511:
299:
954:
633:
1451:
4354:
3894:
4344:
3884:
1583:
738:
35:
425:
1172:
652:, numerous small wheeled artifacts, identified as children's toys, have been found in Mexican archeological sites, some dating to approximately 1500 BCE. Some argue that the primary obstacle to large-scale development of the wheel in the Americas was the absence of domesticated large animals that could be used to pull wheeled carriages. The closest relative of
683:, nor any other practical object with a wheel or wheels. Although present in a number of toys, very similar to those found throughout the world and still made for children today ("pull toys"), the wheel was never put into practical use in Mesoamerica before the 16th century. Possibly the closest the Mayas came to the utilitarian wheel is the
1346:
Truck and bus wheels may block (stop rotating) under certain circumstances, such as brake system failure. To help detect this, they sometimes feature "wheel rotation indicators": colored strips of plastic attached to the rim and protruding out from it, such that they can be seen by the driver in the
322:
culture of 6500–5100 BCE is sometimes credited with the earliest depiction of a wheeled vehicle, but this is doubtful as there is no evidence of
Halafians using either wheeled vehicles or even pottery wheels. Potter's wheels are thought to have been used in the 4th millennium BCE in the Middle
756:
were invented. Pneumatic tires can greatly reduce rolling resistance and improve comfort. Wire spokes are under tension, not compression, making it possible for the wheel to be both stiff and light. Early radially-spoked wire wheels gave rise to tangentially-spoked wire wheels, which were widely
628:
site in East Anglia in 2016. The specimen, dating from 1,100 to 800 BCE, represents the most complete and earliest of its type found in
Britain. The wheel's hub is also present. A horse's spine found nearby suggests the wheel may have been part of a horse-drawn cart. The wheel was found in a
1223:
to protect it and enable better vehicle performance by providing a flexible cushion that absorbs shock while keeping the wheel in close contact with the ground. The word itself may be derived from the word "tie", which refers to the outer steel ring part of a wooden cart wheel that ties the wood
1075:
connects), connecting the hub with the round traction surface. The term originally referred to portions of a log which had been split lengthwise into four or six sections. The radial members of a wagon wheel were made by carving a spoke (from a log) into their finished shape. A
1044:
895:
is 1000 mm and axle diameter is 50 mm. So while the object still moves 10 m the sliding frictional surfaces only slide over each other a distance of 0.5 m. The work done is 981 × 0.25 × 0.5 = 123 joules; the work done has reduced to 1/40 of that of
1287:
conditions have resulted in the invention of several types of wheel cover, which may be constructed as removable attachments or as permanent covers. Wheels like this are no longer necessarily round, or have panels that make the ground-contact area flat.
923:. A driven wheel is an example of a wheel and axle. Wheels pre-date driven wheels by about 6000 years, themselves an evolution of using round logs as rollers to move a heavy load—a practice going back in pre-history so far that it has not been dated.
660:, is difficult to domesticate and was never domesticated by Native Americans; several horse species existed until about 12,000 years ago, but ultimately became extinct. The only large animal that was domesticated in the Western hemisphere, the
1563:
In modern usage, the 'invention of the wheel' can be considered as a symbol of one of the first technologies of early civilization, alongside farming and metalwork, and thus be used as a benchmark to grade the level of societal progress.
61:. Wheels, in conjunction with axles, allow heavy objects to be moved easily facilitating movement or transportation while supporting a load, or performing labor in machines. Wheels are also used for other purposes, such as a
904:
which is predominantly a deformation loss. It depends on the nature of the ground, of the material of the wheel, its inflation in the case of a tire, the net torque exerted by the eventual engine, and many other factors.
1339:- A system of linked and hinged chains/panels that cover multiple wheels in a way that allows the vehicles mass to be distributed across the space between wheels that are positioned in front of / behind other wheels.
2280:
Holm, Hans J. J. G.: The
Earliest Wheel Finds, their Archaeology and Indo-European Terminology in Time and Space, and Early Migrations around the Caucasus. Series Minor 43. ARCHAEOLINGUA ALAPÍTVÁNY, Budapest, 2019.
339:, dates to the middle of the 5th millennium BCE, and is the oldest ever found, and which further precedes the earliest use of the potter's wheel in Mesopotamia. Wheels of uncertain dates have also been found in the
1359:
While wheels are very widely used for ground transport, there are alternatives, some of which are suitable for terrain where wheels are ineffective. Alternative methods for ground transport without wheels include:
1243:
while the body ensures support. Before rubber was invented, the first versions of tires were simply bands of metal that fitted around wooden wheels to prevent wear and tear. Today, the vast majority of tires are
561:
for the greater part of three centuries. They moved deep into the Greek peninsula where they joined with the existing
Mediterranean peoples to give rise, eventually, to classical Greece after the breaking of
1251:, comprising a doughnut-shaped body of cords and wires encased in rubber and generally filled with compressed air to form an inflatable cushion. Pneumatic tires are used on many types of vehicles, such as
3157:
One of the great technological puzzles of Sub-Saharan
African economic history is that wheeled transportation was barely used prior to the colonial period. Instead, head porterage was the main method of
2301:
Mohenjo-Daro and the Indus
Civilization: Being an Official Account of Archaeological Excavations at Mohenjo-Daro Carried Out by the Government of India Between the Years 1922 and 1927, Volume 1
235:
The place and time of the invention of the wheel remains unclear, because the oldest hints do not guarantee the existence of real wheeled transport, or are dated with too much scatter.
2882:
2072:
530:
Early wheels were simple wooden disks with a hole for the axle. Some of the earliest wheels were made from horizontal slices of tree trunks. Because of the uneven structure of
2631:
541:
wheel was invented more recently and allowed the construction of lighter and swifter vehicles. The earliest known examples of wooden spoked wheels are in the context of the
2980:
2354:
2895:
There were no wheeled carts, or even wheelbarrows. Although wheeled toys and decorations have been found at
Mesoamerican sites, the wheel was never put to practical use.
3314:
3443:
3128:
2465:
Velušček, A.; Čufar, K. and Zupančič, M. (2009) "Prazgodovinsko leseno kolo z osjo s kolišča Stare gmajne na
Ljubljanskem barju", pp. 197–222 in A. Velušček (ed.).
1973:
2558:
2375:
Holm, Hans J. J. G. "The
Earliest Wheel Finds, Their Archeology and Indo-European Terminology in Time and Space, and Early Migrations around the Caucasus".
5751:
6350:
1310:- A system of rails that holds panels that hold the vehicle. These do not necessarily have to be built as a circle (wheel) and are thus also a form of
827:
A wheeled vehicle requires much less work to move than simply dragging the same weight. The low resistance to motion is explained by the fact that the
3930:
3410:
2226:
4390:
1304:- A type of permanently attached hinged panels for general extreme off-road use. These are not connected directly to the wheels, but to each other.
2256:
6148:
5889:
5485:
2670:
664:, a pack animal, was not physically suited to use as a draft animal to pull wheeled vehicles, and use of the llama did not spread far beyond the
2874:
2098:
908:
A wheel can also offer advantages in traversing irregular surfaces if the wheel radius is sufficiently large compared to the irregularities.
6104:
5613:
3137:
2708:
6355:
6257:
3206:
2846:
2484:
2328:
2532:
2419:
534:, a wheel made from a horizontal slice of a tree trunk will tend to be inferior to one made from rounded pieces of longitudinal boards.
5936:
5387:
711:. It is thought that Nubian waterwheels may have been ox-driven. It is also known that Nubians used horse-drawn chariots imported from
488:
3010:
2819:
971:
is the "outer edge of a wheel, holding the tire". It makes up the outer circular design of the wheel on which the inside edge of the
2159:
3172:
510:
350:
The oldest indirect evidence of wheeled movement was found in the form of miniature clay wheels north of the Black Sea before 4000
3232:
3055:
2796:
687:, and some scholars believe that these toys were originally made with spindle whorls and spindle sticks as "wheels" and "axes".
2350:
1200:
2511:"Bronocice, Flintbek, Uruk, Jebel Aruda and Arslantepe: The Earliest Evidence of Wheeled Vehicles in Europe and the Near East"
2398:"Bronocice, Flintbek, Uruk, Jebel Aruda and Arslantepe: The Earliest Evidence of Wheeled Vehicles in Europe and the Near East"
887:
Now give the object 4 wheels. The normal force between the 4 wheels and axles is the same (in total) 981 N. Assume, for wood,
3923:
3404:
3351:
3200:
3049:
2790:
2688:
2450:
2384:
2286:
2236:
2206:
2169:
2108:
2066:
1890:
1886:
100:
needs to be applied to the wheel about its axis, either by way of gravity or by the application of another external force or
6379:
3357:
1947:
4383:
3497:
1545:
1084:
originally developed for this purpose. Eventually, the term spoke was more commonly applied to the finished product of the
3306:
1333:. These were panels that were connected to each other by multiple hinges and could be installed over a contemporary wheel.
3433:
3141:
1486:
is seen as a symbol of health and strength and used by some villages as a tool to predict future health and success. The
487:
to 3340–3030 BCE, the axle to 3360–3045 BCE. Two types of early
Neolithic European wheel and axle are known: a
298:
718:
Starting from the 18th century in West Africa, wheeled vehicles were mostly used for ceremonial purposes in places like
4225:
3613:
1969:
3284:
5514:
4420:
2972:
2526:
2496:
2413:
2308:
1881:
1826:
2919:
5721:
5608:
3916:
3623:
3258:
2579:
Barbieri-Low, Anthony (February 2000) "Wheeled Vehicles in the Chinese Bronze Age (c. 2000–741 B.C.E)", pp. 11-12.
1729:
2593:
1298:- Specially designed chain assemblies that wrap around the tire to provide increased grip, designed for deep snow.
6698:
6653:
6538:
6399:
6250:
6133:
5524:
4562:
4376:
2554:
362:
in the form of toy cars, depictions, or ruts, with the oldest find in Northern Germany dating back to around 3400
1239:, fabric, and wire, along with other compound chemicals. They consist of a tread and a body. The tread provides
491:
type of wagon construction (the wheel and axle rotate together, as in Ljubljana Marshes Wheel), and that of the
3570:
1876:
1268:
480:
336:
6414:
6419:
5746:
5276:
4536:
3648:
2950:
4604:
3130:
Reinventing the Wheel: The Economic Benefits of Wheeled Transportation in Early Colonial British West Africa
6389:
5741:
5281:
4754:
4230:
2443:
The horse, the wheel, and language: how Bronze-Age riders from the Eurasian steppes shaped the modern world
1704:
629:
settlement built on stilts over wetland, indicating that the settlement had some sort of link to dry land.
