181:
349:
1752:
cleaning. The frequent lubrication, by its nature, provides a limited kind of cleaning action by displacing older (grit-filled) oil or grease with a fresh charge, which itself collects grit before being displaced by the next cycle. Another example are bearings in wind turbines, which makes maintenance difficult since the nacelle is placed high up in the air in strong wind areas. In addition, the turbine does not always run and is subjected to different operating behavior in different weather conditions, which makes proper lubrication a challenge.
304:
1577:. The temperature and terrain of the micro-surface will determine the amount of friction by touching solid parts. Certain elements and fields reduce friction while increasing speeds. Strength and mobility help determine the load the bearing type can carry. Alignment factors can play a damaging role in wear and tear, yet overcome by computer aid signaling and non-rubbing bearing types, such as magnetic levitation or air field pressure.
1233:
1674:, or an oil cup for periodic filling with oil. Before the 1970s, sealed bearings were not encountered on most machinery, and oiling and greasing were a more common activity than they are today. For example, automotive chassis used to require "lube jobs" nearly as often as engine oil changes, but today's car chassis are mostly sealed for life. From the late 1700s through the mid-1900s, industry relied on many workers called
2046:
1448:. Some machines contain a pool of lubricant in the bottom, with gears partially immersed in the liquid, or crank rods that can swing down into the pool as the device operates. The spinning wheels fling oil into the air around them, while the crank rods slap at the surface of the oil, splashing it randomly on the engine's interior surfaces. Some small internal combustion engines specifically contain special plastic
67:
25:
1507:
1468:(PTFE) liner with a laminated metal backing. The PTFE liner offers consistent, controlled friction as well as durability, whilst the metal backing ensures the composite bearing is robust and capable of withstanding high loads and stresses throughout its long life. Its design also makes it lightweight-one tenth the weight of a traditional rolling element bearing.
1441:, a metal ring that rides loosely on the central rotating shaft of the bearing. The ring hangs down into a chamber containing lubricating oil. As the bearing rotates, viscous adhesion draws oil up the ring and onto the shaft, where the oil migrates into the bearing to lubricate it. Excess oil is flung off and collects in the pool again.
164:, to reduce sliding friction, rolling elements such as rollers or balls with a circular cross-section are located between the races or journals of the bearing assembly. A wide variety of bearing designs exists to allow the demands of the application to be correctly met for maximum efficiency, reliability, durability, and performance.
370:, a 19th-century visionary and innovator in carriage manufacturing, patented the tapered roller bearing in 1898. The following year he formed a company to produce his innovation. Over a century, the company grew to make bearings of all types, including specialty steel bearings and an array of related products and services.
1488:
a bearing into a bore or onto a shaft, it's important to keep the housing bore and shaft outer diameter to very close limits, which can involve one or more counterboring operations, several facing operations, and drilling, tapping, and threading operations. Alternatively, an interference fit can also
1604:
Bearings are often specified to give an "L10" (US) or "B10" (elsewhere) life, the duration by which ten percent of the bearings in that application can be expected to have failed due to classical fatigue failure (and not any other mode of failure such as lubrication starvation, wrong mounting etc.),
1372:
Generally, there is considerable speed range overlap between bearing types. Plain bearings typically handle only lower speeds, rolling element bearings are faster, followed by fluid bearings and finally magnetic bearings which are limited ultimately by centripetal force overcoming material strength.
254:
is the first to have published roller and thrust bearings sketches. An issue with the ball and roller bearings is that the balls or rollers rub against each other, causing additional friction. This can be reduced by enclosing each individual ball or roller within a cage. The captured, or caged, ball
1389:
force left or right, and it is typically acceptable for the wheel to wobble by as much as 10 mm under the varying load. In contrast, a lathe may position a cutting tool to ±0.002 mm using a ball lead screw held by rotating bearings. The bearings support axial loads of thousands of newtons
1751:
are exposed continually to hard abrasive particles. Cleaning is of little use because cleaning is expensive, yet the bearing is contaminated again as soon as the conveyor resumes operation. Thus, a good maintenance program might lubricate the bearings frequently but not include any disassembly for
1409:
The stiffness of a bearing is how the distance between the parts separated by the bearing varies with the applied load. With rolling element bearings, this is due to the strain of the ball and race. With fluid bearings, it is due to how the pressure of the fluid varies with the gap (when correctly
377:
in 1934. His focus was on a bearing design with a cross-section as small as possible and which could be integrated into the enclosing design. After World War II, he founded with
Gerhard Heydrich the company Franke & Heydrich KG (today Franke GmbH) to push the development and production of wire
1455:
For high-speed and high-power machines, a loss of lubricant can result in rapid bearing heating and damage due to friction. Also, in dirty environments, the oil can become contaminated with dust or debris, increasing friction. In these applications, a fresh supply of lubricant can be continuously
1591:
Rolling element bearing life is determined by load, temperature, maintenance, lubrication, material defects, contamination, handling, installation and other factors. These factors can all have a significant effect on bearing life. For example, the service life of bearings in one application was
388:
In the early 1980s, Pacific
Bearing's founder, Robert Schroeder, invented the first bi-material plain bearing that was interchangeable with linear ball bearings. This bearing had a metal shell (aluminum, steel or stainless steel) and a layer of Teflon-based material connected by a thin adhesive
1298:
Reducing friction in bearings is often important for efficiency, to reduce wear and to facilitate extended use at high speeds and to avoid overheating and premature failure of the bearing. Essentially, a bearing can reduce friction by virtue of its shape, by its material, or by introducing and
929:, whose performance does not depend on avoiding or reducing friction between two surfaces but employ a different principle to achieve low external friction: the rolling motion of an intermediate element in between the surfaces which bear the axial or radial load. Classified as either:
125:, and location of the surface. Other bearings are separate devices installed into a machine or machine part. The most sophisticated bearings for the most demanding applications are very precise components; their manufacture requires some of the highest standards of current technology.
