379:
644:
1685:
1091:
140:
43:
871:
helps to prevent this, as, normally, the solar wind would greatly enhance the escape of hydrogen. However, over the past 3 billion years Earth may have lost gases through the magnetic polar regions due to auroral activity, including a net 2% of its atmospheric oxygen. The net effect, taking the most
711:, where solar radiation ionizes the atmosphere. The density of the ionosphere is greater at short distances from the planetary surface in the daytime and decreases as the ionosphere rises at night-time, thereby allowing a greater range of radio frequencies to travel greater distances.
1053:, which depend on the atmospheric composition, also influence the relief. Climate changes can influence a planet's geological history. Conversely, studying the surface of the Earth leads to an understanding of the atmosphere and climate of other planets.
417:
contains 78.08% nitrogen, 20.95% oxygen, 0.93% argon, 0.04% carbon dioxide, and traces of hydrogen, helium, and other "noble" gases (by volume), but generally a variable amount of water vapor is also present, on average about 1% at sea level.
1561:
842:
Since a collection of gas molecules may be moving at a wide range of velocities, there will always be some fast enough to produce a slow leakage of gas into space. Lighter molecules move faster than heavier ones with the same thermal
872:
important escape processes into account, is that an intrinsic magnetic field does not protect a planet from atmospheric escape and that for some magnetizations the presence of a magnetic field works to increase the escape rate.
666:. The troposphere contains 75–80% of the mass of the atmosphere, and is the atmospheric layer wherein the weather occurs; the height of the troposphere varies between 17 km at the equator and 7.0 km at the poles.
1009:. On planets where the primary heat source is solar radiation, excess heat in the tropics is transported to higher latitudes. When a planet generates a significant amount of heat internally, such as is the case for
1292:"Titan: Interior, surface, atmosphere, and space environment, edited by I. Müller-Wodarg, C. A. Griffith, E. Lellouch, and T. E. Cravens. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2014, 474 p. $ 135, hardcover"
382:
Graphs of escape velocity against surface temperature of some Solar System objects showing which gases are retained. The objects are drawn to scale, and their data points are at the black dots in the middle.
370:
Composition and thickness is originally determined by the stellar nebula's chemistry and temperature, but can also by a product processes within the astronomical body outgasing a different atmosphere.
1551:
513:. Its atmosphere is heated to temperatures over 1,000 K, and is steadily escaping into space. Hydrogen, oxygen, carbon and sulfur have been detected in the planet's inflated atmosphere.
819:
that escape from objects with lower gravity. Secondly, the distance from the Sun determines the energy available to heat atmospheric gas to the point where some fraction of its molecules'
319:
and thus protects the organisms from genetic damage. The current composition of the atmosphere of the Earth is the product of billions of years of biochemical modification of the
1209:
1146:
786:). For an atmosphere of uniform temperature, the scale height is proportional to the atmospheric temperature and is inversely proportional to the product of the mean
1261:
907:
Atmospheres have dramatic effects on the surfaces of rocky bodies. Objects that have no atmosphere, or that have only an exosphere, have terrain that is covered in
1240:
1418:
936:
is a significant factor in shaping the terrain of rocky planets with atmospheres, and over time can erase the effects of both craters and
1385:
1201:
413:
The composition of Earth's atmosphere is determined by the by-products of the life that it sustains. Dry air (mixture of gases) from
1684:
264:
1180:
1158:
748:, the weight of the mass of the gas, decreases at high altitude because of the diminishing mass of the gas above the point of
1647:
1317:
464:
has an atmosphere of nitrogen and methane similar to Triton's, but these gases are frozen when it is farther from the Sun.
1269:
1615:
1510:
Gunell, H.; Maggiolo, R.; Nilsson, H.; Stenberg Wieser, G.; Slapak, R.; Lindkvist, J.; Hamrin, M.; De Keyser, J. (2018).
107:
1599:
200:
79:
1115:
126:
1013:, convection in the atmosphere can transport thermal energy from the higher temperature interior up to the surface.