624:
In Britain, a large wooden wheel, measuring about 1 m (3.3 ft) in diameter, was uncovered at the
139:
4430:
1466:
The wheel has also become a strong cultural and spiritual metaphor for a cycle or regular repetition (see
4707:
4117:
3723:
418:
2125:
6243:
6009:
5810:
4180:
4170:
4009:
3560:
2017:
503:
3200–3000 BCE. Some historians believe that there was a diffusion of the wheeled vehicle from the
271:
6643:
6473:
5815:
5630:
4127:
4024:
3859:
3748:
3688:
3653:
2672:
Ancient China and its Eurasian Neighbors: Artifacts, Identity and Death in the Frontier, 3000–700 BCE
1757:
1530:
1518:
1514:
835:. In the simplest and oldest case the bearing is just a round hole through which the axle passes (a "
340:
987:
is a large hoop attached to the outer ends of the spokes of the wheel that holds the tire and tube.
6004:
5096:
4641:
4175:
4152:
4132:
3638:
3490:
5168:
5163:
6121:
6031:
5203:
4970:
4789:
4722:
4454:
4205:
3608:
3580:
2518:
2405:
2002:
1855:
1438:
1048:
858:
303:
129:
26:
3470:
3400 BC: The oldest evidence for the use of the wheel and wagon originates from Northern Germany
2704:
1478:
among others). As such and because of the difficult terrain, wheeled vehicles were forbidden in
479:. Surviving evidence of a wheel-axle combination, from Stare Gmajne near Ljubljana in Slovenia (
461:
405:
millennium BCE, evidence of wheeled vehicles appeared near-simultaneously in the Northern (
6549:
6513:
6454:
6209:
6083:
5689:
5580:
5568:
5264:
5005:
4844:
4481:
4415:
4399:
4074:
4029:
3598:
3588:
3343:
2261:
The Institute of Archaeomythology European Branch – Arkeomytologinen instituutti Euroopan haara
1684:
1510:
1240:
690:
476:
242:, and may be seen in conjunction with other technological advances that gave rise to the early
22:
3190:
3041:
2840:
2825:
2782:
2479:
2324:
2194:
6628:
6528:
6449:
6345:
5948:
5884:
5758:
5451:
5377:
5151:
5146:
5084:
5023:
4960:
4908:
4901:
4447:
4049:
2510:
2397:
1867:
1798:
1330:
1026:
777:
5333:
3469:
270:; earliest solid wooden wheels (disks with a hole for the axle); earliest wheeled vehicles;
6717:
6424:
6214:
6165:
6160:
6143:
6138:
6116:
5906:
5620:
5473:
5365:
5269:
5062:
4747:
4546:
4489:
3961:
3693:
3628:
3002:
1248:
1007:
832:
453:
247:
50:
6613:
4717:
931:
This section is about the structure of a wheel. For the making of wire-spoked wheels, see
8:
6444:
6404:
6204:
5869:
5674:
5507:
5040:
4913:
4794:
4769:
4220:
3994:
3718:
3698:
3483:
1863:
1326:
563:
484:
6677:
1317:
A version of the above examples (name unknown to the writer) was commonly used on heavy
6603:
6394:
6327:
6155:
6058:
5960:
5773:
4955:
4685:
4651:
4260:
3864:
3769:
3169:
3105:
3097:
2755:
2747:
2604:
2222:
1996:
1903:
1810:
1616:
936:
901:
748:
The spoked wheel was in continued use without major modification until the 1870s, when
731:
644:
is the only one where the wheel was never put to practical use before the 16th century.
523:
355:
255:
165:
3228:
1540:) wheels in the Middle Bronze Age appears to have carried somewhat of a prestige. The
6483:
6337:
6197:
6187:
6177:
6126:
5783:
5701:
4995:
4980:
4965:
4945:
4836:
4815:
4626:
4469:
4343:
4089:
3883:
3658:
3593:
3545:
3527:
3400:
3347:
3196:
3109:
3045:
3034:
2786:
2775:
2759:
2684:
2651:
2612:
2522:
2492:
2446:
2409:
2380:
2304:
2282:
2232:
2202:
2175:
2165:
2137:
2104:
2062:
2037:
2033:
1907:
1632:
1576:
1301:
1123:
749:
680:
649:
542:
519:
284:
267:
70:
46:
is a rotating component (typically circular in shape) that is intended to turn on an
2257:"The Wheel and the Wagon – a groundbreaking invention from the fringe of Old Europe"
2103:. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. p. 40.
1648:
6439:
6384:
6275:
6192:
6099:
5842:
5625:
5425:
5345:
5301:
5101:
4923:
4774:
4734:
4309:
4069:
4044:
3733:
3540:
3124:
3089:
2878:
2739:
2676:
2643:
2029:
1894:
1851:
1766:
1725:
1660:
1591:
1479:
1413:
1403:
1399:
1351:. These devices were invented and patented in 1998 by a Canadian truck shop owner.
1348:
1336:
1311:
1232:
1192:
1188:
598:
277:
97:
6593:
5684:
5640:
4018:
1017:(also known as a rim-rider or centerless wheel) is a type of wheel with no center
761:
are now more commonly used; forged alloy wheels are used when weight is critical.
6738:
6687:
6588:
6073:
6043:
5805:
5733:
5711:
5669:
5564:
5534:
5399:
5394:
5045:
4928:
4499:
4319:
4245:
4240:
4147:
4142:
4094:
3939:
3753:
3683:
3394:
3337:
3176:
2488:
2252:
2094:
2056:
1939:
1692:
1612:
1568:
1429:
1162:
873:
640:'s independently invented wheel. Among the places where wheeled toys were found,
606:
343:, a late 4th millennium BCE civilization covering areas of present-day India and
332:
323:
East. The oldest surviving example so far found of a potter's wheel was found in
62:
2467:
Koliščarska naselbina Stare gmajne in njen as. Ljubljansko barje v 2. polovici 4
1021:. More specifically, the hub is actually almost as big as the wheel itself. The
839:"). Even with a plain bearing, the frictional work is greatly reduced because:
820:
This section is about the application to transport. For the simple machine, see
6682:
6672:
6633:
6573:
6568:
6533:
6429:
6409:
6360:
6182:
6109:
5931:
5896:
5827:
5716:
5588:
5296:
4881:
4871:
4692:
4673:
4324:
4235:
4185:
4137:
4059:
3854:
3668:
3663:
3554:
3550:
2915:
1915:
1774:
1688:
1342:"Tire totes" - A bag designed to cover a tire to improve traction in deep snow.
1236:
920:
916:
821:
781:
753:
693:
traditionally used circular discs rolled along the ground for target practice.
657:
448:
Depictions of a wheeled vehicle appeared between 3631 and 3380 BCE in the
437:
414:
406:
183:
66:
58:
54:
6498:
2509:
Attema, P. A. J.; Los-Weijns, Ma; Maring-Van der Pers, N. D. (December 2006).
2396:
Attema, P. A. J.; Los-Weijns, Ma; Pers, N. D. Maring-Van der (December 2006).
2179:
1676:
1055:. The wheel is dated to the late 2nd millennium BCE and was excavated at
6732:
6662:
6608:
6583:
6578:
6503:
6478:
6068:
6053:
5999:
5977:
5874:
5862:
5778:
5647:
5529:
5490:
5478:
5466:
5178:
5089:
5018:
4759:
4702:
4680:
4589:
4521:
4516:
4494:
4357:
4314:
4255:
4250:
4084:
3969:
3897:
3836:
3821:
3801:
3728:
3565:
3535:
2655:
2616:
2608:
2141:
2041:
1859:
1802:
1790:
1668:
1656:
1652:
1644:
1636:
1620:
1557:
1553:
1522:
1471:
1455:
1307:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1014:
980:
953:
932:
869:
836:
684:
632:
492:
449:
4609:
3080:
Law, Robin C. (1980). "Wheeled Transportation in Pre-Colonial West Africa".
831:
done is no longer at the surface that the vehicle is traversing, but in the
6623:
6508:
6488:
5987:
5943:
5924:
5879:
5679:
5603:
5360:
5355:
5311:
4938:
4820:
4784:
4764:
4616:
4594:
4506:
4294:
4265:
4200:
4122:
4079:
4004:
3989:
3806:
3743:
3713:
3708:
3438:
3280:
2469:. tisočletja pr. Kr. Opera Instituti Archaeologici Sloveniae 16. Ljubljana.
2155:
1919:
1786:
1782:
1680:
1506:
1499:
1475:
1433:
1408:
1208:
1166:
1056:
900:
Additional energy is lost from the wheel-to-road interface. This is termed
865:
758:
708:
550:
263:
6036:
3396:
A Glossary of Important Symbols in Their Hebrew: Pagan and Christian Forms
2680:
2647:
2058:
Ancient Mesopotamian Materials and Industries: The Archaeological Evidence
843:
The normal force at the sliding interface is same as with simple dragging.
382:
331:), and dates to approximately 3100 BCE. However, a potter's wheel in
6638:
6618:
6598:
6518:
6292:
6026:
6016:
5972:
5967:
5919:
5857:
5820:
5793:
5694:
5664:
5539:
5461:
5382:
5370:
5131:
5116:
5106:
5077:
5035:
4950:
4918:
4866:
4799:
4636:
4511:
4368:
4347:
4299:
4289:
4195:
4054:
4034:
4014:
3999:
3908:
3887:
3811:
3784:
3779:
3643:
3633:
2705:"Bronze Age wheel at 'British Pompeii' Must Farm an 'unprecedented find'"
2161:
A Brief History of Motion: From the Wheel, to the Car, to What Comes Next
1830:
1818:
1814:
1778:
1745:
1741:
1733:
1696:
1608:
1549:
1450:
1322:
1295:
1284:
1260:
1220:
1216:
1134:
1103:
1085:
1068:
984:
961:
948:
769:
676:
672:
641:
378:
375:
367:
246:. This implies the passage of several wheelless millennia even after the
119:
3254:
2100:
Advancement in Ancient Civilizations: Life, Culture, Science and Thought
1067:
is one of some number of rods radiating from the center of a wheel (the
6558:
6523:
6493:
6434:
6370:
6302:
6280:
6266:
6170:
6063:
6021:
5837:
5800:
5763:
5659:
5246:
5158:
4985:
4886:
4859:
4779:
4577:
4531:
4442:
4410:
4329:
4215:
4210:
4190:
4064:
3979:
3869:
3831:
3673:
3506:
3101:
1847:
1737:
1708:
1664:
1491:
1395:
1387:
1383:
1097:
1077:
976:
797:
765:
617:, in the form of two wheel hubs from a site dated between 2000 and 1500
609:, dating to around 1700 BCE. The earliest evidence of spoked wheels in
515:
307:
243:
3336:
John Newman (1991). "Blurb/description". In Geshe Lhundub Sopa (ed.).
