618:MATEC Web of Conferences
2517:Curcio, Vincent (2001),
2016:(1): 1–2, archived from
1017:Common plastics include
277:rolling-element bearings
70:Plain bearing on a 1906
2248:Materials for tribology
1514:self-lubricating chains
1345:10.5 MPa m/s (300,000)
1027:polytetrafluoroethylene
779:4.38 MPa m/s (125,000)
620:Aluminum-backed frelon
350:and a journal bearing.
108:sliding contact bearing
2702:The Tribology Handbook
2410:. Wiley. p. 185.
2404:Silano, Louis (1993).
1961:Industrial Maintenance
1698:
1661:Another design is the
1632:electromagnetic forces
1590:Fluid bearings can be
1579:
1571:
1563:
1440:
1361:polyether ether ketone
1328:0.39 MPa m/s (11,000)
1294:0.35 MPa m/s (10,000)
1260:0.35 MPa m/s (10,000)
1243:0.39 MPa m/s (11,000)
1192:1.32 MPa m/s (37,700)
1107:0.35 MPa m/s (10,000)
979:
975:Diagram of a railroad
968:
885:0.42 MPa m/s (12,000)
762:1.23 MPa m/s (35,000)
728:1.75 MPa m/s (50,000)
632:0.70 MPa m/s (20,000)
493:
485:
177:A solid sleeve bushing
99:
83:
75:
2787:Bearings (mechanical)
2735:McMaster-Carr catalog
2592:Gallagher Fluid Seals
1688:
1585:fluid dynamic effects
1577:
1569:
1561:
1491:spiral groove bearing
1438:
1342:15.2 m/s (3,000)
1316:MDS-filled urethane*
1311:0.07 MPa m/s (2,000)
1277:0.26 MPa m/s (7,500)
1226:0.04 MPa m/s (1,000)
1209:0.09 MPa m/s (2,700)
1175:0.12 MPa m/s (3,500)
1158:0.11 MPa m/s (3,000)
1141:0.12 MPa m/s (3,400)
1124:0.11 MPa m/s (3,000)
1010:, textile machinery,
974:
953:
926:, these bearings use
745:2.6 MPa m/s (75,000)
725:6.1 m/s (1,200)
615:1.8 MPa m/s (51,000)
491:
483:
96:Great Western Railway
89:
81:
69:
1755:Pillow block bearing
1707:Pillow block bearing
1691:pillow block bearing
1354:molybdenum disulfide
1121:1.83 m/s (360)
1104:0.71 m/s (140)
1049:(a high-performance
776:1.14 m/s (225)
759:1.14 m/s (225)
130:, comprising just a
1530:full-film condition
1325:1.00 m/s (200)
1189:1.50 m/s (295)
1138:2.0 m/s (393)
1058:
831:
742:3.8 m/s (750)
679:
647:shaft and a softer
629:1.5 m/s (300)
612:2.0 m/s (390)
566:
502:corrosion resistant
263:railroad wheel sets
106:, or more commonly
2167:2011-09-10 at the
1945:, pp. 15, 18.
1804:2014-07-29 at the
1699:
1681:Related components
1653:. In this design,
1608:hydrodynamic state
1580:
1572:
1564:
1534:boundary condition
1441:
1431:oiler (occupation)
1410:, or more rarely,
1308:0.5 m/s (100)
1291:2.0 m/s (400)
1274:2.0 m/s (400)
1257:2.0 m/s (400)
1240:2.0 m/s (400)
1231:Glass-filled PTFE
1223:0.5 m/s (100)
1172:2.0 m/s (400)
1155:0.30 m/s (60)
1065:Temperature range
1056:
1000:photocopy machines
980:
969:
882:0.38 m/s (75)
838:Temperature range
829:
686:Temperature range
677:
573:Temperature range
564:
494:
486:
362:, also known as a
346:, which is both a
100:
84:
76:
2712:978-0-7506-1198-5
2530:978-0-19-514705-6
2417:978-0-471-53262-0
2258:978-0-444-88495-4
2152:, pp. 29–30.
