3225:
2034:
1974:
3263:
1546:
3837:
3245:
3485:
1457:
1906:
1876:
3284:
1756:
1408:
93:
1432:
3360:
14838:
3603:
2634:
3309:
1926:
1392:
1367:
3983:
1834:
137:
4065:
220:
2004:
1573:
3757:
2221:
197:
954:
1711:
940:
107:
14850:
11119:
2054:
12475:
153:
4093:
4107:
2283:
3332:
too is essential for photosynthesis; roots compete to maximize water uptake from soil. Some plants have deep roots that are able to locate water stored deep underground, and others have shallower roots that are capable of extending longer distances to collect recent rainwater. Minerals are important for plant growth and development. Common nutrients competed for amongst plants include nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium.
1785:
167:
14874:
183:
14862:
2733:
4079:
2875:
1603:
123:
2680:. In some non-flowering plants such as mosses, the sexual gametophyte forms most of the visible plant. In seed plants (gymnosperms and flowering plants), the sporophyte forms most of the visible plant, and the gametophyte is very small. Flowering plants reproduce sexually using flowers, which contain male and female parts: these may be within the same (
3331:
Competition for shared resources reduces a plant's growth. Shared resources include sunlight, water and nutrients. Light is a critical resource because it is necessary for photosynthesis. Plants use their leaves to shade other plants from sunlight and grow quickly to maximize their own expose. Water
2992:
The photosynthesis conducted by land plants and algae is the ultimate source of energy and organic material in nearly all ecosystems. Photosynthesis, at first by cyanobacteria and later by photosynthetic eukaryotes, radically changed the composition of the early Earth's anoxic atmosphere, which as a
3128:
nitrogen-fixing bacteria in nodules of their roots, which fix nitrogen from the air for the plant to use; in return, the plants supply sugars to the bacteria. Nitrogen fixed in this way can become available to other plants, and is important in agriculture; for example, farmers may grow a
3070:
that are adapted for such dispersal. Various mechanisms of dispersal have evolved. Some fruits offer nutritious outer layers attractive to animals, while the seeds are adapted to survive the passage through the animal's gut; others have hooks that enable them to attach to a mammal's fur.
2753:
Plants reproduce asexually by growing any of a wide variety of structures capable of growing into new plants. At the simplest, plants such as mosses or liverworts may be broken into pieces, each of which may regrow into whole plants. The propagation of flowering plants by
3768:
Thousands of plant species are cultivated for their beauty and to provide shade, modify temperatures, reduce wind, abate noise, provide privacy, and reduce soil erosion. Plants are the basis of a multibillion-dollar per year tourism industry, which includes travel to
2965:
Plants are often the dominant physical and structural component of the habitats where they occur. Many of the Earth's biomes are named for the type of vegetation because plants are the dominant organisms in those biomes, such as
4005:
are commercially or aesthetically undesirable plants growing in managed environments such as in agriculture and gardens. People have spread many plants beyond their native ranges; some of these plants have become
6296:
3262:
3519:
and chemical substances purified from plants or first identified in them, sometimes by ethnobotanical search, and then synthesised for use in modern medicine. Modern medicines derived from plants include
15702:
2536:
3588:, describing some 600 medicinal plants, was written between 50 and 70 CE and remained in use in Europe and the Middle East until around 1600 CE; it was the precursor of all modern pharmacopoeias.
7385:
Schulze, Ernst-Detlef; Beck, Erwin; Buchmann, Nina; Clemens, Stephan; Müller-Hohenstein, Klaus; Scherer-Lorenzen, Michael (3 May 2018). "Spatial
Distribution of Plants and Plant Communities".
1456:
3224:
8148:
9124:
3101:. The fungi help the plants gain water and mineral nutrients from the soil, while the plant gives the fungi carbohydrates manufactured in photosynthesis. Some plants serve as homes for
6924:
Moody, Amber; Diggle, Pamela K.; Steingraeber, David A. (1999). "Developmental analysis of the evolutionary origin of vegetative propagules in
Mimulus gemmiparus (Scrophulariaceae)".
1313:. The Carboniferous Period saw the development of forests in swampy environments dominated by clubmosses and horsetails, including some as large as trees, and the appearance of early
15695:
1517:(vertical bars beside phylogenetic tree diagram) in this analysis, as the land plants arose from within those groups. The classification of Bryophyta is supported both by Puttick
9048:
1407:
10949:
1227:
5792:"Additional evidence for the Mesozoic diversification of conifers: Pollen cone of Chimaerostrobus minutus gen. et sp. nov. (Coniferales), from the Lower Jurassic of Antarctica"
4954:
1366:
3283:
5429:
7959:
3160:
that acquire all their nutrients through connections to the roots of other plants, and so have no chlorophyll. Full parasites can be extremely harmful to their plant hosts.
2545:
into the atmosphere. Green plants provide a substantial proportion of the world's molecular oxygen, alongside the contributions from photosynthetic algae and cyanobacteria.
1431:
9857:
15688:
4824:"Picomonas judraskeda Gen. Et Sp. Nov.: The First Identified Member of the Picozoa Phylum Nov., a Widespread Group of Picoeukaryotes, Formerly Known as 'Picobiliphytes'"
8614:
4793:
Hall, John D.; McCourt, Richard M. (2014). "Chapter 9. Conjugating Green Algae
Including Desmids". In Wehr, John D.; Sheath, Robert G.; Kociolek, John Patrick (eds.).
8173:
Workplace
Communication for the 21st Century: Tools and Strategies that Impact the Bottom Line [2 volumes]: Tools and Strategies That Impact the Bottom Line
10954:
1231:
979:. About 85–90% of all plants are flowering plants. Several projects are currently attempting to collect records on all plant species in online databases, e.g. the
4738:
3970:
Flowers are often used as memorials, gifts and to mark special occasions such as births, deaths, weddings and holidays. Flower arrangements may be used to send
5034:
Crandall-Stotler, Barbara; Stotler, Raymond E. (2000). "Morphology and classification of the
Marchantiophyta". In Shaw, A. Jonathan; Goffinet, Bernard (eds.).
4983:
5402:
12186:
5258:
457:. Definitions have narrowed since then; current definitions exclude the fungi and some of the algae. By the definition used in this article, plants form the
4771:
13806:
8419:
12174:
2962:, consisting of algae, mosses, liverworts, lichens, and just two flowering plants, have adapted to the prevailing conditions on that southern continent.
14486:
12180:
11087:
3244:
9448:
9425:
Davis, Mark A.; Thompson, Ken (2000). "Eight Ways to be a
Colonizer; Two Ways to be an Invader: A Proposed Nomenclature Scheme for Invasion Ecology".
1391:
13705:
6238:
2777:
Some non-flowering plants, such as many liverworts, mosses and some clubmosses, along with a few flowering plants, grow small clumps of cells called
8217:
7511:
802:
bound by only two membranes that are capable of photosynthesis and of storing starch. This clade is the main subject of this article (e.g., Plantae
15206:
14878:
13912:
13710:
11990:
8745:
8685:
2576:
in the soil. Biotic factors that affect plant growth include crowding, grazing, beneficial symbiotic bacteria and fungi, and attacks by insects or
2395:
inside their chloroplasts, which are green pigments that are used to capture light energy. The end-to-end chemical equation for photosynthesis is:
8711:
8126:
12192:
9120:
3308:
9017:
8054:
5841:
Leslie, Andrew B.; Beaulieu, Jeremy; Holman, Garth; Campbell, Christopher S.; Mei, Wenbin; Raubeson, Linda R.; Mathews, Sarah (September 2018).
2228:
Plant cells have distinctive features that other eukaryotic cells (such as those of animals) lack. These include the large water-filled central
13568:
12322:
11155:
2927:
2799:
such as bacteria that cause plant diseases. This recognition triggers a protective response. The first such plant receptors were identified in
8249:
7882:
4452:
535:. Green plants provide a substantial proportion of the world's molecular oxygen; the sugars they create supply the energy for most of Earth's
8584:
8345:
2548:
Plants that have secondarily adopted a parasitic lifestyle may lose the genes involved in photosynthesis and the production of chlorophyll.
2033:
1266:, that the first land plants appeared, with a level of organisation like that of bryophytes. However, fossils of organisms with a flattened
12002:
11005:
8873:
16258:
9478:
8558:
3402:
for timber. About 7,000 species of plant have been used for food, though most of today's food is derived from only 30 species. The major
8519:
5326:
4651:
4049:, by contact. Some plants have negative effects on other plants, preventing seedling growth or the growth of nearby plants by releasing
12118:
9040:
8653:
1288:. Bryophytes, club mosses, and ferns then appear in the fossil record. Early plant anatomy is preserved in cellular detail in an early
9363:
8480:
7650:
9761:
4423:
6451:
is due to losses of photosynthesis but not housekeeping genes and apparently involves the secondary gain of a large inverted repeat"
16436:
14675:
13799:
10821:
9094:
8987:
7931:
6784:
16475:
14912:
1973:
434:
that have lost the genes for chlorophyll and photosynthesis, and obtain their energy from other plants or fungi. Most plants are
9853:
5092:
Goffinet, Bernard; William R. Buck (2004). "Systematics of the
Bryophyta (Mosses): From molecules to a revised classification".
9843:
4950:
15825:
7680:
Lyons, P. C.; Plattner, R. D.; Bacon, C. W. (1986). "Occurrence of peptide and clavine ergot alkaloids in tall fescue grass".