2751:
722:. The wheel was barely used for transportation, with the exception of
114:
6707:
6317:
6312:
6297:
6284:
6078:
5847:
5832:
5430:
5415:
5340:
5323:
5241:
5126:
5067:
5057:
5052:
4975:
4854:
4742:
4668:
4435:
4425:
4099:
4039:
3984:
3826:
3816:
3738:
3703:
2018:"Revisiting the History of the Potter's Wheel in the Southern Levant"
1806:
1794:
1587:
1582:
1541:
1318:
1245:
1212:
1126:
flexible wires, keeping the rim true while supporting applied loads.
1119:
958:
857:
If a 100 kg object is dragged for 10 m along a surface with the
805:
793:
789:
785:
637:
625:
504:
473:
239:
191:
81:
6235:
3093:
6712:
6307:
5852:
5788:
5635:
5593:
5328:
5236:
5111:
4933:
4896:
4876:
4109:
3618:
2743:
2508:
1838:
1834:
1640:
1495:
1487:
1272:
892:
828:
801:
773:
742:
723:
554:
410:
344:
197:
85:
74:
2942:
1018:
737:
6667:
6563:
5914:
5706:
5652:
5598:
5420:
5226:
5136:
4990:
4891:
4849:
4712:
4631:
4584:
4572:
1822:
1672:
1537:
1459:
1419:
1392:
1378:
1256:
1130:
995:
809:
727:
719:
704:
614:
558:
496:
292:
251:
238:
The invention of the solid wooden disk wheel falls into the late
89:
34:
2669:
Linduff, Katheryn M.; Sun, Yan; Cao, Wei; Liu, Yuanqing (2017).
2478:
Fowler, Chris; Harding, Jan and Hofmann, Daniela (eds.) (2015).
472:
m long with three doors, dated to 5000 BCE, and belonged to the
123:
6322:
5982:
5519:
5497:
5350:
5286:
5231:
4621:
4599:
4567:
4541:
4304:
3789:
3603:
3307:"Here Is What Those Strips Hanging Off Of Truck Wheels Are For"
1911:
1770:
1624:
1526:
1467:
1425:
1365:
1052:
877:
846:
The sliding distance is reduced for a given distance of travel.
653:
602:
571:
567:
457:
429:
359:
202:
101:
1110:(or "wire spoked wheels") are connected to their hubs by wire
849:
The coefficient of friction at the interface is usually lower.
306:
with axle is the oldest wooden wheel yet discovered dating to
6464:
6048:
5768:
5502:
5456:
5318:
5121:
4697:
4663:
4162:
3678:
3475:
2947:
Koori History - Aboriginal History of South Eastern Australia
1749:
1721:
1700:
1572:
1533:, hinting to their nomadic history and their Indian origins.
1509:
is a symbol of progress, seen in many contexts including the
1483:
1264:
1204:
1111:
1043:
1038:
881:
712:
696:
665:
661:
621:
BCE.Wheeled vehicles were introduced to China from the west.
610:
590:
538:
468:
m wide door was constructed for wagon entry; this barn was 40
433:
424:
390:
371:
319:
288:
186:
5994:
5955:
5435:
5291:
5221:
5141:
5013:
4526:
4280:
3974:
3796:
2351:"Wheel I Never: Europes Oldest Stone Age Cart Tracks Found"
2197:. In Fowler, Chris; Harding, Jan; Hofmann, Daniela (eds.).
1753:
1717:
1628:
1370:
1171:
1158:
1115:
1081:
1072:
1022:
1006:
The hub is the center of the wheel, and typically houses a
991:
972:
912:
579:
575:
531:
386:
328:
93:
47:
2730:
Ekholm, Gordon F. (April 1946). "Wheeled Toys in Mexico".
2231:. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 6, 51–70.
911:
The wheel alone is not a machine, but when attached to an
5306:
5072:
5030:
3951:
3517:
2445:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 67.
1422:
wheels, using aspects of both wheel and caterpillar track
1374:
1252:
1176:
149:
142:
880:) is (work=force x distance) 981 × 0.5 × 10 = 4905
3472:". Online: April 11, 2022. Retrieved: April 14th, 2022.
764:
The invention of the wheel has also been important for
324:
3122:
1490:
of the wheel is indicator of one's future health. The
1145:. A process of assembling wire wheels is described as
200:
2675:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 54.
1278:
1219:) is a ring-shaped covering that fits around a wheel
2943:""Aboriginal people never even invented the wheel.""
2777:
Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies
2395:
1552:
with the more 'modern' and technologically advanced
1494:
or wheel of time is also a subject in some forms of
648:
Although large-scale use of wheels did not occur in
132:
3075:
3073:
2868:
2866:
2864:
2594:"Indo-Europeans in the Ancient Yellow River Valley"
792:. More modern descendants of the wheel include the
597:BCE have been found at Pingliangtai, a site of the
3033:
2774:
2015:
566:dominance and consolidations led by pre-classical
507:to Europe around the mid-4th millennium BCE.
2440:
2164:. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 2–5.
768:in general, important applications including the
499:(axle does not rotate). They both are dated to c.
6730:
3070:
2973:"Crafts – Uncovering Treasures of Ancient Nubia"
2940:
2861:
2668:
2632:"China and the steppe: reception and resistance"
2251:
2016:Roux, Valentine; de Miroschedji, Pierre (2009).
1994:
1972:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company.
1521:. The wheel is also the prominent figure on the
935:. For the making of non-wire spoked wheels, see
656:present in Americas in pre-Columbian times, the
53:. The wheel is one of the key components of the
3380:The Circle of Bliss: Buddhist Meditational Art,
994:rim was introduced around the wooden wheels of
168:
2824:. Canadian Geographic Magazine. Archived from
1231:The fundamental materials of modern tires are
1137:. They were invented by aeronautical engineer
757:used on cars into the late 20th century. Cast
6251:
4384:
3924:
3491:
2842:The Carriage Journal: Vol 23 No 4 Spring 1986
2838:
2555:"Central China discovers earliest wheel ruts"
2298:
2061:. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns. p. 146.
1025:is hollow, following the wheel at very close
358:onward, the evidence is condensed throughout
3138:Weatherhead Center for International Affairs
3032:Fage, J. D.; Oliver, Roland Anthony (1975).
1556:. The wheel was also a solar symbol for the
38:An early wheel made of a solid piece of wood
3335:
2845:. Carriage Assoc. of America. p. 209.
1970:"American Heritage Dictionary Entry: wheel"
6258:
6244:
4398:
4391:
4377:
3938:
3931:
3917:
3498:
3484:
3192:The Pocket Oxford Dictionary and Thesaurus
3031:
2325:"Ancient wheel tracks in Northern Germany"
1891:Terrestrial locomotion in animals: Rolling
915:in conjunction with bearing, it forms the
553:). Soon after this, horse cultures of the
3434:"Paganism, part 3: the Wheel of the Year"
2697:
2303:. Asian Education Services. p. 554.
2048:
1525:. The wheel in this case represents law (
1122:, they function mechanically the same as
815:
668:by the time of the arrival of Europeans.
557:region used horse-drawn spoked-wheel war
3431:
3339:The Wheel of Time: Kalachakra in Context
3195:. Oxford University Press. p. 722.
2909:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2875:"The Technology of the Incas and Aztecs"
2872:
2481:The Oxford Handbook of Neolithic Europe.
2154:
2123:
2093:
1581:
1449:
1170:
1042:
952:
736:
631:
509:
423:
297:
164:. Cognates within Indo-European include
33:
2821:A brief history of the horse in America
2772:
2591:
2221:
2199:The Oxford Handbook of Neolithic Europe
2195:"Chapter 5: Central and Eastern Europe"
6731:
3040:. Cambridge University Press. p.
2817:
2729:
2629:
2228:The Wheel: Inventions And Reinventions
2192:
2054:
650:the Americas prior to European contact
16:Circular component rotating on an axle
6265:
6239:
5562:
5201:
4467:
4372:
3912:
3479:
3235:from the original on 12 December 2022
3188:
2900:
1887:Rotating locomotion in living systems
1548:, replacing the earlier concept of a
1118:are generally stiffer than a typical
1088:'s work, than to the materials used.
5563:
3446:from the original on 26 October 2021
3392:
3287:from the original on 3 November 2020
2941:koorihistory.com (1 December 2019).
2711:from the original on 9 November 2018
2357:from the original on 19 October 2022
2331:from the original on 19 October 2022
2075:from the original on 17 October 2017
2055:Moorey, Peter Roger Stuart (1999) .
601:. Similar tracks were also found at
593:, wheel tracks dating to around 2200
3317:from the original on 7 January 2022
3079:
2983:from the original on 22 August 2020
2953:from the original on 19 August 2022
2922:from the original on 20 August 2021
2885:from the original on 20 August 2021
2561:from the original on 22 August 2020
2535:from the original on 22 August 2020
2422:from the original on 22 August 2020
96:. In order for wheels to rotate, a
13:
4226:Electronic brakeforce distribution
3614:Continuously variable transmission
3378:John C. Huntington, Dina Bangdel,
3372:
3360:from the original on 22 March 2023
2849:from the original on 22 March 2023
2799:from the original on 26 March 2020
2255:; Kurvinen, Auli (29 March 2024).
1998:New Light on the Most Ancient East
1544:appears to have a significance in
1279:Protruding or covering attachments
990:In the 1st millennium BCE an
741:Three spoked wheels on an antique
401:BCE. In the second half of the 4th
14:
6750:
5515:Megalithic architectural elements
3462:
3281:"Another example of "tire totes""
3058:from the original on 10 June 2020
3013:from the original on 1 March 2009
2913:
2087:
1976:from the original on 20 July 2013
1882:The Horse, The Wheel and Language
1763:Related technologies and concepts
1047:A spoked wheel on display at The
5202:
4353:
4352:
4342:
3893:
3892:
3882:
3261:from the original on 17 May 2022
2916:"Real smart folks, but no wheel"
2124:Chandler, Graham (August 2017).
2034:10.1179/007589109X12484491671095
1950:from the original on 3 July 2017
1579:into their religious practices.
1225:
1010:, and is where the spokes meet.
891: = 0.25, and say the wheel
80:Common examples can be found in
6539:Schwartzkopff-Eckhardt II bogie
6134:Evolutionary origin of religion
3425:
3413:from the original on 8 May 2016
3386:
3329:
3299:
3273:
3247:
3221:
3209:from the original on 4 May 2016
3182:
3163:
3116:
3036:The Cambridge History of Africa
3025:
2995:
2965:
2934:
2832:
2811:
2766:
2723:
2662:
2623:
2585:
2573:
2547:
2502:
2472:
2459:
2434:
2389:
2369:
2343:
2317:
2292:
2274:
2245:
2215:
1916:Wheel and axle (simple machine)
1354:
975:is mounted on vehicles such as
926:
582:rim around the wheel in the 1st
148:, an extended form of the root
3505:
3432:Williams, Liz (29 July 2013).
