6905:
2381:
3042:
1229:, and recycler groups, but some plankton are able to benefit from more than just one trophic level. In this mixed trophic strategyâknown as mixotrophyâorganisms act as both producers and consumers, either at the same time or switching between modes of nutrition in response to ambient conditions. This makes it possible to use photosynthesis for growth when nutrients and light are abundant, but switch to eating phytoplankton, zooplankton or each other when growing conditions are poor. Mixotrophs are divided into two groups; constitutive mixotrophs (CMs) which are able to perform photosynthesis on their own, and non-constitutive mixotrophs (NCMs) which use
2907:
1693:
7601:
2965:
3062:
2310:
283:
458:
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2334:
2291:
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522:
2851:
5930:
2887:
3015:
2950:
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3203:. These bacteria benefit not only from the food provided by the chiton from the zooplankton, but also from the protection from acidic environments. Once the copepods have been ingested by a human host, the chitinous exterior protects the bacteria from the stomach acids in the stomach and proceed to the intestines. Once there, the bacteria bind with the surface of the small intestine and the host will start developing symptoms, including extreme diarrhea, within five days.
3027:
1818:
These aerosols are able to remain suspended in the atmosphere for about 31 days. Evidence suggests that bacteria can remain viable after being transported inland through aerosols. Some reached as far as 200 meters at 30 meters above sea level. The process which transfers this material to the atmosphere causes further enrichment in both bacteria and viruses in comparison to either the SML or sub-surface waters (up to three orders of magnitude in some locations).
7627:
3182:. Essentially, this research is focused on understanding whether changes in the food web are driven by nutrients at the bottom of the food web or predators at the top. The general conclusion is that the bottom-up approach seemed to be more predictive of food web behavior. This indicates that plankton have more sway in determining the success of the primary consumer species that prey on them than do the secondary consumers that prey on the primary consumers.
1005:
7615:
64:
2112:
2981:
1258:
478:
1934:
2412:
1871:
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2017:
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nutrient supply, while light often limits phytoplankton growth in subarctic gyres. Environmental variability at multiple scales influences the nutrient and light available for phytoplankton, and as these organisms form the base of the marine food web, this variability in phytoplankton growth influences higher trophic levels. For example, at interannual scales phytoplankton levels temporarily plummet during
1790:. Additionally, peripatetic microorganisms are swept into the air from terrestrial dust storms, and an even larger amount of airborne marine microorganisms are propelled high into the atmosphere in sea spray. Aeroplankton deposits hundreds of millions of airborne viruses and tens of millions of bacteria every day on every square meter around the planet.
3975:
Karsenti, Eric; Acinas, Silvia G.; Bork, Peer; Bowler, Chris; De Vargas, Colomban; Raes, Jeroen; Sullivan, Matthew; Arendt, Detlev; Benzoni, Francesca; Claverie, Jean-Michel; Follows, Mick; Gorsky, Gaby; Hingamp, Pascal; Iudicone, Daniele; Jaillon, Olivier; Kandels-Lewis, Stefanie; Krzic, Uros; Not,
1817:
can be transported long distances to coastal regions. If they hit land they can have an effect on animal, vegetation and human health. Marine aerosols that contain viruses can travel hundreds of kilometers from their source and remain in liquid form as long as the humidity is high enough (over 70%).
1617:
However, some of these terms may be used with very different boundaries, especially on the larger end. The existence and importance of nano- and even smaller plankton was only discovered during the 1980s, but they are thought to make up the largest proportion of all plankton in number and diversity.
3155:
Of all animal fecal matter, it is whale feces that is the 'trophy' in terms of increasing nutrient availability. Phytoplankton are the powerhouse of open ocean primary production and they can acquire many nutrients from whale feces. In the marine food web, phytoplankton are at the base of the food
3146:
The importance of both phytoplankton and zooplankton is also well-recognized in extensive and semi-intensive pond fish farming. Plankton population-based pond management strategies for fish rearing have been practiced by traditional fish farmers for decades, illustrating the importance of plankton
1980:
that eat smaller plankton, while fish eggs carry their food supply. Both eggs and larvae are themselves eaten by larger animals. Fish can produce high numbers of eggs which are often released into the open water column. Fish eggs typically have a diameter of about 1 millimetre (0.039 in). The
2834:
The growth of phytoplankton populations is dependent on light levels and nutrient availability. The chief factor limiting growth varies from region to region in the world's oceans. On a broad scale, growth of phytoplankton in the oligotrophic tropical and subtropical gyres is generally limited by
2257:
or by disruption of the substrate and subsequent entrainment in the water column. Tychoplankton are, therefore, a primary subdivision for sorting planktonic organisms by duration of lifecycle spent in the plankton, as neither their entire lives nor particular reproductive portions are confined to
2846:
The effects of anthropogenic warming on the global population of phytoplankton is an area of active research. Changes in the vertical stratification of the water column, the rate of temperature-dependent biological reactions, and the atmospheric supply of nutrients are expected to have important
2809:
production, and thus regulates how much organic material is recycled back to the marine environment. Low feeding rates typically lead to high absorption efficiency and small, dense pellets, while high feeding rates typically lead to low absorption efficiency and larger pellets with more organic
3138:
It's been shown that plankton can be patchy in marine environments where there aren't significant fish populations and additionally, where fish are abundant, zooplankton dynamics are influenced by the fish predation rate in their environment. Depending on the predation rate, they could express
2805:(AE) of plankton is the proportion of food absorbed by the plankton that determines how available the consumed organic materials are in meeting the required physiological demands. Depending on the feeding rate and prey composition, variations in absorption efficiency may lead to variations in
1840:
which lay resilient eggs capable of surviving years in dry environments, and some of which can go dormant themselves. Nematodes are usually microscopic with this lifestyle. Water bears, despite only having lifespans of a few months, famously can enter suspended animation during dry or hostile
3479:
2421:
Apart from aeroplankton, plankton inhabits oceans, seas, lakes and ponds. Local abundance varies horizontally, vertically and seasonally. The primary cause of this variability is the availability of light. All plankton ecosystems are driven by the input of solar energy (but see
1972:, meaning they cannot swim effectively under their own power, but must drift with the ocean currents. Fish eggs cannot swim at all, and are unambiguously planktonic. Early stage larvae swim poorly, but later stage larvae swim better and cease to be planktonic as they grow into
1249:. Studies have shown that mixotrophs are much more important for marine ecology than previously assumed and comprise more than half of all microscopic plankton. Their presence acts as a buffer that prevents the collapse of ecosystems during times with little to no light.
2822:. Smaller prey are ingested whole, whereas larger prey may be fed on more "sloppily", that is more biomatter is released through inefficient consumption. There is also evidence that diet composition can impact nutrient release, with carnivorous diets releasing more
450:
is more strictly the correct adjective. When deriving
English words from their Greek or Latin roots, the gender-specific ending (in this case, "-on" which indicates the word is neuter) is normally dropped, using only the root of the word in the derivation.
1989:(for nourishment), and are very different in appearance from juvenile and adult specimens. The larval period in oviparous fish is relatively short (usually only several weeks), and larvae rapidly grow and change appearance and structure (a process termed
3142:
A negative effect that fish larvae can have on planktonic algal blooms is that the larvae will prolong the blooming event by diminishing available zooplankton numbers; this in turn permits excessive phytoplankton growth allowing the bloom to flourish .
4115:
Chow, J. C., Watson, J. G., Green, M. C., Lowenthal, D. H., Bates, B., Oslund, W., & Torre, G. (2000). Cross-border transport and spatial variability of suspended particles in
Mexicali and California's Imperial Valley. Atmospheric Environment, 34,
3130:
to external feeding. Fish rely on the density and distribution of zooplankton to match that of new larvae, which can otherwise starve. Natural factors (e.g., current variations, temperature changes) and man-made factors (e.g. river dams,
4068:
Blanchard, D.C., 1983. The production, distribution and bacterial enrichment of the sea-salt aerosol. In: Liss, P.S., Slinn, W.G.N. ĆœEds.., AirâSea
Exchange of Gases and Particles. D. Reidel Publishing Co., Dordrecht, Netherlands, pp.
4105:
Moorthy, K. K., Satheesh, S. K., & Krishna Murthy, B.V. (1998). Characteristics ofspectral optical depths and size distributions of aerosols over tropical oceanic regions. Journal of
Atmospheric and SolarâTerrestrial Physics, 60,
1692:
1636:
2814:(DOM) release is respiration rate. Physical factors such as oxygen availability, pH, and light conditions may affect overall oxygen consumption and how much carbon is loss from zooplankton in the form of respired CO
1997:
prey, a process which depends on typically inadequate zooplankton density, starving many larvae. In time fish larvae become able to swim against currents, at which point they cease to be plankton and become
2380:
2416:
World concentrations of surface ocean chlorophyll as viewed by satellite during the northern spring, averaged from 1998 to 2004. Chlorophyll is a marker for the distribution and abundance of phytoplankton.
4125:
Aller, J., Kuznetsova, M., Jahns, C., Kemp, P. (2005) The sea surface microlayer as a source of viral and bacterial enrichment in marine aerosols. Journal of aerosol science. Vol. 36, pp. 801-812.
2173:
their young. Depending on the particular species and the environmental conditions, larval or juvenile-stage meroplankton may remain in the pelagic zone for durations ranging from hours to months.
3041:
3976:
Fabrice; Ogata, Hiroyuki; Pesant, Stéphane; Reynaud, Emmanuel
Georges; Sardet, Christian; Sieracki, Michael E.; Speich, Sabrina; Velayoudon, Didier; Weissenbach, Jean; Wincker, Patrick (2011).
1887:
are fragile animals that live in the water column in the ocean. Their delicate bodies have no hard parts and are easily damaged or destroyed. Gelatinous zooplankton are often transparent. All
2964:
3156:
web and are consumed by zooplankton & krill, which are preyed upon by larger and larger marine organisms, including whales, so it can be said that whale poop fuels the entire food web.
2751:) into the water as a waste byproduct. It is estimated that about 50% of the world's oxygen is produced via phytoplankton photosynthesis. The rest is produced via photosynthesis on land by
4087:
WHO, 1998. Draft guidelines for safe recreational water environments: coastal and fresh waters, draft for consultation. World Health
Organization, Geneva, EOSrDRAFTr98 14, pp. 207â299.
3178:
Plankton also make up the base of the marine food web, providing food for all the trophic levels above. Recent studies have analyzed the marine food web to see if the system runs on a
1841:
conditions and survive for decades. This allows them to be ubiquitous in terrestrial environments despite needing water to grow and reproduce. Many microscopic crustacean groups like
7064:
7556:
2906:
2309:
2886:
4137:
Marks, R., Kruczalak, K., Jankowska, K., & Michalska, M. (2001). Bacteria and fungi in air over the GulfofGdansk and Baltic sea. Journal of
Aerosol Science, 32, 237â250.
446:
is widely used in both the scientific and popular literature, and is a generally accepted term. However, from the standpoint of prescriptive grammar, the less-commonly used
4189:
2927:
2253:
and other non-planktonic organisms, that are carried into the plankton through a disturbance of their benthic habitat, or by winds and currents. This can occur by direct
4096:
Klassen, R. D., & Roberge, P. R. (1999). Aerosol transport modeling as an aid to understanding atmospheric corrosivity patterns. Materials & Design, 20, 159â168.
2995:
2333:
6528:
2290:
6548:
3061:
7059:
202:
Although plankton are usually thought of as inhabiting water, there are also airborne versions that live part of their lives drifting in the atmosphere. These
2847:
impacts on future phytoplankton productivity. Additionally, changes in the mortality of phytoplankton due to rates of zooplankton grazing may be significant.
3092:
5115:
337:
to "drift" or "wander". While some forms are capable of independent movement and can swim hundreds of meters vertically in a single day (a behavior called
2169:
make up a significant proportion of planktonic communities. The planktonic larval stage is particularly crucial to many benthic invertebrates in order to
1919:, contain gelatinous species, but many of those odd species live in the open ocean and the deep sea and are less available to the casual ocean observer.
988:
3581:
Wang, G.; Wang, X.; Liu, X.; Li, Q. (2012). "Diversity and biogeochemical function of planktonic fungi in the ocean". In
Raghukumar, Chandralata (ed.).
1184:, which play an important role in remineralising organic material down the water column (note that prokaryotic phytoplankton are also bacterioplankton).
5381:
1233:
to engulf phototrophic prey that are either kept alive inside the host cell, which benefits from its photosynthesis, or they digested, except for the
3394:
3026:
195:
plankton are similar to marine plankton, but are found in lakes and rivers. Mostly plankton just drift where currents take them, though some, like
2360:
7089:
2949:
3895:
Chust, G., Vogt, M., Benedetti, F., Nakov, T., Villéger, S., Aubert, A., Vallina, S.M., Righetti, D., Not, F., Biard, T. and
Bittner, L.(2017) "
6538:
1274:
organisms with different sizes, shapes, feeding strategies, ecological functions, life cycle characteristics, and environmental sensitivities.
4078:
Wallace Jr., G.T., Duce, R.A., 1978. Transport of particulate organic matter by bubbles in marine waters. Limnol. Oceanogr. 23 Ćœ6., 1155â1167.
3853:
1742:
in size, and many can be difficult to identify because of their tiny size. Scientists can collect them for study in traps and sweep nets from
3076:
2487:. Iron primarily reaches the ocean through the deposition of dust on the sea surface. Paradoxically, oceanic areas adjacent to unproductive,
6581:
4859:
VĂĄzquez-DomĂnguez, E.; VaquĂ©, D.; Gasol, JM. (2007). "Ocean warming enhances respiration and carbon demand of coastal microbial plankton".
3867:
3135:, rising temperatures) can strongly affect zooplankton, which can in turn strongly affect larval survival, and therefore breeding success.