866:
1967:
Adding more evidence to the conclusion that
Egyptians used water is a wall painting in the tomb of Djehutihotep. A splash of orange and gray, it appears to show a person standing at the front of a massive sledge, pouring water onto the sand just in front of the progressing
1405:
A second source of motion is elasticity in the bearing itself. For example, the balls in a ball bearing are like stiff rubber and under load deform from a round to a slightly flattened shape. The race is also elastic and develops a slight dent where the ball presses on it.
1625:
Flexure bearings rely on elastic properties of a material. Flexure bearings bend a piece of material repeatedly. Some materials fail after repeated bending, even at low loads, but careful material selection and bearing design can make flexure bearing life indefinite.
1460:
in parts of the engine where directly splashed oil cannot reach, such as up into overhead valve assemblies. High-speed turbochargers also typically require a pressurized oil system to cool the bearings and keep them from burning up due to the heat from the turbine.
1650:
Many bearings require periodic maintenance to prevent premature failure, but others require little maintenance. The latter include various kinds of polymer, fluid and magnetic bearings, as well as rolling-element bearings that are described with terms including
1381:
Some applications apply bearing loads from varying directions and accept only limited play or "slop" as the applied load changes. One source of motion is gaps or "play" in the bearing. For example, a 10 mm shaft in a 12 mm hole has 2 mm play.
109:
that bear on the moving parts. Most bearings facilitate the desired motion by minimizing friction. Bearings are classified broadly according to the type of operation, the motions allowed, or the directions of the loads (forces) applied to the parts.
269:
for his H3 marine timekeeper. In this timepiece, the caged bearing was only used for a very limited oscillating motion, but later on, Harrison applied a similar bearing design with a true rotational movement in a contemporaneous regulator clock.
897:
either fused to the substrate (semi-discrete) or in the form of a separable sleeve (discrete). With suitable lubrication, plain bearings often give acceptable accuracy, life, and friction at minimal cost. Therefore, they are very widely used.
2682:
1592:
extended dramatically by changing how the bearings were stored before installation and use, as vibrations during storage caused lubricant failure even when the only load on the bearing was its own weight; the resulting damage is often
1934:
1356:
Different bearing types have different operating speed limits. Speed is typically specified as maximum relative surface speeds, often specified ft/s or m/s. Rotational bearings typically describe performance in terms of the product
384:
Designed in 1968 and later patented in 1972, Bishop-Wisecarver's co-founder Bud
Wisecarver created vee groove bearing guide wheels, a type of linear motion bearing consisting of both an external and internal 90-degree vee angle.
1732:
The oiling system inside a modern automotive or truck engine is similar in concept to the lube systems mentioned above, except that oil is pumped continuously. Much of this oil flows through passages drilled or cast into the
1741:, escaping through ports directly onto bearings and squirting elsewhere to provide an oil bath. The oil pump simply pumps constantly, and any excess pumped oil continuously escapes through a relief valve back into the sump.
1430:) that covers the inside and outside edges of the bearing race to keep the grease from escaping. Bearings may also be packed with other materials. Historically, the wheels on railroad cars used sleeve bearings packed with
151:
is used to reduce friction. Lubricants come in different forms, including liquids, solids, and gases. The choice of lubricant depends on the specific application and factors such as temperature, load, and speed. In the
341:, developed an approach for milling and grinding balls of equal size and exact roundness by means of a suitable production machine, which set the stage for the creation of an independent bearing industry. His hometown
901:
However, there are many applications where a more suitable bearing can improve efficiency, accuracy, service intervals, reliability, speed of operation, size, weight, and costs of purchasing and operating machinery.
1605:
or, alternatively, the duration at which ninety percent will still be operating. The L10/B10 life of the bearing is theoretical, and may not represent service life of the bearing. Bearings are also rated using the C
1560:
The service life of the bearing is affected by many factors not controlled by the bearing manufacturers. For example, bearing mounting, temperature, exposure to external environment, lubricant cleanliness, and
1600:
of service life, with a few samples showing significantly better or worse life. Bearing life varies because microscopic structure and contamination vary greatly even where macroscopically they seem identical.
1587:
can have practically indefinite service lives. In practice, fluid bearings support high loads in hydroelectric plants that have been in nearly continuous service since about 1900 and show no signs of wear.
1323:
Combinations of these can even be employed within the same bearing. An example is where the cage is made of plastic, and it separates the rollers/balls, which reduce friction by their shape and finish.
173:
211:
show the process of moving massive stone blocks on sledges as using liquid-lubricated runners which would constitute plain bearings. There are also
Egyptian drawings of plain bearings used with
1744:
Many bearings in high-cycle industrial operations need periodic lubrication and cleaning, and many require occasional adjustment, such as pre-load adjustment, to minimize the effects of wear.
1747:
Bearing life is often much better when the bearing is kept clean and well-lubricated. However, many applications make good maintenance difficult. One example is bearings in the conveyor of a
1942:
1313:
Fluid: exploits the low viscosity of a layer of fluid, such as a lubricant or as a pressurized medium to keep the two solid parts from touching, or by reducing the normal force between them.
857:
Even basic materials can have impressive durability. Wooden bearings, for instance, can still be seen today in old clocks or in water mills where the water provides cooling and lubrication.
381:
Richard
Stribeck's extensive research on ball bearing steels identified the metallurgy of the commonly used 100Cr6 (AISI 52100), showing coefficient of friction as a function of pressure.
2179:... is credited with first coming up with the principle behind ball bearings, although he did not use them for his inventions. Another Italian, Galileo, described the use of a caged ball.
1729:
from their chief selling point: one pull on one handle to lube the whole machine, instead of a dozen pumps of an alemite gun or oil can in a dozen different positions around the machine.
1456:
supplied to the bearing and all other contact surfaces, and the excess can be collected for filtration, cooling, and possibly reuse. Pressure oiling is commonly used in large and complex
2263:
1521:
1146:
Zero friction at zero speed, but constant power for levitation, eddy currents are often induced when movement occurs, but may be negligible if magnetic field is quasi-static
1063:
Rolling coefficient of friction with steel can be ≈0.005 (adding resistance due to seals, packed grease, preload and misalignment can increase friction to as much as 0.125)
195:
It is sometimes assumed that the invention of the rolling bearing, in the form of wooden rollers supporting– or bearing –an object being moved, predates the invention of a
1663:
to keep the dirt out and the grease in. They work successfully in many applications, providing maintenance-free operation. Some applications cannot use them effectively.