2186:
2148:
2117:
2009:
1988:
1962:
1932:
1877:History of the wheel in Africa
1586:Ezekiel's "chariot vision" of
1175:A wheel with car tire made by
1141:and first used in bicycles by
518:, contrasted with the lighter
481:Ljubljana Marshes Wooden Wheel
107:
84:applications. A wheel reduces
1:
5747:Art of the Middle Paleolithic
5277:British megalith architecture
3649:Automated manual transmission
3127:; Robinson, James A. (2012).
1925:
1129:Wire wheels are used on most
734:well into the 19th century.
703:BCE used wheels for spinning
5742:Art of the Upper Paleolithic
5282:Nordic megalith architecture
4231:Electronic stability control
2781:. New York: Norton. p.
1536:The introduction of spoked (
1445:
1152:
393:civilization are dated to c.
354:BCE. From the middle of the
207:, the last two both meaning
192:
7:
4118:Ackermann steering geometry
3724:Semi-automatic transmission
3140:. p. 1. Archived from
2201:. OUP Oxford. p. 113.
1944:Online Etymology Dictionary
1598:
419:Cucuteni-Trypillian culture
201:
10:
6755:
5890:British Isles and Brittany
5811:Gwion Gwion rock paintings
4181:Active rollover protection
3561:Internal combustion engine
3393:Hall, Adelaide S. (2005).
3255:"Examples of "tire totes""
2441:Anthony, David A. (2007).
1529:). It also appears in the
1156:
1095:
1036:
946:
930:
819:
337:Cucuteni–Trypillia culture
272:domestication of the horse
230:
187:
88:by facilitating motion by
20:
6696:
6652:
6547:
6474:AAR type A switcher truck
6463:
6369:
6336:
6274:
6092:
5905:
5732:
5579:
5575:
5558:
5444:
5408:
5257:
5214:
5210:
5197:
5004:
4835:
4808:
4733:
4659:
4650:
4555:
4480:
4476:
4468:
4463:
4406:
4338:
4274:
4161:
4108:
3960:
3947:
3878:
3860:Hybrid vehicle drivetrain
3847:
3762:
3749:Transmission control unit
3689:Limited-slip differential
3654:Electrorheological clutch
3579:
3526:
3513:
3229:"Examples of snow chains"
3189:Jewel, Elizabeth (2006).
2126:"Why Reinvent the Wheel?"
1995:V. Gordon Childe (1928).
1531:flag of the Romani people
1519:State Railway of Thailand
1515:Ohio State Highway Patrol
1032:
636:A figurine featuring the
341:Indus Valley civilization
92:together with the use of
4176:Anti-lock braking system
3970:Anti-roll bar (sway bar)
3639:Dual-clutch transmission
2818:Singer, Ben (May 2005).
2630:Rawson, Jessica (2017).
2487:29 December 2016 at the
2377:Archaeolingua Alapítvány
2193:Schier, Wolfram (2015).
514:Solid wheels on a heavy
370:, depictions of wheeled
248:invention of agriculture
6122:Evolutionary musicology
5525:Oldest extant buildings
5452:Archaeological features
4971:Prepared-core technique
4206:Combined braking system
3609:Constant-velocity joint
2773:Diamond, Jared (1999).
2592:Ramsden, Shaun (2021).
2519:University of Groningen
2406:University of Groningen
1856:Counter-rotating screws
1482:. The wheel in ancient
1439:Screw-propelled vehicle
1224:segments together (see
1133:and still used on many
1091:
1049:National Museum of Iran
859:coefficient of friction
578:chariots introduced an
483:), is dated within two
456:settlement in southern
356:4th millennium BCE
304:Ljubljana Marshes Wheel
159:to revolve, move around
151:
144:
134:
124:
27:Wheels (disambiguation)
6514:Krauss-Helmholtz bogie
6084:Unchambered long cairn
5932:Mound Builders culture
5265:Neolithic architecture
4400:Prehistoric technology
4030:Independent suspension
3589:Automatic transmission
3399:. Cosimo. p. 56.
3003:"What the Nubians Ate"
2873:Chasin Calvo, Sherri.
2839:Ryder, Thomas (1986).
2299:John Marshall (1996).
1595:
1511:coat of arms of Panama
1463:
1180:
1060:
1001:
964:
942:
816:Mechanics and function
745:
691:Aboriginal Australians
645:
527:
477:Linear Pottery culture
445:
315:
169:
39:
23:Wheel (disambiguation)
6529:Radial steering truck
6346:AAR wheel arrangement
5759:List of Stone Age art
4961:Microblade technology
4909:Langdale axe industry
4507:Ard / plough
4050:Multi-link suspension
3468:University of Kiel. "
2681:10.1017/9781108290555
2648:10.15184/aqy.2016.276
1868:Wing-in-ground-effect
1799:Reinventing the wheel
1585:
1453:
1325:. Specific examples:
1249:inflatable structures
1174:
1046:
956:
778:antikythera mechanism
740:
635:
586:millennium BCE.
513:
427:
301:
37:
6356:Swiss classification
6166:Prehistoric medicine
6161:Prehistoric counting
6144:Prehistoric religion
6139:Paleolithic religion
6117:Behavioral modernity
5474:Causewayed enclosure
5366:Abri de la Madeleine
4490:Neolithic Revolution
3694:Locking differential
3629:Direct-shift gearbox
3125:Engerman, Stanley L.
2979:. 27 February 1994.
2601:Sino-Platonic Papers
2581:Sino-Platonic Papers
1432:vacuum cleaners and
1416:(operated by wheels)
1201:Commonwealth Nations
979:. For example, on a
699:from after about 400
675:never developed the
454:Funnelbeaker culture
287:): invention of the
283:2200–1550 BCE (
276:3300–2200 BCE (
266:): invention of the
262:4500–3300 BCE (
57:which is one of the
21:For other uses, see
6205:Prehistoric warfare
4951:Magdalenian culture
4914:Levallois technique
4845:Earliest toolmaking
4221:Electric park brake
3719:Preselector gearbox
3699:Manual transmission
3175:27 May 2008 at the
2223:Bulliet, Richard W.
1864:Magnetic levitation
1673:Pressed Steel wheel
1546:Bronze Age religion
1327:Cannone da 149/35 A
671:On the other hand,
485:standard deviations
436:"War" panel of the
432:-drawn cart on the
140:Proto-Indo-European
59:six simple machines
6604:Klien-Lindner axle
6351:UIC classification
6328:Dual Control Stand
6156:Origin of language
6149:Spiritual drug use
6059:Rectangular dolmen
5961:Dartmoor kistvaens
5774:Carved stone balls
5486:Circular enclosure
5445:Other architecture
5388:Alp pile dwellings
4976:Solutrean industry
4887:Gravettian culture
4537:Secondary products
4261:Regenerative brake
3865:Electric generator
3770:Wheel hub assembly
2828:on 19 August 2014.
2732:American Antiquity
2379:, Budapest, 2019,
1904:Rolling resistance
1811:Wagon-wheel effect
1685:Stairclimber wheel
1649:Inline skate wheel
1617:Ball transfer unit
1596:
1513:, the logo of the
1464:
1414:Caterpillar tracks
1291:Examples include:
1181:
1061:
965:
937:Wheel construction
902:rolling resistance
750:wire-spoked wheels
746:
732:Sub-Saharan Africa
646:
528:
520:wire-spoked wheels
450:Bronocice clay pot
446:
428:A depiction of an
316:
256:Aceramic Neolithic
40:
6726:
6725:
6629:Road–rail vehicle
6614:Luttermöller axle
6484:Articulated bogie
6338:Wheel arrangement
6233:
6232:
6229:
6228:
6225:
6224:
6178:Prehistoric music
6127:music archaeology
5784:Cup and ring mark
5609:Clothing/textiles
5554:
5553:
5550:
5549:
5193:
5192:
5189:
5188:
4996:Yubetsu technique
4981:Striking platform
4946:Lithic technology
4831:
4830:
4816:Game drive system
4735:Projectile points
4627:Mortar and pestle
4366:
4365:
4171:Automatic braking
3906:
3905:
3659:Epicyclic gearing
3528:Automotive engine
3406:978-1-59605-593-3
3353:978-1-55939-779-7
3202:978-0-19-530715-3
3147:on 6 January 2014
3051:978-0-521-21592-3
3007:Discover Magazine
2792:978-0-393-31755-8
2690:978-1-108-41861-4
2521:: 10-28 (19-20).
2452:978-0-691-05887-0
2385:978-963-9911-34-5
2353:. 29 April 2022.
2327:. 15 April 2022.
2287:978-615-5766-30-5
2238:978-0-231-54061-2
2208:978-0-19-954584-1
2171:978-1-63557-361-9
2110:978-1-4766-4075-4
2068:978-1-57506-042-2
1908:Rotational energy
1633:Dreadnaught wheel
1577:Wheel of the Year
1575:have adopted the
1558:Ancient Egyptians
1498:, along with the
1349:side-view mirrors
1302:Dreadnaught wheel
1114:. Although these
864: = 0.5, the
543:Sintashta culture
526:in the foreground
285:Middle Bronze Age
112:The English word
6746:
6499:Cleminson system
6260:
6253:
6246:
6237:
6236:
6193:Divje Babe flute
6100:Archaeoastronomy
5843:Petrosomatoglyph
5577:
5576:
5560:
5559:
5409:Water management
5212:
5211:
5199:
5198:
5102:Denticulate tool
4924:Lithic reduction
4657:
4656:
4478:
4477:
4465:
4464:
4393:
4386:
4379:
4370:
4369:
4356:
4355:
4346:
4310:Outline of tires
4045:MacPherson strut
3933:
3926:
3919:
3910:
3909:
3896:
3895:
3886:
3763:Wheels and tires
3734:Torque converter
3500:
3493:
3486:
3477:
3476:
3456:
3455:
3453:
3451:
3429:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3418:
3390:
3384:
3376:
3370:
3369:
3367:
3365:
3333:
3327:
3326:
3324:
3322:
3303:
3297:
3296:
3294:
3292:
3277:
3271:
3270:
3268:
3266:
3251:
3245:
3244:
3242:
3240:
3225:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3214:
3186:
3180:
3179:– Wheel and axle
3167:
3161:
3160:
3154:
3152:
3146:
3135:
3123:Chaves, Isaías;
3120:
3114:
3113:
3077:
3068:
3067:
3065:
3063:
3039:
3029:
3023:
3022:
3020:
3018:
2999:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2988:
2969:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2958:
2938:
2932:
2931:
2929:
2927:
2911:
2898:
2897:
2892:
2890:
2879:Encyclopedia.com
2870:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2854:
2836:
2830:
2829:
2815:
2809:
2808:
2806:
2804:
2780:
2770:
2764:
2763:
2727:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2716:
2701:
2695:
2694:
2666:
2660:
2659:
2642:(356): 375–388.