239:
includes organisms over a wide range of sizes, including large organisms such as jellyfish. This is because plankton are defined by their
6929:
2510:
While plankton are most abundant in surface waters, they live throughout the water column. At depths where no primary production occurs,
457:
4429:"Diversity and Distribution of Meroplanktonic Larvae in the Pacific Arctic and Connectivity With Adult Benthic Invertebrate Communities"
6674:
5298:"Fate of organic carbon released from decomposing copepod fecal pellets in relation to bacterial production and ectoenzymatic activity"
1245:
Recognition of the importance of mixotrophy as an ecological strategy is increasing, as well as the wider role this may play in marine
1036:
3328:
5257:"Production of dissolved organic carbon by sloppy feeding in the copepods Acartia tonsa, Centropages typicus, and Temora longicornis"
4026:
A. C. Hardy and P. S. Milne (1938) Studies in the
Distribution of Insects by Aerial Currents. Journal of Animal Ecology, 7(2):199-229
1832:
Many animals live in terrestrial environments by thriving in transient often microscopic bodies of water and moisture, these include
6904:
4957:"Temperature control of microbial respiration and growth efficiency in the mesopelagic zone of the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans"
4914:"Temperature effects on the heterotrophic bacteria, heterotrophic nanoflagellates, and microbial top predators of NW Mediterranean"
220:. They may also include microorganisms swept into the air from terrestrial dust storms and oceanic plankton swept into the air by
7079:
6864:
5944:
2756:
2667:. However, it has been shown to be influenced by increments of temperature. In 2019, a study indicated that at ongoing rates of
6468:
5859:
2655:, so it sinks into open ocean ecosystems away from the coastlines, transporting carbon along with it. This process, called the
2461:. In such regions, primary production usually occurs at greater depth, although at a reduced level (because of reduced light).
5789:
1891:
are gelatinous zooplankton, but not all gelatinous zooplankton are jellyfish. The most commonly encountered organisms include
477:
5712:
5697:
5682:
5667:
4045:
3959:
3934:
3592:
3489:
3462:
2518:
instead consume organic material sinking from more productive surface waters above. This flux of sinking material, so-called
255:
classification. The "plankton" category differentiates these organisms from those that float on the water's surface, called
7671:
7094:
4703:
4651:
Boyd, P.W.; et al. (2000). "A mesoscale phytoplankton bloom in the polar Southern Ocean stimulated by fertilization".
2441:
oceans have abundant light, they experience relatively low primary production because they offer limited nutrients such as
5399:
Medvinsky, Alexander B.; Tikhonova, Irene A.; Aliev, Rubin R.; Li, Bai-Lian; Lin, Zhen-Shan; Malchow, Horst (2001-07-26).
7192:
7054:
4374:
341:), their horizontal position is primarily determined by the surrounding water movement, and plankton typically flow with
4608:
Martin, J.H.; Fitzwater, S.E. (1988). "Iron-deficiency limits phytoplankton growth in the Northeast Pacific Subarctic".
5823:
4588:
4578:
4561:
4528:
2980:
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absorb energy from the Sun and nutrients from the water to produce their own nourishment or energy. In the process of
7084:
5543:
Frederiksen, Morten; Edwards, Martin; Richardson, Anthony J.; Halliday, Nicholas C.; Wanless, Sarah (November 2006).
4489:
4317:
3271:
2671:, Antarctic phytoplanktons could become smaller and less effective at storing carbon before the end of the century.
7656:
6719:
6574:
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2149:
as plankton throughout their entire life cycle. After some time in the plankton, many meroplankton graduate to the
1805:. These materials can be transferred from the sea-surface to the atmosphere in the form of wind-generated aqueous
5760:
5123:
2691:
1681:
Freshwater plankton are similar to marine plankton, but are found inland in the freshwaters of lakes and rivers.
7546:
5734:
3172:
2190:
are organisms that attach themselves to planktonic organisms or other floating objects, such as drifting wood,
1029:
2534:
3179:
3171:
performing photosynthesis, meaning that the majority of the oxygen available for us and other organisms that
1306:
892:
5772:
1673:
and drifting or floating animals that inhabit the saltwater of oceans and the brackish waters of estuaries.
1635:
7566:
7551:
6533:
2675:
932:
3434:[On the determination of the plankton or the material floating in the sea on plants and animals].
7561:
6567:
6458:
5969:
4999:
4812:"Warming effects on marine microbial food web processes: how far can we go when it comes to predictions?"
3405:
3199:. These species have been shown to have a symbiotic relationship with chitinous zooplankton species like
621:
136:. In the ocean, they provide a crucial source of food to many small and large aquatic organisms, such as
3401:
1206:
521:
6869:
6448:
5949:
5914:
5544:
5454:
4955:
Mazuecos, E.; ArĂstegui, J.; VĂĄzquez-DomĂnguez, E.; Ortega-Retuerta, E.; Gasol, JM.; Reche, I. (2012).
3778:"Marine mixotrophy increases trophic transfer efficiency, mean organism size, and vertical carbon flux"
3717:
Hartmann, M.; Grob, C.; Tarran, G.A.; Martin, A.P.; Burkill, P.H.; Scanlan, D.J.; Zubkov, M.V. (2012).
1210:
983:
715:
590:
34:
5766:
4764:
3688:"Modelling mixotrophic functional diversity and implications for ecosystem function - Oxford Journals"
1286:
Plankton are also often described in terms of size. Usually the following divisions are used:
731:
7177:
7071:
6503:
1022:
947:
720:
55:
30:
7666:
7630:
7423:
7418:
6714:
6165:
6037:
6024:
5545:"From plankton to top predators: bottom-up control of a marine food web across four trophic levels"
4520:
3432:"Uber die Bestimmung des Plankton's oder des im Meere treibenden Materials an Pflanzen und Thieren"
3431:
2823:
2811:
2225:
1993:) to become juveniles. During this transition larvae must switch from their yolk sac to feeding on
7331:
7142:
7036:
6764:
6754:
6443:
6423:
5889:
3875:
3232:
2039:
are organisms that are planktic for their entire life cycle. Holoplankton can be contrasted with
968:
937:
614:
338:
4293:
7157:
7147:
6849:
6834:
6453:
6305:
5816:
5224:"Sloppy feeding in marine copepods: Prey-size-dependent production of dissolved organic carbon"
4553:
3217:
1884:
1879:
1794:
942:
815:
4349:
4307:
3657:
7576:
7503:
7438:
7303:
7278:
7253:
7137:
6884:
6664:
6498:
6325:
6268:
6003:
5869:
2934:
1702:
369:
5179:
Steinberg, Deborah K.; Landry, Michael R. (2017). "Zooplankton and the Ocean Carbon Cycle".
5144:
Tappan, Helen (April 1968). "Primary production, isotopes, extinctions and the atmosphere".
4545:
4512:
4296:
Southwest Fisheries Science Center, NOAA. Modified 3 September 2007. Retrieved 22 July 2011.
3512:
1941:. In a few days, the sac fry will absorb the yolk sac and start feeding on smaller plankton.
199:, swim slowly but not fast enough to generally gain control from the influence of currents.
7661:
7311:
7273:
6604:
6250:
6050:
5954:
5919:
5556:
5412:
5342:
5268:
5188:
5153:
5083:
4868:
4776:
4718:
4660:
4617:
4201:
4153:
3789:
3730:
3687:
3539:
3367:
3336:
2632:
2594:
2530:
2458:
1738:
to oceanic plankton. Most of the living things that make up aeroplankton are very small to
1196:. Viruses are more abundant in the plankton than bacteria and archaea, though much smaller.
872:
636:
488:
428:
69:
5365:
2818:. The relative sizes of zooplankton and prey also mediate how much carbon is released via
2770:
8:
7533:
7187:
6996:
6954:
6724:
6684:
6493:
6428:
6195:
6184:
6061:
6044:
5200:
4513:
3665:
3132:
2893:
2668:
2158:
1396:
1336:
956:
877:
795:
424:
361:, which can swim against the ambient flow and control their position in the environment.
5560:
5416:
5346:
5272:
5192:
5157:
5087:
4872:
4780:
4765:"The relationship between plankton blooms, the hatching of fish larvae, and recruitment"
4722:
4664:
4621:
4205:
3793:
3734:
3543:
3371:
7453:
7448:
7316:
7258:
7152:
7001:
6919:
6804:
6784:
6694:
6637:
5754:
5525:
5048:
4894:
4836:
4811:
4742:
4684:
4633:
4460:
4225:
4004:
3977:
3812:
3777:
3753:
3718:
3563:
3555:
3310:
2695:
2614:
2480:
2427:
2320:
1662:
961:
897:
779:
252:
5632:
5599:
5400:
4788:
3442:(12â16). Berlin, Germany: Paul Parey: 1-108 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
3436:
FĂŒnfter Bericht der Kommission zur Wissenschaftlichen Untersuchung der Deutschen Meere
3379:
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7463:
7341:
7288:
7207:
6874:
6839:
6779:
6739:
6709:
6679:
6590:
6388:
6383:
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6200:
6119:
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5884:
5809:
5784:
5708:
5693:
5678:
5663:
5637:
5619:
5580:
5572:
5568:
5517:
5509:
5436:
5428:
5204:
5165:
5052:
5040:
4880:
4841:
4792:
4734:
4676:
4584:
4557:
4546:
4524:
4485:
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4313:
4217:
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3758:
3639:
3634:
3609:
3588:
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3267:
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2702:
into the ocean. However, this technique may not be practical at a large scale. Ocean
2640:
2390:
2275:
1735:
1157:
1009:
902:
683:
609:
282:
232:
5795:
5703:
Dolan, J.R., Agatha, S., Coats, D.W., Montagnes, D.J.S., Stocker, D.K., eds. (2013).
4746:
4229:
3314:
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7263:
7167:
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6924:
6622:
6330:
6310:
6234:
6108:
6055:
5994:
5627:
5611:
5564:
5529:
5499:
5491:
5420:
5360:
5350:
5309:
5276:
5235:
5196:
5161:
5091:
5032:
4978:
4968:
4935:
4925:
4898:
4884:
4876:
4831:
4823:
4784:
4726:
4688:
4668:
4637:
4625:
4450:
4440:
4209:
4165:
3999:
3989:
3908:
3807:
3797:
3748:
3738:
3699:
3629:
3621:
3547:
3375:
3300:
2711:
2703:
2598:
2515:
2170:
1172:
1165:
1161:
604:
563:
240:
5778:
5615:
4594:
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to surface waters, and to geographical regions and seasons having abundant light.
7541:
7508:
7369:
7321:
7197:
7172:
6981:
6934:
6859:
6704:
6689:
6438:
6315:
6141:
6125:
6113:
5929:
5854:
5738:
4954:
4810:
Sarmento, H.; Montoya, JM.; VĂĄzquez-DomĂnguez, E.; VaquĂ©, D.; Gasol, JM. (2010).
4479:
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3582:
3222:
3195:
3032:
2917:
2796:
2656:
2618:
2576:
2371:
2351:
2339:
2026:
1945:
1928:
1775:
1626:
1278:
1246:
1101:
927:
825:
784:
774:
667:
5331:"Projected 21st century decrease in marine productivity: a multi-model analysis"
3530:
Emiliani, C. (1991). "Planktic/Planktonic, Nektic/Nektonic, Benthic/Benthonic".
7405:
7359:
7354:
7326:
7293:
7162:
7021:
6949:
6939:
6789:
6734:
6652:
6647:
6642:
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6239:
6154:
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3186:
3048:
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2423:
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2187:
2182:
2056:
1810:
1097:
1085:
887:
867:
835:
740:
672:
568:
317:
79:
5728:â Short film narrated by David Attenborough about the varied roles of plankton
5495:
5281:
5256:
4403:
4382:
3551:
3453:
Karleskint, George; Turner, Richard; Small, James (2013). "17: The Open Sea".
2563:
7645:
7619:
7513:
7478:
7379:
7374:
7349:
6879:
6844:
6819:
6669:
6632:
6518:
6488:
6373:
6368:
6095:
6072:
6009:
5979:
5974:
5623:
5576:
5513:
5480:"Mathematical Modelling of PlanktonâOxygen Dynamics Under the Climate Change"
5432:
4796:
4508:
4445:
4428:
3912:
3168:
2840:
2728:
2664:
2500:
2473:
2465:
2454:
2386:
2246:
2241:
2228:, which are buoyant. Pseudoplankton are often found in the guts of filtering
2092:
1999:
1990:
1973:
1747:
1622:
1492:
1271:
1257:
1188:
1093:
1058:
1050:
840:
694:
626:
539:
468:
358:
342:
309:
248:
125:
82:
5479:
5240:
5223:
5036:
4170:
4055:
3854:"Uncovered: the mysterious killer triffids that dominate life in our oceans"
3802:
3743:
3703:
3305:
3288:
287:
Plankton (organisms that drift with water currents) can be contrasted with
7605:
7384:
7364:
7268:
7006:
6889:
6809:
6769:
6759:
6729:
6513:
6408:
6335:
6290:
6262:
6159:
6135:
5984:
5909:
5879:
5874:
5864:
5641:
5584:
5521:
5440:
5208:
5044:
4845:
4827:
4738:
4680:
4221:
4013:
3821:
3762:
3643:
3212:
2898:
2806:
2755:. Furthermore, phytoplankton photosynthesis has controlled the atmospheric
2723:
2602:
2523:
2438:
2433:
A secondary variable is nutrient availability. Although large areas of the
2411:
2166:
2146:
2142:
2134:
2130:
2125:
2088:
2084:
2060:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2011:
1957:
1904:
1857:
are known to go dormant when dry and live in transient bodies of water too
1720:
1715:
1706:
1629:, where the viscosity of water is more important than its mass or inertia.
1605:
1572:
1499:
1384:
1238:
1230:
1193:
1148:
882:
830:
820:
760:
656:
631:
558:
553:
432:
389:
365:
204:
145:
98:
94:
5355:
5330:
4704:"The role of phytoplankton photosynthesis in global biogeochemical cycles"
3167:
Around 70% of the oxygen in the atmosphere is produced in the oceans from
2043:, which are planktic organisms that spend part of their life cycle in the
7518:
7493:
7488:
7458:
7241:
7217:
7182:
6991:
6894:
6814:
6774:
6627:
6478:
6463:
6413:
6278:
6102:
5899:
5894:
5849:
5096:
5067:
5023:
Chisholm, S.W.; et al. (2001). "Dis-crediting ocean fertilization".