2125:978-0-7506-7328-0
2057:"Flanged Bushing"
1971:978-0-7668-2695-3
1925:. SKF. 2010-12-07
1602:that maintains a
1548:Fluid lubrication
1349:
1348:
1206:5 m/s (100)
992:injection molding
906:
905:
783:
782:
636:
635:
508:or to seize when
64:
63:
2794:
2767:CSX Dictionary J
2745:
2744:
2743:
2729:
2723:
2715:
2695:
2667:
2666:, p. A10.4.
2661:
2655:
2642:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2609:
2603:
2602:
2600:
2598:
2584:
2578:
2577:
2576:
2575:
2569:
2562:
2552:
2546:
2540:
2534:
2533:
2514:
2508:
2507:
2506:
2505:
2499:
2493:, archived from
2492:
2482:
2476:
2470:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2460:
2449:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2439:
2428:
2422:
2421:
2401:
2395:
2394:
2393:
2392:
2380:
2374:
2373:
2372:
2371:
2362:, archived from
2354:
2348:
2347:
2346:
2345:
2339:
2332:
2322:
2316:
2310:
2304:
2298:
2292:
2286:
2277:
2271:
2262:
2261:
2242:
2236:
2235:
2234:
2233:
2221:
2215:
2209:
2203:
2197:
2188:
2182:
2171:
2159:
2153:
2147:
2141:
2140:, p. A11.6.
2135:
2129:
2128:
2109:
2100:
2099:
2098:
2097:
2088:, archived from
2085:Journal Bearings
2080:
2061:
2060:
2053:
2047:
2046:
2044:
2043:
2031:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2007:
2003:"Plane bearings"
1998:
1987:
1986:, p. A12.1.
1981:
1975:
1974:
1955:
1946:
1940:
1934:
1933:
1931:
1930:
1915:
1909:
1904:
1898:
1897:
1896:
1895:
1886:, archived from
1883:Journal Bearings
1878:
1872:
1866:
1851:
1850:
1814:
1808:
1799:CSX Dictionary J
1796:
1771:
1596:hydrodynamically
1502:capillary action
1059:
1055:
832:
828:
680:
676:
567:
563:
559:chemically inert
423:
422:
339:became popular.
202:
186:
174:
124:friction bearing
59:
56:
50:
27:
19:
2802:
2801:
2797:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2792:
2791:
2777:
2776:
2753:
2741:
2739:
2717:
2716:
2713:
2676:
2671:
2670:
2662:
2658:
2643:
2639:
2610:
2606:
2596:
2594:
2586:
2585:
2581:
2573:
2571:
2567:
2560:
2554:
2553:
2549:
2545:, p. 1118.
2541:
2537:
2531:
2515:
2511:
2503:
2501:
2497:
2490:
2484:
2483:
2479:
2475:, p. 1119.
2471:
2467:
2458:
2456:
2451:
2450:
2446:
2437:
2435:
2430:
2429:
2425:
2418:
2402:
2398:
2390:
2388:
2382:
2381:
2377:
2369:
2367:
2356:
2355:
2351:
2343:
2341:
2337:
2330:
2324:
2323:
2319:
2315:, p. 1111.
2311:
2307:
2303:, p. 1121.
2299:
2295:
2291:, p. 1114.
2287:
2280:
2276:, p. 1110.
2272:
2265:
2259:
2243:
2239:
2231:
2229:
2223:
2222:
2218:
2210:
2206:
2202:, p. 1116.
2198:
2191:
2187:, p. 1115.