718:
begins at 690 to 1,000 km from the surface, and extends to roughly 10,000 km, where it interacts with the
930:
before hitting a planet's surface. When meteoroids do impact, the effects are often erased by the action of wind.
655:
is composed of layers with different properties, such as specific gaseous composition, temperature, and pressure.
86:
337:
1788:
183:
64:
93:
1827:
1822:
579:
569:
467:
Other bodies within the Solar System have extremely thin atmospheres not in equilibrium. These include the
1916:
1050:
977:
681:, at an altitude between 15 km and 35 km. It is the atmospheric layer that absorbs most of the
60:
24:
1932:
Atmospheres in boldface are significant atmospheres; atmospheres in italics are unconfirmed atmospheres.
807:
differs significantly among the planets. For example, the large gravitational force of the giant planet
1959:
1882:
75:
1768:
944:
cannot exist without pressure, an atmosphere allows liquid to be present at the surface, resulting in
596:
554:
378:
1640:
868:
770:
1465:
662:
is the lowest layer of the atmosphere. This extends from the planetary surface to the bottom of the
1620:
340:, adding to its mass, possibly escaping from it or collapsing into it. Because of the latter, such
268:
1232:
996:
510:
53:
31:
445:. These planets have hydrogen–helium atmospheres, with trace amounts of more complex compounds.
1807:
1552:"Scientists Detected An Incoming Asteroid The Size Of A Car Last Week - Why That Matters To Us"
1460:
1410:
765:
542:
176:
1728:
1701:
1389:
1075:, the Earth's atmospheric composition is closely dependent on the appearance of life and its
1038:
682:
559:
527:
522:
1527:
1906:
1855:
1742:
1633:
1523:
1452:
1440:
1350:
1110:
745:
731:
620:
603:
586:
356:
349:
790:
of dry air, and the local acceleration of gravity at the point of barometric measurement.
608:
8:
1949:
1848:
1774:
1714:
1707:
1591:
652:
643:
627:
591:
537:
532:
414:
248:
218:
144:
20:
1817:
1456:
1354:
740:(per unit-area) perpendicular to a unit-area of planetary surface, as determined by the
574:
100:
1921:
1721:
1673:
1486:
1366:
876:
799:
549:
230:
1837:
1512:"Why an intrinsic magnetic field does not protect a planet against atmospheric escape"
1799:
1595:
1478:
1323:
1313:
1172:
1042:
1006:
860:
775:
753:
364:
272:
156:
147:(shorter wavelengths) more than light toward the red end (longer wavelengths) of the
1842:
1490:
336:
Atmospheres are clouds of gas bound to and engulfing an astronomical focal point of
1889:
1812:
1531:
1470:
1370:
1358:
1303:
1120:
964:
are known to have liquids at their surface and terrain on the planet suggests that
492:
476:
234:
148:
19:
This article is about atmospheres of celestial bodies. For Earth's atmosphere, see
1536:
1511:
1090:
827:, allowing those to escape a planet's gravitational grasp. Thus, distant and cold
1911:
1154:
824:
804:
345:
320:
1875:
1832:
1441:"On Atmospheric Loss of Oxygen Ions from Earth Through Magnetospheric Processes"
564:
225:
of the object. A planet retains an atmosphere when the gravity is great and the
1954:
1096:
1072:
848:
844:
820:
787:
442:
395:
300:
1781:
851:
are lost more rapidly than those of high molecular weight. It is thought that
1943:
1438:
1327:
1057:
908:
896:
839:
are able to retain their atmospheres despite their relatively low gravities.
832:
757:
719:
507:
480:
453:
303:. The layered composition of the atmosphere minimises the harmful effects of
296:
1749:
1474:
744:
of the vertical column of atmospheric gases. In said atmospheric model, the
615:
240:; stars of low temperature might have outer atmospheres containing compound
1760:
1616:
Properties of atmospheric strata – The flight environment of the atmosphere
1482:
961:
933:
884:
828:
779:
700:
670:
663:
449:
422:
353:
1735:
30:"Atmospheric environment" redirects here. For the scientific journal, see
1033:
and other particles which, when they collide with the terrain, erode the
1001:
The circulation of the atmosphere occurs due to thermal differences when
984:
864:
678:
659:
496:
341:
308:
284:
280:
237:
226:
160:
768:). The height at which the atmospheric pressure declines by a factor of
1439:
Seki, K.; Elphic, R. C.; Hirahara, M.; Terasawa, T.; Mukai, T. (2001).