4185:
3395:"Microzooplankton: the microscopic (micro) animals (zoo) of the plankton"
2868:
2784:
2660:
2519:
2511:
2496:
2484:
2367:
2229:
2096:
2052:
1994:
1977:
1965:
1837:
1827:
1797:, compared to the sub-surface waters, contains elevated concentration of
1732:
1724:
1592:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1460:
1412:
1380:
1352:
1267:
1226:
1108:
978:
973:
922:
862:
854:
765:
544:
493:
439:
209:
192:
117:
90:
51:
Organisms living in water or air that are drifters on the current or wind
5744:
4515:
Kingdoms and Domains: An Illustrated Guide to the Phyla of Life on Earth
2839:
periods, influencing populations of zooplankton, fishes, sea birds, and
442:
and a planktonic individual is referred to as a plankter. The adjective
7498:
7433:
7222:
7202:
6986:
6959:
6744:
6657:
6363:
6300:
6229:
6221:
6019:
6014:
5959:
5382:"Animal with an anus that comes and goes could reveal how ours evolved"
4983:
4940:
4889:
4730:
4455:
3559:
3123:
3005:
3002:
2707:
2636:
2582:
2347:
2254:
2116:
2029:
2021:
1969:
1961:
1916:
1892:
1850:
1739:
1581:
1553:
1549:
1538:
1519:
1479:
1125:
1070:
688:
599:
409:
401:
121:
63:
7614:
5504:
5314:
5297:
4816:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
2897:, the most common bacteria in the ocean, plays a major role in global
2836:
2605:. Fish larvae mainly eat zooplankton, which in turn eat phytoplankton
2133:
are a wide variety of aquatic organisms that have both planktonic and
2111:
400:(sea floor) existence. Examples of meroplankton include the larvae of
7523:
7428:
7212:
6976:
6969:
6944:
6854:
6559:
6433:
6418:
6358:
6340:
6320:
6295:
6256:
6244:
6084:
5731:
5705:
Biology and Ecology of Tintinnid Ciliates: Models for Marine Plankton
4973:
4956:
4930:
4913:
4809:
4672:
4629:
3067:
3052:
2864:
2590:
2446:
2394:
2210:
2080:
1949:
1896:
1888:
1846:
1698:
1588:
1503:
1485:
1464:
1456:
1452:
1424:
1376:
1369:
1356:
1332:
1222:
1217:
1074:
1067:
484:
385:
221:
196:
188:
176:
5747:â Global coverage database of zooplankton biomass and abundance data
5600:"Effects of Global Climate on Infectious Disease: the Cholera Model"
5542:
1933:
7473:
7283:
6829:
6749:
6483:
6189:
6148:
6130:
5904:
5000:"Acid oceans are shrinking plankton, fueling faster climate change"
3127:
3083:
2652:
2644:
2491:
land thus typically have abundant phytoplankton (e.g., the eastern
2450:
2300:
2215:
2162:
2064:
1986:
1912:
1908:
1854:
1814:
1798:
1755:
1743:
1723:
are tiny lifeforms that float and drift in the air, carried by the
1670:
1515:
1511:
1496:
1468:
1437:
1420:
1416:
1408:
1404:
1348:
1344:
1325:
1177:
1117:
704:
405:
244:
184:
164:
152:
113:
102:
75:
4763:
James, Alex; Pitchford, Jonathan W.; Brindley, John (2003-02-01).
3899:: A glimpse into future plankton diversity and ecology research".
2958:
from Antarctica, a translucent ovoid animal with two long antennae
2860:
2529:
The local distribution of plankton can be affected by wind-driven
2137:
stages in their life cycles. Much of the meroplankton consists of
1870:
1778:
that live some part of their life cycle as aeroplankton, often as
1705:
can be swept high into the atmosphere and may travel the globe as
7483:
7443:
7413:
7391:
7011:
6799:
6699:
6543:
6473:
6350:
6089:
3242:
3200:
3190:
2955:
2648:
2628:
2586:
2442:
2434:
2250:
2220:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2154:
2100:
2072:
2016:
1842:
1833:
1806:
1802:
1763:
1584:
1541:
1523:
1507:
1488:
1448:
1444:
1392:
1234:
1181:
1141:
1121:
397:
377:
296:
292:
270:
257:
228:
156:
137:
7232:
6602:
3035:, probably the largest biomass of a single species on the planet
2141:
stages of larger organisms. Meroplankton can be contrasted with
78:. The image contains diverse planktonic organisms, ranging from
54:
This article is about the marine organisms. For other uses, see
7468:
6794:
6205:
6176:
3237:
3227:
3008:
has a transient anus which forms only when it needs to defecate
2736:
2624:
2504:
2468:
concentrations, some ocean regions are unproductive (so-called
2316:
2296:
2218:, which contrasts them with true planktonic organisms, such as
2150:
2048:
1953:
1907:
in coastal waters. However, almost all marine phyla, including
1783:
1759:
1545:
1129:
1089:
699:
661:
464:
346:
288:
264:
213:
172:
86:
5725:
4306:
Allen, Dr. Larry G.; Horn, Dr. Michael H. (15 February 2005).
3335:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. Archived from
3189:
for deadly parasites in humans. One such case is that of
3070:
seaweed drifts with currents using air bladders to stay afloat
5750:
5401:"Patchy environment as a factor of complex plankton dynamics"
2752:
2343:
2138:
2068:
1982:
1900:
1779:
1767:
1751:
1666:
1388:
1153:
1137:
1081:
1077:
393:
373:
354:
329:
320:
180:
168:
160:
132:). The individual organisms constituting plankton are called
5675:
Living at Micro Scale: The Unexpected Physics of Being Small
5598:
Lipp, Erin K.; Huq, Anwar; Colwell, Rita R. (October 2002).
4309:
The Ecology of Marine Fishes: California and Adjacent Waters
3952:
Living at micro scale: the unexpected physics of being small
6964:
6523:
5801:
4911:
4858:
4519:(. ed.). Amsterdam: Academic Press/Elsevier. pp.
3289:"Aeroplankton and the Need for a Global Monitoring Network"
3105:
2971:
2699:
2623:
Primarily by grazing on phytoplankton, zooplankton provide
2488:
2476:
2469:
2324:
2076:
1960:, less than 200 metres deep, which is sometimes called the
1787:
1771:
1728:
1400:
1340:
1140:
of larger nektonic animals, such as fish, crustaceans, and
1080:
that live near the water surface where there is sufficient
417:
413:
396:
stage), and then graduate to either a nektic (swimming) or
381:
350:
217:
141:
129:
5761:
Guide to the marine zooplankton of south-eastern Australia
4190:"A Paradigm Shift in the Trophic Importance of Jellyfish?"
4154:"Year-round meroplankton dynamics in high-Arctic Svalbard"
3164:
Plankton have many direct and indirect effects on humans.
7026:
7016:
5398:
2258:
planktonic existence. Tychoplankton are sometimes called
1956:
of fish. They are mostly found in the sunlit zone of the
1746:, kites or balloons. Aeroplankton is made up of numerous
1133:
1049:
Plankton are primarily divided into broad functional (or
3974:
3716:
3047:
Microzooplankton are major grazers of the plankton: two
2281:
Some planktons are protected with mineralized shells or
1809:
due to their high vapour tension and a process known as
1160:, which, like bacterioplankton, are also significant in
5455:"whale poop and phytoplankton, fighting climate change"
5022:
4961:
Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers
4580:
Estuarine Research, Monitoring, and Resource Protection
3719:"Mixotrophic basis of Atlantic oligotrophic ecosystems"
3193:, an infection caused by several pathogenic strains of
2674:
It might be possible to increase the ocean's uptake of
392:
are only planktic for part of their lives (usually the
124:) but are unable to actively propel themselves against
4762:
2522:, can be especially high following the termination of
5677:. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts
4912:
VĂĄzquez-DomĂnguez, E.; VaquĂ©, D.; Gasol, JM. (2012).
4607:
4552:. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp.
4484:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 96.
4332:
3452:
3122:
Zooplankton are the initial prey item for almost all
4758:
4756:
4650:
4312:. University of California Press. pp. 269â319.
4188:; Doyle, Thomas K.; Houghton, Jonathan D.R. (2018).
2855:
Marine phytoplankton cycling throughout water column
268:, and those that live on the deep sea floor, called
5478:Sekerci, Yadigar; Petrovskii, Sergei (2015-12-01).
4544:Simberloff, Daniel; Rejmanek, Marcel, eds. (2011).
3978:"A Holistic Approach to Marine Eco-Systems Biology"
3949:
2659:, is one reason that oceans constitute the largest
2581:Aside from representing the bottom few levels of a
5116:"Source of Half Earth's Oxygen Gets Little Credit"
4543:
4040:. Cambridge New York: Cambridge University Press.
3358:Lawton, Graham (10 February 2024). "Fungi ahoy!".
3104:snail (with bubble float) cast up onto a beach in
2974:and the long gut visible in the transparent animal
2145:, which are planktonic organisms that stay in the
1221:. Plankton have traditionally been categorized as
5477:
5146:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
4998:Petrou, Katherina; Nielsen, Daniel (2019-08-27).
4753:
4426:
4184:
3580:
1981:newly hatched young of oviparous fish are called
7643:
5660:Ocean Drifters: A Secret World Beneath the Waves
4503:
4501:
3351:
1985:. They are usually poorly formed, carry a large
431:of plankton depends on available nutrients, the
5773:Australian Continuous Plankton Recorder Project
5763:â Tasmanian Aquaculture and Fisheries Institute
5379:
5178:
4507:
3457:(4th ed.). Brooks/Cole. pp. 442â443.
3185:In some cases, plankton act as an intermediate
2249:are organisms, such as free-living or attached
2099:and vary in size. The most common plankton are
295:(organisms that live at the ocean surface) and
5767:Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Science
5692:. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J.
5597:
5172:
5065:
4151:
3924:
3610:"Virioplankton: viruses in aquatic ecosystems"
3607:
3587:. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 71â88.
291:(organisms that swim against water currents),
262:those that can swim against a current, called
6865:Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems
6575:
5817:
5295:
4997:
4498:
4427:Ershova, E. A.; Descoteaux, R. (2019-08-13).
4152:StĂŒbner, E. I.; SĂžreide, J. E. (2016-01-27).
3477:
2970:Herring larva imaged with the remains of the
1030:
4583:. Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press. p. 194.
4570:
3929:. Malabar, USA: Krieger Publishing Company.
3523:
3261:
2921:is a major contributor to atmospheric oxygen
1237:, which continue to perform photosynthesis (
101:(temporary residents of the plankton, e.g.,
6930:Freshwater environmental quality parameters
5798:â Scientific periodical devoted to plankton
3775:
3608:Wommack, K.E.; Colwell, R.R. (March 2000).
3112:
2483:can lead to the formation of phytoplankton
2083:mollusk species. Holoplankton dwell in the
1132:) that feed on other plankton. Some of the
15:
6582:
6568:
5824:
5810:
5690:A Mechanistic Approach to Plankton Ecology
5328:
5248:
5215:
3614:Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews
2989:larvae from Antarctica have no haemoglobin
2826:(DOC) and ammonium than omnivorous diets.
2694:by increasing plankton production through
2540:
1088:. Among the more important groups are the
1037:
1023:
97:(permanent residents of the plankton) and
16:
5631:
5503:
5364:
5354:
5313:
5280:
5239:
5109:
5107:
5095:
4982:
4972:
4939:
4929:
4888:
4835:
4701:
4454:
4444:
4305:
4299:
4169:
4062:
4003:
3993:
3811:
3801:
3752:
3742:
3686:Leles, Suzana Gonçalves (November 2018).
3633:
3304:
2303:) and produce much of the world's oxygen.
1865:
1621:The microplankton and smaller groups are
299:(organisms that live at the ocean floor).
5289:
4341:
4178:
4133:
4131:
4029:
3529:
3471:
3264:Biological Oceanography: An Introduction
2859:
2849:
2810:content. Another contributing factor to
2790:
2410:
2110:
2047:. Examples of holoplankton include some
2015:
1932:
1869:
1256:
281:
62:
24:This is an accepted version of this page
4576:
4477:
4099:
4090:
4072:
3954:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
3478:Agrawai, Anju; Gopnal, Krishna (2013).
3020:Eel larva drifting with the gulf stream
2881:Some of the diversity found in plankton
2265:
1207:Marine microorganisms § Mixotrophs
14:
7644:
6589:
5757:database of images of plankton species
5296:Thor, P.; Dam, HG; Rogers, DR (2003).
5254:
5221:
5143:
5137:
5104:
3481:Biomonitoring of Water and Waste Water
3429:
3357:
3159:
3150:
2829:
1676:
435:and a large amount of other plankton.
308:was coined by German marine biologist
7118:
7117:
6601:
6563:
5805:
5786:â Images of planktonic microorganisms
5769:â Continuous Plankton Recorder Survey
5745:COPEPOD: The Global Plankton Database
5113:
4366:
4147:
4145:
4143:
4128:
4119:
3927:Methods in Marine Zooplankton Ecology
3685:
3392:
3286:
2875:
2714:at depth) is one potential drawback.
2585:that supports commercially important
2214:. By themselves these animals cannot
1874:Jellyfish are gelatinous zooplankton.
74:Part of the contents of one dip of a
70:Marine microplankton and mesoplankton
5775:â Integrated Marine Observing System
5741:â Short documentary films and photos
5329:Steinacher, M.; et al. (2010).
5201:10.1146/annurev-marine-010814-015924
4548:Encyclopedia of biological invasions
4347:
4287:
4035:
3117:
2717:
7193:Oceanic physical-biological process
7055:List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)
4081:
2871:and two long and two short antennae
2479:is deficient in these regions, and
531:
48:
5652:
4478:Sorokin, Yuri I. (12 March 2013).
4140:
3776:Ward, B.A.; Follows, M.J. (2016).