250:
incorporated drawings of ball bearings in his design for a helicopter around the year 1500; this is the first recorded use of bearings in an aerospace design. However,
2351:. Mitteilungen aus den Königlichen technischen Versuchsanstalten zu Berlin, Ergänzungsheft III. Berlin: Verlag von Julius Springer. pp. 1–57. Archived from
392:
Today's ball and roller bearings are used in many applications, which include a rotating component. Examples include ultra high-speed bearings in dental drills,
46:
2841:
141:
within mechanical systems and transfer axial and radial loads from the source of the load to the structure supporting it. The simplest form of bearing, the
1908:
The
History of Science and Technology: A Browser's Guide to the Great Discoveries, Inventions, and the People who Made Them, from the Dawn of Time to Today
1385:
Allowable play varies greatly depending on the use. As an example, a wheelbarrow wheel supports radial and axial loads. Axial loads may be hundreds of
2469:
180:
1125:
Can fail quickly due to grit or dust or other contaminants. Maintenance free in continuous use. Can handle very large loads with low friction.
1841:
2803:
1951:
Egyptians used wooden sleds to haul the stone, but until now it hasn't been entirely understood how they overcame the problem of friction.
2346:
1525:
1201:
Plain bearing shape with PTFE liner on the interface between bearing and shaft with a laminated metal backing. PTFE acts as a lubricant.
2271:
1721:
and many other factory machines are lubricated. Similar lube systems are also used on nonautomated machines, in which case there is a
1633:
describes a bearing for a rocket motor oxygen pump that gave several hours life, far in excess of the several tens of minutes needed.
33:
2587:
2425:
2103:
1310:
Material: exploits the nature of the bearing material used. (An example would be using plastics that have low surface friction.)
854:
Watchmakers produce "jeweled" watches using sapphire plain bearings to reduce friction, thus allowing more precise timekeeping.
2564:
2665:
2635:
2505:
2164:
2010:
1917:
1254:
207:
under sleds. There is no evidence for this sequence of technological development. The
Egyptians' own drawings in the tomb of
1981:
1877:
1332:
Bearing design varies depending on the size and directions of the forces required to support. Forces can be predominately
1050:
in some applications. Depending upon the application, the lifetime can be higher or lower than rolling element bearings.
2040:
117:"; a bearing being a machine element that allows one part to bear (i.e., to support) another. The simplest bearings are
2080:
1725:
that a machine operator is supposed to pump once daily (for machines in constant use) or once weekly. These are called
1031:
Rubbing surfaces, usually with lubricant; some bearings use pumped lubrication and behave similarly to fluid bearings.
2031:"Caligula's Floating Palaces: Archaeologists and shipwrights resurrect one of the emperor's sumptuous pleasure boats"
1547:
1280:
1262:
942:
1906:
1122:
Virtually infinite in some applications, may wear at startup/shutdown in some cases. Often negligible maintenance.
1034:
Depends on materials and construction, PTFE has a coefficient of friction ≈0.05–0.35, depending upon fillers added
102:
289:
in 1794. His was the first modern ball-bearing design, with the ball running along a groove in the axle assembly.
2286:"Bicycle History, Chronology of the Growth of Bicycling and the Development of Bicycle Technology by David Mozer"
1717:, as well as by manual override functions when occasionally needed. This automated process is how all modern CNC
1529:
869:
Animation of ball bearing (Ideal figure without a cage). The inner ring rotates and the outer ring is stationary.
396:
in the Mars Rover, gearbox and wheel bearings on automobiles, flexure bearings in optical alignment systems, and
2711:"Comparison of Life Calculations for Oscillating Bearings Considering Individual Pitch Control in Wind Turbines"
322:, a Parisian bicycle mechanic, on 3 August 1869. The bearings were then fitted to the winning bicycle ridden by
2858:
2497:
1258:
134:
1710:
961:, a plain bearing in which one of the bearing surfaces is made of an ultrahard glassy jewel material such as
905:
Thus, many types of bearings have varying shapes, materials, lubrication, principle of operation, and so on.
308:
203:; this underlies speculation that cultures such as the Ancient Egyptians used roller bearings in the form of
2175:... some Roman Nemi ships dating from about 40 CE incorporated them into their design, and Leonardo da Vinci
2473:
664:
White Metals or
Babbitt Metal (tin-based alloys with small amounts of copper, antimony, lead, and similar)
401:
327:
98:
2608:
1457:
296:, allowing the new industrial machinery to operate efficiently. For example, they were used for holding
2231:
2192:
1854:
1622:
wood employed in their construction, whereas his metal clocks are seldom run due to potential wear.
1609:(static loading) value. This is the basic load rating as a reference, and not an actual load value.
1398:
Stiffness is the amount that the gap varies when the load on the bearing changes, distinct from the
1316:
Fields: exploits electromagnetic fields, such as magnetic fields, to keep solid parts from touching.
1390:
in either direction and must hold the ball lead screw to ±0.002 mm across that range of loads
1243:
950:
2549:
2528:
1299:
containing a fluid between surfaces or by separating the surfaces with an electromagnetic field.
1247:
1055:
926:
476:
38:
1516:
may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience
1465:
1163:
1100:
Mainly used in low-load, high precision work such as clocks. Jewel bearings may be very small.
946:
908:
There are at least 6 common types of bearing, each of which operates on a different principle:
311:
2352:
2064:
2000:
1935:"The surprisingly simple way Egyptians moved massive pyramid stones without modern technology"
776:
Plastics (nylon, acetal, PTFE, phenolic, polyamide, high-density polyethylene, polycarbonate)
364:
ball-bearing manufacturer in 1907 when he was awarded
Swedish patent No. 25406 on its design.
2809:
1761:
1434:
or loose scraps of cotton or wool fiber soaked in oil, then later used solid pads of cotton.
1188:
Very high or low depending on materials and strain in application. Usually maintenance free.