1308:
1291:
1046:
1002:
923:
916:
888:
880:
708:
689:
674:
316:
312:
1060:, the composition of the Earth's atmosphere is a factor affecting the
1866:
1362:
1104:
1076:
1068:
1022:
937:
912:
891:, and sequestration—sometimes referred to as "freezing out"—into the
749:
715:
704:
503:
484:
448:
Two satellites of the outer planets possess significant atmospheres.
360:
206:
189:
1509:
502:
The first exoplanet whose atmospheric composition was determined is
139:
42:
892:
812:
692:
ranges from 50 km to 85 km and is the layer wherein most
457:
399:
304:
252:
241:
233:
is the outer region of a star, which includes the layers above the
152:
1173:"Earth's Atmosphere Composition: Nitrogen, Oxygen, Argon and CO2"
1061:
1034:
1010:
927:
808:
693:
438:
426:
276:
222:
1386:"Hubble Probes Layer-cake Structure of Alien World's Atmosphere"
1341:
Ingersoll, Andrew P. (1990). "Dynamics of Triton's atmosphere".
1693:
1556:
941:
816:
741:
488:
472:
434:
430:
407:
256:
16:
Layer of gases surrounding an astronomical body held by gravity
1625:
421:
The low temperatures and higher gravity of the Solar System's
957:
953:
949:
852:
836:
737:
673:
extends from the top of the troposphere to the bottom of the
461:
403:
387:
292:
288:
260:
1664:
1030:
1026:
965:
945:
911:. Without an atmosphere, the planet has no protection from
856:
761:
468:
391:
164:
752:
measurement. The units of air pressure are based upon the
703:
extends from an altitude of 85 km to the base of the
1125:
214:
267:(0.04%) and trace gases. Most organisms use oxygen for
506:, a gas giant with a close orbit around a star in the
1383:
1086:
1025:, the atmosphere acts to shape a planetary surface.
859:
may have lost much of their water when, after being
460:. When in the part of its orbit closest to the Sun,
1145:Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert (2015-09-24).
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1005:becomes a more efficient transporter of heat than
516:
441:—allow them more readily to retain gases with low
1941:
1268:. San Francisco State University. Archived from
922:For planets with a significant atmosphere, most
456:, a moon of Neptune, have atmospheres mainly of
1403:
1233:"What is the Atmosphere Like on Other Planets?"
1165:
1585:
915:, and all of them collide with the surface as
326:
1641:
696:are incinerated before reaching the surface.
1544:
1334:
1224:
1144:
1194:
971:
1648:
1634:
1503:
1266:Department of Earth & Climate Sciences
1254:
633:
1535:
1464:
1340:
1307:
1283:
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
1621:Atmosphere – Everything you need to know
1588:An Introduction to Planetary Atmospheres
1432:
1230:
1138:
642:
377:
138:
1377:
968:had liquid on its surface in the past.
1942:
1384:Weaver, D.; Villard, R. (2007-01-31).
1289:
1629:
1388:. Hubble News Center. Archived from
1021:From the perspective of a planetary
65:adding citations to reliable sources
36:
1296:Meteoritics & Planetary Science
155:glow over the horizon is seen when
143:The atmospheric gases around Earth
13:
1579:
1212:from the original on 9 August 2022
863:into hydrogen and oxygen by solar
685:that Earth receives from the Sun.
359:with varyingly thick atmospheres,
196: 'vapour, steam' and
14:
1971:
1609:
1116:International Standard Atmosphere
867:radiation, the hydrogen escaped.
271:; lightning and bacteria perform
1683:
1586:Sanchez-Lavega, Agustin (2010).