3086:bubbles with image of photographer
2940:glows in the night to produce the
2735:, phytoplankton release molecular
1922:
1754:, about 1000 different species of
1656:
1643:Plankton sizes by taxonomic groups
1277:Courtesy of Christian Sardet/CNRS/
49:
7683:
5719:
4577:Kennish, Michael J., ed. (2004).
4372:
4194:Trends in Ecology & Evolution
4038:The sea surface and global change
3836:"Mixing It Up in the Web of Life"
2710:(caused by the excess production
2374:off the southern coast of England
2176:
1651:
500:
312:in 1887 from shortening the word
7626:
7625:
7613:
7599:
7231:
6903:
6720:Colored dissolved organic matter
5928:
5569:10.1111/j.1365-2656.2006.01148.x
5484:Bulletin of Mathematical Biology
5068:"Globalizing results from ocean
4881:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01377.x
4379:Marine Life/Marine Invertebrates
3091:
3075:
3060:
3040:
3025:
3013:
2994:
2979:
2963:
2948:
2926:
2905:
2885:
2558:
2453:. This results from large-scale
2379:
2359:
2332:
2308:
2289:
2235:
1691:
1634:
1004:
1003:
582:
520:
476:
456:
438:The study of plankton is termed
7065:Latin America and the Caribbean
5591:
5536:
5471:
5447:
5392:
5373:
5322:
5181:Annual Review of Marine Science
5059:
5016:
4991:
4948:
4905:
4852:
4803:
4695:
4644:
4601:
4537:
4471:
4420:
4396:
4326:
4271:
4252:
4243:Lalli, C.M. & Parsons, T.R.
4236:
4109:
4020:
3968:
3943:
3918:
3889:
3860:
3846:
3828:
3769:
3710:
3679:
3650:
3601:
3574:
3262:Lalli, C.; Parsons, T. (1993).
3147:even in man-made environments.
2647:. Organic material tends to be
2608:
2406:
2165:. The larval stages of benthic
2106:
2005:
1860:
1684:
1266:Diverse assemblages consist of
1200:
7547:Ecological values of mangroves
7090:North Pacific Subtropical Gyre
5790:Plankton, planktic, planktonic
5707:. Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford, UK
5380:Michael Le Page (March 2019).
5366:11858/00-001M-0000-0011-F69E-5
4333:Harvey, Edmund Newton (1952).
4284:. University of Chicago Press.
3505:
3484:. Springer India. p. 34.
3455:Introduction to Marine Biology
3446:
3423:
3386:
3321:
3280:
3255:
3180:top-down or bottom-up approach
1976:. Fish larvae are part of the
1821:
1252:
277:
112:are the diverse collection of
13:
1:
5860:High lipid content microalgae
5616:10.1128/CMR.15.4.757-770.2002
5604:Clinical Microbiology Reviews
5066:Aumont, O.; Bopp, L. (2006).
4789:10.1016/S0304-3800(02)00311-3
3925:Omori, M.; Ikeda, T. (1992).
3626:10.1128/MMBR.64.1.69-114.2000
3393:Dolan, John (November 2012).
3380:10.1016/S0262-4079(24)00274-4
3287:Smith, David J. (July 2013).
3248:
3139:regular or chaotic behavior.
2545:
1762:, and hundreds of species of
1758:, around 40,000 varieties of
1709:before falling back to earth.
893:Great Atlantic Sargassum Belt
7567:Marine conservation activism
7552:Fisheries and climate change
5831:
5796:Journal of Plankton Research
5673:Dusenbery, David B. (2009).
5228:Journal of Plankton Research
5166:10.1016/0031-0182(68)90047-3
5114:Roach, John (June 7, 2004).
5076:Global Biogeochemical Cycles
4261:(2000) Transparent Animals.
4158:Journal of Plankton Research
3995:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001177
3950:Dusenbery, David B. (2009).
3692:Journal of Plankton Research
3333:American Heritage Dictionary
2194:shells of organisms such as
2091:. Holoplankton include both
1423:(two genera of gastropods);
105:, crab larvae, worm larvae).
7:
7672:Oceanographical terminology
7562:Human impact on marine life
7439:Davidson Seamount § Ecology
6675:Aquatic population dynamics
6459:Fish diseases and parasites
5970:Photosynthetic picoplankton
5072:iron fertilization studies"
4702:Falkowski, Paul G. (1994).
4433:Frontiers in Marine Science
3901:Frontiers in Marine Science
3513:"Plankter â marine biology"
3206:
2564:The Secret Life of Plankton
1937:Salmon egg hatching into a
1663:marine bacteria and archaea
622:Photosynthetic picoplankton
171:, and drifting or floating
89:to many different types of
10:
7688:
6449:Dimethylsulfoniopropionate
5950:Heterotrophic picoplankton
5658:Kirby, Richard R. (2010).
5425:10.1103/PhysRevE.64.021915
5261:Limnology and Oceanography
5255:MĂžller, Eva Friis (2007).
4214:10.1016/j.tree.2018.09.001
3782:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
3723:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
3126:as they switch from their
2794:
2721:
2612:
2574:
2537:of this physical process.
2269:
2239:
2180:
2123:
2009:
1926:
1877:
1825:
1713:
1263:Plankton species diversity
1211:Mixotrophic dinoflagellate
1204:
591:Heterotrophic picoplankton
330:
321:
53:
7593:
7532:
7404:
7340:
7302:
7249:
7240:
7229:
7178:Marine primary production
7130:
7126:
7113:
7072:List of marine ecoregions
7047:
6912:
6901:
6615:
6611:
6597:
6504:Marine primary production
6401:
6349:
6286:
6277:
6220:
6175:
6080:
6071:
5993:
5937:
5926:
5839:
5662:. Studio Cactus Ltd, UK.
5549:Journal of Animal Ecology
5496:10.1007/s11538-015-0126-0
5302:Aquatic Microbial Ecology
5282:10.4319/lo.2007.52.1.0079
4918:Aquatic Microbial Ecology
4511:; Margulis, Lynn (2009).
4294:What are Ichthyoplankton?
3552:10.1017/S0022336000020576
3266:. Butterworth-Heinemann.
3175:is produced by plankton.
2698:â introducing amounts of
2639:energy, or upon death as
2557:
2552:
1661:Marine plankton includes
1311:
1305: (
1300:
1295:
948:Marine primary production
345:. This is in contrast to
56:Plankton (disambiguation)
7424:Coastal biogeomorphology
7419:Marine coastal ecosystem
6424:Algal nutrient solutions
6166:Thalassiosira pseudonana
6038:Flavobacterium columnare
6025:Enteric redmouth disease
5792:â Essays on nomenclature
5688:KiĂžrboe, Thomas (2008).
5120:National Geographic News
4446:10.3389/fmars.2019.00490
4249:. Butterworth-Heinemann.
3913:10.3389/fmars.2017.00068
3402:Institut océanographique
3113:Planktonic relationships
2824:dissolved organic carbon
2812:dissolved organic matter
2783:balance since the early
2601:, including the ocean's
2393:shells and produced the
151:Marine plankton include
31:latest accepted revision
7657:Biological oceanography
7332:Paradox of the plankton
7143:Diel vertical migration
7037:Freshwater swamp forest
6755:GIS and aquatic science
6603:General components and
6444:Diel vertical migration
5960:Microphyte (microalgae)
5945:Eukaryotic picoplankton
5890:Paradox of the plankton
5037:10.1126/science.1065349
4711:Photosynthesis Research
4247:Biological Oceanography
3868:"Catastrophic Darkness"
3803:10.1073/pnas.1517118113
3744:10.1073/pnas.1118179109
3584:Biology of Marine Fungi
3532:Journal of Paleontology
3517:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
3430:Hansen, Victor (1887).
3306:10.1525/bio.2013.63.7.3
3233:Paradox of the plankton
2541:Ecological significance
2323:can eventually produce
1813:. When airborne, these
1116:, or animal) are small
969:Paradox of the plankton
938:Diel vertical migration
372:as plankton (e.g. most
339:diel vertical migration
227:Though many planktonic
7158:Large marine ecosystem
6850:Shoaling and schooling
6306:Gelatinous zooplankton
5222:Moller, E. F. (2004).
4828:10.1098/rstb.2010.0045
3840:The Scientist Magazine
3218:Gelatinous zooplankton
2872:
2857:
2669:seawater acidification
2418:
2319:shells of microscopic
2121:
2033:
1968:. Ichthyoplankton are
1942:
1885:Gelatinous zooplankton
1880:Gelatinous zooplankton
1875:
1866:Gelatinous zooplankton
1795:sea surface microlayer
1283:
816:Gelatinous zooplankton
301:
106:
7577:Marine protected area
7504:Salt pannes and pools
7279:Marine larval ecology
7254:Census of Marine Life
7138:Deep scattering layer
7095:San Francisco Estuary
7060:Africa and Madagascar
6885:Underwater camouflage
6665:Aquatic biomonitoring
6605:freshwater ecosystems
6499:Marine microorganisms
6269:Velvet (fish disease)
6004:Aeromonas salmonicida
5870:Marine microorganisms
5781:â BBC Audio slideshow
5356:10.5194/bg-7-979-2010
5241:10.1093/plankt/fbh147
4861:Global Change Biology
4171:10.1093/plankt/fbv124
3872:Astrobiology Magazine
3704:10.1093/plankt/fby044
2863:
2853:
2803:absorption efficiency
2791:Absorption efficiency
2595:biogeochemical cycles
2414:
2226:Portuguese Man o' War
2114:
2019:
1936:
1873:
1786:, and wind-scattered
1703:marine microorganisms
1260:
1205:Further information:
1158:fungus-like organisms
364:Within the plankton,
285:
66:
7312:Marine bacteriophage
7274:Marine invertebrates
6251:Pfiesteria piscicida
6051:Marine bacteriophage
5955:Marine microplankton
5097:10.1029/2005GB002591
4769:Ecological Modelling
4036:Liss, P. S. (1997).
2690:) generated through
2531:Langmuir circulation
2499:bring dust from the
2464:Despite significant
2266:Mineralized plankton
1144:, are included here.
873:Cyanobacterial bloom
637:Marine microplankton
489:Hyperia macrocephala
7188:Ocean fertilization
6997:Trophic state index
6955:Lake stratification
6685:Aquatic respiration
6494:Ocean acidification
6429:Artificial seawater
6196:Coscinodiscophyceae
6062:Streptococcus iniae
6045:Pelagibacter ubique
5732:Plankton Chronicles
5561:2006JAnEc..75.1259F
5417:2001PhRvE..64b1915M
5347:2010BGeo....7..979S
5273:2007LimOc..52...79M
5193:2017ARMS....9..413S
5158:1968PPP.....4..187T
5088:2006GBioC..20.2017A
4873:2007GCBio..13.1327V
4822:(1549): 2137â2149.
4781:2003EcMod.160...77J
4723:1994PhoRe..39..235F
4665:2000Natur.407..695B
4622:1988Natur.331..341M
4509:Chapman, Michael J.
4263:Scientific American
4206:2018TEcoE..33..874H
3794:2016PNAS..113.2958W
3735:2012PNAS..109.5756H
3666:National Geographic
3544:1991JPal...65..329E
3372:2024NewSc.261b..37L
3173:respire aerobically
3160:Humans and plankton
3151:Whales and plankton
3133:ocean acidification
2894:Pelagibacter ubique
2830:Biomass variability
2593:play a role in the
2350:, and produced the
2321:marine radiolarians
2299:have glass shells (
2260:accidental plankton
2204:. Examples include
2161:) lifestyle on the
1677:Freshwater plankton
1625:and operate at low
957:Ocean fertilization
878:Harmful algal bloom
796:Freshwater plankton
508:Part of a series on
368:spend their entire
349:organisms, such as
247:rather than by any
216:and wind-scattered
21:Page version status
7454:Intertidal wetland
7449:Intertidal ecology
7317:Marine prokaryotes
7259:Deep-sea community
7153:Iron fertilization
7076:Specific examples
7002:Upland and lowland
6920:Freshwater biology
6785:Microbial food web
6695:Aquatic toxicology
6638:Aquatic adaptation
6591:Aquatic ecosystems
5737:2020-07-28 at the
4731:10.1007/BF00014586
4481:Coral Reef Ecology
3856:. 3 November 2016.
3339:on 9 November 2018
2876:Plankton diversity
2873:
2858:
2708:methane production
2696:iron fertilization
2615:ocean carbon cycle
2597:of many important
2535:biological effects
2428:primary production
2419:
2122:
2119:of a spiny lobster
2087:as opposed to the
2079:, as well as some
2034:
1943:
1876:
1284:
898:Great Calcite Belt
302:
107:
27:
7639:
7638:
7620:Oceans portal
7589:
7588:
7585:
7584:
7464:Hydrothermal vent
7400:
7399:
7289:Seashore wildlife
7120:Marine ecosystems
7109:
7108:
7105:
7104:
6875:Thermal pollution
6840:Ramsar Convention
6780:Microbial ecology
6740:Fisheries science
6680:Aquatic predation
6557:
6556:
6397:
6396:
6384:Siphonostomatoida
6379:Poecilostomatoida
6331:Crustacean larvae
6235:Choanoflagellates
6216:
6215:
6206:Bacillariophyceae
6201:Fragilariophyceae
6120:Emiliania huxleyi
5965:Nanophytoplankton
5885:Milky seas effect
5713:978-0-470-67151-1
5698:978-0-691-13422-2
5683:978-0-674-03116-6
5668:978-1-904239-10-9
5490:(12): 2325â2353.
5405:Physical Review E
5315:10.3354/ame033279
5031:(5541): 309â310.
4659:(6805): 695â702.
4616:(6154): 341â343.
4350:"Marine Plankton"
4348:Anderson, Genny.
4337:. Academic Press.
4047:978-0-521-56273-7
3961:978-0-674-03116-6
3936:978-0-89464-653-9
3788:(11): 2958â2963.
3729:(15): 5756â5760.