323:
293:
2155:
Corfield, Justin (2014). "Vaughan, Philip (fl. 1794)". In Kenneth E. Hendrickson III (ed.).
1689:, in which a central pump serves periodic charges of oil or grease from a reservoir through
2722:
1702:
1422:
for lubrication, which is pushed into the gaps between the bearing surfaces, also known as
1060:
Ball or rollers contact both rotating and stationary surfaces which rotate rather than rub
995:
The following table summarizes the notable characteristics of each of these bearing types.
2838:– Movies and photos of hundreds of working mechanical-systems models at Cornell University
2735:
1963:... revealed that the Egyptians probably made the desert sand in front of the sledge wet.'
8:
2750:
Schwack, Fabian; Bader, Norbert; Leckner, Johan; Demaille, Claire; Poll, Gerhard (2020).
2710:
2403:
2099:
1597:
2830:
2726:
2543:
2522:
2444:
2367:
915:, consisting of a shaft rotating in a hole. There are several specific styles: bushing,
2863:
2691:
1675:
1596:. Bearing life is statistical: several samples of a given bearing will often exhibit a
1445:
1419:
393:
2045:
882:
2769:
2695:
2661:
2631:
2501:
2487:
2417:
2380:
2212:
2208:
2160:
2006:
1913:
1714:
1660:
1637:
1426:. The grease is held in place by a plastic, leather, or rubber gasket (also called a
1196:
920:
374:
334:
247:
185:
122:
2285:
1612:
For plain bearings, some materials give a much longer life than others. Some of the
2759:
2730:
2243:
2204:
2134:
2059:
1859:
1798:
1593:
1584:
1570:
1477:
1337:
1130:
978:
472:
348:
338:
251:
1636:
Depending on the customized specifications (backing material and PTFE compounds),
121:, cut or formed into a part, with varying degrees of control over the form, size,
16:
Mechanism to constrain relative movement to the desired motion and reduce friction
2681:
Schwack, Fabian; Byckov, Artjom; Bader, Norbert; Poll, Gerhard (21–25 May 2017).
2655:
2491:
2138:
2084:
1881:
1808:
1773:
1698:
1216:
Widely used, controls friction, reduces stick slip, PTFE reduces static friction
1171:
988:
916:
894:
886:
256:
172:
118:
94:
82:
2815:
2764:
2751:
2431:
2390:
2375:
1818:
1788:
1667:
1566:
1490:
1386:
1345:
1341:
1304:
1204:
PTFE and use of filters to dial in friction as necessary for friction control.
982:
971:, a noncontact bearing in which the load is supported by a gas or liquid (i.e.
938:
357:
297:
278:
160:
2835:
2792:
2159:. Vol. 3. Lanham (Maryland, US): Rowman & Littlefield. p. 1008.
1629:
Although long bearing life is often desirable, it is sometimes not necessary.
303:
2852:
2773:
2421:
2384:
2216:
1738:
1613:
1580:
1574:
1562:
1481:
1410:
loaded, fluid bearings are typically stiffer than rolling element bearings).
1156:
1136:
1105:
1080:
1026:
968:
958:
912:
874:
319:
300:
assemblies to greatly reduce friction compared to prior non-bearing designs.
266:
200:
143:
2542:
Hobbs, George William; Elliott, Ben George; Consoliver, Earl Lester (1919).
2073:
1528:
any relevant information, and removing excessive detail that may be against
2248:
1734:
1718:
1618:
1140:
932:
447:. Over their history, bearings have been made of many materials, including
397:
367:
230:
226:
208:
154:
114:
106:
90:
71:
2752:"A study of grease lubricants under wind turbine pitch bearing conditions"
2232:"John Harrison: Clockmaker and Copley Medalist. A public memorial at last"
262:
The first practical caged-roller bearing was invented in the mid-1740s by
2408:
1764: – Type of roller bearing which uses long, thin cylinders as rollers
1644:
972:
893:
another (in these cases, not a discrete device); or it may be a layer of
890:
342:
148:
1119:
Very high (usually limited to a few hundred feet per second at/by seal)
2030:
1955:
placed the heavy objects on a sledge that workers pulled over the sand.
1813:
1671:
1485:
1438:
889:
of a hole with a shaft passing through it, or of a planar surface that
286:
282:
263:
233:
212:
204:
85:
that constrains relative motion to only the desired motion and reduces
1319:
Air pressure: exploits air pressure to keep solid parts from touching.
1072:
Moderate to high (depends on lubrication, often requires maintenance)
1722:
1075:
Used for higher moment loads than plain bearings with lower friction
1010:
878:
237:
219:
1232:
225:
A recovered example of an early rolling-element bearing is a wooden
2684:
Time-dependent analyses of wear in oscillating bearing applications
1803:
1767:
1647:
applications, customized approaches to calculate L10/B10 are used.
1399:
1047:
962:
452:
86:
2074:
Section 10: "Two Wonderful Examples of Ancient Naval Architecture"
1476:
There are many methods of mounting bearings, usually involving an
356:
The modern, self-aligning design of ball bearing is attributed to
2609:"Antifriction Bearings – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics"
2413:
2365:
2125:
Rubio, H.; Bustos, A.; Castejon, C.; Garcia-Prada, J. C. (2024).
1748:
1679:
1452:
which randomly scatter oil around the interior of the mechanism.
1213:
Very high; PTFE and fillers ensure wear and corrosion resistance
991:, in which the motion is supported by a load element which bends.
448:
345:
later became a world-leading center for ball bearing production.
1191:
Limited range of movement, no backlash, extremely smooth motion
877:, a bearing that uses surfaces in rubbing contact, often with a
318:
The first patent for a radial-style ball bearing was awarded to
66:
24:
2690:. STLE/ASME International Joint Tribology Conference. Atlanta.
2124:
2054:
Carlson, Deborah N. (29 March 2017). "The ships of Lake Nemi".
1333:
1037:
Good, provided wear is low, but some slack is normally present
480:
464:
444:
274:
93:. The design of the bearing may, for example, provide for free
2157:
The Encyclopedia of the Industrial Revolution in World History
865:
2307:
Stribeck, R. (1901). "Kugellager für beliebige Belastungen".