1089:
875:Other mechanisms that can cause
778:equal to 2.71828) is called the
707:at 690 km and contains the
41:
1655:
1564:from the original on 2019-07-26
1421:from the original on 2022-06-10
1243:from the original on 2019-10-22
1183:from the original on 2022-04-19
517:Atmospheres in the Solar System
386:The atmospheres of the planets
373:
52:needs additional citations for
990:
344:can develop from interstellar
213: 'sphere') is a layer of
1:
1231:Williams, Matt (2016-01-07).
1202:"Evolution of the Atmosphere"
1131:
1016:
756:(atm), which is 101,325
167:is visible in the background.
811:retains light gases such as
736:Atmospheric pressure is the
394:are principally composed of
338:sufficiently dominating mass
229:of the atmosphere is low. A
7:
1917:Extraterrestrial atmosphere
1537:10.1051/0004-6361/201832934
1415:National Geographic Society
1082:
978:Extraterrestrial atmosphere
725:
327:Occurrence and compositions
25:Atmosphere (disambiguation)
10:
1976:
1516:Astronomy and Astrophysics
994:
975:
902:
797:
729:
647:Earth's atmosphere profile
331:
199:
182:
29:
18:
1930:
1899:
1865:
1798:
1759:
1692:
1681:
1663:
1290:Lorenz, Ralph D. (2014).
1262:"Atmospheric Composition"
793:
972:Outside the Solar System
760:(equivalent to 760
638:
452:, a moon of Saturn, and
1528:2018A&A...614L...3G
1475:10.1126/science.1058913
1155:Perseus Digital Library
1151:A Greek-English Lexicon
997:Atmospheric circulation
634:Structure of atmosphere
597:Atmosphere of Enceladus
299:use carbon dioxide for
221:, held in place by the
32:Atmospheric Environment
1206:globalchange.umich.edu
869:Earth's magnetic field
847:, and so gases of low
648:
580:Atmosphere of Ganymede
570:Atmosphere of Callisto
543:Atmosphere of the Moon
383:
168:
23:. For other uses, see
1161:on 24 September 2015.
940:. In addition, since
883:-induced sputtering,
683:ultraviolet radiation
646:
616:Atmosphere of Neptune
609:Atmosphere of Titania
560:Atmosphere of Jupiter
528:Atmosphere of Mercury
523:Atmosphere of the Sun
381:
323:by living organisms.
279:that is used to make
142:
1907:Prebiotic atmosphere
1592:Taylor & Francis
1111:Atmospheric pressure
1064:and its variations.
919:and create craters.
877:atmosphere depletion
823:exceed the planet's
746:atmospheric pressure
732:Atmospheric pressure
621:Atmosphere of Triton
604:Atmosphere of Uranus
587:Atmosphere of Saturn
575:Atmosphere of Europa
357:astronomical objects
350:protoplanetary disks
61:improve this article
1457:2001Sci...291.1939S
1451:(5510): 1939–1941.
1355:1990Natur.344..315I
754:standard atmosphere
677:, and contains the
653:atmosphere of Earth
628:Atmosphere of Pluto
592:Atmosphere of Titan
555:Atmosphere of Ceres
538:Atmosphere of Earth
533:Atmosphere of Venus
249:atmosphere of Earth
219:astronomical object
21:Atmosphere of Earth
1922:Stellar atmosphere
1800:Natural satellites
1309:10.1111/maps.12317
800:Atmospheric escape
649:
550:Atmosphere of Mars
415:Earth's atmosphere
384:
231:stellar atmosphere
169:
145:scatter blue light
1960:Planetary science
1937:
1936:
1349:(6264): 315–317.
1319:978-0-521-19992-6
1007:thermal radiation
776:irrational number
342:planetary nucleus
273:nitrogen fixation
137:
136:
129:
111:
1967:
1687:
1650:
1643:
1636:
1627:
1626:
1605:
1573:
1572:
1570:
1569:
1548:
1542:
1541:
1539:
1507:
1501:
1500:
1498:
1497:
1468:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1427:
1426:
1407:
1401:
1400:
1398:
1397:
1381:
1375:
1374:
1363:10.1038/344315a0
1338:
1332:
1331:
1311:
1302:(6): 1139–1140.