3594:978-3-642-23342-5
3491:978-8-132-20864-8
3464:978-1-133-36446-7
3118:Fish and plankton
3101:Janthina janthina
3098:Macroplankton: a
2942:milky seas effect
2718:Oxygen production
2599:chemical elements
2573:
2572:
2457:and water column
2455:ocean circulation
2391:calcium carbonate
2276:biomineralization
2251:benthic organisms
2208:and the bryozoan
2025:, a holoplanktic
1853:are members) and
1611:
1610:
1281:
1047:
1046:
903:Milky seas effect
610:Nanophytoplankton
175:that inhabit the
93:, including both
18:
7679:
7629:
7628:
7622:
7618:
7617:
7608:
7606:Lakes portal
7604:
7603:
7602:
7572:Marine pollution
7264:Deep-water coral
7247:
7246:
7235:
7168:Marine chemistry
7128:
7127:
7115:
7114:
7032:Freshwater marsh
6925:Freshwater biome
6907:
6623:Acoustic ecology
6613:
6612:
6599:
6598:
6584:
6577:
6570:
6561:
6560:
6311:Hunting copepods
6284:
6283:
6109:Chaetocerotaceae
6078:
6077:
5995:Bacterioplankton
5932:
5826:
5819:
5812:
5803:
5802:
5646:
5645:
5635:
5595:
5589:
5588:
5555:(6): 1259â1268.
5540:
5534:
5533:
5507:
5475:
5469:
5468:
5466:
5465:
5451:
5445:
5444:
5396:
5390:
5389:
5377:
5371:
5370:
5368:
5358:
5326:
5320:
5319:
5317:
5293:
5287:
5286:
5284:
5252:
5246:
5245:
5243:
5219:
5213:
5212:
5176:
5170:
5169:
5141:
5135:
5134:
5132:
5131:
5122:. Archived from
5111:
5102:
5101:
5099:
5063:
5057:
5056:
5020:
5014:
5013:
5011:
5010:
4995:
4989:
4988:
4986:
4976:
4974:10.3354/ame01583
4952:
4946:
4945:
4943:
4933:
4931:10.3354/ame01583
4909:
4903:
4902:
4892:
4867:(7): 1327â1334.
4856:
4850:
4849:
4839:
4807:
4801:
4800:
4760:
4751:
4750:
4708:
4699:
4693:
4692:
4673:10.1038/35037500
4648:
4642:
4641:
4630:10.1038/331341a0
4605:
4599:
4598:
4593:. Archived from
4574:
4568:
4567:
4551:
4541:
4535:
4534:
4518:
4505:
4496:
4495:
4475:
4469:
4468:
4458:
4448:
4424:
4418:
4417:
4415:
4414:
4400:
4394:
4393:
4391:
4390:
4381:. Archived from
4370:
4364:
4363:
4361:
4360:
4345:
4339:
4338:
4330:
4324:
4323:
4303:
4297:
4291:
4285:
4279:
4275:
4269:
4260:
4256:
4250:
4244:
4240:
4234:
4233:
4182:
4176:
4175:
4173:
4149:
4138:
4135:
4126:
4123:
4117:
4113:
4107:
4103:
4097:
4094:
4088:
4085:
4079:
4076:
4070:
4066:
4060:
4059:
4033:
4027:
4024:
4018:
4017:
4007:
3997:
3988:(10): e1001177.
3972:
3966:
3965:
3947:
3941:
3940:
3922:
3916:
3893:
3887:
3886:
3884:
3883:
3874:. Archived from
3864:
3858:
3857:
3850:
3844:
3843:
3832:
3826:
3825:
3815:
3805:
3773:
3767:
3766:
3756:
3746:
3714:
3708:
3707:
3683:
3677:
3676:
3674:
3672:
3662:Resource Library
3654:
3648:
3647:
3637:
3605:
3599:
3598:
3578:
3572:
3571:
3527:
3521:
3520:
3509:
3503:
3502:
3500:
3498:
3475:
3469:
3468:
3450:
3444:
3443:
3427:
3421:
3420:
3418:
3416:
3410:
3404:. Archived from
3399:
3390:
3384:
3383:
3355:
3349:
3348:
3346:
3344:
3325:
3319:
3318:
3308:
3284:
3278:
3277:
3259:
3095:
3079:
3064:
3044:
3029:
3017:
2998:
2983:
2967:
2952:
2930:
2909:
2889:
2781:
2780:
2779:
2767:
2766:
2765:
2750:
2749:
2748:
2704:oxygen depletion
2692:human activities
2689:
2688:
2687:
2627:to the planktic
2562:
2561:
2550:
2549:
2516:bacterioplankton
2383:
2372:coccolithophores
2363:
2340:Coccolithophores
2336:
2312:
2293:
1695:
1638:
1627:Reynolds numbers
1602:< 0.2 ÎŒm
1403:, doliolids and
1293:
1292:
1279:Tara expeditions
1276:
1173:Bacterioplankton
1166:nutrient cycling
1162:remineralisation
1102:coccolithophores
1066:, or plant) are
1039:
1032:
1025:
1012:
1007:
1006:
668:coccolithophores
605:Microzooplankton
564:Bacterioplankton
524:
505:
504:
480:
460:
388:). By contrast,
333:
332:
324:
323:
241:ecological niche
39:8 September 2024
7687:
7686:
7682:
7681:
7680:
7678:
7677:
7676:
7667:Aquatic ecology
7642:
7641:
7640:
7635:
7612:
7611:
7600:
7598:
7597:
7581:
7542:Coral bleaching
7528:
7509:Seagrass meadow
7406:Marine habitats
7396:
7370:Coral reef fish
7336:
7322:Marine protists
7298:
7236:
7227:
7198:Ocean turbidity
7173:Marine food web
7122:
7101:
7043:
6982:River ecosystem
6935:Freshwater fish
6908:
6899:
6705:Bioluminescence
6690:Aquatic science
6607:
6593:
6588:
6558:
6553:
6484:Marine mucilage
6439:Biological pump
6393:
6345:
6316:Ichthyoplankton
6273:
6240:Dinoflagellates
6212:
6171:
6142:Nannochloropsis
6126:Eustigmatophyte
6114:Coccolithophore
6067:
5989:
5933:
5924:
5855:CLAW hypothesis
5835:
5830:
5739:Wayback Machine
5722:
5655:
5653:Further reading
5650:
5649:
5596:
5592:
5541:
5537:
5476:
5472:
5463:
5461:
5453:
5452:
5448:
5397:
5393:
5378:
5374:
5341:(3): 979â1005.
5327:
5323:
5294:
5290:
5253:
5249:
5220:
5216:
5177:
5173:
5142:
5138:
5129:
5127:
5126:on June 8, 2004
5112:
5105:
5064:
5060:
5021:
5017:
5008:
5006:
4996:
4992:
4953:
4949:
4910:
4906:
4857:
4853:
4808:
4804:
4761:
4754:
4706:
4700:
4696:
4649:
4645:
4606:
4602:
4591:
4575:
4571:
4564:
4542:
4538:
4531:
4506:
4499:
4492:
4476:
4472:
4425:
4421:
4412:
4410:
4402:
4401:
4397:
4388:
4386:
4371:
4367:
4358:
4356:
4346:
4342:
4335:Bioluminescence
4331:
4327:
4320:
4304:
4300:
4292:
4288:
4277:
4276:
4272:
4258:
4257:
4253:
4242:
4241:
4237:
4200:(11): 874â884.
4186:Hays, Graeme C.
4183:
4179:
4150:
4141:
4136:
4129:
4124:
4120:
4114:
4110:
4104:
4100:
4095:
4091:
4086:
4082:
4077:
4073:
4067:
4063:
4048:
4034:
4030:
4025:
4021:
3973:
3969:
3962:
3948:
3944:
3937:
3923:
3919:
3897:Mare incognitum
3894:
3890:
3881:
3879:
3866:
3865:
3861:
3852:
3851:
3847:
3834:
3833:
3829:
3774:
3770:
3715:
3711:
3684:
3680:
3670:
3668:
3656:
3655:
3651:
3606:
3602:
3595:
3579:
3575:
3528:
3524:
3511:
3510:
3506:
3496:
3494:
3492:
3476:
3472:
3465:
3451:
3447:
3428:
3424:
3414:
3412:
3411:on 4 March 2016
3408:
3397:
3391:
3387:
3366:(3477): 37â39.
3356:
3352:
3342:
3340:
3327:
3326:
3322:
3285:
3281:
3274:
3260:
3256:
3251:
3223:Ichthyoplankton
3209:
3196:Vibrio cholerae
3162:
3153:
3120:
3115:
3108:
3096:
3087:
3080:
3071:
3065:
3056:
3049:dinoflagellates
3045:
3036:
3033:Antarctic krill
3030:
3021:
3018:
3009:
2999:
2990:
2984:
2975:
2968:
2959:
2953:
2944:
2931:
2922:
2918:Prochlorococcus
2910:
2901:
2890:
2878:
2856:
2832:
2817:
2799:
2797:biological pump
2793:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2764:
2761:
2760:
2759:
2757:
2747:
2744:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2726:
2720:
2686:
2683:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2657:biological pump
2621:
2619:biological pump
2611:
2579:
2577:marine food web
2559:
2553:External videos
2548:
2543:
2417:
2409:
2402:
2384:
2375:
2364:
2355:
2352:Cliffs of Dover
2337:
2328:
2313:
2304:
2294:
2278:
2268:
2244:
2238:
2206:goose barnacles
2185:
2179:
2128:
2120:
2109:
2057:dinoflagellates
2027:bioluminescence
2014:
2008:
1946:Ichthyoplankton
1931:
1929:Ichthyoplankton
1925:
1923:Ichthyoplankton
1882:
1868:
1863:
1830:
1824:
1731:; they are the
1718:
1710:
1696:
1687:
1679:
1659:
1657:Marine plankton
1654:
1647:
1646:
1639:
1322:> 20 cm
1304:
1282:
1265:
1255:
1247:biogeochemistry
1213:
1203:
1098:dinoflagellates
1043:
1002:
995:
994:
993:
952:
928:CLAW hypothesis
917:
909:
908:
907:
857:
847:
846:
845:
826:Ichthyoplankton
810:
802:
801:
800:
791:
775:Marine plankton
770:
755:
747:
746:
745:
736:
727:
711:
691:
679:
673:dinoflagellates
664:
651:
643:
642:
641:
595:
585:
575:
574:
573:
549:
534:
503:
496:
481:
472:
461:
300:
280:
73:
59:
52:
47:
46:
45:
44:
43:
42:
26:
12:
11:
5:
7685:
7675:
7674:
7669:
7664:
7659:
7654:
7637:
7636:
7634:
7633:
7623:
7609:
7594:
7591:
7590:
7587:
7586:
7583:
7582:
7580:
7579:
7574:
7569:
7564:
7559:
7554:
7549:
7544:
7538:
7536:
7530:
7529:
7527:
7526:
7521:
7516:
7511:
7506:
7501:
7496:
7491:
7486:
7481:
7476:
7471:
7466:
7461:
7456:
7451:
7446:
7441:
7436:
7431:
7426:
7421:
7416:
7410:
7408:
7402:
7401:
7398:
7397:
7395:
7394:
7389:
7388:
7387:
7382:
7377:
7372:
7367:
7360:Saltwater fish
7357:
7355:Marine reptile
7352:
7346:
7344:
7338:
7337:
7335:
7334:
7329:
7327:Marine viruses
7324:
7319:
7314:
7308:
7306:
7304:Microorganisms
7300:
7299:
7297:
7296:
7294:Wild fisheries
7291:
7286:
7281:
7276:
7271:
7266:
7261:
7256:
7250:
7244:
7238:
7237:
7230:
7228:
7226:
7225:
7220:
7215:
7210:
7208:Thorson's rule
7205:
7200:
7195:
7190:
7185:
7180:
7175:
7170:
7165:
7163:Marine biology
7160:
7155:
7150:
7145:
7140:
7134:
7132:
7124:
7123:
7111:
7110:
7107:
7106:
7103:
7102:
7100:
7099:
7098:
7097:
7092:
7087:
7082:
7074:
7069:
7068:
7067:
7062:
7051:
7049:
7045:
7044:
7042:
7041:
7040:
7039:
7034:
7029:
7024:
7022:Brackish marsh
7019:
7009:
7004:
6999:
6994:
6989:
6984:
6979:
6974:
6973:
6972:
6962:
6957:
6952:
6950:Lake ecosystem
6947:
6942:
6940:Hyporheic zone
6937:
6932:
6927:
6922:
6916:
6914:
6910:
6909:
6902:
6900:
6898:
6897:
6892:
6887:
6882:
6877:
6872:
6867:
6862:
6857:
6852:
6847:
6842:
6837:
6832:
6827:
6822:
6817:
6812:
6807:
6802:
6797:
6792:
6790:Microbial loop
6787:
6782:
6777:
6772:
6767:
6762:
6757:
6752:
6747:
6742:
6737:
6735:Eutrophication
6732:
6727:
6722:
6717:
6715:Cascade effect
6712:
6707:
6702:
6697:
6692:
6687:
6682:
6677:
6672:
6667:
6662:
6661:
6660:
6655:
6650:
6643:Aquatic animal
6640:
6635:
6630:
6625:
6619:
6617:
6609:
6608:
6595:
6594:
6587:
6586:
6579:
6572:
6564:
6555:
6554:
6552:
6551:
6546:
6541:
6536:
6531:
6526:
6521:
6516:
6511:
6509:Pseudoplankton
6506:
6501:
6496:
6491:
6486:
6481:
6476:
6471:
6466:
6461:
6456:
6451:
6446:
6441:
6436:
6431:
6426:
6421:
6416:
6411:
6405:
6403:
6402:Related topics
6399:
6398:
6395:
6394:
6392:
6391:
6386:
6381:
6376:
6371:
6366:
6361:
6355:
6353:
6351:Copepod orders
6347:
6346:
6344:
6343:
6338:
6333:
6328:
6323:
6318:
6313:
6308:
6303:
6298:
6293:
6287:
6281:
6275:
6274:
6272:
6271:
6266:
6259:
6254:
6247:
6242:
6237:
6232:
6226:
6224:
6218:
6217:
6214:
6213:
6211:
6210:
6209:
6208:
6203:
6198:
6187:
6181:
6179:
6173:
6172:
6170:
6169:
6162:
6157:
6155:Prasinophyceae
6152:
6145:
6138:
6133:
6128:
6123:
6116:
6111:
6106:
6099:
6092:
6087:
6081:
6075:
6069:
6068:
6066:
6065:
6058:
6053:
6048:
6041:
6034:
6031:Flavobacterium
6027:
6022:
6017:
6012:
6007:
5999:
5997:
5991:
5990:
5988:
5987:
5982:
5977:
5972:
5967:
5962:
5957:
5952:
5947:
5941:
5939:
5935:
5934:
5927:
5925:
5923:
5922:
5917:
5912:
5907:
5902:
5897:
5892:
5887:
5882:
5877:
5872:
5867:
5862:
5857:
5852:
5846:
5844:
5837:
5836:
5829:
5828:
5821:
5814:
5806:
5800:
5799:
5793:
5787:
5782:
5776:
5770:
5764:
5758:
5748:
5742:
5729:
5726:Ocean Drifters
5721:
5720:External links
5718:
5717:
5716:
5701:
5686:
5671:
5654:
5651:
5648:
5647:
5610:(4): 757â770.