2183:
2174:
2169:Wayback Machine
2162:Frelon bushings
2160:
2156:
2148:
2144:
2136:
2132:
2126:
2110:
2103:
2095:
2093:
2082:
2081:
2064:
2055:
2054:
2050:
2041:
2039:
2032:
2028:
2020:
2005:
1999:
1990:
1982:
1978:
1972:
1956:
1949:
1941:
1937:
1928:
1926:
1917:
1916:
1912:
1905:
1901:
1893:
1891:
1880:
1879:
1875:
1867:
1854:
1815:
1811:
1806:Wayback Machine
1797:
1788:
1783:
1769:
1737:Bearing modulus
1733:
1683:
1651:elliptical bore
1592:hydrostatically
1556:
1550:
1433:
1427:
1372:
1180:PEEK blend 2**
1163:PEEK blend 1**
1012:medical devices
948:
920:
914:
866:
854:
842:
818:, is used. The
796:
788:
711:
702:
690:
641:
598:
589:
577:
543:
524:
522:Babbitt (metal)
518:
478:
431:
420:
419:
412:retaining rings
368:bearing surface
356:
310:
254:journal bearing
251:applications a
218:
217:
216:
215:
214:
203:
195:
194:
187:
179:
178:
175:
164:
132:bearing surface
120:journal bearing
60:
54:
51:
44:
32:This article's
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2800:
2790:
2789:
2775:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2761:e-book library
2752:
2751:External links
2749:
2748:
2747:
2730:
2711:
2696:
2675:
2672:
2669:
2668:
2656:
2637:
2604:
2579:
2547:
2535:
2529:
2509:
2477:
2465:
2444:
2423:
2416:
2396:
2375:
2349:
2317:
2305:
2293:
2278:
2263:
2257:
2237:
2216:
2204:
2189:
2172:
2154:
2142:
2130:
2124:
2101:
2062:
2048:
2026:
1988:
1976:
1970:
1947:
1935:
1910:
1899:
1873:
1852:
1825:(5): 421–430.
1809:
1785:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1777:
1772:
1766:Roller bearing
1763:
1758:
1752:
1746:
1740:
1732:
1729:
1728:
1727:
1719:
1711:
1682:
1679:
1628:attitude angle
1570:A pressure dam
1549:
1546:
1468:
1467:
1461:
1455:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1421:
1415:
1396:
1390:
1385:
1379:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1366:
1365:
1364:
1347:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1330:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1313:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1296:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1279:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1262:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1245:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1228:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1211:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1194:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1177:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1160:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1143:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1126:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1109:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1092:
1091:
1088:
1079:V (max.) [
1077:
1068:P (max.) [
1066:
1063:
1008:farm equipment
947:
944:
924:jewel bearings
916:Main article:
913:
910:
904:
903:
900:
897:
894:
891:
887:
886:
883:
880:
877:
874:
868:
867:
863:
851:
839:
836:
795:
792:
787:
784:
781:
780:
777:
774:
771:
768:
764:
763:
760:
757:
754:
751:
747:
746:
743:
740:
737:
734:
730:
729:
726:
723:
720:
717:
713:
712:
708:
699:
687:
684:
640:
637:
634:
633:
630:
627:
624:
621:
617:
616:
613:
610:
607:
604:
600:
599:
595:
586:
574:
571:
542:
539:
520:Main article:
517:
514:
477:
474:
430:
427:
355:
352:
348:thrust bearing
325:hardened steel
309:
306:
305:
304:
296:Thrust bearing
292:
284:Linear bearing
280:
265:, enclosed by
204:
197:
196:
188:
181:
180:
176:
169:
168:
167:
166:
165:
163:
160:
62:
61:
41:the key points
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2799:
2788:
2785:
2784:
2782:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2762:
2758:
2755:
2754:
2737:
2736:
2731:
2727:
2721:
2714:
2708:
2704:
2703:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2684:
2678:
2677:
2665:
2660:
2654:
2653:0-9714081-0-6
2650:
2646:
2641:
2632:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2608:
2593:
2589:
2583:
2570:on 2015-05-30
2566:
2559:
2558:
2551:
2544:
2539:
2532:
2526:
2522:
2521:
2513:
2500:on 2011-08-20
2496:
2489:
2488:
2481:
2474:
2469:
2454:
2448:
2433:
2427:
2419:
2413:
2409:
2408:
2400:
2387:
2386:
2379:
2366:on 2010-11-26
2365:
2361:
2360:
2353:
2340:on 2011-09-10
2336:
2329:
2328:
2321:
2314:
2309:
2302:
2297:
2290:
2285:
2283:
2275:
2270:
2268:
2260:
2254:
2250:
2249:
2241:
2228:
2227:
2220:
2214:, p. 15.