2627:
2621:
2620:
2598:
2589:
2583:
2577:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2566:
2551:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2506:
2500:
2476:
2470:
2463:
2457:
2456:
2438:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2427:
2393:
2387:
2373:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2362:
2347:
2341:
2340:
2338:
2336:
2321:
2315:
2314:
2296:
2290:
2278:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2267:
2253:Haarmann, Harald
2249:
2243:
2242:
2219:
2213:
2212:
2190:
2184:
2183:
2152:
2146:
2145:
2121:
2115:
2114:
2095:Haarmann, Harald
2091:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2013:
2007:
2006:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1966:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1936:
1895:Robot locomotion
1852:Continuous track
1827:Wheel of Fortune
1767:Archimedes screw
1677:Skateboard wheel
1661:Motorcycle wheel
1592:Matthaeus Merian
1400:Litter (vehicle)
1337:Continuous track
1312:Continuous track
1233:synthetic rubber
1193:Canadian English
1189:American English
702:
620:
605:, a city of the
599:Longshan Culture
596:
585:
548:
524:roadster bicycle
502:
471:
467:
443:
404:
400:
396:
365:
353:
313:
278:Early Bronze Age
226:
223:
220:
216:
213:
210:
206:
195:
190:
189:
181:
178:
175:
172:
163:
160:
157:
154:
147:
137:
127:
6754:
6753:
6749:
6748:
6747:
6745:
6744:
6743:
6729:
6728:
6727:
6722:
6692:
6648:
6589:Equalising beam
6543:
6459:
6365:
6332:
6279:
6270:
6264:
6234:
6221:
6088:
6074:Stone box grave
6044:Megalithic tomb
5949:Cotswold-Severn
5901:
5806:Guardian stones
5734:Prehistoric art
5728:
5571:
5546:
5535:Timber trackway
5440:
5404:
5400:Wattle and daub
5253:
5232:Standing stones
5206:
5185:
5000:
4827:
4804:
4729:
4646:
4556:Food processing
4551:
4500:New World crops
4472:
4459:
4402:
4397:
4367:
4362:
4334:
4283:
4279:
4270:
4246:Hydraulic fluid
4241:Hydraulic brake
4157:
4148:Torque steering
4143:Rack and pinion
4104:
4095:Wheel alignment
4010:Double wishbone
3956:
3943:
3937:
3907:
3902:
3874:
3843:
3758:
3754:Universal joint
3684:Hotchkiss drive
3575:
3522:
3509:
3504:
3465:
3460:
3459:
3449:
3447:
3430:
3426:
3416:
3414:
3407:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3377:
3373:
3363:
3361:
3354:
3334:
3330:
3320:
3318:
3305:
3304:
3300:
3290:
3288:
3279:
3278:
3274:
3264:
3262:
3253:
3252:
3248:
3238:
3236:
3227:
3226:
3222:
3212:
3210:
3203:
3187:
3183:
3177:Wayback Machine
3168:
3164:
3158:transportation.
3150:
3148:
3144:
3133:
3121:
3117:
3094:10.2307/1159117
3078:
3071:
3061:
3059:
3052:
3030:
3026:
3016:
3014:
3001:
3000:
2996:
2986:
2984:
2971:
2970:
2966:
2956:
2954:
2939:
2935:
2925:
2923:
2914:Smith, Herman.
2912:
2901:
2888:
2886:
2871:
2862:
2852:
2850:
2837:
2833:
2816:
2812:
2802:
2800:
2793:
2771:
2767:
2728:
2724:
2714:
2712:
2703:
2702:
2698:
2691:
2667:
2663:
2628:
2624:
2596:
2590:
2586:
2578:
2574:
2564:
2562:
2553:
2552:
2548:
2538:
2536:
2529:
2507:
2503:
2489:Wayback Machine
2477:
2473:
2464:
2460:
2453:
2439:
2435:
2425:
2423:
2416:
2394:
2390:
2374:
2370:
2360:
2358:
2349:
2348:
2344:
2334:
2332:
2323:
2322:
2318:
2311:
2297:
2293:
2279:
2275:
2265:
2263:
2250:
2246:
2239:
2220:
2216:
2209:
2191:
2187:
2172:
2153:
2149:
2122:
2118:
2111:
2092:
2088:
2078:
2076:
2069:
2053:
2049:
2014:
2010:
1993:
1989:
1979:
1977:
1968:
1967:
1963:
1953:
1951:
1938:
1937:
1933:
1928:
1613:Artillery wheel
1601:
1448:
1443:
1404:walking machine
1357:
1281:
1169:
1163:motorcycle tire
1157:Main articles:
1155:
1100:
1094:
1041:
1035:
1004:
951:
945:
940:
929:
921:simple machines
876:done (required
829:frictional work
825:
818:
754:pneumatic tires
700:
618:
607:Erlitou culture
594:
583:
549:2000 BCE (
546:
500:
469:
465:
452:excavated in a
441:
402:
398:
394:
363:
351:
333:western Ukraine
311:
233:
224:
221:
218:
214:
211:
208:
179:
176:
173:
161:
158:
155:
118:comes from the
110:
30:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6752:
6742:
6741:
6724:
6723:
6721:
6720:
6715:
6710:
6704:
6702:
6699:exhaust system
6694:
6693:
6691:
6690:
6685:
6680:
6675:
6670:
6665:
6659:
6657:
6654:Exhaust system
6650:
6649:
6647:
6646:
6641:
6636:
6634:Trailing wheel
6631:
6626:
6621:
6616:
6611:
6606:
6601:
6596:
6591:
6586:
6581:
6576:
6574:Carrying wheel
6571:
6569:Beugniot lever
6566:
6561:
6555:
6553:
6545:
6544:
6542:
6541:
6536:
6534:Scheffel bogie
6531:
6526:
6521:
6516:
6511:
6506:
6501:
6496:
6491:
6486:
6481:
6476:
6470:
6468:
6461:
6460:
6458:
6457:
6452:
6447:
6442:
6437:
6432:
6427:
6422:
6417:
6412:
6407:
6402:
6397:
6392:
6387:
6382:
6376:
6374:
6367:
6366:
6364:
6363:
6361:Whyte notation
6358:
6353:
6348:
6342:
6340:
6334:
6333:
6331:
6330:
6325:
6320:
6315:
6310:
6305:
6300:
6295:
6289:
6287:
6272:
6271:
6263:
6262:
6255:
6248:
6240:
6231:
6230:
6227:
6226:
6223:
6222:
6220:
6219:
6218:
6217:
6207:
6202:
6201:
6200:
6195:
6190:
6185:
6183:Alligator drum
6175:
6174:
6173:
6163:
6158:
6153:
6152:
6151:
6146:
6141:
6131:
6130:
6129:
6119:
6114:
6113:
6112:
6110:lunar calendar
6107:
6096:
6094:
6093:Other cultural
6090:
6089:
6087:
6086:
6081:
6076:
6071:
6066:
6061:
6056:
6051:
6046:
6041:
6040:
6039:
6034:
6024:
6019:
6014:
6013:
6012:
6007:
5997:
5992:
5991:
5990:
5980:
5975:
5970:
5965:
5964:
5963:
5953:
5952:
5951:
5941:
5940:
5939:
5929:
5928:
5927:
5922:
5911:
5909:
5903:
5902:
5900:
5899:
5897:Venus figurine
5894:
5893:
5892:
5887:
5877:
5872:
5867:
5866:
5865:
5860:
5850:
5845:
5840:
5835:
5830:
5828:Megalithic art
5825:
5824:
5823:
5818:
5808:
5803:
5798:
5797:
5796:
5786:
5781:
5779:Cave paintings
5776:
5771:
5766:
5761:
5756:
5755:
5754:
5744:
5738:
5736:
5730:
5729:
5727:
5726:
5725:
5724:
5719:
5709:
5704:
5699:
5698:
5697:
5692:
5687:
5682:
5677:
5672:
5662:
5657:
5656:
5655:
5645:
5644:
5643:
5638:
5628:
5623:
5618:
5617:
5616:
5606:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5585:
5583:
5581:Material goods
5573:
5572:
5556:
5555:
5552:
5551:
5548:
5547:
5545:
5544:
5543:
5542:
5532:
5527:
5522:
5517:
5512:
5511:
5510:
5500:
5495:
5494:
5493:
5483:
5482:
5481:
5471:
5470:
5469:
5459:
5454:
5448:
5446:
5442:
5441:
5439:
5438:
5433:
5428:
5423:
5418:
5412:
5410:
5406:
5405:
5403:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5391:
5390:
5380:
5375:
5374:
5373:
5368:
5363:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5337:
5336:
5326:
5321:
5316:
5315:
5314:
5304:
5299:
5297:Cliff dwelling
5294:
5289:
5284:
5279:
5274:
5273:
5272:
5261:
5259:
5255:
5254:
5252:
5251:
5250:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5229:
5224:
5218:
5216:
5208:
5207:
5195:
5194:
5191:
5190:
5187:
5186:
5184:
5183:
5182:
5181:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5155:
5154:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5093:
5092:
5082:
5081:
5080:
5075:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5049:
5048:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5027:
5026:
5016:
5010:
5008:
5002:
5001:
4999:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4942:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4905:
4904:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4882:Fire hardening
4879:
4874:
4872:Clovis culture
4869:
4864:
4863:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4841:
4839:
4833:
4832:
4829:
4828:
4826:
4825:
4824:
4823:
4812:
4810:
4806:
4805:
4803:
4802:
4797:
4795:Manis Mastodon
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4751:
4750:
4739:
4737:
4731:
4730:
4728:
4727:
4726:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4695:
4690:
4689:
4688:
4678:
4677:
4676:
4674:throwing stick
4666:
4660:
4654:
4648:
4647:
4645:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4613:
4612:
4607:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4581:
4580:
4570:
4565:
4559:
4557:
4553:
4552:
4550:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4503:
4502:
4497:
4486:
4484:
4474:
4473:
4461:
4460:
4458:
4457:
4452:
4451:
4450:
4440:
4439:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4407:
4404:
4403:
4396:
4395:
4388:
4381:
4373:
4364:
4363:
4361:
4360:
4350:
4339:
4336:
4335:
4333:
4332:
4327:
4325:Whitewall tire
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4286:
4284:
4275:
4272:
4271:
4269:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4236:Engine braking
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4186:Brake bleeding
4183:
4178:
4173:
4167:
4165:
4159:
4158:
4156:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4138:Power steering
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4114:
4112:
4106:
4105:
4103:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4090:Watt's linkage
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4060:Shock absorber
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4025:Hydropneumatic
4022:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3966:
3964:
3958:
3957:
3948:
3945:
3944:
3942:control system
3936:
3935:
3928:
3921:
3913:
3904:
3903:
3901:
3900:
3890:
3879:
3876:
3875:
3873:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3855:Electric motor
3851:
3849:
3845:
3844:
3842:
3841:
3840:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3794:
3793:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3772:
3766:
3764:
3760:
3759:
3757:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3669:Friction drive
3666:
3664:Fluid coupling
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3585:
3583:
3577:
3576:
3574:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3555:Plug-in hybrid
3548:
3543:
3538:
3532:
3530:
3524:
3523:
3514:
3511:
3510:
3503:
3502:
3495:
3488:
3480:
3474:
3473:
3464:
3463:External links
3461:
3458:
3457:
3424:
3405:
3385:
3371:
3352:
3328:
3298:
3272:
3246:
3220:
3201:
3181:
3162:
3115:
3069:
3050:
3024:
2994:
2964:
2933:
2899:
2860:
2831:
2810:
2791:
2765:
2744:10.2307/275722
2722:
2696:
2689:
2661:
2622:
2603:(311): 21–23.