5590:
5535:
5470:
5446:
5391:
5372:
5335:Biogeosciences
5321:
5288:
5247:
5214:
5171:
5152:(3): 187â210.
5136:
5103:
5058:
5015:
4990:
4967:(2): 131â138.
4947:
4924:(2): 107â121.
4904:
4851:
4802:
4752:
4717:(3): 235â258.
4694:
4643:
4600:
4597:on 2013-01-20.
4590:978-0849319600
4589:
4569:
4563:978-0520264212
4562:
4536:
4530:978-0123736215
4529:
4497:
4490:
4470:
4419:
4395:
4365:
4354:Marine Science
4340:
4325:
4318:
4298:
4286:
4270:
4251:
4235:
4177:
4164:(3): 522â536.
4139:
4127:
4118:
4108:
4098:
4089:
4080:
4071:
4061:
4046:
4028:
4019:
3967:
3960:
3942:
3935:
3917:
3888:
3859:
3845:
3827:
3768:
3709:
3698:(6): 627â642.
3678:
3649:
3600:
3593:
3573:
3522:
3504:
3490:
3470:
3463:
3445:
3422:
3385:
3350:
3320:
3299:(7): 515â516.
3279:
3272:
3253:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3246:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3208:
3205:
3161:
3158:
3152:
3149:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3110:
3109:
3097:
3090:
3088:
3081:
3074:
3072:
3066:
3059:
3057:
3046:
3039:
3037:
3031:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3012:
3010:
3000:
2993:
2991:
2985:
2978:
2976:
2969:
2962:
2960:
2954:
2947:
2945:
2938:dinoflagellate
2932:
2925:
2923:
2914:cyanobacterium
2911:
2904:
2902:
2891:
2884:
2882:
2877:
2874:
2854:
2841:marine mammals
2831:
2828:
2820:sloppy feeding
2815:
2792:
2789:
2776:
2762:
2745:
2733:photosynthesis
2719:
2716:
2712:remineralising
2706:and resultant
2684:
2676:carbon dioxide
2635:it to provide
2610:
2607:
2571:
2570:
2555:
2554:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2493:Atlantic Ocean
2459:stratification
2424:chemosynthesis
2415:
2408:
2405:
2404:
2403:
2399:Great Pyramids
2387:Foraminiferans
2385:
2378:
2376:
2365:
2358:
2356:
2346:plates called
2338:
2331:
2329:
2315:The elaborate
2314:
2307:
2305:
2295:
2288:
2286:
2272:protist shells
2267:
2264:
2240:Main article:
2237:
2234:
2200:, or man-made
2188:Pseudoplankton
2183:Pseudoplankton
2181:Main article:
2178:
2177:Pseudoplankton
2175:
2124:Main article:
2115:
2108:
2105:
2010:Main article:
2007:
2004:
1927:Main article:
1924:
1921:
1878:Main article:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1823:
1820:
1811:volatilisation
1714:Main article:
1712:
1711:
1697:
1690:
1686:
1683:
1678:
1675:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1652:Habitat groups
1650:
1649:
1648:
1641:
1640:
1633:
1623:microorganisms
1615:
1614:
1613:
1612:
1609:
1608:
1606:marine viruses
1603:
1600:
1596:
1595:
1578:
1575:
1569:
1568:
1535:
1532:
1528:
1527:
1482:
1476:
1472:
1471:
1435:
1434:0.2â20 mm
1432:
1428:
1427:
1367:
1364:
1360:
1359:
1323:
1320:
1316:
1315:
1310:
1299:
1275:
1261:
1254:
1251:
1243:
1242:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1197:
1185:
1169:
1145:
1105:
1086:photosynthesis
1045:
1044:
1042:
1041:
1034:
1027:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1014:
1013:
997:
996:
992:
991:
986:
981:
976:
971:
966:
965:
964:
953:
951:
950:
945:
940:
935:
930:
925:
919:
918:
916:Related topics
915:
914:
911:
910:
906:
905:
900:
895:
890:
888:Eutrophication
885:
880:
875:
870:
868:Critical depth
865:
859:
858:
853:
852:
849:
848:
844:
843:
838:
836:Pseudoplankton
833:
828:
823:
818:
812:
811:
808:
807:
804:
803:
799:
798:
792:
790:
789:
788:
787:
782:
771:
769:
768:
763:
757:
756:
753:
752:
749:
748:
744:
743:
737:
735:
734:
728:
726:
725:
724:
723:
712:
710:
709:
708:
707:
702:
697:
695:foraminiferans
692:
680:
678:
677:
676:
675:
670:
665:
653:
652:
649:
648:
645:
644:
640:
639:
634:
629:
624:
619:
618:
617:
607:
602:
596:
594:
593:
587:
586:
581:
580:
577:
576:
572:
571:
566:
561:
556:
550:
548:
547:
542:
536:
535:
530:
529:
526:
525:
517:
516:
510:
509:
502:
501:Trophic groups
499:
498:
497:
492:â part of the
482:
475:
473:
462:
455:
433:state of water
359:marine mammals
343:ocean currents
286:
279:
276:
167:, microscopic
116:that drift in
80:photosynthetic
67:
50:
28:
22:
19:
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7684:
7673:
7670:
7668:
7665:
7663:
7660:
7658:
7655:
7653:
7650:
7649:
7647:
7632:
7624:
7621:
7616:
7610:
7607:
7596:
7595:
7592:
7578:
7575:
7573:
7570:
7568:
7565:
7563:
7560:
7558:
7555:
7553:
7550:
7548:
7545:
7543:
7540:
7539:
7537:
7535:
7531:
7525:
7522:
7520:
7517:
7515:
7514:Sponge ground
7512:
7510:
7507:
7505:
7502:
7500:
7497:
7495:
7492:
7490:
7487:
7485:
7482:
7480:
7479:Marine biomes
7477:
7475:
7472:
7470:
7467:
7465:
7462:
7460:
7457:
7455:
7452:
7450:
7447:
7445:
7442:
7440:
7437:
7435:
7432:
7430:
7427:
7425:
7422:
7420:
7417:
7415:
7412:
7411:
7409:
7407:
7403:
7393:
7390:
7386:
7383:
7381:
7380:Demersal fish
7378:
7376:
7375:Deep-sea fish
7373:
7371:
7368:
7366:
7363:
7362:
7361:
7358:
7356:
7353:
7351:
7350:Marine mammal
7348:
7347:
7345:
7343:
7339:
7333:
7330:
7328:
7325:
7323:
7320:
7318:
7315:
7313:
7310:
7309:
7307:
7305:
7301:
7295:
7292:
7290:
7287:
7285:
7282:
7280:
7277:
7275:
7272:
7270:
7267:
7265:
7262:
7260:
7257:
7255:
7252:
7251:
7248:
7245:
7243:
7239:
7234:
7224:
7221:
7219:
7216:
7214:
7211:
7209:
7206:
7204:
7201:
7199:
7196:
7194:
7191:
7189:
7186:
7184:
7181:
7179:
7176:
7174:
7171:
7169:
7166:
7164:
7161:
7159:
7156:
7154:
7151:
7149:
7146:
7144:
7141:
7139:
7136:
7135:
7133:
7129:
7125:
7121:
7116:
7112:
7096:
7093:
7091:
7088:
7086:
7083:
7081:
7078:
7077:
7075:
7073:
7070:
7066:
7063:
7061:
7058:
7057:
7056:
7053:
7052:
7050:
7046:
7038:
7035:
7033:
7030:
7028:
7025:
7023:
7020:
7018:
7015:
7014:
7013:
7010:
7008:
7005:
7003:
7000:
6998:
6995:
6993:
6990:
6988:
6985:
6983:
6980:
6978:
6975:
6971:
6968:
6967:
6966:
6963:
6961:
6958:
6956:
6953:
6951:
6948:
6946:
6943:
6941:
6938:
6936:
6933:
6931:
6928:
6926:
6923:
6921:
6918:
6917:
6915:
6911:
6906:
6896:
6893:
6891:
6888:
6886:
6883:
6881:
6880:Trophic level
6878:
6876:
6873:
6871:
6868:
6866:
6863:
6861:
6858:
6856:
6853:
6851:
6848:
6846:
6845:Sediment trap
6843:
6841:
6838:
6836:
6833:
6831:
6828:
6826:
6823:
6821:
6820:Phytoplankton
6818:
6816:
6813:
6811:
6808:
6806:
6803:
6801:
6798:
6796:
6793:
6791:
6788:
6786:
6783:
6781:
6778:
6776:
6773:
6771:
6768:
6766:
6763:
6761:
6758:
6756:
6753:
6751:
6748:
6746:
6743:
6741:
6738:
6736:
6733:
6731:
6728:
6726:
6723:
6721:
6718:
6716:
6713:
6711:
6708:
6706:
6703:
6701:
6698:
6696:
6693:
6691:
6688:
6686:
6683:
6681:
6678:
6676:
6673:
6671:
6670:Aquatic plant
6668:
6666:
6663:
6659:
6656:
6654:
6651:
6649:
6646:
6645:
6644:
6641:
6639:
6636:
6634:
6633:Anoxic waters
6631:
6629:
6626:
6624:
6621:
6620:
6618:
6614:
6610:
6606:
6600:
6596:
6592:
6585:
6580:
6578:
6573:
6571:
6566:
6565:
6562:
6550:
6547:
6545:
6542:
6540:
6537:
6535:
6532:
6530:
6527:
6525:
6522:
6520:
6519:Tychoplankton
6517:
6515:
6512:
6510:
6507:
6505:
6502:
6500:
6497:
6495:
6492:
6490:
6489:Microbial mat
6487:
6485:
6482:
6480:
6477:
6475:
6472:
6470:
6467:
6465:
6462:
6460:
6457:
6455:
6452:
6450:
6447:
6445:
6442:
6440:
6437:
6435:
6432:
6430:
6427:
6425:
6422:
6420:
6417:
6415:
6412:
6410:
6407:
6406:
6404:
6400:
6390:
6387:
6385:
6382:
6380:
6377:
6375:
6374:Monstrilloida
6372:
6370:
6369:Harpacticoida
6367:
6365:
6362:
6360:
6357:
6356:
6354:
6352:
6348:
6342:
6339:
6337:
6334:
6332:
6329:
6327:
6326:Marine larvae
6324:
6322:
6319:
6317:
6314:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6304:
6302:
6299:
6297:
6294:
6292:
6289:
6288:
6285:
6282:
6280:
6276:
6270:
6267:
6265:
6264:
6260:
6258:
6255:
6253:
6252:
6248:
6246:
6243:
6241:
6238:
6236:
6233:
6231:
6228:
6227:
6225:
6223:
6219:
6207:
6204:
6202:
6199:
6197:
6193:
6192:
6191:
6188:
6186:
6183:
6182:
6180:
6178:
6177:Diatom orders
6174:
6168:
6167:
6163:
6161:
6158:
6156:
6153:
6151:
6150:
6146:
6144:
6143:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6121:
6117:
6115:
6112:
6110:
6107:
6105:
6104:
6100:
6098:
6097:
6096:Bacteriastrum
6093:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6082:
6079:
6076:
6074:
6073:Phytoplankton
6070:
6064:
6063:
6059:
6057:
6054:
6052:
6049:
6047:
6046:
6042:
6040:
6039:
6035:
6033:
6032:
6028:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6010:Cyanobacteria
6008:
6006:
6005:
6001:
6000:
5998:
5996:
5992:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5980:Picoeukaryote
5978:
5976:
5975:Picobiliphyte
5973:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5942:
5940:
5936:
5931:
5921:
5918:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5903:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5847:
5845:
5843:
5838:
5834:
5827:
5822:
5820:
5815:
5813:
5808:
5807:
5804:
5797:
5794:
5791:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5777:
5774:
5771:
5768:
5765:
5762:
5759:
5756:
5752:
5749:
5746:
5743:
5740:
5736:
5733:
5730:
5727:
5724:
5723:
5714:
5710:
5706:
5702:
5699:
5695:
5691:
5687:
5684:
5680:
5676:
5672:
5669:
5665:
5661:
5657:
5656:
5643:
5639:
5634:
5629:
5625:
5621:
5617:
5613:
5609:
5605:
5601:
5594:
5586:
5582:
5578:
5574:
5570:
5566:
5562:
5558:
5554:
5550:
5546:
5539:
5531:
5527:
5523:
5519:
5515:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5497:
5493:
5489:
5485:
5481:
5474:
5460:
5456:
5450:
5442:
5438:
5434:
5430:
5426:
5422:
5418:
5414:
5411:(2): 021915.
5410:
5406:
5402:
5395:
5387:
5386:New Scientist
5383:
5376:
5367:
5362:
5357:
5352:
5348:
5344:
5340:
5336:
5332:
5325:
5316:
5311:
5307:
5303:
5299:
5292:
5283:
5278:
5274:
5270:
5266:
5262:
5258:
5251:
5242:
5237:
5233:
5229:
5225:
5218:
5210:
5206:
5202:
5198:
5194:
5190:
5186:
5182:
5175:
5167:
5163:
5159:
5155:
5151:
5147:
5140:
5125:
5121:
5117:
5110:
5108:
5098:
5093:
5089:
5085:
5082:(2): GB2017.