2213:
2208:
2201:
2196:
2194:
2186:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2170:
2166:
2163:
2158:
2151:
2146:
2139:
2134:
2127:
2121:
2117:
2116:
2108:
2106:
2092:on 2001-05-02
2091:
2087:
2086:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2058:
2052:
2037:
2030:
2023:on 2011-06-09
2019:
2015:
2011:
2004:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1985:
1980:
1973:
1967:
1963:
1962:
1954:
1952:
1944:
1939:
1924:
1920:
1914:
1908:
1903:
1890:on 2010-01-10
1889:
1885:
1884:
1877:
1870:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1813:
1807:
1803:
1800:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1786:
1776:
1775:Stave bearing
1773:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1747:
1744:
1741:
1738:
1735:
1734:
1725:
1724:
1720:
1717:
1716:
1712:
1709:
1708:
1704:
1703:
1702:
1697:plain bearing
1696:
1692:
1687:
1678:
1675:
1670:
1668:
1667:dammed groove
1664:
1659:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1642:
1640:
1635:
1633:
1629:
1623:
1619:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1588:
1586:
1576:
1568:
1560:
1555:
1554:Fluid bearing
1545:
1541:
1539:
1538:dry condition
1535:
1531:
1526:
1524:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1494:
1492:
1488:
1483:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1465:
1462:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1448:
1446:
1443:The types of
1437:
1432:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1404:German silver
1401:
1397:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1380:
1377:
1376:Igus, iglidur
1374:
1373:
1362:
1358:
1357:
1355:
1351:
1350:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1327:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1297:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1263:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1246:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1089:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1054:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1015:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
996:
993:
988:
986:
978:
973:
967:
963:
962:journal boxes
959:
956:
952:
943:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
919:
918:Jewel bearing
909:
901:
898:
895:
892:
889:
888:
884:
881:
878:
875:
873:
870:
869:
864:
861:
857:
852:
849:
846:
840:
837:
834:
833:
827:
825:
824:dry lubricant
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
791:
778:
775:
772:
769:
766:
765:
761:
758:
755:
752:
749:
748:
744:
741:
738:
735:
732:
731:
727:
724:
721:
718:
715:
714:
709:
706:
700:
697:
694:
688:
685:
682:
681:
675:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
652:
650:
646:
631:
628:
625:
622:
619:
618:
614:
611:
608:
605:
602:
601:
596:
593:
587:
584:
581:
575:
572:
569:
568:
562:
560:
556:
552:
548:
538:
536:
533:(9.8 to 98.4
532:
528:
523:
513:
511:
507:
503:
499:
490:
482:
473:
471:
467:
461:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
438:full bearings
435:
426:
424:
421:thrust washer
415:
413:
408:
405:
400:
398:
394:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
351:
349:
345:
340:
338:
333:
328:
326:
322:
318:
314:
302:
298:
297:
293:
290:
286:
285:
281:
278:
274:
270:
269:
268:journal boxes
264:
260:
256:
255:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
223:
222:
221:
212:
208:
201:
192:
185:
173:
159:
156:
154:
150:
146:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
116:solid bearing
113:
112:slide bearing
109:
105:
104:plain bearing
97:
93:
88:
80:
73:
68:
58:
48:
42:
40:
35:
30:
26:
21:
20:
2746:</ref>
2740:, retrieved
2734:
2701:
2681:
2674:Bibliography
2659:
2644:
2640:
2621:
2617:
2607:
2595:. Retrieved
2591:
2582:
2572:, retrieved
2565:the original
2556:
2550:
2543:McMaster 115
2538:
2519:
2512:
2502:, retrieved
2495:the original
2486:
2480:
2473:McMaster 115
2468:
2457:. Retrieved
2447:
2436:. Retrieved
2426:
2406:
2399:
2389:, retrieved
2384:
2378:
2368:, retrieved
2364:the original
2358:
2352:
2342:, retrieved
2335:the original
2326:
2320:
2313:McMaster 115
2308:
2301:McMaster 115
2296:
2289:McMaster 115
2274:McMaster 115
2251:, Elsevier,
2247:
2240:
2230:, retrieved
2225:
2219:
2207:
2200:McMaster 115
2185:McMaster 115
2157:
2145:
2133:
2114:
2094:, retrieved
2090:the original
2084:
2051:
2040:. Retrieved
2029:
2018:the original
2013:
2009:
1979:
1960:
1938:
1927:. Retrieved
1922:
1913:
1902:
1892:, retrieved
1888:the original
1882:
1876:
1871:, p. 1.