6212:
2401:
9599:
9572:
9545:
9519:
9321:
9267:
9077:
8850:
8791:
8759:
8721:
8647:
8606:
8552:
8513:
8329:
8181:
8002:
7953:
7909:
7847:
7736:
7633:
7604:
7402:
6421:
5796:
5272:
5195:
5166:
5137:
4806:
4404:
4288:
16480:
3616:
Plants grown as industrial crops are the source of a wide range of products used in manufacturing. Nonfood products include
678:
8912:
3167:. These may support diverse arboreal ecosystems. Some may indirectly harm their host plant, such as by intercepting light.
2839:
which encodes about 25,500 genes. In terms of sheer DNA sequence, the smallest published genome is that of the carnivorous
1545:
8807:
16191:
13792:
12516:
1505:
from 1,153 plant species was proposed. The placing of algal groups is supported by phylogenies based on genomes from the
9867:
4531:(1971). "Whittaker's five kingdoms of organisms: minor revisions suggested by considerations of the origin of mitosis".
3951:
motif is depicted as a colossal tree growing on the earth, supporting the heavens, and with its roots reaching into the
2823:
Plants have some of the largest genomes of all organisms. The largest plant genome (in terms of gene number) is that of
773:. The relationships between plant groups are still being worked out, and the names given to them vary considerably. The
11148:
7542:
7016:
6390:
4310:
3183:, ferns, and mosses grow as epiphytes. Among the epiphytes, the bromeliads accumulate water in their leaf axils; these
749:
16248:
14160:
11011:
9697:
9678:
9659:
9640:
8296:
6549:
5412:
5076:
5047:
5018:
4944:
4927:
4731:
4370:
3926:
879:
871:
4977:
4892:
822:
16573:
16565:
16253:
12550:
11198:
9906:
9767:
8965:
5598:
3955:. It may also appear as a cosmic tree or an eagle and serpent tree. Forms of the world tree include the archetypal
3790:
3553:
2596:
5569:
4010:, damaging existing ecosystems by displacing native species, and sometimes becoming serious weeds of cultivation.
12545:
11193:
10345:
9188:
Annus, Amar (2009). "Review
Article. The Folk-Tales of Iraq and the Literary Traditions of Ancient Mesopotamia".
7789:
5094:
5068:
4763:
4030:
3836:
3644:. Products derived from plants include soaps, shampoos, perfumes, cosmetics, paint, varnish, turpentine, rubber,
1322:
1303:
By the end of the
Devonian, most of the basic features of plants today were present, including roots, leaves and
9710:
International Union for
Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) Species Survival Commission (2004).
8144:
7362:
7343:
16560:
16176:
10826:
9816:
8373:
1243:
8008:
6685:
3466:-containing products serve as mild stimulants. The study of plant uses by people is called economic botany or
617:
16164:
14866:
12629:
12619:
12602:
11277:
11267:
11250:
11141:
10276:
9651:
9434:
9313:
8197:
7418:
4280:
4160:
3044:
2614:
9777:
4672:. Berlin: Verlag von Georg Reimer. vol. 1: i–xxxii, 1–574, plates I–II; vol. 2: i–clx, 1–462, plates I–VIII.
3152:
that merely takes some nutrients from its host, but still has photosynthetic leaves, to the fully-parasitic
14187:
13885:
10995:
10582:
10097:
9456:
7936:
6709:"The optimal balance between sexual and asexual reproduction in variable environments: a systematic review"
5947:"Mesostigma viride Genome and Transcriptome Provide Insights into the Origin and Evolution of Streptophyta"
5596:
McElwain, Jennifer C.; Punyasena, Surangi W. (2007). "Mass extinction events and the plant fossil record".
3079:. The plant provides a home, and sometimes food, for the ants. In exchange, the ants defend the plant from
804:
275:
6242:
5215:
3484:
16606:
16462:
16374:
14905:
14706:
11077:
10831:
8227:
8222:
6652:
4362:
3702:
Structural resources and fibres from plants are used to construct dwellings and to manufacture clothing.
1513:
that have since been sequenced. Both the "chlorophyte algae" and the "streptophyte algae" are treated as
9794:
8676:
14197:
13870:
13850:
10811:
9632:
9341:
9287:
9069:
8321:
6926:
6504:
5847:
5647:
5264:
5039:
5010:
4919:
4240:
3963:. Another widespread ancient motif, found for example in Iran, has a tree of life flanked by a pair of
2891:
2653:
2637:
17:
3059:, visiting flowers and accidentally transferring pollen in exchange for food in the form of pollen or
16503:
15680:
15049:
14726:
14680:
14530:
10961:
9874:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center – Native Plant Information Network at University of Texas, Austin
9063:
9013:
8441:
Lai, P. K.; Roy, J. (June 2004). "Antimicrobial and chemopreventive properties of herbs and spices".
8034:
7761:
7040:"FLS2: an LRR receptor-like kinase involved in the perception of the bacterial elicitor flagellin in
5574:
5158:
5129:
3107:
650:, it usually refers to one of four concepts. From least to most inclusive, these four groupings are:
629:
7596:
7460:
5741:
Herendeen, Patrick S.; Friis, Else Marie; Pedersen, Kaj Raunsgaard; Crane, Peter R. (3 March 2017).
4482:
219:
16235:
16181:
14120:
13977:
11133:
11099:
10944:
9994:
9670:
8257:
7872:
4503:
4026:
3944:
3936:
2903:
2790:
2334:
8580:
8349:
3917:
reconstructions, and past climate change. Plant fossils can also help determine the age of rocks.
2357:
to absorb water and minerals, stems for support and to transport water and synthesized molecules,
16270:
15134:
14764:
14540:
14442:
14437:
14155:
14032:
12634:
12509:
11282:
7901:
7588:
5684:"The angiosperm radiation revisited, an ecological explanation for Darwin's 'abominable mystery'"
4358:
Science as a Process: An Evolutionary Account of the Social and Conceptual Development of Science
2560:
with its physical and biotic environment. Factors of the physical or abiotic environment include
620:, based on whether living things had a "sensitive soul" or like plants only a "vegetative soul".
16578:
16542:
8171:
3812:
are sold as novelties. Art forms specializing in the arrangement of cut or living plant include
1875:
1326:
16529:
16314:
14898:
14665:
14602:
14550:
14513:
14508:
13982:
10929:
10853:
8881:
6290:
Reinhard, Christopher T.; Planavsky, Noah J.; Olson, Stephanie L.; et al. (25 July 2016).
4477:
4125:
3940:
3379:
3175:
begin as epiphytes, but eventually set their own roots and overpower and kill their host. Many
2899:
1905:
855:
684:
442:
435:
31:
16366:
10658:
9486:
8542:
8313:
8201:
5288:
Taylor, Thomas N. (November 1988). "The Origin of Land Plants: Some Answers, More Questions".
1755:
975:. The table below shows some species count estimates of different green plant (Viridiplantae)
16537:
16524:
16516:
15362:
15012:
14854:
14612:
14329:
13947:
13942:
13835:
12597:
11245:
11094:
8842:
8503:
7877:
7726:
7226:
Ibarra-Laclette, Enrique; Lyons, Eric; Hernández-Guzmán, Gustavo; et al. (6 June 2013).
6758:
6265:
6163:"Anthoceros genomes illuminate the origin of land plants and the unique biology of hornworts"
5330:
4645:
4396:
4390:
4306:"The new higher level classification of eukaryotes with emphasis on the taxonomy of protists"
4170:
4130:
3882:
3002:
1521:
2018, and by phylogenies involving the hornwort genomes that have also since been sequenced.
603:
8637:
6500:"Plant–environment interactions from the lens of plant stress, reproduction, and mutualisms"
4822:
Seenivasan, Ramkumar; Sausen, Nicole; Medlin, Linda K.; Melkonian, Michael (26 March 2013).
4356:
624:, Aristotle's student, continued his work in plant taxonomy and classification. Much later,
92:
16410:
16280:
15027:
14716:
14657:
14150:
14101:
13962:
13937:
13917:
12478:
12224:
10816:
10713:
10668:
10340:
9899:
8476:
8362:
The details of each plant and the chemicals it yields are described in the linked subpages.
8089:
7691:
7658:
7551:
7475:
7296:
7239:
7190:
7133:
6984:
6848:
6661:
6366:
6305:
6064:
5805:
5697:
5607:
5478:
5359:
5344:
Strother, Paul K.; Battison, Leila; Brasier, Martin D.; Wellman, Charles H. (26 May 2011).
4837:
4607:
4469:
4204:
4155:
3569:
3067:
3040:
2805:
2742:
2681:
2622:
1004:
987:
959:
886:
829:
756:
566:
10316:
5790:
Atkinson, Brian A.; Serbet, Rudolph; Hieger, Timothy J.; Taylor, Edith L. (October 2018).
5642:
3359:
3210:
species). They trap small animals and digest them to obtain mineral nutrients, especially
2704:
to fertilize the egg cell of the female gametophyte. Fertilization takes place within the
854:, in the cytoplasm. This clade includes all of the organisms that eons ago acquired their
8:
15855:
14635:
14498:
14054:
13922:
13907:
13855:
13845:
13412:
13196:
11643:
11626:
11536:
11384:
10986:
10531:
9368:
9283:
5434:
4533:
4140:
3971:
3138:
3091:
2975:
2931:
2595:. Plants are continuously exposed to a range of physical and biotic stresses which cause
1751:
1667:
1506:
1446:
14890:
9098:
8991:
8093:
7695:
7555:
7479:
7300:
7243:
7194:
7137:
7120:
Brenchley, Rachel; Spannagl, Manuel; Pfeifer, Matthias; et al. (29 November 2012).