1287:
1281:
1280:
1278:
1277:
1258:
1252:
1251:
1249:
1248:
1228:
1222:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1198:
1192:
1191:
1189:
1188:
1169:
1163:
1162:
1157:. Archived from
1142:
1099:
1094:
1093:
861:photodissociated
849:molecular weight
565:Atmosphere of Io
443:molecular masses
346:molecular clouds
217:that envelop an
210:
203:
193:
186:
149:visible spectrum
132:
125:
121:
118:
112:
110:
69:
45:
37:
1975:
1974:
1970:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1965:
1964:
1940:
1939:
1938:
1933:
1926:
1895:
1861:
1794:
1755:
1688:
1679:
1659:
1654:
1612:
1602:
1582:
1580:Further reading
1577:
1576:
1567:
1565:
1550:
1549:
1545:
1508:
1504:
1495:
1493:
1466:10.1.1.471.2226
1437:
1433:
1424:
1422:
1409:
1408:
1404:
1395:
1393:
1382:
1378:
1339:
1335:
1320:
1288:
1284:
1275:
1273:
1260:
1259:
1255:
1246:
1244:
1229:
1225:
1215:
1213:
1200:
1199:
1195:
1186:
1184:
1171:
1170:
1166:
1143:
1139:
1134:
1095:
1088:
1085:
1019:
999:
993:
980:
974:
905:
825:escape velocity
805:Surface gravity
802:
796:
764:or 14.696
734:
728:
641:
636:
519:
376:
334:
329:
321:paleoatmosphere
275:which produces
251:is composed of
157:observing Earth
133:
122:
116:
113:
70:
68:
58:
46:
35:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1973:
1963:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1935:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1925:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1903:
1901:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1893:
1886:
1879:
1871:
1869:
1863:
1862:
1860:
1859:
1852:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1804:
1802:
1796:
1795:
1793:
1792:
1785:
1778:
1771:
1765:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1753:
1746:
1739:
1732:
1725:
1718:
1711:
1704:
1698:
1696:
1690:
1689:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1677:
1669:
1667:
1661:
1660:
1653:
1652:
1645:
1638:
1630:
1624:
1623:
1618:
1611:
1610:External links
1608:
1607:
1606:
1601:978-1420067323
1600:
1581:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1543:
1502:
1431:
1402:
1376:
1333:
1318:
1282:
1253:
1237:Universe Today
1223:
1193:
1179:. 2017-07-31.
1164:
1136:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1107:(evaporimeter)
1101:
1100:
1097:Weather portal
1084:
1081:
1073:paleontologist
1051:precipitations
1018:
1015:
995:Main article:
992:
989:
988:
987:
983:Atmosphere of
976:Main article:
973:
970:
904:
901:
845:kinetic energy
821:thermal motion
798:Main article:
795:
792:
788:molecular mass
730:Main article:
727:
724:
640:
637:
635:
632:
631:
630:
625:
624:
623:
613:
612:
611:
601:
600:
599:
594:
584:
583:
582:
577:
572:
567:
557:
552:
547:
546:
545:
535:
530:
525:
518:
515:
479:(sodium gas),
396:carbon dioxide
375:
372:
333:
330:
328:
325:
301:photosynthesis
265:carbon dioxide
135:
134:
49:
47:
40:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1972:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1929:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1887:
1885:
1884:
1880:
1878:
1877:
1873:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1864:
1858:
1857:
1853:
1851:
1850:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1797:
1791:
1790:
1786:
1784:
1783:
1779:
1777:
1776:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1761:Dwarf planets
1758:
1752:
1751:
1747:
1745:
1744:
1740:
1738:
1737:
1733:
1731:
1730:
1726:
1724:
1723:
1719:
1717:
1716:
1712:
1710:
1709:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1691:
1686:
1676:
1675:
1671:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1651:
1646:
1644:
1639:
1637:
1632:
1631:
1628:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1613:
1603:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1584:
1583:
1563:
1559:
1558:
1553:
1547:
1538:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1506:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1435:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1406:
1392:on 2007-03-14
1391:
1387:
1380:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1337:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1286:
1272:on 2020-04-20
1271:
1267:
1263:
1257:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1227:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1197:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1168:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1141:
1137:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1098:
1092:
1087:
1080:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1058:meteorologist
1054:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1014:
1012:
1008:
1004:
998:
986:
982:
981:
979:
969:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
929:
925:
920:
918:
914:
910:
900:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
873:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
840:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
801:
791:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
772:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
733:
723:
721:
720:magnetosphere
717:
712:
710:
706:
702:
697:
695:
691:
686:
684:
680:
676:
672:
667:
665:
661:
656:
654:
645:
629:
626:
622:
619:
618:
617:
614:
610:
607:
606:
605:
602:
598:
595:
593:
590:
589:
588:
585:
581:
578:
576:
573:
571:
568:
566:
563:
562:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
544:
541:
540:
539:
536:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
520:
514:
512:
509:
508:constellation
505:
500:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
465:
463:
459:
455:
451:
446:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
423:giant planets
419:
416:
411:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
380:
371:
368:
366:
362:
358:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
324:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
297:cyanobacteria
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
245:
243:
239:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
209:
202:
198:
195:
192:
185:
181:
178:
177:Ancient Greek
174:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
141:
131:
128:
120:
117:February 2024
109:
106:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78: –
77:
73:
72:Find sources:
66:
62:
56:
55:
50:This article
48:
44:
39:
38:
33:
26:
22:
1888:
1881:
1874:
1854:
1847:
1787:
1780:
1773:
1748:
1741:
1734:
1727:
1720:
1713:
1706:
1672:
1656:
1587:
1566:. Retrieved
1555:
1546:
1519:
1515:
1505:
1494:. Retrieved
1448:
1444:
1434:
1423:. Retrieved
1414:
1411:"Atmosphere"
1405:
1394:. Retrieved
1390:the original
1379:
1346:
1342:
1336:
1299:
1295:
1285:
1274:. Retrieved
1270:the original
1265:
1256:
1245:. Retrieved
1236:
1226:
1214:. Retrieved
1205:
1196:
1185:. Retrieved
1176:
1167:
1159:the original
1150:
1140:
1066:
1055:
1045:processes).
1020:
1000:
934:Wind erosion
932:
921:
906:
874:
841:
803:
783:
780:scale height
769:
735:
713:
701:thermosphere
698:
687:
671:stratosphere
668:
664:stratosphere
657:
650:
501:
466:
447:
420:
412:
385:
374:Compositions
369:
335:
246:
207:
204:
197:
190:
187:
180:
172:
170:
123:
114:
104:
97:
90:
83:
76:"Atmosphere"
71:
59:Please help
54:verification
51:
1883:HD 209458 b
1657:Atmospheres
1121:Kármán line
991:Circulation
985:HD 209458 b
926:burn up as
865:ultraviolet
679:ozone layer
660:troposphere
497:water vapor
317:cosmic rays
311:radiation,
309:ultraviolet
285:amino acids
281:nucleotides
269:respiration
238:photosphere
227:temperature
161:outer space
1950:Atmosphere
1944:Categories
1867:Exoplanets
1568:2019-07-26
1496:2007-03-07
1425:2022-06-09
1396:2007-03-11
1276:2019-10-22
1247:2019-10-22
1187:2019-10-22
1132:References
1037:and leave
1017:Importance
1003:convection
924:meteoroids
917:meteorites
913:meteoroids
897:polar caps
889:weathering
881:solar wind
750:barometric
722:of Earth.