2584:
2572:
2546:
2527:
2515:Palaeohistoria
2501:
2471:
2458:
2451:
2433:
2414:
2408:: 10–28 (11).
2402:Palaeohistoria
2388:
2368:
2342:
2316:
2309:
2291:
2273:
2244:
2237:
2214:
2207:
2185:
2170:
2147:
2116:
2109:
2086:
2067:
2047:
2028:(2): 155–173.
2008:
1987:
1961:
1930:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1922:
1897:
1870:
1841:
1775:Breaking wheel
1760:
1711:
1689:Steering wheel
1600:
1597:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1441:
1436:
1423:
1417:
1411:
1406:
1390:
1381:
1368:
1362:
1356:
1353:
1344:
1343:
1340:
1334:
1315:
1305:
1299:
1280:
1277:
1237:natural rubber
1154:
1151:
1096:Main article:
1093:
1090:
1037:Main article:
1034:
1031:
1003:
1000:
947:Main article:
944:
941:
928:
925:
917:wheel and axle
898:
897:
885:
851:
850:
847:
844:
822:Wheel and axle
817:
814:
782:spinning wheel
681:potter's wheel
658:American bison
545:, dating to c.
444:2500 BCE)
438:Standard of Ur
415:Eastern Europe
407:Maykop culture
383:Eanna district
296:
295:
291:wheel and the
281:
274:
268:potter's wheel
232:
229:
130:Proto-Germanic
109:
106:
71:potter's wheel
67:steering wheel
55:wheel and axle
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6751:
6740:
6737:
6736:
6734:
6719:
6716:
6714:
6711:
6709:
6706:
6705:
6703:
6700:
6695:
6689:
6686:
6684:
6681:
6679:
6676:
6674:
6671:
6669:
6666:
6664:
6661:
6660:
6658:
6655:
6651:
6645:
6642:
6640:
6637:
6635:
6632:
6630:
6627:
6625:
6622:
6620:
6617:
6615:
6612:
6610:
6609:Leading wheel
6607:
6605:
6602:
6600:
6597:
6595:
6594:Gölsdorf axle
6592:
6590:
6587:
6585:
6584:Driving wheel
6582:
6580:
6579:Coupled wheel
6577:
6575:
6572:
6570:
6567:
6565:
6562:
6560:
6557:
6556:
6554:
6551:
6546:
6540:
6537:
6535:
6532:
6530:
6527:
6525:
6522:
6520:
6517:
6515:
6512:
6510:
6507:
6505:
6504:Grovers bogie
6502:
6500:
6497:
6495:
6492:
6490:
6487:
6485:
6482:
6480:
6479:Arnoux system
6477:
6475:
6472:
6471:
6469:
6466:
6462:
6456:
6453:
6451:
6448:
6446:
6443:
6441:
6438:
6436:
6433:
6431:
6428:
6426:
6423:
6421:
6418:
6416:
6413:
6411:
6408:
6406:
6403:
6401:
6398:
6396:
6393:
6391:
6390:Bagnall–Price
6388:
6386:
6383:
6381:
6378:
6377:
6375:
6372:
6368:
6362:
6359:
6357:
6354:
6352:
6349:
6347:
6344:
6343:
6341:
6339:
6335:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6321:
6319:
6316:
6314:
6311:
6309:
6306:
6304:
6301:
6299:
6296:
6294:
6291:
6290:
6288:
6286:
6282:
6277:
6273:
6268:
6261:
6256:
6254:
6249:
6247:
6242:
6241:
6238:
6216:
6213:
6212:
6211:
6208:
6206:
6203:
6199:
6196:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6181:
6180:
6179:
6176:
6172:
6169:
6168:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6150:
6147:
6145:
6142:
6140:
6137:
6136:
6135:
6132:
6128:
6125:
6124:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6103:
6102:
6101:
6098:
6097:
6095:
6091:
6085:
6082:
6080:
6077:
6075:
6072:
6070:
6069:Simple dolmen
6067:
6065:
6062:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6054:Passage grave
6052:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6038:
6035:
6033:
6030:
6029:
6028:
6025:
6023:
6020:
6018:
6015:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6003:
6002:
6001:
6000:Gallery grave
5998:
5996:
5993:
5989:
5986:
5985:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5962:
5959:
5958:
5957:
5954:
5950:
5947:
5946:
5945:
5942:
5938:
5935:
5934:
5933:
5930:
5926:
5923:
5921:
5918:
5917:
5916:
5915:Burial mounds
5913:
5912:
5910:
5908:
5904:
5898:
5895:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5882:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5875:Statue menhir
5873:
5871:
5868:
5864:
5863:Stone carving
5861:
5859:
5856:
5855:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5846:
5844:
5841:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5813:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5795:
5792:
5791:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5772:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5753:
5750:
5749:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5739:
5737:
5735:
5731:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5714:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5702:Sewing needle
5700:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5667:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5658:
5654:
5651:
5650:
5649:
5646:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5633:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5622:
5619:
5615:
5612:
5611:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5586:
5584:
5582:
5578:
5574:
5570:
5566:
5561:
5557:
5541:
5538:
5537:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5530:Timber circle
5528:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5509:
5506:
5505:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5492:
5489:
5488:
5487:
5484:
5480:
5479:Tor enclosure
5477:
5476:
5475:
5472:
5468:
5467:fulacht fiadh
5465:
5464:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5449:
5447:
5443:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5414:
5413:
5411:
5407:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5389:
5386:
5385:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5358:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5335:
5332:
5331:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5313:
5310:
5309:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5271:
5268:
5267:
5266:
5263:
5262:
5260:
5256:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5234:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5219:
5217:
5213:
5209:
5205:
5200:
5196:
5180:
5177:
5176:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5153:
5150:
5149:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5091:
5088:
5087:
5086:
5083:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5070:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5047:
5044:
5043:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5025:
5022:
5021:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5011:
5009:
5007:
5003:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4926:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4903:
4900:
4899:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4847:
4846:
4843:
4842:
4840:
4838:
4834:
4822:
4819:
4818:
4817:
4814:
4813:
4811:
4807:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4749:
4746:
4745:
4744:
4741:
4740:
4738:
4736:
4732:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4703:spear-thrower
4701:
4700:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4687:
4684:
4683:
4682:
4681:Bow and arrow
4679:
4675:
4672:
4671:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4661:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4649:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4602:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4590:Grinding slab
4588:
4586:
4583:
4579:
4576:
4575:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4560:
4558:
4554:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4522:Domestication
4520:
4518:
4517:Digging stick
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4495:Founder crops
4493:
4492:
4491:
4488:
4487:
4485:
4483:
4479:
4475:
4471:
4466:
4462:
4456:
4453:
4449:
4446:
4445:
4444:
4441:
4437:
4436:New Stone Age
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4413:
4412:
4409:
4408:
4405:
4401:
4394:
4389:
4387:
4382:
4380:
4375:
4374:
4371:
4359:
4351:
4349:
4345:
4341:
4340:
4337:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4315:Rostyle wheel
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4281:Tires (Tyres)
4278:
4273:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4256:Parking brake
4254:
4252:
4251:Inboard brake
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4168:
4166:
4164:
4160:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4115:
4113:
4111:
4107:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4085:Unsprung mass
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4020:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3967:
3965:
3963:
3959:
3955:
3953:
3946:
3941:
3934:
3929:
3927:
3922:
3920:
3915:
3914:
3911:
3899:
3891:
3889:
3885:
3881:
3880:
3877:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3852:
3850:
3846:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3799:
3798:
3795:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3777:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3767:
3765:
3761:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3729:Shift-by-wire
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3586:
3584:
3582:
3578:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3566:Petrol engine
3564:
3562:
3559:
3556:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3536:Diesel engine
3534:
3533:
3531:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3519:
3512:
3508:
3501:
3496:
3494:
3489:
3487:
3482:
3481:
3478:
3471:
3467:
3466:
3445:
3441:
3440:
3435:
3428:
3412:
3408:
3402:
3398:
3397:
3389:
3381:
3375:
3359:
3355:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3340:
3332:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3302:
3286:
3282:
3276:
3260:
3256:
3250:
3234:
3230:
3224:
3208:
3204:
3198:
3194:
3193:
3185:
3178:
3174:
3171:
3166:
3159:
3143:
3139:
3132:
3131:
3126:
3119:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3088:(3): 249–62.
3087:
3083:
3076:
3074:
3057:
3053:
3047:
3043:
3038:
3037:
3028:
3012:
3008:
3004:
2998:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2968:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2937:
2921:
2917:
2910:
2908:
2906:
2904:
2896:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2869:
2867:
2865:
2848:
2844:
2843:
2835:
2827:
2823:
2822:
2814:
2798:
2794:
2788:
2784:
2779:
2778:
2769:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2738:(4): 222–28.