1709:
is controlled by the machine's computerized control, such as
949:(conical) rollers, or rollers with a curved taper (so-called
881:
such as oil or graphite. A plain bearing may or may not be a
468:
460:
456:
241:
196:
1776: – Rotational support element for directional alignment
1616:
clocks still operate after hundreds of years because of the
1043:
Low to very high – depends upon application and lubrication
2749:
2171:
Vaughan is still regarded as the inventor of them, although
1110:
Fluid is forced between two faces and held in by edge seal
440:
138:
2326:
Stribeck, R. (1 July 1901). "Kugellager (ball bearings)".
2129:. IFToMM World Congress on Mechanism and Machine Science.
2708:
1793:
361:
2709:
Schwack, F.; Stammler, M.; Poll, G.; Reuter, A. (2016).
1464:
Composite bearings are designed with a self-lubricating
1162:
Active magnetic bearings (AMB) need considerable power.
514:
High compression strength for good load carrying ability
2626:
Budynas, Richard; Nisbett, J. Keith (27 January 2014).
511:
Resistant to abrasive and adhesive wear due to hardness
352:
Wingquist original patent of self-aligning ball bearing
2680:
2541:
1365:
is the mean diameter (often in mm) of the bearing and
2193:"John Harrison: Inventor of the precision timekeeper"
621:
Ceramics: Silicon Nitride, Zirconia, Silicon Carbine
2836:
Kinematic Models for Design Digital Library (KMODDL)
2230:
Taylor, J. C.; Wolfendale, A. W. (22 January 2007).
1573:
in a bearing, which can be suppressed by the use of
1046:
Widely used, relatively high friction, suffers from
935:, in which the rolling elements are spherical balls;
229:
supporting a rotating table from the remains of the
1984:. In Kathryn A. Bard; Steven Blake Shubert (eds.).
1303:Shape: gains advantage usually by using spheres or
2366:Gottsill, Gina; Bishop-Wisecarver Company (2007).
2029:
1905:
549:Lower load carrying capacity compared to SAE 52100
439:The first plain and rolling-element bearings were
2150:
2148:
1855:"Who Invented the Wheel? And How Did They Do It?"
133:Rotary bearings hold rotating components such as
101:; or, it may prevent a motion by controlling the
2850:
2743:
2588:"Saint-Gobain and Norco Get Celebrity Thumbs-Up"
2348:Schmieröluntersuchungen (Investigations on oils)
2229:
1986:Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt
1982:"Obelisks: Quarrying, transporting and erecting"
1886:Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt
1640:can operate up to 30 years without maintenance.
1369:is the rotation rate in revolutions per minute.
483:, among other materials, are also in use today.
2359:
1176:Material flexes to give and constrain movement
1135:Faces of bearing are kept separate by magnets (
427:Spherical rotation, e.g. ball and socket joint;
2625:
2145:
2102:. American Bearing Manufacturers Association.
1904:Bunch, Bryan H.; Hellemans, Alexander (2004).
1903:
292:Bearings played a pivotal role in the nascent
2790:
2649:
2647:
2470:"6 Most Popular Types of Mechanical Bearings"
2309:Zeitschrift des Vereines Deutscher Ingenieure
688:Low melting point which limits speed and heat
467:, and other metals. Plastic bearings made of
113:The term "bearing" is derived from the verb "
2791:Dowson, D.; Hamrock, B. J. (February 1981).
2325:
2306:
2344:
2278:
2038:. Vol. 55, no. 3. pp. 26–31.
1837:For examples of roller bearer claims, see:
1705:, and so on. The timing and number of such
1261:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2831:ISO Dimensional system and bearing numbers
2644:
2264:"Double-row Angular Contact Ball Bearings"
1999:Guran, Ardéshir; Rand, Richard H. (1997),
1207:Good depending on laminated metal backing
1069:Moderate to high (often requires cooling)
703:Higher fatigue resistance than white metal
552:Shorter fatigue life compated to SAE 52100
417:Common motions permitted by bearings are:
147:, consists of a shaft rotating in a hole.
2763:
2734:
2247:
2131:Advances in Mechanism and Machine Science
2063:
1998:
1548:Learn how and when to remove this message
1281:Learn how and when to remove this message
220:emerged between about 5000 BC and 3000 BC
2520:
2328:Glasers Annalen für Gewerbe und Bauwesen
2154:
2056:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Classics
1066:Good, but some slack is usually present
885:device. It may be nothing more than the
864:
824:High adhesion to nonferrous metal shafts
347:
326:in the world's first bicycle road race,
302:
179:
171:
97:movement of the moving part or for free
65:
49:of all important aspects of the article.
2628:Shigley's Mechanical Engineering Design
2127:Evolution of Rolling Bearing Technology
2065:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.8156
2053:
2027:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1852:
1770: – Low friction bearing technology
1678:to lubricate machinery frequently with
873:By far, the most common bearing is the
601:Lower wear due to better surface finish
373:Erich Franke invented and patented the
2851:
2653:
2585:
2565:"Pressure Lubricating Characteristics"
2236:Notes and Records of the Royal Society
1630:
981:, in which the load is supported by a
218:Wheeled vehicles using plain bearings
45:Please consider expanding the lead to
2715:Journal of Physics: Conference Series
2562:
2486:
2472:. Craftech Industries. Archived from
2445:"Bearing Materials - Tuli experience"
2190:
2106:from the original on 28 December 2014
1932:
1444:A rudimentary form of lubrication is
1166:(EDB) do not require external power.
821:Low yield point, which leads to creep
700:Higher load capacity than white metal
430:Hinge motion, e.g. door, elbow, knee.
421:Radial rotation, e.g. shaft rotation;
2496:. Vol. 2. Baltimore, Maryland:
2133:. Vol. 149. pp. 991–1002.
1892:
1685:Factory machines today usually have
1563:electrical currents through bearings
1500:
1259:adding citations to reliable sources
1226:
1155:Indefinite. Maintenance free. (with
1085:Off-center bearing rolls in seating
941:, in which the rolling elements are
629:Lightweight (allows for high speeds)
255:bearing was originally described by
128:
18:
2521:Gebhardt, George Frederick (1917).