1822:
1818:
1812:
1743:Computer fan
1723:Stuffing box
1721:
1713:
1705:
1700:
1671:
1666:
1663:pressure dam
1662:
1660:
1650:
1646:
1643:
1638:
1636:
1627:
1624:
1620:
1607:
1603:
1595:
1591:
1589:
1581:
1562:A lemon bore
1542:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1527:
1518:figure eight
1495:
1484:
1469:
1463:
1457:
1451:
1442:
1393:Lignum vitae
1016:
997:
989:
981:
966:freight cars
955:Archbar type
923:
921:
907:
797:
789:
653:
642:
544:
525:
495:
469:
465:
462:
450:parting line
445:
437:
433:
432:
418:
416:
409:
401:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
363:
359:
357:
341:
329:
312:
311:
294:
282:
266:
252:
249:railroad car
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
219:
157:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
101:
52:
36:
34:lead section
1761:Plastigauge
1674:tilting-pad
1445:lubrication
1425:Lubrication
1197:Polyacetal
1090:PV (max.)
977:journal box
541:Bi-material
510:lubrication
289:slide plate
2742:2009-12-22
2692:1184217724
2664:Neale 1995
2574:2009-12-10
2504:2009-12-16
2459:2023-03-10
2438:2023-03-10
2391:2015-10-26
2370:2010-11-26
2344:2010-11-26
2232:2024-04-17
2138:Neale 1995
2096:2010-05-08
2042:2019-07-07
2010:ESC Report
1984:Neale 1995
1929:2014-09-18
1894:2009-12-29
1781:References
1715:Ring oiler
1695:whitemetal
1647:lemon bore
1552:See also:
1489:, such as
1482:bearings.
1476:polyacetal
1429:See also:
1248:Rulon 641
1033:(UHMWPE),
1023:polyacetal
930:, such as
872:Graphalloy
816:graphalloy
710:PV (max.)
703:[m/s (
590:[m/s (
442:crankshaft
245:locomotive
55:April 2024
2624:: 11003.
2385:Rulon 641
1923:Evolution
1847:208844095
1839:1934-9394
1689:An early
1639:oil whirl
1464:Class III
1414:bushings.
1282:Rulon LR
1051:polyimide
922:Known as
890:Graphite
865:PV (max.)
786:Cast iron
597:PV (max.)
476:Materials
458:dowel pin
434:Two-piece
429:Two-piece
317:cast iron
273:axleboxes
213:) bushing
39:summarize
2781:Category
2720:citation
2683:Bearings
2212:BBM 1921
2165:Archived
2150:BBM 1921
1943:BBM 1921
1869:BBM 1921
1802:Archived
1731:See also
1506:pressure
1498:sintered
1458:Class II
1418:Aluminum
1265:Rulon J
1043:urethane
1029:(PTFE),
932:sapphire
853:V (max.)
841:P (max.)
820:graphite
812:graphite
794:Graphite
767:CDA 954
750:SAE 863
733:SAE 660
716:SAE 841
701:V (max.)