2737:
2733:
2726:
2710:
2706:
2700:
2692:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2673:
2665:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2626:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2595:
2588:
2582:
2576:
2560:
2556:
2550:
2534:
2530:
2528:9789077922187
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2505:
2498:
2497:0-19-166688-2
2494:
2490:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2475:
2468:
2462:
2454:
2448:
2444:
2437:
2421:
2417:
2415:9789077922187
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2392:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2372:
2356:
2352:
2346:
2330:
2326:
2320:
2312:
2310:9788120611795
2306:
2302:
2295:
2288:
2284:
2277:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2248:
2240:
2234:
2230:
2229:
2224:
2218:
2210:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2189:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2167:
2163:
2162:
2157:
2156:Standage, Tom
2151:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2120:
2112:
2106:
2102:
2101:
2096:
2090:
2074:
2070:
2064:
2060:
2059:
2051:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2012:
2004:
2000:
1999:
1991:
1975:
1971:
1965:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1935:
1931:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1883:
1878:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1860:Leg mechanism
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1803:Spindle whorl
1800:
1796:
1792:
1791:Pottery wheel
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1669:Pedrail wheel
1666:
1662:
1658:
1657:Mecanum wheel
1654:
1653:Mansell wheel
1650:
1646:
1645:Hubless wheel
1642:
1638:
1637:Driving wheel
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1621:Bicycle wheel
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1593:
1589:
1584:
1580:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1565:
1561:
1559:
1555:
1554:solar chariot
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1534:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1523:flag of India
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1472:reincarnation
1469:
1461:
1457:
1456:wheel of time
1452:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1434:hamster balls
1431:
1428:, as used by
1427:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1363:
1361:
1352:
1350:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1313:
1309:
1308:Pedrail wheel
1306:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1276:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1247:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1229:
1227:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1150:
1148:
1147:wheelbuilding
1144:
1143:James Starley
1140:
1139:George Cayley
1136:
1132:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1099:
1089:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1030:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1015:hubless wheel
1011:
1009:
999:
997:
993:
988:
986:
982:
981:bicycle wheel
978:
974:
970:
963:
960:
955:
950:
938:
934:
933:Wheelbuilding
924:
922:
919:, one of the
918:
914:
909:
906:
903:
894:
890:
886:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
860:
856:
855:
854:
848:
845:
842:
841:
840:
838:
837:plain bearing
834:
830:
823:
813:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
762:
760:
755:
751:
744:
739:
735:
733:
729:
725:
721:
716:
714:
710:
706:
698:
694:
692:
688:
686:
685:spindle whorl
682:
678:
674:
673:Mesoamericans
669:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
643:
639:
634:
630:
627:
622:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
592:
587:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
560:
556:
552:
544:
540:
535:
533:
525:
522:of the black
521:
517:
512:
508:
506:
498:
494:
493:Baden culture
490:
486:
482:
478:
475:
463:
459:
455:
451:
439:
435:
431:
426:
422:
420:
416:
412:
408:
392:
388:
384:
380:
377:
373:
369:
361:
357:
348:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
321:
309:
305:
300:
294:
290:
286:
282:
279:
275:
273:
269:
265:
261:
260:
259:
257:
254:, during the
253:
249:
245:
241:
236:
228:
205:
204:
199:
194:
185:
171:
167:
153:
146:
141:
136:
131:
126:
121:
117:
116:
105:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
78:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
49:
45:
36:
32:
28:
24:
19:
6624:Railway tire
6550:running gear
6509:Jacobs bogie
6489:Bissel truck
6278:positioning
6010:wedge-shaped
5995:Funeral pyre
5988:Great dolmen
5944:Chamber tomb
5925:Round barrow
5880:Stone circle
5752:Blombos Cave
5680:Grooved ware
5604:Chalcolithic
5508:Thornborough
5426:Flush toilet
5361:Blombos Cave
5356:Rock shelter
5312:Quiggly hole
5204:Architecture
5179:illustration
5173:
4821:Buffalo jump
4642:Storage pits
4605:Aşıklı Höyük
4595:Ground stone
4431:Subdivisions
4295:Custom wheel
4276:
4266:Vacuum servo
4201:Brake lining
4123:Caster angle
4080:Trailing arm
4005:De Dion tube
3995:Car handling
3990:Camber angle
3950:Part of the
3949:
3807:Racing slick
3774:
3744:Transfer box
3714:Park-by-wire
3709:Parking pawl
3624:Differential
3599:Direct-drive
3581:Transmission
3571:Steam engine
3516:Part of the
3515:
3448:. Retrieved
3439:The Guardian
3437:
3427:
3415:. Retrieved
3395:
3388:
3379:
3374:
3362:. Retrieved
3338:
3331:
3319:. Retrieved
3310:
3301:
3289:. Retrieved
3275:
3263:. Retrieved
3249:
3237:. Retrieved
3223:
3211:. Retrieved
3191:
3184:
3170:bookrags.com
3165:
3156:
3149:. Retrieved
3142:the original
3129:
3118:
3085:
3081:
3060:. Retrieved
3035:
3027:
3015:. Retrieved
3006:
2997:
2987:18 September
2985:. Retrieved
2976:
2967:
2955:. Retrieved
2946:
2936:
2924:. Retrieved
2894:
2887:. Retrieved
2851:. Retrieved
2841:
2834:
2826:the original
2820:
2813:
2801:. Retrieved
2776:
2768:
2735:
2731:
2725:
2713:. Retrieved
2699:
2671:
2664:
2639:
2635:
2625:
2600:
2587:
2580:
2575:
2563:. Retrieved
2549:
2537:. Retrieved
2514:
2504:
2491:OUP Oxford.
2480:
2474:
2466:
2461:
2442:
2436:
2424:. Retrieved
2401:
2391:
2376:
2371:
2359:. Retrieved
2345:
2333:. Retrieved
2319:
2300:
2294:
2276:
2264:. Retrieved
2260:
2247:
2227:
2217:
2198:
2188:
2160:
2150:
2136:(4): 28–33.
2133:
2129:
2119:
2099:
2089:
2077:. Retrieved
2057:
2050:
2025:
2021:
2011:
1997:
1990:
1978:. Retrieved
1964:
1952:. Retrieved
1943:
1934:
1920:Wheel sizing
1899:
1880:
1872:
1844:Alternatives
1843:
1787:Ferris wheel
1783:Compact disc
1762:
1730:Differential
1713:
1693:Ship's wheel
1681:Square wheel
1604:
1594:(1593-1650).
1566:
1562:
1535:
1507:winged wheel
1504:
1500:dharmachakra
1476:Yin and Yang
1465:
1409:Horse riding
1358:
1355:Alternatives
1345:
1290:
1282:
1230:
1209:South Africa
1203:such as UK,
1196:
1184:
1182:
1167:bicycle tire
1128:
1107:
1101:
1064:
1062:
1057:Choqa Zanbil
1012:
1005:
989:
968:
966:
927:Construction
910:
907:
899:
888:
866:normal force
861:
852:
826:
763:
759:alloy wheels
747:
717:
709:water wheels
695:
689:
670:
647:
623:
588:
551:Krivoye Lake
536:
529:
489:circumalpine
460:. In nearby
447:
409:) and South
349:
327:(modern day
317:
237:
234:
113:
111:
79:
63:ship's wheel
43:
41:
31:
18:
6639:Train wheel
6619:Radial axle
6599:Journal box
6519:Mason Bogie
6455:Walschaerts
6293:Cab forward
6032:unchambered
6027:Long barrow
6017:Grave goods
5973:Court cairn
5968:Clava cairn
5920:Bowl barrow
5858:Rock cupule
5801:Golden hats
5794:Hill figure
5695:Unstan ware
5675:Cord-marked
5540:Sweet Track
5462:Burnt mound
5383:Stilt house
5371:Sibudu Cave
5164:Tally stick
5132:Quern-stone
5117:Hammerstone
5107:Fire plough
5078:Pesse canoe
5036:Bannerstone
5006:Other tools
4919:Lithic core
4867:Aurignacian
4755:Bare Island
4637:Quern-stone
4330:Wire wheels
4300:Drive wheel
4290:Alloy wheel
4196:Brake fluid
4075:Torsion bar
4055:Panhard rod
4035:Leaf spring
4015:Hydrolastic
4000:Coil spring
3785:Alloy wheel
3644:Drive wheel
3634:Drive shaft
3594:Chain drive
3062:22 February
2977:NYTimes.com
2715:18 February
2130:AramcoWorld
1980:26 November
1848:Air cushion
1831:Wheelwright
1819:Wheelbarrow
1815:Water wheel
1779:Color wheel
1746:Snow chains
1734:Drive shaft
1705:Wagon wheel
1697:Train wheel
1609:Alloy wheel
1550:solar barge
1388:ekranoplans
1323:World War I
1296:Snow chains
1269:earthmovers
1261:motorcycles
1217:New Zealand
1135:motorcycles
1108:wire wheels
1086:wheelwright
977:automobiles
962:alloy wheel
949:Rim (wheel)
770:water wheel
677:wheelbarrow
642:Mesoamerica
613:comes from
379:pictographs
376:clay tablet
368:Mesopotamia
177:wheel, tyre
120:Old English
108:Terminology
6559:Adams axle
6524:Pony truck
6494:Blomberg B
6450:Stephenson
6435:Kuhn slide
6371:Valve gear
6303:Steeplecab
6281:Short hood
6267:Locomotive
6171:trepanning
6064:Ring cairn
6022:Jar burial
6005:transepted
5937:U.S. sites
5838:Petroglyph
5764:Bird stone
5722:wine press
5395:Stone roof
5378:Roundhouse
5270:long house
5247:Stonehenge
5215:Ceremonial
5159:Stone tool
4986:Tool stone
4956:Metallurgy
4860:Mousterian
4837:Toolmaking
4775:Cumberland
4748:Transverse
4718:Schöningen
4610:Qesem cave
4578:Earth oven
4532:Irrigation
4443:Technology
4411:Prehistory
4277:Roadwheels
4216:Drum brake
4211:Disc brake
4191:Brake fade
4153:Understeer
4065:Swing axle
3980:Axle track
3962:Suspension
3952:Automobile
3870:Alternator
3518:Automobile
3507:Powertrain
3450:9 December
3417:17 October
3364:9 December
3291:6 December
3265:6 December
3239:6 December
3017:5 February
2918:. Dig It.
2803:9 November
2565:20 January
2557:. Xinhua.
2361:19 October
2335:19 October
2180:1184237267
2079:26 October
2001:. p.