6988:
6665:
6370:
6309:
6068:
5809:
5701:
5611:
5482:
5363:
4841:
4611:
4473:
4208:
1356:
diversified from the Late Triassic onwards, and became a dominant part of floras in the
16149:
16071:
15357:
15039:
14837:
14711:
14625:
14590:
14476:
14369:
14349:
13422:
12614:
12592:
12580:
12555:
12502:
11919:
11670:
11653:
11495:
11379:
11374:
11262:
11240:
11228:
11203:
10924:
10789:
10567:
10259:
10045:
9941:
9738:
9407:
9240:
9232:
8411:
8389:
8107:
7816:
7498:
7367:
7260:
7227:
7154:
7121:
7008:
6943:
6906:
6823:
6815:
6740:
6623:
6598:
6526:
6499:
6475:
6446:
6328:
6291:
6189:
6162:
6138:
6111:
6026:
5999:
5975:
5946:
5922:
5893:
5874:
5823:
5772:
5718:
5683:
5551:
5543:
5502:
5494:
5451:
5383:
5307:
4860:
4823:
4593:
4550:
4386:
4337:
4190:
4070:
3964:
3932:
3886:
3840:
3809:
3707:
3602:
3163:
Plants that grow on other plants, usually trees, without parasitizing them, are called
3105:
fungi that protect the plant from herbivores by producing toxins. The fungal endophyte
2608:
2592:
2588:
2584:
1807:
1462:
1349:
1341:
1010:
980:
945:
298:
214:
7896:
Ellison, Aaron; Adamec, Lubomir (2018). "Introduction: What is a carnivorous plant?".
7105:
7086:
7062:
7039:
6000:"Genomes of early-diverging streptophyte algae shed light on plant terrestrialization"
5122:
16511:
16397:
16352:
16127:
16043:
15945:
15715:
15149:
14759:
14620:
14585:
14580:
14447:
14289:
14074:
14022:
13756:
13682:
13663:
13373:
12956:
12624:
12587:
12575:
12565:
12385:
12286:
12274:
12097:
11811:
11631:
11562:
11552:
11482:
11272:
11235:
11223:
11213:
11082:
9931:
9926:
9839:
9693:
9674:
9655:
9636:
9595:
9568:
9541:
9515:
9337:
9317:
9263:
9244:
9170:
9073:
8846:
8838:
8831:
8787:
8755:
8717:
8643:
8548:
8509:
8458:
8403:
8325:
8292:
8177:
8131:
8050:
7998:
7949:
7945:
7905:
7853:
7843:
7808:
7732:
7707:
7682:
7629:
7600:
7503:
7398:
7324:
7265:
7208:
7159:
7067:
7000:
6975:
6951:
6910:
6898:
6807:
6744:
6677:
6628:
6531:
6480:
6427:
6417:
6382:
6357:
6353:"Primary production of the biosphere: Integrating terrestrial and oceanic components"
6333:
6194:
6143:
6092:
6031:
5980:
5927:
5866:
5827:
5776:
5764:
5723:
5709:
5664:
5623:
5526:
5455:
5408:
5375:
5268:
5191:
5162:
5133:
5072:
5043:
5014:
4923:
4865:
4802:
4687:
4623:
4619:
4577:
4558:
4495:
4460:
4400:
4366:
4329:
4324:
4305:
4284:
4257:
4220:
4216:
3862:
3583:
3508:
3493:
3368:
3341:
3319:
3191:
3014:
2840:
2633:
1689:
1510:
1325:
radically changed the structures of communities. This may have set the scene for the
976:
633:
570:
392:
14113:
9411:
9215:
Wittkower, Rudolf (1939). "Eagle and Serpent. A Study in the Migration of Symbols".
8111:
7820:
7371:
7012:
5878:
5555:
5506:
5345:
2260:
without bursting. The vacuole allows the cell to change in size while the amount of
1925:
15425:
15304:
15196:
15139:
15079:
15074:
15002:
14987:
14842:
14816:
14570:
14334:
14059:
14007:
13860:
13728:
13674:
13428:
12874:
12539:
12298:
12292:
12256:
11939:
11801:
11686:
11587:
11187:
10868:
10774:
10769:
10723:
10616:
10601:
10562:
10487:
10328:
10252:
10149:
10091:
9730:
9399:
9224:
9197:
9160:
8450:
8415:
8393:
8385:
8288:
8284:
8140:
8097:
8046:
7990:
7941:
7798:
7699:
7592:
7559:
7493:
7483:
7390:
7357:
7314:
7304:
7255:
7247:
7198:
7149:
7141:
7100:
7091:
7057:
6992:
6935:
6888:
6819:
6799:
6730:
6720:
6669:
6618:
6610:
6597:
Ambroise, Valentin; Legay, Sylvain; Guerriero, Gea; et al. (18 October 2019).
6521:
6513:
6470:
6462:
6374:
6323:
6313:
6184:
6174:
6133:
6123:
6082:
6072:
6051:"The Interrelationships of Land Plants and the Nature of the Ancestral Embryophyte"
6021:
6011:
5970:
5960:
5951:
5917:
5907:
5898:
5856:
5843:"An overview of extant conifer evolution from the perspective of the fossil record"
5818:
5813:
5791:
5756:
5713:
5705:
5656:
5615:
5535:
5486:
5443:
5387:
5367:
5350:
5299:
4855:
4845:
4615:
4542:
4487:
4341:
4319:
4249:
4212:
4150:
4007:
3991:
3906:
3821:
3751:
3692:
3504:
3500:
3489:
3479:
3387:
2998:
2895:
2737:
2311:
2277:
2204:
1826:
1625:
847:
574:
14257:
10663:
7283:
Nystedt, Björn; Street, Nathaniel R.; Wetterbom, Anna; et al. (30 May 2013).
6996:
6971:"A receptor kinase-like protein encoded by the rice disease resistance gene, XA21"
16601:
16552:
16379:
15987:
15598:
15503:
15465:
15420:
15352:
15109:
15069:
15054:
14947:
14821:
14806:
14801:
14493:
14399:
14379:
14279:
14267:
14252:
14232:
14227:
14091:
14042:
14017:
13997:
13601:
12776:
12390:
12373:
12280:
11806:
11789:
11572:
11531:
11399:
11389:
11369:
11122:
11104:
10966:
10795:
10745:
10733:
10695:
10631:
10458:
10426:
10387:
10360:
10189:
10184:
10075:
10011:
9892:
9861:
9847:
9820:
9781:
9589:
9562:
9535:
9509:
8678:
Fluid-Mineral Interactions: A Tribute to H. P. Eugster, Special Publication No. 2
7994:
7839:
7625:
7394:
6879:
6378:
6055:
5688:
5290:
5219:
4850:
4491:
3914:
3805:
3696:
3684:
3145:
3090:
The majority of plant species have fungi associated with their root systems in a
2959:
2915:
2755:
2577:
2338:
2257:
2049:
1901:
1470:
1212:
1083:
578:
501:
431:
14284:
8904:
8127:"The Effect of Clonal Integration on Plant Competition for Mosaic Habitat Space"
7803:
7784:
7225:
6970:
6673:
6352:
4815:
4238:
Lewis, L.A.; McCourt, R.M. (2004). "Green algae and the origin of land plants".
3982:
1833:
1248:
The ancestors of land plants evolved in water. An algal scum formed on the land
16402:
16036:
16001:
15994:
15973:
15952:
15929:
15809:
15658:
15603:
15593:
15435:
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15201:
15114:
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13992:
13892:
13697:
13687:
13651:
13626:
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13106:
13007:
12929:
12738:
12570:
12310:
12250:
12124:
12091:
12049:
11962:
11890:
11885:
11833:
11303:
11218:
11165:
11016:
10981:
10934:
10916:
10880:
10636:
10463:
10441:
10407:
10382:
10365:
10355:
10350:
10232:
10050:
10035:
9989:
9984:
8815:
7342:
Olson, David M.; Dinerstein, Eric; Wikramanayake, Eric D.; et al. (2001).
7048:
5619:
3987:
3870:
3856:
3770:
3268:
2939:
2907:
2778:
2721:
2709:
2569:
2380:
2374:
2287:
1528:
1127:
814:
705:
608:
All living things were traditionally placed into one of two groups, plants and
517:
423:
399:
260:
234:
14520:
8935:
7564:
7537:
7378:
6725:
6708:
6590:
6572:
6431:
6179:
6128:
6077:
6050:
6016:
5912:
5447:
4764:"How many plant species are there in the world? Scientists now have an answer"
2847:
at 82 Mb (although it still encodes 28,500 genes) while the largest, from the
2003:
1572:
1274:
rocks suggest that multicellular freshwater eukaryotes existed over 1000 mya.
1019:
Diversity of living green plant (Viridiplantae) divisions by number of species
708:, as well as fossil plants similar to these surviving groups (e.g., Metaphyta
646:
When the name Plantae or plant is applied to a specific group of organisms or
136:
16595:
16275:
16203:
16096:
16064:
16050:
16029:
16015:
15966:
15959:
15878:
15751:
15382:
15367:
15329:
15254:
15190:
15176:
15124:
15119:
15033:
15022:
15017:
14997:
14992:
14967:
14791:
14769:
14545:
14454:
14404:
14389:
14324:
14319:
14304:
14274:
14237:
14217:
14177:
14172:
14142:
14108:
14047:
14027:
14012:
13972:
13880:
13784:
13733:
13532:
13524:
13354:
13275:
13215:
13126:
13100:
12829:
12400:
12244:
12207:
12164:
12077:
12053:
11870:
11592:
11567:
11449:
11394:
11052:
10800:
10718:
10690:
10653:
10621:
10557:
10526:
10477:
10377:
10179:
10162:
10085:
10065:
10006:
10001:
9949:
9711:
9689:
9201:
9165:
9151:
9146:
8454:
7857:
7580:
7179:"Analysis of the genome sequence of the flowering plant Arabidopsis thaliana"
5747:
5187:
4982:. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway.