689:P (max.)
588:V (max.)
576:P (max.)
555:Aluminum
498:friction
470:spinning
388:clenched
332:bushings
323:, and a
313:Integral
308:Integral
229:friction
211:clinched
207:clenched
136:the part
92:wheelset
2597:21 July
1749:Hot box
1693:with a
1487:grooved
1472:Oilites
1452:Class I
1412:leather
1388:Lubrite
1382:Ceramic
1333:Vespel
1299:UHMWPE
1095:Frelon
1087:)]
1076:)]
946:Plastic
862:)]
707:)]
672:CDA 954
668:SAE 863
664:CDA 932
660:SAE 660
656:SAE 841
594:)]
527:Babbitt
516:Babbitt
512:fails.
466:crushes
380:flanged
360:bushing
354:Bushing
321:babbitt
241:bearing
225:Journal
193:bushing
191:flanged
147:on the
138:of the
128:bearing
94:from a
72:S-Motor
2709:
2690:
2651:
2557:Iglide
2527:
2487:Oilite
2414:
2255:
2122:
1968:
1845:
1837:
1616:grease
1604:static
1536:, and
1523:run in
1370:Others
1359:PEEK (
1112:Nylon
1047:vespel
1045:, and
940:garnet
938:, and
928:jewels
912:Jewels
858:([
850:]
808:copper
804:dryers
698:]
670:, and
649:bronze
639:Bronze
585:]
551:Frelon
446:shells
397:clinch
393:clench
386:, and
376:sleeve
237:rotary
233:radial
162:Design
2568:(PDF)
2561:(PDF)
2498:(PDF)
2491:(PDF)
2338:(PDF)
2331:(PDF)
2021:(PDF)
2006:(PDF)
1843:S2CID
1655:shims
1400:piano
1398:In a
1352:MDS (
1214:PTFE
1062:Type
1035:rulon
1019:nylon
1004:tills
958:truck
848:(psi)
843:[
835:Type
822:is a
800:ovens
696:(psi)
691:[
683:Type
645:steel
580:(MPa)
578:[
570:Type
454:dowel
384:split
372:solid
344:hinge
301:axial
259:axles
153:lathe
151:of a
140:shaft
122:, or
2726:link
2707:ISBN
2688:OCLC
2649:ISBN
2599:2017
2525:ISBN
2412:ISBN
2253:ISBN
2120:ISBN
1966:ISBN
1835:ISSN
1600:pump
1510:heat
1480:PTFE
1408:felt
1039:PEEK
936:ruby
810:and
806:, a
802:and
547:PTFE
535:thou
506:gall
395:(or
378:and
364:bush
247:and
209:(or
145:ways
110:and
2626:doi
2622:148
1827:doi
1665:or
1649:or
1612:oil
1594:or
1508:or
1085:sfm
1081:m/s
1074:psi
1070:MPa
1053:).
860:sfm
856:m/s
845:MPa
705:sfm
693:MPa
666:),
592:sfm
583:psi
404:SAE
382:),
319:or
261:of
235:or
149:bed
2783::
2722:}}
2718:{{
2620:.
2616:.
2590:.
2281:^
2266:^
2192:^
2175:^
2104:^
2065:^
2012:,
2008:,
1991:^
1950:^
1921:.
1855:^
1841:.
1833:.
1823:48
1821:.
1789:^
1587:.
1532:,
1525:.
1356:)
1041:,
1037:,
1025:,
1021:,
1006:,
1002:,
942:.
934:,
902:?
899:?
896:?
893:?
674:.
658:,
561:.
531:mm
425:.
358:A
291:).
239:)
231:,
205:A
189:A
155:.
118:,
102:A
90:A
2728:)
2694:.
2634:.
2628::
2601:.
2462:.
2441:.
2420:.
2059:.
2045:.
2014:5
1932:.
1849:.
1829::
1363:)
1083:(
1072:(
662:(
374:(
271:(
227:(
57:)
53:(
43:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