2493:The American Railroad Passenger Car
1933:McCoy, Terrence (26 October 2021).
1875:
1489:be achieved with the addition of a
669:Low friction when paired with steel
13:
2784:
2428:from the original on 18 June 2021.
2191:Betts, Jonathan (1 January 1993).
2028:Carlson, Deborah (May–June 2002).
1979:
1670:, for periodic lubrication with a
1222:
244:. The wrecks were dated to 40 BC.
14:
2875:
2824:
2563:Dumas, Paul (14 September 1922).
2005:, World Scientific, p. 178,
1307:, or by forming flexure bearings.
1113:Zero friction at zero speed, low
919:, sleeve bearing, rifle bearing,
2804:Comprehensive review on bearings
2404:"Prime mover in custom bearings"
2044:
1666:Nonsealed bearings often have a
1505:
1437:Bearings can be lubricated by a
1348:perpendicular to the main axis.
1231:
1097:Adequate (requires maintenance)
277:on ball bearings was awarded to
23:
2736:10.1088/1742-6596/753/11/112013
2702:
2674:
2619:
2601:
2579:
2556:
2535:
2514:
2480:
2462:
2437:
2396:
2338:
2319:
2300:
2256:
2223:
2184:
1884:; Steven Blake Shubert (eds.).
1643:For bearings which are used in
1496:
598:Improved fatigue life over 440C
37:may be too short to adequately
2498:Johns Hopkins University Press
2368:"Did You Know: Bud Wisecarver"
2118:
2092:
2018:
1992:
1973:
1926:
1869:
1831:
1413:
505:Case Hardening Steel SAE 4118
47:provide an accessible overview
1:
2586:Gobain, Saint (1 June 2012).
2524:Steam Power Plant Engineering
1824:
402:coordinate-measuring machines
2630:. McGraw Hill. p. 597.
2209:10.1016/0160-9327(93)90056-9
2139:10.1007/978-3-031-45709-8_97
1853:Cassidy, Cody (6 May 2020).
1530:Knowledge's inclusion policy
1393:
965:to reduce friction and wear;
434:
99:rotation around a fixed axis
7:
2842:A glossary of bearing terms
1755:
1471:
1458:internal combustion engines
1293:
562:High Alloy Steel AISI M-50
424:Linear motion, e.g. drawer;
10:
2880:
2793:"History of ball bearings"
2765:10.1016/j.wear.2020.203335
2654:Harris, Tedric A. (2001).
1418:Some bearings use a thick
657:Sensitive to thermal shock
644:High-temperature operation
635:High electrical resistance
576:High temperature operation
542:High temperature operation
534:Stainless Steel AISI 440C
412:
167:
2806:, University of Cambridge
2797:NASA Technical Memorandum
1351:
836:Good corrosion resistance
796:Good corrosion resistance
787:Good vibration absorption
759:High thermal conductivity
745:High compressive strength
742:High thermal conductivity
706:High corrosion resistance
626:High corrosion resistance
604:Lower vibration and noise
595:High corrosion resistance
539:High corrosion resistance
487:Common bearing materials
407:
281:, a British inventor and
2657:Rolling bearing analysis
2548:. McGraw-Hill. pp.
2072:Purtell, John (1999). .
2041:PDF file direct download
1327:
927:Rolling-element bearings
860:
806:Low thermal conductivity
564:High Alloy Steel M50NiL
2545:The gasoline automobile
2416:Markets. 10 July 1995.
1376:
1164:Electrodynamic bearings
1056:Rolling element bearing
809:Small temperature range
762:High fatigue resistance
709:High seizure resistance
685:Small temperature range
678:Good seizure resistance
527:Small temperature range
503:Chrome Steel SAE 52100
477:polytetrafluoroethylene
190:Study of a ball bearing
2812:, Cambridge University
2249:10.1098/rsnr.2006.0164
1466:polytetrafluorethylene
870:
839:Wide temperature range
818:High thermal expansion
590:Stainless Steel DD400
443:, closely followed by
353:
315:
312:tapered roller bearing
192:
177:
176:Tapered roller bearing
74:
2859:Bearings (mechanical)
1842:"Inventing the wheel"
1762:Needle roller bearing
868:
351:
306:
294:Industrial Revolution
259:in the 17th century.
183:
175:
69:
2527:. J. Wiley. p.
2355:on 25 February 2012.
2345:Martens, A. (1888).
1780:
1701:, bearing journals,
1255:improve this section
799:Good wear resistance
638:Good wear resistance
632:High heat resistance
573:High speed operation
330:, in November 1869.
314:with notched rollers
2816:"How bearings work"
2758:. 454–455: 203335.
2727:2016JPhCS.753k2013S
2575:. Class Journal Co.
2083:1 July 2010 at the
2058:(Online ed.).
1988:. pp. 709–711.
1888:. pp. 640–643.
1846:The Washington Post
1152:No practical limit
1091:Low due to flexing
943:cylindrical rollers
784:High conformability
695:Copper-Lead Alloys
675:High conformability
488:
2100:"Bearing Timeline"
2002:Nonlinear dynamics
1878:"Mons Porphyrites"
1876:Peacock, D. P. S.
1638:composite bearings
1446:splash lubrication
871:
846:Poor embeddability
790:High embeddability
672:High embeddability
524:Prone to corrosion
486:
394:aerospace bearings
354:
316:
193:
178:
75:
2810:Types of bearings
2667:978-0-471-35457-4
2637:978-0-07-339820-4
2613:sciencedirect.com
2507:978-0-8018-2747-1
2449:www.tuli-shop.com
2268:IntechBearing.com
2166:978-0-8108-8888-3
2012:978-981-02-2982-5
1945:on 25 July 2023.