4683:
4665:
4641:
4528:
4120:
4084:
4064:
3878:
3774:
3739:
3688:
3680:
3641:
3617:
3597:
3573:
3557:
3511:
of a vast array of organic chemicals. Many hundreds of medicines, as well as
3507:, both for their medicinal and physiological effects, and for the industrial
3427:
3235:
3195:
3172:
3130:
3034:
2935:
2330:
2273:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2016:
1986:
1585:
1502:
1480:
1414:
1318:
1309:
1153:
972:
859:
793:
786:
729:
714:
625:
528:
461:
415:
411:
307:
16467:
8102:
8077:
7703:
7488:
6917:
6318:
5760:
5232:
5210:
International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, 2006.
3756:
2831:), predicted to encode ≈94,000 genes and thus almost 5 times as many as the
16292:
16225:
16089:
16057:
16022:
16008:
15980:
15906:
15885:
15578:
15573:
15548:
15523:
15513:
15440:
15309:
15183:
15144:
15129:
15104:
15099:
15044:
14977:
14736:
14555:
14535:
14503:
14432:
14419:
14394:
14374:
14344:
14069:
14037:
13815:
13766:
13593:
13573:
13513:
13417:
13390:
13337:
13295:
13262:
13037:
12815:
12754:
12494:
12461:
12316:
12304:
12044:
11875:
11865:
11665:
11617:
11490:
11047:
11037:
10939:
10648:
10157:
10124:
9174:
8462:
8407:
7842:. pp. 1–12 (Introduction), 267–272 (Epilogue: The Epiphyte Syndrome).
7812:
7507:
7328:
7319:
7269:
7212:
7163:
7071:
6955:
6902:
6811:
6681:
6632:
6535:
6484:
6337:
6198:
6147:
6096:
6035:
5984:
5965:
5931:
5870:
5768:
5727:
5668:
5627:
5379:
4869:
4562:
4333:
4261:
4253:
4112:
4098:
3956:
3711:
3706:
is used for buildings, boats, and furniture, and for smaller items such as
3649:
3395:
3273:
3168:
3072:
3052:
3039:
Numerous animals have coevolved with plants; flowering plants have evolved
2869:
2832:
2818:
2307:
2299:
1956:
1779:
1514:
1418:
1379:
1293:
1122:
621:
562:
9826:
9799:
8675:
Sato, Motoaki (1990). "Thermochemistry of the formation of fossil fuels".
7711:
7122:"Analysis of the bread wheat genome using whole-genome shotgun sequencing"
7004:
6386:
4627:
4499:
4224:
3133:
of a legume such as beans, followed by a cereal such as wheat, to provide
2220:
16449:
16389:
16346:
16154:
15899:
15633:
15608:
15553:
15528:
15450:
15445:
15410:
15400:
15094:
15007:
14647:
14642:
14427:
14314:
14309:
14299:
14294:
14222:
14212:
13987:
13952:
13932:
13897:
13865:
13657:
13583:
13435:
13399:
13379:
13327:
13301:
13191:
13139:
13112:
13094:
13067:
12834:
12703:
12692:
12268:
12262:
12057:
12038:
11996:
11946:
11753:
11696:
11637:
11582:
11515:
11465:
11435:
11417:
11409:
10863:
10848:
10843:
10779:
10641:
10421:
10392:
10291:
10286:
10134:
9974:
9969:
9954:
8253:
6614:
6466:
6351:
Field, C. B.; Behrenfeld, M. J.; Randerson, J. T.; Falkowski, P. (1998).
6087:
5894:"One thousand plant transcriptomes and the phylogenomics of green plants"
4884:
4135:
4050:
3960:
3910:
3902:
3825:
3676:
3665:
3621:
3577:
3549:
3467:
3403:
3375:
3354:
3293:
3250:
3112:
3048:
2848:
2669:
2561:
2392:
2233:
1846:
1710:
1705:
1598:
1568:
1271:
1063:
1044:
1039:
953:
843:
766:
671:
513:
469:
465:
427:
407:
247:
142:
59:
52:
8961:
8374:"Health benefits of herbs and spices: the past, the present, the future"
7309:
7284:
7251:
7145:
6735:
5660:
5371:
4732:"Numbers of threatened species by major groups of organisms (1996–2010)"
4045:. These can be harmful to humans and livestock by ingestion or, as with
2676:(with one set of chromosomes). Some plants also reproduce asexually via
2053:
939:
196:
16337:
16285:
16232:
15819:
15732:
15666:
15628:
15558:
15538:
15533:
15518:
15488:
15460:
15415:
15405:
15377:
15372:
15314:
15289:
14982:
14957:
14364:
14247:
14182:
14167:
14125:
14002:
13902:
13738:
13562:
13553:
13538:
13406:
13343:
13202:
13163:
13158:
13044:
12961:
12856:
12768:
12468:
12395:
12363:
12349:
12332:
11880:
11557:
11346:
11337:
10892:
10885:
10875:
10858:
10541:
10536:
10472:
10264:
10111:
10070:
9964:
9756:
9742:
9626:
9403:
7538:"Adaptive radiation and coevolution — pollination biology case studies"
7348:
6947:
5547:
5498:
5404:
Plant Anatomy: A Concept-Based Approach to the Structure of Seed Plants
5311:
4650:(in Latin) (1st ed.). Stockholm: Godofr. Kiesewetter. p. 37.
4598:
4554:
4195:
4046:
4014:
3952:
3948:
3801:
3797:
3778:
3541:
3215:
3184:
3098:
3084:
3056:
3001:, relying on oxygen; those that do not are confined to relatively rare
2919:
2665:
2657:
2350:
2215:
2029:
1466:
1345:
1314:
1256:
1250:
1199:
1173:
1057:
839:
693:
497:
477:
172:
158:
106:
98:
15710:
9648:
The Origin and Early Diversification of Land Plants: A Cladistic Study
9236:
8398:
7440:
Gough, C. M. (2011). "Terrestrial Primary Production: Fuel for Life".
6893:
6874:
6517:
6491:
5861:
5842:
4277:
The origin and early diversification of land plants: A cladistic study
3974:. Plants and especially flowers form the subjects of many paintings.
16493:
16454:
16423:
16361:
15892:
15871:
15773:
15583:
15563:
15455:
15334:
15269:
15259:
15244:
15239:
15220:
14972:
14811:
14774:
14721:
14701:
14696:
14354:
13840:
13827:
13819:
13637:
13578:
13286:
13251:
13209:
13186:
13168:
13055:
12991:
12866:
12743:
12686:
12673:
12525:
12133:
12029:
11895:
11779:
11577:
11357:
11326:
11000:
10897:
10626:
10431:
10412:
10323:
10247:
10167:
10119:
10060:
10040:
9979:
9812:
9097:. Cornell University Liberty Hyde Bailey Conservatory. Archived from
7203:
7178:
6445:
Qu, Xiao-Jian; Fan, Shou-Jin; Wicke, Susann; Yi, Ting-Shuang (2019).
6350:
4165:
4145:
4038:
4022:
3898:
3719:
3672:
3561:
3545:
3537:
3516:
3459:
3443:
3431:
3298:
3180:
3153:
3149:
3134:
3124:
3102:
3094:
3080:
3006:
2987:
2967:
2955:
2943:
2319:
2295:
2261:
2253:
2237:
1969:
1888:
1857:
1541:
1494:
1335:
1283:
1261:
1078:
999:
782:
778:
770:
613:
558:
544:
536:
509:
485:
388:
202:
16308:
11163:
9734:
6939:
6866:
5490:
5469:
Beck, C. B. (1960). "The identity of Archaeopteris and Callixylon".
5303:
4546:
2950:
Plants are distributed almost worldwide. While they inhabit several
2652:
When reproducing sexually, plants have complex lifecycles involving
2455:
16488:
16331:
16265:
16210:
15797:
15781:
15746:
15638:
15618:
15613:
15588:
15568:
15543:
15508:
15498:
15493:
15324:
15299:
15279:
14939:
14670:
14597:
14525:
14262:
14137:
13927:
13644:
13606:
13507:
13484:
13031:
13026:
13018:
12948:
12823:
12698:
12681:
12659:
12609:
12405:
11838:
11821:
11257:
11042:
11032:
10976:
10971:
10738:
10611:
10587:
10504:
10174:
9959:
9228:
8751:
7982:
7341:
6873:
Kato, Hirotaka; Yasui, Yukiko; Ishizaki, Kimitsune (19 June 2020).
6803:
6647:
6283:
5891:
5589:
5539:
4828:
4798:
4034:
3874:
3761:
3653:
3565:
3529:
3512:
3463:
3435:
3399:
3391:
3211:
3164:
3157:
3010:
2796:
2573:
2323:
1871:
1441:
1398:
1383:
1357:
1330:
1289:
1278:
1096:
1067:
904:
697:
616:(384–322 BC), who distinguished different levels of beings in
540:
473:
403:
16428:
9773:
9284:"Textile with Birds and Horned Quadrupeds Flanking a Tree of Life"
5675:
5428:
Garwood, Russell J.; Oliver, Heather; Spencer, Alan R. T. (2019).
2583:
Frost and dehydration can damage or kill plants. Some plants have
1784:
152:
16441:
16297:
16215:
16196:
15756:
15741:
15643:
15623:
15319:
15294:
15284:
15274:
15230:
15167:
14779:
14741:
14731:
14607:
14242:
14132:
13760:
13495:
13332:
13178:
13085:
13074:
12938:
12844:
12800:
12708:
12358:
12061:
11860:
11317:
10227:
10222:
10139:
10129:
9390:
Harlan, J. R.; deWet, J. M. (1965). "Some thoughts about weeds".