5081:
5077:
5073:
5071:
5062:
5054:
5050:
5046:
5042:
5038:
5034:
5030:
5026:
5019:
5005:
5001:
4994:
4985:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4966:
4962:
4958:
4951:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4923:
4919:
4915:
4908:
4900:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4882:
4878:
4874:
4870:
4866:
4862:
4855:
4847:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4829:
4825:
4821:
4817:
4813:
4806:
4798:
4794:
4790:
4786:
4782:
4778:
4774:
4770:
4766:
4759:
4757:
4748:
4744:
4740:
4736:
4732:
4728:
4724:
4720:
4716:
4712:
4705:
4698:
4690:
4686:
4682:
4678:
4674:
4670:
4666:
4662:
4658:
4654:
4647:
4639:
4635:
4631:
4627:
4623:
4619:
4615:
4611:
4604:
4596:
4592:
4586:
4582:
4581:
4573:
4565:
4559:
4555:
4550:
4549:
4540:
4532:
4526:
4522:
4517:
4516:
4510:
4504:
4502:
4493:
4491:9783642800467
4487:
4483:
4482:
4474:
4466:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4438:
4434:
4430:
4423:
4409:
4405:
4399:
4385:on 2017-12-07
4384:
4380:
4376:
4375:"Zooplankton"
4369:
4355:
4351:
4344:
4336:
4329:
4321:
4319:9780520932470
4315:
4311:
4310:
4302:
4295:
4290:
4283:
4274:
4267:
4264:
4255:
4248:
4239:
4231:
4227:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4211:
4207:
4203:
4199:
4195:
4191:
4187:
4181:
4172:
4167:
4163:
4159:
4155:
4148:
4146:
4144:
4134:
4132:
4122:
4112:
4102:
4093:
4084:
4075:
4065:
4057:
4053:
4049:
4043:
4039:
4032:
4023:
4015:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3987:
3983:
3979:
3971:
3963:
3957:
3953:
3946:
3938:
3932:
3928:
3921:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3898:
3892:
3878:on 2015-09-26
3877:
3873:
3869:
3863:
3855:
3849:
3841:
3837:
3831:
3823:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3779:
3772:
3764:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3713:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3682:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3653:
3645:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3620:(1): 69â114.
3619:
3615:
3611:
3604:
3596:
3590:
3586:
3585:
3577:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3533:
3526:
3518:
3514:
3508:
3493:
3487:
3483:
3482:
3474:
3466:
3460:
3456:
3449:
3441:
3438:(in German).
3437:
3433:
3426:
3407:
3403:
3396:
3389:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3360:New Scientist
3354:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3324:
3316:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3283:
3275:
3273:0-7506-3384-0
3269:
3265:
3258:
3254:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3210:
3204:
3202:
3198:
3197:
3192:
3188:
3183:
3181:
3176:
3174:
3170:
3169:phytoplankton
3165:
3157:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3134:
3129:
3125:
3107:
3103:
3102:
3094:
3089:
3085:
3078:
3073:
3069:
3063:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3043:
3038:
3034:
3028:
3023:
3016:
3011:
3007:
3004:
2997:
2992:
2988:
2982:
2977:
2973:
2966:
2961:
2957:
2951:
2946:
2943:
2939:
2936:
2929:
2924:
2920:
2919:
2915:
2908:
2903:
2900:
2899:carbon cycles
2896:
2895:
2888:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2842:
2838:
2827:
2825:
2821:
2813:
2808:
2804:
2798:
2788:
2786:
2782:
2768:
2754:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2729:Phytoplankton
2725:
2715:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2677:
2672:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2620:
2616:
2606:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2578:
2569:
2565:
2556:
2551:
2538:
2536:
2532:
2527:
2525:
2524:spring blooms
2521:
2517:
2513:
2508:
2506:
2502:
2501:Sahara Desert
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2475:
2474:micronutrient
2471:
2467:
2466:macronutrient
2462:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2431:
2429:
2426:), confining
2425:
2413:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2382:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2362:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2335:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2311:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2292:
2287:
2284:
2280:
2279:
2277:
2273:
2263:
2261:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2247:Tychoplankton
2243:
2242:Tychoplankton
2236:Tychoplankton
2233:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2222:
2217:
2213:
2212:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2198:
2193:
2189:
2184:
2174:
2172:
2168:
2167:invertebrates
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2127:
2118:
2113:
2104:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2093:phytoplankton
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2031:
2028:
2024:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2003:
2001:
2000:juvenile fish
1996:
1992:
1991:metamorphosis
1988:
1984:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1920:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1881:
1872:
1858:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1839:
1835:
1829:
1819:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1791:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1717:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1694:
1689:
1688:
1682:
1674:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1644:
1637:
1632:
1631:
1630:
1628:
1624:
1619:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1599:Femtoplankton
1598:
1597:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1583:
1579:
1577:0.2â2 ÎŒm
1576:
1574:
1571:
1570:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1540:
1536:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1498:
1494:
1493:phytoplankton
1490:
1487:
1483:
1481:
1477:
1475:Microplankton
1474:
1473:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1443:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1375:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1363:Macroplankton
1362:
1361:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1331:
1327:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1314:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1289:
1288:
1287:
1280:
1273:
1272:multicellular
1269:
1264:
1259:
1250:
1248:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1219:
1215:
1214:
1212:
1208:
1195:
1191:
1190:
1189:Virioplankton
1186:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1174:
1170:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1150:
1146:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1110:
1106:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1094:cyanobacteria
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1076:
1072:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1060:
1059:Phytoplankton
1056:
1055:
1054:
1053:) groups:
1052:
1051:trophic level
1040:
1035:
1033:
1028:
1026:
1021:
1020:
1018:
1017:
1011:
1001:
1000:
999:
998:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
963:
960:
959:
958:
955:
954:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
920:
913:
912:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
860:
856:
851:
850:
842:
841:Tychoplankton
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
813:
806:
805:
797:
794:
793:
786:
783:
781:
778:
777:
776:
773:
772:
767:
764:
762:
759:
758:
751:
750:
742:
739:
738:
733:
730:
729:
722:
721:cyanobacteria
719:
718:
717:
714:
713:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
690:
687:
686:
685:
682:
681:
674:
671:
669:
666:
663:
660:
659:
658:
655:
654:
647:
646:
638:
635:
633:
630:
628:
627:Picoeukaryote
625:
623:
620:
616:
613:
612:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
597:
592:
589:
588:
584:
579:
578:
570:
569:Virioplankton
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
551:
546:
543:
541:
540:Phytoplankton
538:
537:
533:
528:
527:
523:
519:
518:
515:
512:
511:
507:
506:
495:
491:
490:
486:
479:
474:
470:
469:phytoplankton
466:
459:
454:
453:
452:
449:
445:
441:
436:
434:
430:
426:
421:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
362:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
327:
319:
315:
311:
310:Victor Hensen
307:
298:
294:
290:
284:
275:
273:
272:
267:
266:
261:
259:
254:
250:
246:
243:and level of
242:
238:
234:
230:
225:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
206:
200:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
149:
147:
146:baleen whales
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
83:cyanobacteria
81:
77:
72:
71:
65:
61:
57:
40:
36:
32:
25:
20:
7534:Conservation
7385:Pelagic fish
7365:Coastal fish
7269:Marine fungi
7007:Water garden
6890:Water column
6835:Productivity
6824:
6810:Pelagic zone
6770:Macrobenthos
6760:Hydrobiology
6730:Ecohydrology
6514:Stromatolite
6409:Aeroplankton
6336:Salmon louse
6291:Chaetognatha
6263:Symbiodinium
6261:
6249:
6164:
6160:Raphidophyte
6147:
6140:
6136:Stramenopile
6118:
6101:
6094:
6060:
6043:
6036:
6029:
6002:
5985:Picoplankton
5910:Spring bloom
5880:Mycoplankton
5875:Meroplankton
5865:Holoplankton
5841:
5832:
5779:Sea Drifters
5751:Plankton*Net
5704:
5689:
5674:
5659:
5607:
5603:
5593:
5552:
5548:
5538:
5487:
5483:
5473:
5462:. Retrieved
5458:
5449:
5408:
5404:
5394:
5385:
5375:
5338:
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5301:
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5264:
5260:
5250:
5231:
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5174:
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5139:
5128:. Retrieved
5124:the original
5119:
5079:
5075:
5069:
5061:
5028:
5024:
5018:
5007:. Retrieved
5003:
4993:
4964:
4960:
4950:
4921:
4917:
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4864:
4860:
4854:
4819:
4815:
4805:
4775:(1): 77â90.
4772:
4768:
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4710:
4697:
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4652:
4646:
4613:
4609:
4603:
4595:the original
4579:
4572:
4547:
4539:
4514:
4480:
4473:
4436:
4432:
4422:
4411:. Retrieved
4407:
4398:
4387:. Retrieved
4383:the original
4378:
4373:Talks, Ted.
4368:
4357:. Retrieved
4353:
4343:
4334:
4328:
4308:
4301:
4289:
4281:
4273:
4265:
4262:
4254:
4246:
4238:
4197:
4193:
4180:
4161:
4157:
4121:
4111:
4101:
4092:
4083:
4074:
4064:
4037:
4031:
4022:
3985:
3982:PLOS Biology
3981:
3970:
3951:
3945:
3926:
3920:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3891:
3880:. Retrieved
3876:the original
3871:
3862:
3848:
3839:
3830:
3785:
3781:
3771:
3726:
3722:
3712:
3695:
3691:
3681:
3671:13 September
3669:. Retrieved
3661:
3652:
3617:
3613:
3603:
3583:
3576:
3535:
3531:
3525:
3516:
3507:
3495:. Retrieved
3480:
3473:
3454:
3448:
3439:
3435:
3425:
3413:. Retrieved
3406:the original
3388:
3363:
3359:
3353:
3341:. Retrieved
3337:the original
3332:
3323:
3296:
3292:
3282:
3263:
3257:
3213:Aeroplankton
3194:
3184:
3177:
3166:
3163:
3154:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3121:
3099:
2916:
2892:
2867:with curved
2845:
2833:
2807:fecal pellet
2802:
2800:
2727:
2724:oxygen cycle
2673:
2622:
2609:Carbon cycle
2603:carbon cycle
2580:
2567:
2528:
2509:
2485:algal blooms
2470:HNLC regions
2463:
2439:sub-tropical
2432:
2420:
2407:Distribution
2259:
2245:
2230:zooplankters
2219:
2209:
2195:
2186:
2147:pelagic zone
2143:holoplankton
2131:Meroplankton
2129:
2126:Meroplankton
2107:Meroplankton
2089:benthic zone
2085:pelagic zone
2061:foraminifera
2053:radiolarians
2045:benthic zone
2041:meroplankton
2037:Holoplankton
2035:
2020:
2012:Holoplankton
2006:Holoplankton
1958:water column
1944:
1938:
1905:Chaetognatha
1883:
1861:Other groups
1838:gastrotrichs
1831:
1792:
1750:, including
1721:Aeroplankton
1719:
1716:Aeroplankton
1707:aeroplankton
1685:Aeroplankton
1680:
1660:
1642:
1620:
1616:
1573:Picoplankton
1534:2â20 ÎŒm
1531:Nanoplankton
1500:Foraminifera
1461:Chaetognaths
1441:
1431:Mesoplankton
1385:Euphausiacea
1381:Chaetognaths
1373:
1366:2â20 cm
1329:
1319:Megaplankton
1312:
1301:
1296:
1285:
1262:
1244:
1239:kleptoplasty
1231:phagocytosis
1216:
1201:Mixoplankton
1187:
1171:
1149:Mycoplankton
1147:
1113:
1112:(from Greek
1107:
1063:
1062:(from Greek
1057:
1048:
883:Spring bloom
831:Meroplankton
821:Holoplankton
761:Aeroplankton
689:radiolarians
632:Picoplankton
559:Mycoplankton
554:Mixoplankton
532:Trophic mode
513:
487:
463:Some marine
447:
443:
437:
429:distribution
422:
390:meroplankton
366:holoplankton
363:
334:
325:
314:halyplankton
313:
305:
303:
269:
263:
256:
249:phylogenetic
236:
226:
210:plant spores
205:aeroplankton
203:
201:
150:
133:
109:
108:
99:meroplankton
95:holoplankton
68:
60:
38:
29:This is the
23:
7662:Planktology
7519:Sponge reef
7494:Rocky shore
7489:Oyster reef
7459:Kelp forest
7342:Vertebrates
7242:Marine life
7218:Viral shunt
7183:Marine snow
7085:Maharashtra
6992:Stream pool
6895:Zooplankton
6815:Photic zone
6775:Meiobenthos
6628:Algal bloom
6479:Manta trawl
6464:Heterotroph
6414:Algaculture
6279:Zooplankton
6222:Flagellates
6103:Chaetoceros
6056:SAR11 clade
5915:Thin layers
5900:Planktology
5895:Planktivore
5850:Algal bloom
5308:: 279â288.
5187:: 413â444.
4984:10261/95626
4941:10261/95626
4890:10261/15731
4456:10037/16483
4278:Nouvian, C.
4259:Johnsen, S.