1919:978-0-618-22123-3
1697:in the machine's
1585:magnetic bearings
1571:electric currents
1565:. High frequency
1558:
1557:
1550:
1291:
1290:
1283:
1220:
1219:
1210:Low to very high
1197:Composite bearing
1040:Low to very high
951:spherical rollers
921:composite bearing
852:
851:
730:Low load capacity
651:Low load capacity
611:Low load capacity
570:High fatigue life
517:Good fatigue life
492:Bearing Material
375:wire race bearing
335:Friedrich Fischer
248:Leonardo da Vinci
186:Leonardo da Vinci
129:Types of bearings
64:
63:
2871:
2800:
2778:
2777:
2767:
2747:
2741:
2740:
2738:
2706:
2700:
2699:
2689:
2678:
2672:
2671:
2651:
2642:
2641:
2623:
2617:
2616:
2605:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2583:
2577:
2576:
2560:
2554:
2553:
2539:
2533:
2532:
2518:
2512:
2511:
2484:
2478:
2477:
2476:on 11 June 2017.
2466:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2455:
2441:
2435:
2429:
2400:
2394:
2388:
2372:
2363:
2357:
2356:
2342:
2336:
2335:
2323:
2317:
2316:
2304:
2298:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2282:
2276:
2275:
2270:. Archived from
2260:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2227:
2221:
2220:
2188:
2182:
2181:
2178:
2174:
2152:
2143:
2142:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2113:
2111:
2096:
2090:
2069:
2067:
2049:
2048:
2039:
2033:
2022:
2016:
2015:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1977:
1971:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1941:. Archived from
1930:
1924:
1923:
1911:
1901:
1890:
1889:
1873:
1867:
1864:
1849:
1835:
1799:Schaeffler Group
1727:one-shot systems
1699:bearing surfaces
1659:. These contain
1594:false brinelling
1553:
1546:
1542:
1539:
1533:
1509:
1508:
1501:
1478:interference fit
1402:of the bearing.
1286:
1279:
1275:
1272:
1266:
1235:
1227:
1131:Magnetic bearing
998:
997:
979:Magnetic bearing
947:linearly-tapered
831:Carbon Graphite
737:Aluminum Alloys
489:
485:
473:polyoxymethylene
252:Agostino Ramelli
119:bearing surfaces
59:
56:
50:
27:
19:
2879:
2878:
2874:
2873:
2872:
2870:
2869:
2868:
2849:
2848:
2827:
2819:How Stuff Works
2787:
2785:Further reading
2782:
2781:
2748:
2744:
2707:
2703:
2687:
2679:
2675:
2668:
2652:
2645:
2638:
2624:
2620:
2607:
2606:
2602:
2592:
2590:
2584:
2580:
2561:
2557:
2540:
2536:
2519:
2515:
2508:
2500:. p. 518.
2485:
2481:
2468:
2467:
2463:
2453:
2451:
2443:
2442:
2438:
2402:
2401:
2397:
2370:
2364:
2360:
2343:
2339:
2324:
2320:
2305:
2301:
2291:
2289:
2284:
2283:
2279:
2274:on 11 May 2013.
2262:
2261:
2257:
2228:
2224:
2189:
2185:
2176:
2172:
2167:
2153:
2146:
2123:
2119:
2109:
2107:
2098:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:Wayback Machine
2050:via UTexas.edu.
2043:
2023:
2019:
2013:
1997:
1993:
1978:
1974:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1939:Washington Post
1931:
1927:
1920:
1902:
1893:
1882:Kathryn A. Bard
1874:
1870:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1827:
1774:Slewing bearing
1758:
1693:to the various
1657:sealed for life
1608:
1554:
1543:
1537:
1534:
1520:Please help by
1519:
1510:
1506:
1499:
1474:
1416:
1396:
1379:
1354:
1346:bending moments
1342:thrust bearings
1330:
1296:
1287:
1276:
1270:
1267:
1252:
1236:
1225:
1223:Characteristics
1172:Flexure bearing
989:Flexure bearing
917:journal bearing
887:bearing surface
863:
437:
415:
410:
378:race bearings.
170:
131:
83:machine element
60:
54:
51:
44:
32:This article's
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2877:
2867:
2866:
2861:
2845:
2844:
2839:
2833:
2826:
2825:External links
2823:
2822:
2821:
2813:
2807:
2801:
2786:
2783:
2780:
2779:
2742:
2721:(11): 112013.
2701:
2673:
2666:
2643:
2636:
2618:
2600:
2578:
2555:
2534:
2513:
2506:
2488:White, John H.
2479:
2461:
2436:
2432:Trade magazine
2395:
2391:Trade magazine
2376:Machine Design
2358:
2337:
2318:
2299:
2277:
2255:
2222:
2203:(4): 160–167.
2183:
2165:
2144:
2117:
2091:
2088:
2087:
2070:
2051:
2024:
2017:
2011:
1991:
1980:Martin, Karl.
1972:
1925:
1918:
1891:
1868:
1866:
1865:
1850:
1848:. 10 May 1995.
1829:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1822:
1821:
1819:MinebeaMitsumi
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1778:
1777:
1771:
1765:
1757:
1754:
1739:cylinder heads
1668:grease fitting
1653:sealed bearing
1606:
1575:ferrite chokes
1556:
1555:
1513:
1511:
1504:
1498:
1495:
1491:tolerance ring
1486:shrink fitting
1473:
1470:
1450:flinger wheels
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1157:electromagnets
1153:
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1137:electromagnets
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992:
986:
983:magnetic field
976:
966:
956:
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939:Roller bearing
936:
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422:
414:
411:
409:
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358:Sven Wingquist
298:wheel and axle
279:Philip Vaughan
199:rotating on a
169:
166:
161:roller bearing
130:
127:
62:
61:
41:the key points
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2876:
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2379:. p. 1.