8125:
Oborny, Beáta; Kun, Ádám; Czárán, Tamás; Bokros, Szilárd (2000).
7344:"Terrestrial Ecoregions of the World: A New Map of Life on Earth"
5892:
Leebens-Mack, M.; Barker, M.; Carpenter, E.; et al. (2019).
5233:"International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants"
4737:. International Union for Conservation of Nature. 11 March 2010.
4106:
4042:
4018:
3817:
3661:
3610:
3533:
3521:
3447:
3411:
2971:
2923:
2763:
2685:
2673:
2661:
2645:
2641:
2315:
2229:
1475:
1437:
1353:
1267:
1186:
995:
968:
851:
799:
586:
524:
493:
66:
8078:"Mechanisms of plant competition for nutrients, water and light"
7285:"The Norway spruce genome sequence and conifer genome evolution"
4092:
2720:. Fruits may be dispersed whole, or they may split open and the
2282:
907:
on older, obsolete classifications (e.g. Plantae or Vegetabilia
445:, the plant kingdom encompassed all living things that were not
16243:
16186:
16171:
16121:
15851:
15483:
15475:
15344:
14471:
14464:
14459:
13875:
13353:
13150:
12880:
12782:
12724:
10680:
10572:
10492:
10446:
10436:
10397:
10335:
10311:
10306:
10301:
10296:
9915:
9714:
5212:
4821:
4706:
3889:
to demonstrate their connection to inherited traits. The plant
3866:
3852:
3813:
3786:
3782:
3723:
3633:
3606:
3451:
3439:
3415:
3407:
3315:
3289:
3254:
3231:
3203:
3176:
3119:
3060:
2994:
2911:
2883:
2759:
2746:
2705:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2618:
2557:
2542:
2362:
2346:
1498:
1374:
1228:
International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants
991:
900:
609:
582:
505:
446:
317:
Jeffrey 1982, emend. Bremer 1985, emend. Lewis and McCourt 2004
166:
112:
73:
11752:
9873:
9804:
7572:
7119:
6498:
Baucom, Regina S.; Heath, Katy D.; Chambers, Sally M. (2020).
5743:"Palaeobotanical redux: revisiting the age of the angiosperms"
5343:
3893:
is used in laboratories as a model organism to understand how
3515:, are derived from plants, both traditional medicines used in
2732:
2625:, involving ordinary growth. Many plants use both mechanisms.
182:
16220:
15847:
15786:
15264:
13720:
12344:
10904:
10838:
10760:
10728:
10685:
10577:
10519:
10514:
10509:
10497:
10482:
10451:
10372:
10030:
8196:
7785:"Developing a thief: Haustoria formation in parasitic plants"
7282:
7176:
6645:
6596:
5524:
gen. nov., a Late Devonian gymnosperm with cupulate ovules".
5520:
Rothwell, G. W.; Scheckler, S. E.; Gillespie, W. H. (1989). "
4795:
Freshwater Algae of North America: Ecology and Classification
4078:
3995:
3844:
3735:
3731:
3715:
3645:
3637:
3629:
3525:
2951:
2887:
2879:
2874:
2824:
2767:
2713:
2701:
2677:
2565:
2388:
2384:
2342:
1304:
1297:
1160:
896:
774:
647:
554:
550:
458:
454:
450:
419:
16415:
9813:
e-Floras (Flora of China, Flora of North America and others)
7620:
Speight, Martin R.; Hunter, Mark D.; Watt, Allan D. (2008).
5840:
5401:
Crang, Richard; Lyons-Sobaski, Sheila; Wise, Robert (2018).
3959:, which is in turn connected to the Eurasian concept of the
3742:
used to sew cloth likewise comes in large part from cotton.
3679:
are derived from the remains of aquatic organisms including
3083:
and sometimes competing plants. Ant wastes serve as organic
2353:, and organs with different physiological functions such as
1602:
16159:
15763:
15711:
15430:
14922:
14481:
14096:
12977:
12129:
11848:
10755:
10750:
10402:
10242:
10217:
10212:
10196:
10055:
9878:
9831:
9665:
Raven, Peter H.; Evert, Ray F.; Eichhorn, Susan E. (2005).
8145:
10.1890/0012-9658(2000)081[3291:TEOCIO]2.0.CO;2
7363:
10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0933:teotwa]2.0.co;2
6289:
5740:
5120:
Raven, Peter H.; Evert, Ray F.; Eichhorn, Susan E. (2005).
4002:
3894:
3727:
3703:
3668:
3657:
3423:
3419:
3383:
2800:
2771:
2717:
2358:
2354:
2303:
2291:
1996:
1921:
1140:
1109:
838:
comprise the green plants listed above plus the red algae (
701:
532:
489:
481:
188:
128:
11457:
8713:
Environmental Science: Problems, Connections and Solutions
7753:
7384:
6875:"Gemma cup and gemma development in Marchantia polymorpha"
5789:
5519:
1296:. These early plants were preserved by being petrified in
122:
14920:
14409:
10675:
10237:
9884:
8908:
8479:. National Institutes of Health, USA. 16 September 2002.
3869:. Basic biological research has often used plants as its
3625:
3455:
3410:
such as rice and wheat, starchy roots and tubers such as
3364:
3076:
3009:
in most terrestrial ecosystems and form the basis of the
2878:
A map of a classification of the world's vegetation into
2531:{\displaystyle {\ce {6CO2{}+6H2O{}->C6H12O6{}+6O2{}}}}
2522:
2500:
2487:
2474:
2442:
2420:
777:
Viridiplantae encompasses a group of organisms that have
8639:
Industrial Crops: Breeding for BioEnergy and Bioproducts
8372:
Tapsell, L. C.; Hemphill, I.; Cobiac, L. (August 2006).
8279:
Hopper, Stephen D. (2015). "Royal Botanic Gardens Kew".
7983:"The Ecological Niche: History and Recent Controversies"
6648:"Repair and tolerance of oxidative DNA damage in plants"
5742:
5085:
3897:
control the growth and development of plant structures.
3013:
in those ecosystems. Plants form about 80% of the world
2599:, but they can tolerate and repair much of this damage.
1401:, plants had adapted to land with roots and woody stems.
1232:
International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants
998:(less than 3 micrometres across), to the largest trees (
9591:
Allelopathy in the Life of Plants and their Communities
8786:. Vol. 1. Winheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH. p. 9.
8033:
Casper, Brenda B.; Jackson, Robert B. (November 1997).
6923:
6292:"Earth's oxygen cycle and the evolution of animal life"
5091:
5033:
3913:, provides information about the evolutions of plants,
3380:
played a key role in the history of world civilizations
3115:
grass has pest status in the American cattle industry.
2855:), extends over 19.6 Gb (encoding about 28,300 genes).
1008:(up to 380 feet (120 m) tall ) and the angiosperm
11171:
9260:
The Assyrian Sacred Tree: A History of Interpretations
7898:
Carnivorous Plants: Physiology, Ecology, and Evolution
5400:
5213:
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species:Summary Statistics
3920:
2795:
Plants use pattern-recognition receptors to recognize
2337:
into multiple cell types, forming tissues such as the
971:
of plants, of which the great majority, some 283,000,
769:, and land plants that emerged within them, including
628:(1707–1778) created the basis of the modern system of
531:. They range in size from single cells to the tallest
9721:
Prance, G. T. (2001). "Discovering the Plant World".
8371:
8348:. Cambridge University Botanic Garden. Archived from
8124:
7228:"Architecture and evolution of a minute plant genome"
6447:"Plastome reduction in the only parasitic gymnosperm
5004:
4936:
4913:
4882:
3927:
Human uses of plants § In mythology and religion
2556:
Growth is determined by the interaction of a plant's
2404:
1277:
Primitive land plants began to diversify in the late
6112:"The hornwort genome and early land plant evolution"
5427:
4969:
4922:. pp. 343, 350, 392, 413, 425, 439, & 448.
4060:
3824:
have sometimes changed the course of history, as in
3785:
with colourful autumn leaves, and festivals such as
12483:
8210:
7889:
7836:
Plants on Plants: the biology of vascular epiphytes
7459:Bar-On, Y. M.; Phillips, R.; Milo, R. (June 2018).
6707:Yang, Yun Young; Kim, Jae Geun (24 November 2016).
6497:
2766:. Many plants grow food storage structures such as
11979:
9868:Meet the Plants-National Tropical Botanical Garden
8880:. National Cherry Blossom Festival. Archived from
8874:"History of the Cherry Blossom Trees and Festival"
8830:
7679:
7458:
7177:Arabidopsis Genome Initiative (14 December 2000).
6599:"The Roots of Plant Frost Hardiness and Tolerance"
6573:"Biotic Factors and Their Interaction With Plants"
5121:
5119:
4914:Van den Hoek, C.; Mann, D.G.; Jahns, H.M. (1995).
3885:, and examination of chromosomes in maize allowed
2762:enable plants to grow to cover an area, forming a
2591:and sugars in their cytoplasm that enable them to
2530:
11928:
11652:
8988:"Barbara McClintock: A Brief Biographical Sketch"
8747:Food, Energy, and Water: The Chemistry Connection
7987:Handbook of Evolutionary Thinking in the Sciences
7776:
7619:
6872:
5991:
5595:
5421:
5005:Van den Hoek, C.; Mann, D.G.; Jahns, H.M (1995).
3488:A medieval physician preparing an extract from a
16593:
15207:Archaeal Richmond Mine acidophilic nanoorganisms
11481:
9062:Cleal, Christopher J.; Thomas, Barry A. (2019).