3124:fish larvae
3082:Planktonic
2935:sea sparkle
2869:exoskeleton
2785:Precambrian
2661:carbon sink
2589:, plankton
2520:marine snow
2512:zooplankton
2497:trade winds
2368:algae bloom
2366:Planktonic
2153:or adopt a
2117:Larva stage
2097:zooplankton
1995:zooplankton
1978:zooplankton
1966:photic zone
1893:ctenophores
1855:seed shrimp
1851:sandhoppers
1828:Geoplankton
1822:Geoplankton
1740:microscopic
1733:atmospheric
1701:containing
1593:Chrysophyta
1566:Xanthophyta
1562:Chlorophyta
1558:Chrysophyta
1550:flagellates
1514:; juvenile
1413:Cephalopoda
1397:ctenophores
1353:Cephalopoda
1337:ctenophores
1268:unicellular
1253:Size groups
1126:crustaceans
1109:Zooplankton
1084:to support
1071:prokaryotic
1068:autotrophic
984:Thin layers
979:Planktology
974:Planktivore
923:Algaculture
863:Algal bloom
809:Other types
780:prokaryotes
766:Geoplankton
650:By taxonomy
545:Zooplankton
494:zooplankton
440:planktology
416:, and most
410:crustaceans
402:sea urchins
384:, and some
278:Terminology
233:microscopic
91:zooplankton
7646:Categories
7499:Salt marsh
7434:Coral reef
7223:Whale fall
7203:Photophore
7080:Everglades
7048:Ecoregions
6987:Stream bed
6960:Macrophyte
6913:Freshwater
6745:Food chain
6658:Water bird
6474:Macroalgae
6434:Autotrophs
6364:Cyclopoida
6301:Ctenophora
6230:Brevetoxin
6020:Cyanotoxin
6015:Cyanobiont
5505:2381/36058
5464:2022-03-29
5130:2016-04-04
5009:2019-09-07
4413:2020-06-13
4408:Britannica
4404:"Plankton"
4389:2012-04-04
4359:2012-04-04
4116:1833â1843.
3882:2019-11-27
3658:"Plankton"
3538:(2): 329.
3415:16 January
3343:9 November
3329:"plankter"
3293:BioScience
3249:References
3006:ctenophore
3003:sea walnut
2795:See also:
2722:See also:
2613:See also:
2591:ecosystems
2583:food chain
2575:See also:
2546:Food chain
2348:coccoliths
2270:See also:
2255:turbulence
2030:polychaete
2022:Tomopteris
1970:planktonic
1962:epipelagic
1917:Arthropoda
1849:(of which
1826:See also:
1776:liverworts
1582:eukaryotic
1554:Pyrrophyta
1539:eukaryotic
1504:tintinnids
1486:eukaryotic
1302:Size range
1218:Mixotrophs
1128:and other
1118:protozoans
1075:eukaryotic
754:By habitat
684:Protozoans
615:calcareous
600:Microalgae
444:planktonic
370:life cycle
328:"sea" and
193:Freshwater
187:waters of
7524:Tide pool
7429:Cold seep
7213:Upwelling
6977:Rheotaxis
6970:Fish pond
6945:Limnology
6870:Substrate
6855:Siltation
6725:Dead zone
6419:Algal mat
6359:Calanoida
6341:Sea louse
6321:Jellyfish
6296:Ciguatera
6257:Saxitoxin
6245:Flagellum
6194:Classes:
6185:Centrales
6085:Auxospore
5755:Taxonomic
5624:0893-8512
5577:0021-8790
5514:1522-9602
5433:1063-651X
5234:: 27â35.
5053:130687109
4797:0304-3800
4465:199638114
3568:131283465
3128:yolk sacs
3068:Sargassum
3053:tintinnid
2912:The tiny
2637:metabolic
2633:respiring
2631:, either
2587:fisheries
2503:in north
2481:adding it
2447:phosphate
2395:limestone
2301:frustules
2211:Jellyella
2081:gastropod
2065:amphipods
1974:juveniles
1889:jellyfish
1847:amphipods
1699:Sea spray
1526:nauplii)
1520:Crustacea
1516:metazoans
1465:Pteropoda
1457:Ostracoda
1453:Cladocera
1438:metazoans
1425:Amphipoda
1407:(pelagic
1405:pyrosomes
1377:Pteropoda
1370:metazoans
1357:Amphipoda
1347:(pelagic
1345:pyrosomes
1333:jellyfish
1326:metazoans
1122:metazoans
412:, marine
386:jellyfish
304:The name
253:taxonomic
235:in size,
222:sea spray
197:jellyfish
189:estuaries
177:saltwater
134:plankters
114:organisms
103:fish eggs
7652:Plankton
7631:Category
7557:HERMIONE
7474:Mangrove
7284:Seagrass
6830:Pleuston
6825:Plankton
6805:Particle
6750:Food web
6190:Pennales
6149:Navicula
6131:Frustule
5905:Red tide
5842:plankton
5833:Plankton
5735:Archived
5642:12364378
5585:17032358
5522:26607949
5441:11497628
5209:27814033
5045:11598285
5004:phys.org
4846:20513721
4747:12129871
4739:24311124
4681:11048709
4282:The Deep
4268:: 62-71.
4230:52336522
4222:30245075
4106:981â992.
4069:407-444.
4056:34933503
4014:22028628
3822:26831076
3763:22451938
3644:10704475
3315:86371218
3207:See also
3201:copepods
3084:sea foam
3055:ciliate.
2865:Amphipod
2653:seawater
2645:detritus
2533:and the
2495:, where
2451:silicate
2435:tropical
2224:and the
2171:disperse
2163:seafloor
2101:protists
2073:copepods
1987:yolk sac
1948:are the
1913:Mollusca
1909:Annelida
1843:copepods
1834:rotifers
1815:microbes
1807:aerosols
1799:bacteria
1764:protists
1756:bacteria
1748:microbes
1744:aircraft
1736:analogue
1671:protozoa
1589:bacteria
1585:protists
1548:; small
1544:; small
1542:protists
1512:Rotifera
1508:ciliates
1506:; other
1497:Protozoa
1489:protists
1469:Tunicata
1445:copepods
1421:Recluzia
1417:Janthina
1409:Tunicata
1349:Tunicata
1313:Examples
1235:plastids
1227:consumer
1223:producer
1178:bacteria
1176:include
1152:include
1142:annelids
1010:Category
785:protists
716:Bacteria
705:ciliates
514:Plankton
485:amphipod
467:â a key
448:planktic
406:starfish
378:copepods
306:plankton
245:motility
237:plankton
208:include
185:brackish
183:and the
165:protozoa
153:bacteria
138:bivalves
126:currents
110:Plankton
76:hand net
35:reviewed
7484:Mudflat
7444:Estuary
7414:Bay mud
7392:Seabird
7148:f-ratio
7131:General
7012:Wetland
6800:Neuston
6765:Hypoxia
6710:Biomass
6700:Benthos
6616:General
6544:MOCNESS
6454:f-ratio
6389:More...
6090:Axodine
5938:By size
5920:More...
5557:Bibcode
5530:8637912
5413:Bibcode
5343:Bibcode
5269:Bibcode
5189:Bibcode
5154:Bibcode
5084:Bibcode
5070:in situ
5025:Science
4899:8721854
4869:Bibcode
4837:2880134
4777:Bibcode
4719:Bibcode
4689:4368261
4661:Bibcode
4638:4325562
4618:Bibcode
4280:(2007)
4245:(2001)
4202:Bibcode
4005:3196472
3813:4801304
3790:Bibcode
3754:3326507
3731:Bibcode
3560:1305769
3540:Bibcode
3497:2 April
3368:Bibcode
3243:Veliger
3191:cholera
2987:Icefish
2956:Copepod
2837:El Niño
2641:biomass
2629:foodweb
2568:YouTube
2472:). The
2443:nitrate
2397:in the
2297:Diatoms
2221:Velella
2202:flotsam
2197:Spirula
2192:buoyant
2159:sessile
2157:(often
2155:benthic
2135:benthic
2055:, some
2049:diatoms
1939:sac fry
1897:medusae
1803:viruses
1752:viruses
1727:of the
1725:current
1645:
1546:diatoms
1524:copepod
1491:; most
1478:20â200
1449:Medusae
1393:Medusae
1194:viruses
1182:archaea
1130:animals
1090:diatoms
943:f-ratio
741:Viruses
732:Archaea
700:amoebae
662:diatoms
583:By size
465:diatoms
398:benthic
297:benthos
293:neuston
271:benthos
258:neuston
229:species
173:animals
157:archaea
87:diatoms
7469:Lagoon
6795:Nekton
6653:Mammal
6648:Insect
6539:AusCPR
6529:C-MORE
5840:About
5711:
5696:
5681:
5666:
5640:
5633:126864
5630:
5622:
5583:
5575:
5528:
5520:
5512:
5439:
5431:
5207:
5051:
5043:
4897:
4844:
4834:
4795:
4745:
4737:
4687:
4679:
4653:Nature
4636:
4610:Nature
4587:
4560:
4527:
4488:
4463:
4316:
4228:
4220:
4054:
4044:
4012:
4002:
3958:
3933:
3907:: 68.
3820:
3810:
3761:
3751:
3642:
3632:
3591:
3566:
3558:
3488:
3461:
3313:
3270:
3238:Seston
3228:Nekton
3051:and a
2753:plants
2737:oxygen
2649:denser
2625:carbon
2505:Africa
2317:silica
2151:nekton
2139:larval
2075:, and
1983:larvae
1954:larvae
1903:, and
1784:pollen
1780:spores
1772:mosses
1580:small
1537:small
1484:large
1209:, and
1138:larvae
1124:(e.g.
1100:, and
1064:phyton
1008:
989:NAAMES
855:Blooms
425:amount
394:larval
347:nekton
335:planĂĄĆ
331:ÏÎ»Î±ÎœÎŹÏ
289:nekton
265:nekton
214:pollen
181:oceans
144:, and
6860:Spawn
5526:S2CID
5049:S2CID
4895:S2CID
4743:S2CID
4707:(PDF)
4685:S2CID
4634:S2CID
4461:S2CID
4226:S2CID
3635:98987
3564:S2CID
3556:JSTOR
3409:(PDF)
3398:(PDF)
3311:S2CID
2787:Eon.
2665:Earth
2651:than
2389:have
2344:chalk
2342:have
2283:tests
2216:float
2077:salps
2069:krill
1901:salps
1788:seeds
1768:algae
1760:fungi
1667:algae
1401:salps
1389:krill
1341:salps
1297:Group
1154:fungi
1082:light
1078:algae
657:Algae
471:group
414:worms
382:salps
374:algae
355:squid
322:៰ÌÌλÏ
318:Greek
316:from
218:seeds
169:fungi
161:algae
118:water
6965:Pond
6549:SCAR
6524:Zoid
6469:HNLC
5709:ISBN
5694:ISBN
5679:ISBN
5664:ISBN
5638:PMID
5620:ISSN
5581:PMID
5573:ISSN
5518:PMID
5510:ISSN
5459:IFAW
5437:PMID
5429:ISSN
5205:PMID
5041:PMID
4842:PMID
4793:ISSN
4735:PMID
4677:PMID
4585:ISBN
4558:ISBN
4525:ISBN
4486:ISBN
4314:ISBN
4218:PMID
4052:OCLC
4042:ISBN
4010:PMID
3956:ISBN
3931:ISBN
3818:PMID
3759:PMID
3673:2019
3640:PMID
3589:ISBN
3499:2018
3486:ISBN
3459:ISBN
3417:2014
3345:2018
3268:ISBN
3187:host
3106:Maui
3001:The
2972:yolk
2933:The
2801:The
2700:iron
2617:and
2514:and
2489:arid
2477:iron
2449:and
2437:and
2325:opal
2274:and
2095:and
2032:worm
1952:and
1950:eggs
1915:and
1845:and
1836:and
1801:and
1793:The
1774:and
1729:wind
1442:e.g.
1419:and
1374:e.g.
1343:and
1330:e.g.
1270:and
1192:are
1180:and
1164:and
1156:and
1136:and
1134:eggs
1114:zoon
962:iron
483:The
427:and
423:The
418:fish
357:and
351:fish
326:hĂĄls
231:are
142:fish
130:wind
128:(or
120:(or
85:and
7027:Fen
7017:Bog
6534:CPR
5628:PMC
5612:doi
5565:doi
5500:hdl
5492:doi
5421:doi
5361:hdl
5351:doi
5310:doi
5277:doi
5236:doi
5197:doi
5162:doi
5092:doi
5033:doi
5029:294
4979:hdl
4969:doi
4936:hdl
4926:doi
4885:hdl
4877:doi
4832:PMC
4824:doi
4820:365
4785:doi
4773:160
4727:doi
4669:doi
4657:407
4626:doi
4614:331
4554:736
4521:566
4451:hdl
4441:doi
4266:282
4210:doi
4166:doi
4000:PMC
3990:doi
3909:doi
3808:PMC
3798:doi
3786:113
3749:PMC
3739:doi
3727:109
3700:doi
3630:PMC
3622:doi
3548:doi
3376:doi
3364:261
3301:doi
2663:on
2643:or
2507:).
2370:of
1964:or
1411:);
1391:);
1351:);
1307:ESD
1120:or
1073:or
933:CPR
251:or
179:of
122:air
37:on
7648::
5753:â
5636:.
5626:.
5618:.
5608:15
5606:.
5602:.
5579:.
5571:.
5563:.
5553:75
5551:.
5547:.
5524:.
5516:.
5508:.
5498:.
5488:77
5486:.
5482:.
5457:.
5435:.
5427:.
5419:.
5409:64
5407:.
5403:.
5384:.
5359:.
5349:.
5337:.
5333:.
5306:33
5304:.
5300:.
5275:.
5265:52
5263:.
5259:.
5232:27
5230:.
5226:.
5203:.
5195:.
5183:.
5160:.
5148:.
5118:.
5106:^
5090:.
5080:20
5078:.
5074:.
5047:.
5039:.
5027:.
5002:.
4977:.
4965:95
4963:.
4959:.
4934:.
4922:67
4920:.
4916:.
4893:.
4883:.
4875:.
4865:13
4863:.
4840:.
4830:.
4818:.
4814:.
4791:.
4783:.
4771:.
4767:.
4755:^
4741:.
4733:.
4725:.
4715:39
4713:.
4709:.
4683:.
4675:.
4667:.
4655:.
4632:.
4624:.
4612:.
4556:.
4523:.
4500:^
4459:.
4449:.
4439:.
4435:.
4431:.
4406:.
4377:.
4352:.
4224:.
4216:.
4208:.
4198:33
4196:.
4192:.
4162:38
4160:.
4156:.
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