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2086:
2082:
2079:
2078:Project Diana
2075:
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2061:
2057:
2052:
2047:
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2026:
2025:
2021:
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2008:
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1995:
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1783:
1782:Manufacturers
1775:
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1759:
1753:
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1740:
1736:
1730:
1728:
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1720:
1719:machine tools
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1703:pillow blocks
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1614:John Harrison
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1568:
1567:PWM inverters
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1523:
1517:
1514:This section
1512:
1503:
1502:
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1483:
1482:press fitting
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1240:This section
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1234:
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1142:
1141:eddy currents
1138:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1124:
1121:
1118:
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1109:
1107:
1106:Fluid bearing
1104:
1103:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1081:Jewel bearing
1079:
1078:
1074:
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1027:Plain bearing
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1017:
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1009:
1006:
1003:
1000:
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969:Fluid bearing
967:
964:
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948:
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937:
934:
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930:
928:
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913:Plain bearing
911:
910:
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903:
899:
896:
895:bearing metal
892:
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875:plain bearing
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337:, founder of
336:
331:
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320:Jules Suriray
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267:John Harrison
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201:plain bearing
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144:plain bearing
140:
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107:normal forces
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100:
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2603:
2591:. Retrieved
2581:
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2537:
2523:
2516:
2492:
2482:
2474:the original
2464:
2452:. Retrieved
2448:
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2407:
2398:
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2361:
2353:the original
2347:
2340:
2331:
2327:
2321:
2315:(45): 73–79.
2312:
2308:
2302:
2292:30 September
2290:. Retrieved
2280:
2272:the original
2267:
2258:
2242:(1): 53–62.
2239:
2235:
2225:
2200:
2196:
2186:
2170:
2156:
2130:
2126:
2120:
2108:. Retrieved
2094:
2077:
2055:
2035:
2020:
2001:
1994:
1985:
1975:
1946:
1943:the original
1938:
1928:
1907:
1885:
1871:
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1845:
1833:
1781:
1779:
1749:rock crusher
1746:
1743:
1735:engine block
1731:
1726:
1706:
1694:
1690:
1687:lube systems
1686:
1684:
1665:
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1652:
1649:
1642:
1635:
1628:
1624:
1619:lignum vitae
1617:
1611:
1603:
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1579:
1559:
1544:
1535:
1522:spinning off
1515:
1497:Service life
1475:
1463:
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1371:
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1362:
1358:
1355:
1331:
1322:
1297:
1277:
1271:January 2024
1268:
1253:Please help
1241:
1004:Description
994:
933:Ball bearing
907:
904:
900:
872:
856:
853:
723:Low friction
641:Low friction
563:
504:
438:
416:
398:air bearings
391:
387:
383:
380:
372:
368:Henry Timken
366:
355:
332:
317:
291:
272:
261:
246:
227:ball bearing
224:
217:
209:Djehutihotep
194:
189:
188:(1452–1519)
159:
155:ball bearing
153:
142:
132:
112:
91:moving parts
78:
76:
72:ball bearing
52:
36:
34:lead section
2409:Design News
2288:. Ibike.org
2110:28 February
2036:Archaeology
1707:lube cycles
1695:lube points
1645:oscillating
1631:Harris 2001
1569:can induce
1414:Lubrication
1185:Very high.
973:air bearing
812:Light loads
793:Lightweight
555:Higher cost
498:Trade-offs
495:Attributes
343:Schweinfurt
328:Paris-Rouen
324:James Moore
213:hand drills
205:tree trunks
184:Drawing of
149:Lubrication
2853:Categories
1825:References
1814:Koyo Seiko
1691:lube lines
1672:grease gun
1598:bell curve
1526:relocating
1439:ring oiler
1116:Very high
815:Low speeds
287:Carmarthen
283:ironmaster
273:The first
264:horologist
234:Nemi ships
2864:Tribology
2774:0043-1648
2696:201816405
2660:. Wiley.
2569:Motor Age
2490:(1985) .
2454:3 January
2422:0011-9407
2385:0024-9114
2217:0160-9327
2197:Endeavour
1959:'Research
1723:hand pump
1538:June 2023
1394:Stiffness
1242:does not
1179:Very low
1011:Stiffness
1007:Friction
879:lubricant
769:High cost
654:High Cost
614:High cost
583:High cost
435:Materials
333:In 1883,
238:Lake Nemi
123:roughness
55:June 2023
39:summarize
2799:(81689).
2426:Archived
2104:Archived
2081:Archived
1768:Rolamite
1756:See also
1680:oil cans
1472:Mounting
1400:friction
1294:Friction
1048:stiction
963:sapphire
883:discrete
781:Low cost
453:sapphire
400:used in
89:between
87:friction
2723:Bibcode
2414:Informa
1480:. When
1424:packing
1387:newtons
1305:rollers
1263:removed
1248:sources
754:Silver
718:Bronze
449:ceramic
413:Motions
389:layer.
360:of the
257:Galileo
168:History
115:to bear
103:vectors
79:bearing
2772:
2694:
2664:
2634:
2593:9 June
2504:
2420:
2383:
2334:: 2–9.
2215:
2177:
2173:
2163:
2009:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1916:
1789:Timken
1676:oilers
1420:grease
1361:where
1352:Speeds
1344:), or
1334:radial
1021:Notes
1015:Speed
481:UHMWPE
479:, and
465:bronze
445:bronze
408:Design
309:Timken
307:Early
275:patent
135:shafts
95:linear
2692:S2CID
2688:(PDF)
2552:–114.
2371:(PDF)
1968:sled.
1880:. In
1860:Wired
1661:seals
1581:Fluid
1432:waste
1428:gland
1338:axial
1328:Loads
1018:Life
1001:Type
891:bears
861:Types
469:nylon
461:steel
457:glass
242:Italy
231:Roman
197:wheel
139:axles
81:is a
2770:ISSN
2756:Wear
2662:ISBN
2632:ISBN
2595:2016
2502:ISBN
2456:2024
2418:ISSN
2381:ISSN
2294:2013
2213:ISSN
2161:ISBN
2112:2023
2007:ISBN
1914:ISBN
1737:and
1655:and
1583:and
1377:Play
1246:any
1244:cite
1182:Low
1149:Low
1094:Low
1088:Low
441:wood
158:and
2760:doi
2731:doi
2719:753
2550:111
2529:791
2332:577
2244:doi
2205:doi
2135:doi
2060:doi
1947:...
1809:NTN
1804:NSK
1794:SKF
1715:CNC
1713:or
1711:PLC
1524:or
1484:or
1257:by
1139:or
362:SKF
339:FAG
285:in
236:in
137:or
105:of
2855::
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