7085:Michael, Todd P.; Jackson, Scott (1 July 2013).
6414:Biogeography: A Study of Plants in the Ecosphere
5834:
5681:
5153:Gifford, Ernest M.; Foster, Adriance S. (1988).
4183:
2613:Plants reproduce to generate offspring, whether
2248:of a non-photosynthetic cell and photosynthetic
527:of plants, of which the majority, some 260,000,
402:. This means that they obtain their energy from
13673:
12160:
9511:Poisonous Plants: A Cultural and Social History
8629:
8075:
7974:
7925:
7923:
7921:
6297:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
6154:
6103:
5513:
5065:The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America
4268:
3820:, and the arrangement of cut or dried flowers.
2835:. The first plant genome sequenced was that of
2648:(2n) sporophyte (bottom), in all types of plant
13814:
12110:
11759:
9121:"Seven of the most sacred plants in the world"
9041:"How Tree Rings Tell Time and Climate History"
8709:
8203:Report on the Agricultural Experiment Stations
8028:
8026:
7583:(7 April 2011). "Animals as seed dispersers".
7578:
7084:
5938:
5734:
5643:"The meaning of Darwin's "abominable mystery""
4596:(1981). "Eukaryote Kingdoms: Seven or Nine?".
4592:
4193:(1981). "Eukaryote kingdoms: Seven or nine?".
4189:
15696:
14906:
13800:
12510:
11301:
11149:
9900:
9479:"Biochemical defenses: secondary metabolites"
9441:
9427:Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America
9424:
8032:
7895:
6700:
6241:. Maricopa Community Colleges. Archived from
5634:
5152:
5115:
5113:
5111:
5109:
2700:, which produces male gametes that enter the
581:. The scientific study of plants is known as
14676:List of organic gardening and farming topics
12524:
11006:International Association for Plant Taxonomy
9684:Taylor, Thomas N.; Taylor, Edith L. (1993).
9483:Plant Defense Systems & Medicinal Botany
9307:
8636:Cruz, Von Mark V.; Dierig, David A. (2014).
8272:
7918:
6639:
6444:
6438:
5182:Taylor, Thomas N.; Taylor, Edith L. (1993).
5181:
4274:
4237:
3648:, lubricants, linoleum, plastics, inks, and
1300:formed in silica-rich volcanic hot springs.
636:, naming the plant kingdom the Vegetabilia.
16259:Reverse transcriptase-related cellular gene
13389:
9587:
9507:
9389:
9364:"Why botanical art is still blooming today"
9061:
8118:
8023:
7929:
7782:
7597:10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199563609.003.0003
7037:
6564:
6213:"Plant Cells, Chloroplasts, and Cell Walls"
6042:
5155:Morphology and Evolution of Vascular Plants
4792:
4446:
4444:
4231:
3581:
3374:Human cultivation of plants is the core of
3028:
508:includes the Viridiplantae, along with the
15703:
15689:
14913:
14899:
13807:
13793:
12517:
12503:
12474:
11156:
11142:
9907:
9893:
9686:The Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants
9308:Fogden, Michael; Fogden, Patricia (2018).
9181:
8635:
8076:Craine, Joseph M.; Dybzinski, Ray (2013).
7980:
7335:
6344:
5885:
5682:Berendse, Frank; Scheffer, Marten (2009).
5184:The Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants
5106:
4975:
4942:
4392:The Lagoon: How Aristotle Invented Science
2668:), gives rise to the next generation, the
13360:
12767:
12028:
11777:
9214:
9190:Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religions
9164:
8583:. Grace Communications Foundation. 2016.
8397:
8101:
7827:
7802:
7673:
7563:
7497:
7487:
7361:
7318:
7308:
7259:
7202:
7153:
7104:
7061:
6892:
6785:"The evolution of plant sexual diversity"
6734:
6724:
6622:
6525:
6474:
6405:
6327:
6317:
6188:
6178:
6137:
6127:
6086:
6076:
6025:
6015:
5974:
5964:
5921:
5911:
5860:
5817:
5717:
4859:
4849:
4481:
4450:
4323:
2954:which can be divided into a multitude of
2774:which may each develop into a new plant.
2758:is a similar process. Structures such as
2511:
2431:
2409:
1440:became diverse and often dominant in the
817:, also known as Plastida or Primoplantae
12672:
10950:International Code of Nomenclature (ICN)
9537:Livestock-Poisoning Plants of California
9338:"Botanical Imagery in European Painting"
8896:
8828:
8501:
8365:
8039:Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics
7783:Kokla, Anna; Melnyk, Charles W. (2018).
6646:Roldán-Arjona, T.; Ariza, R. R. (2009).
5640:
5346:"Earth's earliest non-marine eukaryotes"
5256:
5062:
4724:
4640:
4575:
4527:
4441:
4033:. Major classes of plant toxins include
3981:
3835:
3755:
3601:
3483:
3358:
2873:
2731:
2632:
2281:
2219:
1226:The naming of plants is governed by the
952:
938:
16240:Retroelements not elsewhere classified
14938:
12657:
9879:United States Department of Agriculture
9715:The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
9646:Kenrick, Paul; Crane, Peter R. (1997).
9564:The Poisoned Weed: Plants Toxic to Skin
9361:
9257:
8902:
8878:National Cherry Blossom Festival: About
8508:. Oxford University Press. p. 46.
8311:
7724:
6782:
6706:
6048:
4682:
4664:
4453:"New concepts of kingdoms or organisms"
4418:
4416:
4275:Kenrick, Paul; Crane, Peter R. (1997).
3335:
3187:can support complex aquatic food webs.
2997:. Animals and most other organisms are
1237:
641:
14:
16594:
15166:
13775:denotes groups with over 1,000 species
9881:not limited to continental US species.
9560:
9127:from the original on 20 September 2020
8691:from the original on 20 September 2015
8540:
8440:
8318:Economic Botany: A Comprehensive Study
8278:
8169:
7930:Keddy, Paul A.; Cahill, James (2012).
7751:
7452:
6759:"How Do Plants With Spores Reproduce?"
6688:from the original on 23 September 2017
6570:
6393:from the original on 25 September 2018
6266:"What Is the Photosynthesis Equation?"
5324:
5287:
4986:from the original on 13 September 2019
4976:Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2011).
4957:from the original on 13 September 2019
4951:National University of Ireland, Galway
4943:Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2011).
4701:
4699:
3800:, or in specialized buildings such as
3687:. Many of the coal fields date to the
3652:. Renewable fuels from plants include
2246:derived from what was once a symbiosis
464:(green plants), which consists of the
16313:
16312:
15684:
14894:
13788:
12498:
11751:
11137:
9888:
9729:(2, Golden Jubilee Part 4): 345–359.
9625:Feeding the Ten Billion – Plants and
9508:Bevan-Jones, Robert (1 August 2009).
9187:
9038:
8866:
8781:
8743:
7870:
7535:
7529:
7517:from the original on 21 February 2022
7439:
7038:Gomez-Gomez, L.; et al. (2000).
6109:
5944:
5797:Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology
5641:Friedman, William E. (January 2009).
5430:"An introduction to the Rhynie chert"
4707:"An Online Flora of All Known Plants"
4579:The Classification of Lower Organisms
4385:
3877:, the breeding of pea plants allowed
3609:in storage for later processing at a
3148:. They range from the semi-parasitic
2784:
16566:da1de22e-1d65-4197-9f4c-38ca39b964af
16504:3ead4965-50d6-4373-a616-240cc151c611
14861:
9762:Interactive Cronquist classification
9051:from the original on 12 August 2021.
9020:from the original on 22 October 2016
8968:from the original on 13 January 2016
8959:
8710:Miller, G.; Spoolman, Scott (2007).
8674:
8547:. Arcturus Publishing. p. 143.
8483:from the original on 9 November 2013
8469:
8434:
8422:from the original on 31 October 2020
8011:from the original on 15 January 2022
7962:from the original on 26 January 2021
7885:from the original on 20 August 2009.
7833:
7019:from the original on 7 November 2018
6968:
6411:
5997:
5468:
4916:Algae: An Introduction to Phycology'
4413:
4354:
3745:
3075:are plants that have coevolved with
2981:
2551:
1378:, an early land plant, preserved in
1145:Ferns, whisk ferns & horsetails
1014:(up to 325 feet (99 m) tall ).
963:is up to 380 feet (120 m) tall.
632:, but retained the animal and plant
597:
561:are basic human foods and have been
27:Kingdom of photosynthetic eukaryotes
16192:Integrative and conjugative element
14873:
9854:List of Japanese Wild Plants Online
9588:Grodzinskii, A. M. (1 March 2016).
9362:Raymond, Francine (12 March 2013).
9092:
8642:. Springer. pp. 9 and passim.
8617:from the original on 2 October 2017
8170:Wrench, Jason S. (9 January 2013).
7981:Pocheville, Arnaud (January 2015).
7543:Organisms Diversity & Evolution
7461:"The biomass distribution on Earth"
6416:. Routledge. pp. 31, 108–110.
6236:
6049:Puttick, Mark; et al. (2018).
5007:Algae: An Introduction to Phycology
4883:Earle, Christopher J., ed. (2017).
4696:
4670:Generale Morphologie der Organismen
4303:
3977:
3921:In mythology, religion, and culture
3591:
2946:and polar desert" devoid of plants.
2928:subtropical and tropical dry forest
2686:different flowers on the same plant
1348:so rapid that Darwin called it an "
426:and water, using the green pigment
24:
9795:African Plants Initiative database
9789:Botanical and vegetation databases
9768:Plant Resources of Tropical Africa
9612:
9561:Crosby, Donald G. (1 April 2004).