709:ionosphere
690:mesosphere
675:mesosphere
504:HD 209458b
483:(oxygen),
361:gas giants
313:solar wind
175:(from
173:atmosphere
151:; thus, a
87:newspapers
1890:Kepler-7b
1876:GJ 1132 b
1833:Enceladus
1461:CiteSeerX
1328:1945-5100
1177:Earth How
1105:Atmometer
1077:evolution
1069:biologist
1029:picks up
1023:geologist
938:volcanoes
887:erosion,
716:exosphere
705:exosphere
493:Enceladus
242:molecules
1900:See also
1828:Callisto
1823:Ganymede
1782:Makemake
1562:Archived
1491:17644371
1483:11239148
1419:Archived
1241:Archived
1216:30 April
1210:Archived
1181:Archived
1083:See also
1039:deposits
893:regolith
813:hydrogen
726:Pressure
458:nitrogen
400:nitrogen
305:sunlight
263:(0.9%),
253:nitrogen
1750:Neptune
1729:Jupiter
1702:Mercury
1694:Planets
1524:Bibcode
1453:Bibcode
1445:Science
1371:4250378
1351:Bibcode
1147:"ἀτμός"
1062:climate
1011:Jupiter
942:liquids
928:meteors
909:craters
903:Terrain
809:Jupiter
694:meteors
511:Pegasus
491:), and
477:Mercury
439:Neptune
427:Jupiter
332:Origins
277:ammonia
259:(21%),
255:(78%),
223:gravity
208:sphaîra
101:scholar
1856:Triton
1818:Europa
1743:Uranus
1736:Saturn
1598:
1557:Forbes
1522:: L3.
1489:
1481:
1463:
1369:
1343:Nature
1326:
1316:
1067:For a
1056:For a
1043:eolian
1035:relief
954:oceans
950:rivers
885:impact
835:, and
833:Triton
817:helium
794:Escape
742:weight
489:sulfur
481:Europa
475:gas),
473:sodium
454:Triton
435:Uranus
431:Saturn
408:oxygen
365:fusors
315:, and
295:, and
289:plants
257:oxygen
235:opaque
215:gasses
201:σφαῖρα
163:. The
103:
96:
89:
82:
74:
1955:Gases
1849:Titan
1838:Dione
1775:Pluto
1769:Ceres
1715:Earth
1708:Venus
1665:Stars
1487:S2CID
1367:S2CID
1047:Frost
962:Titan
958:Earth
946:lakes
853:Venus
837:Pluto
829:Titan
738:force
639:Earth
462:Pluto
450:Titan
404:argon
388:Venus
354:rocky
352:into
293:algae
261:argon
191:atmós
184:ἀτμός
179:
159:from
108:JSTOR
94:books
1912:Coma
1843:Rhea
1808:Moon
1789:Eris
1722:Mars
1596:ISBN
1479:PMID
1324:ISSN
1314:ISBN
1218:2023
1049:and
1031:dust
1027:Wind
966:Mars
960:and
952:and
895:and
879:are
857:Mars
855:and
815:and
774:(an
762:Torr
714:The
699:The
688:The
669:The
658:The
651:The
469:Moon
437:and
406:and
398:and
392:Mars
390:and
283:and
247:The
165:Moon
153:blue
80:news
1674:Sun
1532:doi
1520:614
1471:doi
1449:291
1359:doi
1347:344
1304:doi
1126:Sky
1071:or
766:psi
499:).
363:or
348:or
171:An
63:by
1946::
1813:Io
1594:.
1590:.
1560:.
1554:.
1530:.
1518:.
1514:.
1485:.
1477:.
1469:.
1459:.
1447:.
1443:.
1417:.
1413:.
1365:.
1357:.
1345:.
1322:.
1312:.
1300:49
1298:.
1294:.
1264:.
1239:.
1235:.
1208:.
1204:.
1175:.
1153:.
1149:.
1079:.
956:.
948:,
899:.
831:,
758:Pa
485:Io
433:,
429:,
410:.
402:,
367:.
307:,
291:,
287:;
244:.
1649:e
1642:t
1635:v
1604:.
1571:.
1540:.
1534::
1526::
1499:.
1473::
1455::
1428:.
1399:.
1373:.
1361::
1353::
1330:.
1306::
1279:.
1250:.
1220:.
1190:.
1041:(
784:H
782:(
771:e
495:(
487:(
471:(
425:—
211:)
205:(
194:)
188:(
130:)
124:(
119:)
115:(
105:·
98:·
91:·
84:·
57:.
34:.
27:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