1926:References
1738:Drivetrain
1714:Components
1709:Wire wheel
1665:Omni wheel
1492:Kalachakra
1396:pedestrian
1384:Hovercraft
1331:Big Bertha
1098:wire wheel
1078:spokeshave
1071:where the
1027:tolerances
808:) and the
798:jet engine
784:, and the
776:(see also
766:technology
516:temple car
308:Copper Age
264:Copper Age
244:Bronze Age
6708:Blastpipe
6425:Hackworth
6318:Cowl unit
6313:Hood unit
6298:Sharknose
6285:Long hood
6215:symbolism
6079:Tor cairn
6037:Grønsalen
5978:Cremation
5870:Sculpture
5848:Pictogram
5833:Petroform
5653:amber use
5621:Cosmetics
5431:Reservoir
5416:Check dam
5346:Pueblitos
5341:Pit-house
5324:Longhouse
5258:Dwellings
5127:Microlith
5058:Bow drill
5053:Bone tool
5046:prismatic
4855:Acheulean
4770:Cresswell
4743:Arrowhead
4669:Boomerang
4585:Granaries
4547:Terracing
4426:Stone Age
4133:Oversteer
4100:Wheelbase
4070:Toe angle
4040:Live axle
3985:Beam axle
3739:Transaxle
3704:Manumatic
3674:Gearshift
3546:Fuel cell
3344:Shambhala
3321:7 January
3213:4 January
3151:5 January
3110:148903113
2926:21 August
2889:21 August
2760:163472346
2656:0003-598X
2636:Antiquity
2617:2157-9679
2609:2157-9687
2517:. 47/48.
2499:. p. 109.
2404:. 47/48.
2142:1530-5821
2042:0075-8914
1807:Trackball
1795:Propeller
1588:Ezekiel 1
1569:Neopagans
1542:sun cross
1480:old Tibet
1446:Symbolism
1319:artillery
1246:pneumatic
1226:Etymology
1213:Australia
1199:(in some
1153:Tire/Tyre
1124:tensioned
1120:wire rope
896:dragging.
853:Example:
806:gyroscope
794:propeller
790:torquetum
786:astrolabe
638:New World
626:Must Farm
505:Near East
474:neolithic
462:Olszanica
397:3500–3350
389:, in the
374:found on
314:3130 BCE)
240:Neolithic
166:Icelandic
82:transport
6733:Category
6713:Smokebox
6701:elements
6678:Lemaître
6644:Wheelset
6552:elements
6445:Southern
6405:Caprotti
6308:Cab unit
5853:Rock art
5816:painting
5789:Geoglyph
5614:timeline
5594:Beadwork
5334:Mehrgarh
5329:Mudbrick
5237:megalith
5112:Fire-saw
4934:debitage
4929:analysis
4897:Hand axe
4877:Cupstone
4455:Glossary
4416:Timeline
4358:Category
4110:Steering
4019:Hydragas
3898:Category
3837:Tubeless
3822:Run-flat
3802:Off-road
3619:Coupling
3541:Electric
3444:Archived
3411:Archived
3382:p. 524.
3358:Archived
3315:Archived
3311:Jalopnik
3285:Archived
3259:Archived
3233:Archived
3207:Archived
3173:Archived
3056:Archived
3011:Archived
2981:Archived
2957:5 August
2951:Archived
2920:Archived
2883:Archived
2847:Archived
2797:Archived
2709:Archived
2559:Archived
2533:Archived
2485:Archived
2420:Archived
2355:Archived
2329:Archived
2225:(2016).
2158:(2021).
2097:(2020).
2073:Archived
1974:Archived
1954:28 March
1948:Archived
1839:Windmill
1835:Windlass
1758:Wheelset
1641:Flywheel
1629:Cogwheel
1599:See also
1571:such as
1517:and the
1496:Buddhism
1488:diameter
1329:and the
1285:off-road
1283:Extreme
1273:aircraft
1257:bicycles
1241:traction
1228:above).
1131:bicycles
996:chariots
959:aluminum
893:diameter
872:and the
833:bearings
802:flywheel
774:cogwheel
743:tricycle
724:Ethiopia
559:chariots
555:Caucasus
434:Sumerian
411:Caucasus
391:Sumerian
366:BCE. In
345:Pakistan
198:Sanskrit
135:hwehwlaz
86:friction
75:flywheel
6718:Chimney
6697:Common
6688:Lemprex
6668:Kylchap
6564:Axlebox
6420:Gresley
6400:Bulleid
6395:Baguley
6210:Symbols
5821:pigment
5707:Weaving
5670:Cardium
5665:Pottery
5660:Mirrors
5648:Jewelry
5589:Baskets
5569:culture
5421:Cistern
5227:Pyramid
5169:Weapons
5147:Scraper
5137:Racloir
5097:Cleaver
5085:Chopper
4991:Uniface
4902:Grooves
4892:Hafting
4850:Oldowan
4809:Systems
4760:Cascade
4723:woomera
4713:harpoon
4686:history
4652:Hunting
4632:Pottery
4573:Cooking
4482:Farming
4448:history
4421:Outline
4320:Spinner
4128:Kingpin
3940:Chassis
3102:1159117
2707:. BBC.
2266:21 July
1940:"wheel"
1873:History
1823:Wheelie
1573:Wiccans
1538:chariot
1460:Jainism
1426:Spheres
1420:Pedrail
1393:Walking
1379:travois
1321:during
1179:company
1008:bearing
868:is 981
810:turbine
780:), the
728:Somalia
720:Dahomey
707:and as
705:pottery
697:Nubians
615:Qinghai
497:Hungary
464:, a 2.2
381:at the
293:chariot
252:pottery
250:and of
231:History
138:, from
128:, from
90:rolling
51:bearing
6739:Wheels
6683:Lempor
6673:Kylpor
6548:Other
6323:Boxcab
6269:design
6188:flutes
5983:Dolmen
5907:Burial
5717:winery
5690:Linear
5520:Midden
5498:Cursus
5491:Goseck
5351:Pueblo
5302:Dugout
5287:Burdei
4966:Mining
4790:Lamoka
4785:Folsom
4765:Clovis
4622:Metate
4600:Hearth
4568:Basket
4542:Sickle
4348:Portal
4305:Hubcap
4163:Brakes
3954:series
3888:Portal
3848:Hybrid
3812:Radial
3790:Hubcap
3604:Clutch
3551:Hybrid
3520:series
3403:
3350:
3199:
3108:
3100:
3082:Africa
3048:
2853:2 June
2789:
2758:
2752:275722
2750:
2687:
2654:
2615:
2607:
2525:
2495:
2449:
2412:
2383:
2307:
2285:
2235:
2205:
2178:
2168:
2140:
2107:
2065:
2040:
2022:Levant
1912:Torque
1900:Theory
1771:Barrel
1625:Caster
1527:dharma
1468:chakra
1366:Maglev
1271:, and
1265:trucks
1165:, and
1112:spokes
1053:Tehran
1033:Spokes
882:joules
878:energy
800:, the
796:, the
772:, the
701:
679:, the
654:cattle
619:
603:Yanshi
595:
584:
576:Celtic
572:Athens
568:Sparta
564:Minoan
547:
539:spoked
501:
470:
466:
458:Poland
442:
430:onager
403:
399:
395:
372:wagons
364:
360:Europe
352:
335:, the
312:
289:spoked
212:circle
203:chakra
196:, and
193:kúklos
188:κύκλος
145:kéklos
102:torque
98:moment
73:, and
6663:Giesl
6656:types
6467:types
6465:Bogie
6440:Lentz
6415:Gooch
6385:Baker
6380:Allan
6373:types
6105:sites
6049:Mummy
5769:Cairn
5685:Jōmon
5636:shoes
5631:Hides
5503:Henge
5457:Broch
5319:Jacal
5174:Wheel
5122:Knife
5068:Canoe
5063:Burin
5041:Blade
4939:flake
4800:Plano
4708:baton
4698:Spear
4664:Arrow
4617:Manos
4470:Tools
3832:Spare
3775:Wheel
3679:Giubo
3145:(PDF)
3134:(PDF)
3106:S2CID
3098:JSTOR
2756:S2CID
2748:JSTOR
2605:eISSN
2597:(PDF)
2539:1 May
2426:1 May
1750:Spoke
1726:Truck
1722:Bogie
1701:Tweel
1605:Types
1590:, by
1567:Some
1484:China
1430:Dyson
1402:or a
1205:India
1195:) or
1116:wires
1080:is a
1065:spoke
1051:, in
1039:spoke
713:Egypt
666:Andes
662:llama
611:China
591:China
320:Halaf
302:This
222:wheel
184:Greek
150:*
143:*
133:*
125:hwēol
122:word
115:wheel
94:axles
44:wheel
6198:gudi
5956:Cist
5885:list
5712:Wine
5641:Ötzi
5626:Glue
5599:Beds
5567:and
5565:Arts
5436:Well
5292:Cave
5222:Kiva
5152:side
5142:Rope
5090:tool
5024:bone
5014:Adze
4780:Eden
4693:Nets
4563:Fire
4527:Goad
4512:Celt
3975:Axle
3827:Snow
3817:Rain
3797:Tire
3452:2021
3419:2015
3401:ISBN
3366:2021
3348:ISBN
3323:2022
3293:2020
3267:2020
3241:2020
3215:2012
3197:ISBN
3153:2014
3064:2020
3046:ISBN
3019:2009
2989:2017
2959:2022
2928:2021
2891:2021
2855:2018
2805:2019
2787:ISBN
2717:2016
2685:ISBN
2652:ISSN
2613:ISSN
2567:2020
2541:2019
2523:ISBN
2493:ISBN
2447:ISBN
2428:2019
2410:ISBN
2381:ISBN
2363:2022
2337:2022
2305:ISBN
2283:ISBN
2268:2024
2233:ISBN
2203:ISBN
2176:OCLC
2166:ISBN
2138:ISSN
2105:ISBN
2081:2017
2063:ISBN
2038:ISSN
1982:2012
1956:2007
1754:Tire
1718:Axle
1505:The
1454:The
1386:and
1371:Sled
1253:cars
1215:and
1197:tyre
1191:and
1187:(in
1185:tire
1159:tire
1104:rims
1102:The
1092:Wire
1082:tool
1073:axle
1023:axle
992:iron
983:the
973:tire
967:The
913:axle
874:work
752:and
726:and
580:iron
570:and
537:The
532:wood
413:and
387:Uruk
329:Iraq
318:The
170:hjól
152:kel-
48:axle
25:and
6430:Joy
6410:Gab
6276:Cab
5307:Hut
5242:row
5073:Oar
5031:Axe
5019:Awl
3780:Rim
3090:doi
3042:278
2783:237
2740:doi
2677:doi
2644:doi
2030:doi
2003:110
1742:Rim
1695:),
1458:in
1377:or
1375:ski
1221:rim
1177:BMW
1106:of
1069:hub
1019:hub
1002:Hub
985:rim
969:rim
957:An
943:Rim
788:or
730:in
589:In
495:in
440:(c.
421:).
385:of
310:(c.
217:or
6735::
6283:/
3442:.
3436:.
3409:.
3356:.
3346:.
3342:.
3313:.
3309:.
3283:.
3257:.
3231:.
3205:.
3155:.
3136:.
3104:.
3096:.
3086:50
3084:.
3072:^
3054:.
3044:.
3009:.
3005:.
2975:.
2949:.
2945:.
2902:^
2893:.
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