9449:"Cause of Environmental Allergies"
8656:from the original on 22 April 2017
8561:from the original on 1 August 2020
8522:from the original on 1 August 2020
8390:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2006.tb00548.x
8206:. U.S. Government Printing Office.
8151:from the original on 18 April 2021
7932:"Competition in Plant Communities"
7764:from the original on 17 March 2020
7651:"The Microbial World: Mycorrhizas"
7648:
6713:Journal of Ecology and Environment
6263:
6160:
4774:from the original on 23 March 2022
4654:from the original on 23 June 2016.
4311:Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology
4297:
4031:protect themselves from herbivores
3791:America's cherry blossom festivals
3318:leaf with sticky hairs curling to
2267:
547:or rely on organisms which do so.
25:
16618:
16249:Diversity-generating retroelement
10955:ICN for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP)
9750:
9039:Bauer, Bruce (29 November 2018).
8933:
8587:from the original on 10 June 2016
7106:10.3835/plantgenome2013.03.0001in
6969:Song, W. Y.; et al. (1995).
6161:Li, Fay Wei; et al. (2020).
6110:Zhang, Jian; et al. (2020).
5599:Trends in Ecology & Evolution
4895:from the original on 1 April 2016
4744:from the original on 21 July 2011
3909:. The study of plant fossils, or
2368:
994:(from 10 micrometres across) and
967:There are about 382,000 accepted
895:included the unrelated groups of
612:. This classification dates from
565:for millennia. People use plants
16254:Telomerase reverse transcriptase
15826:Microbes with highly unusual DNA
14872:
14860:
14849:
14848:
14836:
12473:
11118:
11117:
9688:. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey:
9581:
9554:
9528:
9501:
9471:
9418:
9383:
9355:
9330:
9301:
9276:
9251:
9217:Journal of the Warburg Institute
9208:
9139:
9113:
9086:
9055:
9032:
9006:
8980:
8953:
8927:
8915:from the original on 9 June 2016
8833:Introduction to Japanese culture
8822:
8800:
8775:
8737:
8703:
8668:
8599:
8573:
8534:
8495:
8338:
8305:
8242:
8218:"The Development of Agriculture"
8190:
8163:
8057:from the original on 25 May 2021
8051:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.28.1.545
7419:"The Five Major Types of Biomes"
6849:"Asexual reproduction in plants"
5998:Wang, Sibo; et al. (2020).
5945:Liang, Zhe; et al. (2019).
5710:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01342.x
5013:. pp. 457, 463, & 476.
4325:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2005.00053.x
4304:Adl, S. M.; et al. (2005).
4105:
4091:
4077:
4063:
3883:basic laws governing inheritance
3804:. Plants such as Venus flytrap,
3738:, derived from plant cellulose.
3386:, either directly or as feed in
3307:
3282:
3261:
3243:
3223:
2383:, manufacturing food molecules (
2252:. The cell wall, made mostly of
2052:
2032:
2002:
1972:
1924:
1904:
1874:
1832:
1783:
1754:
1709:
1601:
1571:
1544:
1455:
1430:
1406:
1390:
1365:
1034:No. of described living species
604:Kingdom (biology) § History
218:
195:
181:
165:
151:
135:
121:
105:
91:
50:
9455:. 22 April 2015. Archived from
8069:
8035:"Plant Competition Underground"
7864:
7745:
7718:
7642:
7613:
7433:
7421:. National Geographic Education
7411:
7276:
7219:
7170:
7113:
7078:
7031:
6962:
6841:
6776:
6751:
6542:
6257:
6230:
6205:
5783:
5562:
5462:
5394:
5337:
5318:
5281:
5250:
5225:
5204:
5175:
5146:
5095:Monographs in Systematic Botany
5069:Field Museum of Natural History
5056:
5027:
4998:
4907:
4876:
4786:
4756:
4676:
4658:
4634:
4586:
4569:
3847:to study inheritance of traits.
3796:Plants may be grown indoors as
3695:. Terrestrial plants also form
3190:Some 630 species of plants are
3043:, suites of flower traits that
2958:, only the hardy plants of the
2863:
2602:
1425:proliferated in swampy forests.
1323:Permo-Triassic extinction event
438:, except for some green algae.
16177:Defective interfering particle
13254:
13250:
13010:
13006:
12484:Current definitions of Plantae
9314:Texas A&M University Press
9310:The Natural History of Flowers
9159:(11): 15181. 3 November 2015.
8905:"A Brief History of Gardening"
8312:Kochhar, S. L. (31 May 2016).
8289:10.1002/9780470015902.a0024933
7946:10.1093/obo/9780199830060-0009
7871:Frank, Howard (October 2000).
7754:"Biological Nitrogen Fixation"
7731:. Heinemann-Raintree Library.
7389:. Springer. pp. 657–688.
5819:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2018.06.013
5327:"Transition of plants to land"
4521:
4379:
4348:
3901:provide a method of dating in
3710:and sports equipment. Wood is
3398:for vegetables and fruit, and
3382:. Humans depend on plants for
3326:
3277:fruits attached to a dog's fur
2541:This causes plants to release
2209:
1244:Evolutionary history of plants
523:There are about 380,000 known
13:
1:
16165:Clonally transmissible cancer
9705:Species estimates and counts:
9652:Smithsonian Institution Press
9435:Ecological Society of America
9065:Introduction to Plant Fossils
8609:Industrial Crops and Products
8281:Encyclopedia of Life Sciences
8198:Agricultural Research Service
7063:10.1016/S1097-2765(00)80265-8
6997:10.1126/science.270.5243.1804
6571:Bareja, Ben (10 April 2022).
4424:"Taxonomy and Classification"
4281:Smithsonian Institution Press
4176:
4161:Plant perception (physiology)
3831:
2387:) using energy obtained from
2198:
1327:evolution of flowering plants
842:) and the glaucophyte algae (
690:Plants in the strictest sense
592:
10996:History of plant systematics
10583:Thorns, spines, and prickles
9764:. Archived 10 February 2006.
8782:Sixta, Herbert, ed. (2006).
8581:"Industrial Crop Production"
8505:Let Thy Food Be Thy Medicine
8378:Medical Journal of Australia
7995:10.1007/978-94-017-9014-7_26
7937:Oxford Bibliographies Online
7395:10.1007/978-3-662-56233-8_18
7087:"The First 50 Plant Genomes"
6455:Genome Biology and Evolution
6379:10.1126/science.281.5374.237
6239:"Plants and their Structure"
6217:Scitable by Nature Education
5063:Schuster, Rudolf M. (1992).
4946:AlgaeBase : Chlorophyta
4851:10.1371/journal.pone.0059565
4689:Die systematische Phylogenie
4620:10.1016/0303-2647(81)90050-2
4492:10.1126/science.163.3863.150
4217:10.1016/0303-2647(81)90050-2
4017:, including grasses, invoke
3734:or synthetic fibres such as
3473:
3017:at about 450 gigatonnes (4.4
2644:(n) gametophyte (top) and a
2286:Anatomy of a seed plant. 1.
1488:
934:
929:
543:, including animals, either
7:
15718:, and comparable structures
14707:Index of pesticide articles
9567:. Oxford University Press.
9262:. Saint-Paul. p. 129.
8962:"Mendel's Paper in English"
8684:. The Geochemical Society.
8502:Hefferon, Kathleen (2012).
8443:Current Medicinal Chemistry
7804:10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.06.013
6674:10.1016/j.mrrev.2008.07.003
4979:AlgaeBase : Charophyta
4768:Mongabay Environmental News
4582:. Pacific Books. p. 6.
4363:University of Chicago Press
4056:
3863:traditional study of plants
3722:. Cloth is often made from
3699:, a source of natural gas.
2882:. Those named here include
2812:
2781:which can detach and grow.
1372:Cross-section of a stem of
1292:fossil assemblage from the
1255:, but it was not until the
1049:Green algae (chlorophytes)
986:Plants range in scale from
670:Land plants, also known as
10:
16623:
13851:Climate-friendly gardening
10812:Alternation of generations
9914:
9633:Cambridge University Press
9342:Metropolitan Museum of Art
9288:Metropolitan Museum of Art
9070:Cambridge University Press
8322:Cambridge University Press
7758:Nature Education Knowledge
7585:Plant-Animal Communication
7442:Nature Education Knowledge
6927:American Journal of Botany
6783:Barrett, S. C. H. (2002).
6505:American Journal of Botany
5848:American Journal of Botany
5648:American Journal of Botany
5620:10.1016/j.tree.2007.09.003
5265:Cambridge University Press
5157:(3rd ed.). New York:
5128:(7th ed.). New York:
5040:Cambridge University Press
5011:Cambridge University Press
4920:Cambridge University Press
4241:American Journal of Botany
4021:in people who suffer from
3924:
3850:
3749:
3595:
3477:
3450:and minerals to the diet.
3352:
3339:
3032:
3025:10 short tons) of carbon.
2985:
2892:temperate broadleaf forest
2867:
2858:
2816:
2788:
2727:
2654:alternation of generations
2638:Alternation of generations
2606:
2372:
2271:
2236:, and the strong flexible
2213:
2202:
1241:
893:Plants in the widest sense
601:
29:
16321:
16140:
16114:
16081:
15937:
15923:
15916:
15863:
15846:
15839:
15807:
15772:
15730:
15723:
15656:
15474:
15391:
15343:
15228:
15219:
15162:
14934:
14930:
14925:phyla/divisions by domain
14830:
14752:
14727:Plant disease forecasting
14689:
14681:Vegan organic agriculture
14656:
14531:Genetically modified tree
14418:
13961:
13826:
13751:
13719:
13696:
13623:
13592:
13552:
13523:
13503:
13494:
13482:
13478:
13323:
13314:
13285:
13270:
13261:
13248:
13244:
13177:
13149:
13134:
13125:
13084:
13063:
13054:
13017:
13004:
13000:
12987:
12974:
12970:
12947:
12927:
12923:
12919:
12865:
12852:
12843:
12810:
12797:
12763:
12752:
12734:
12721:
12668:
12653:
12649:
12533:
12456:
12372:
12331:
12220:
12205:
12156:
12147:
12106:
12086:
12075:
12024:
12015:
11975:
11960:
11956:
11916:
11912:
11847:
11820:
11788:
11773:
11769:
11747:
11695:
11679:
11661:
11615:
11611:
11545:
11524:
11512:
11508:
11477:
11448:
11426:
11408:
11356:
11336:
11316:
11312:
11297:
11181:
11113:
11061:
11025:
10962:Cultivated plant taxonomy
10925:Biological classification
10915:
10788:
10704:
10600:
10550:
10275:
10205:
10148:
10110:
10084:
10020:
9940:
9922:
9594:. Scientific Publishers.
9258:Giovino, Mariana (2007).
9095:"Plant Myths and Legends"
8990:. WebCite. Archived from
8829:Sosnoski, Daniel (1996).
8611:An International Journal"
7565:10.1016/j.ode.2004.02.002
6726:10.1186/s41610-016-0013-0
6603:Plant and Cell Physiology
6180:10.1038/s41477-020-0618-2
6129:10.1038/s41477-019-0588-4
6078:10.1016/j.cub.2018.01.063
6017:10.1038/s41477-019-0560-3
5913:10.1038/s41586-019-1693-2
5575:British Geological Survey
5448:10.1017/S0016756819000670
5159:W. H. Freeman and Company
5130:W. H. Freeman and Company
5067:. Vol. VI. Chicago:
4451:Whittaker, R. H. (1969).
4013:Some plants that produce
3945:Native American religions
3933:trees appear in mythology
3764:at Niedernhall in Germany
3302:nitrogen fixing bacteria.
3108:Neotyphodium coenophialum
3045:favour their reproduction
2922:, semiarid desert, grass
2628:
2314:. 9. Stem. 10. Node. 11.
2179:
2047:
2027:
2020:
2000:
1990:
1967:
1960:
1919:
1899:
1892:
1869:
1862:
1850:
1830:
1820:
1805:
1798:
1776:
1769:
1749:
1742:
1702:
1687:
1680:
1665:
1658:
1651:
1638:
1623:
1616:
1596:
1589:
1566:
1559:
1539:
1532:
1152:
1121:
1077:
1038:
630:scientific classification
577:, and, in great variety,
504:). A definition based on
398:; they are predominantly
304:
297:
288:
283:
215:Scientific classification
213:
85:
41:
16182:Endogenous viral element
12980:
12976:
10822:Evolutionary development
9870:. Archived 16 June 2007.
9846:19 February 2022 at the
9819:19 February 2022 at the
9770:. Archived 11 June 2010.
9671:W.H. Freeman and Company
9202:10.1163/156921209X449170
9166:10.1038/nplants.2015.181
8936:"Introduction to Botany"
8744:Ahuja, Satinder (2015).
8455:10.2174/0929867043365107
7873:"Bromeliad Phytotelmata"
7752:Wagner, Stephen (2011).
5407:. Springer. p. 17.
4576:Copeland, H. F. (1956).
3554:Plants used in herbalism
3503:are a primary source of
3271:by animals: many hooked
3137:with a reduced input of
3029:Ecological relationships
2904:Mediterranean vegetation
2791:Plant disease resistance
2361:for photosynthesis, and
2306:blade. 6. Internode. 7.
2256:, allows plant cells to
872:Old definitions of plant
763:Plants in a strict sense
15135:Thermodesulfobacteriota
10473:Hypanthium (Floral cup)
9832:Flora of Central Europe
9093:Leitten, Rebecca Rose.
8812:Discover Natural Fibres
8384:(4 Supplement): S4–24.
8346:"Chemicals from Plants"
8283:. Wiley. pp. 1–9.
8103:10.1111/1365-2435.12081
7902:Oxford University Press
7704:10.1126/science.3008328
7655:bio.ed.ac.uk (archived)
7589:Oxford University Press
7489:10.1073/pnas.1711842115
6792:Nature Reviews Genetics
6319:10.1073/pnas.1521544113
5761:10.1038/nplants.2017.15
4889:The Gymnosperm Database
4355:Hull, David L. (2010).
3390:. Agriculture includes
3348:
2593:tolerate these stresses
2240:, which is outside the
1338: million years ago
1286: million years ago
1264: million years ago
1253: million years ago
988:single-celled organisms
836:Plants in a broad sense
545:consume plants directly
48:Mesoproterozoic–present
14666:Biodynamic agriculture
14603:Postharvest physiology
14551:Landscape architecture
14248:Indonesian home garden
11088:by author abbreviation
11012:Plant taxonomy systems
10930:Botanical nomenclature
9840:Flora of North America
9540:. UCANR Publications.
8814:. 2009. Archived from
8226:. 2016. Archived from
7840:Springer International
7834:Zotz, Gerhard (2016).
5966:10.1002/advs.201901850
4885:"Sequoia sempervirens"
4711:The World Flora Online
4254:10.3732/ajb.91.10.1535
4126:Carbon dioxide removal
3999:
3848:
3765:
3613:
3582:
3497:
3462:are major crops whose
3418:, and legumes such as
3371:
3253:visiting a flower for
3003:anaerobic environments
2947:
2900:subtropical rainforest
2750:
2656:. One generation, the
2649:
2532:
2391:. Plant cells contain
2326:
2225:
1002:) such as the conifer
964:
950:
858:directly by engulfing
369:Cronquist et al., 1966
339:Holt & Uidica 2007
323:Kenrick and Crane 1997
32:Plant (disambiguation)
16538:Paleobiology Database
16525:Paleobiology Database
15363:Neocallimastigomycota
13913:Historic conservation
11095:Botanical expeditions
9860:16 March 2022 at the
9757:Index Nominum Algarum
9669:(7th ed.). New York:
8940:Environmental Science
8903:Lambert, Tim (2014).
8544:The Story of Medicine
8541:Rooney, Anne (2009).
7878:University of Florida
7838:. Cham, Switzerland:
7790:Developmental Biology
7728:Feeding Relationships
7725:Fullick, Ann (2006).
7579:Schaefer, H. Martin;
7536:Lunau, Klaus (2004).
6552:. National Geographic
6512:(2). Wiley: 175–178.
5257:Gledhill, D. (2008).
4397:Bloomsbury Publishing
4171:World Environment Day
4131:Ecological succession
3985:
3925:Further information:
3851:Further information:
3839:
3759:
3605:
3487:
3362:
3320:trap and digest a fly
3296:containing symbiotic
3185:water-filled cavities
3041:pollination syndromes
2986:Further information:
2877:
2868:Further information:
2817:Further information:
2735:
2712:, which develop into
2636:
2533:
2285:
2272:Further information:
2223:
956:
942:
889:, some multicellular
832:, some multicellular
759:, some multicellular
602:Further information:
16281:Transposable element
16271:Spiegelman's Monster
15028:Coprothermobacterota
14843:Gardening portal
14742:Aquamog weed remover
14717:List of insecticides
12479:List of plant orders
12359:Pinopsida (conifers)
12345:Cycadopsida (cycads)
12337:(living gymnosperms)
11834:Leiosporocerotopsida
11553:Nephroselmidophyceae
10827:Evolutionary history
10817:Double fertilization
10669:Cellular respiration
9780:9 March 2022 at the
9650:. Washington, D.C.:
9623:Evans, L.T. (1998).
9514:. Windgather Press.
8994:on 27 September 2011
8716:. Cengage Learning.
7989:. pp. 547–586.
7628:. pp. 212–216.
5325:Ciesielski, Paul F.
5218:27 June 2014 at the
5071:. pp. 712–713.
4647:Philosophia botanica
4399:. pp. 111–119.
4279:. Washington, D.C.:
4156:Plant identification
3891:Arabidopsis thaliana
3378:, which in turn has
3336:Importance to humans
3146:plants are parasitic
2942:. Shown in gray is "
2837:Arabidopsis thaliana
2806:Arabidopsis thaliana
2402:
2322:. 13. Root tip. 14.
2224:Plant cell structure
2185:"streptophyte algae"
2163:(green plants)
1238:Evolutionary history
1005:Sequoia sempervirens
960:Sequoia sempervirens
864:Cavalier-Smith, 1981
856:primary chloroplasts
642:Alternative concepts
441:Historically, as in
30:For other uses, see
13652:Gunflint microbiota
13413:Klebsormidiophyceae
13197:Hyphochytriomycetes
12187:Archaeopteridopsida
11920:Polysporangiophytes
11644:Klebsormidiophyceae
11627:Mesostigmatophyceae
11573:Chlorodendrophyceae
11537:Pyramimonadophyceae
11491:Prasinodermophyceae
11385:Compsopogonophyceae
10046:Non-vascular plants
9369:The Daily Telegraph
9014:"About Arabidopsis"
8960:Blumberg, Roger B.
8223:National Geographic
8094:2013FuEco..27..833C
7696:1986Sci...232..487L
7556:2004ODivE...4..207L
7480:2018PNAS..115.6506B
7310:10.1038/nature12211
7301:2013Natur.497..579N
7252:10.1038/nature12132
7244:2013Natur.498...94I
7195:2000Natur.408..796T
7146:10.1038/nature11650
7138:2012Natur.491..705B
6989:1995Sci...270.1804S
6983:(5243): 1804–1806.
6666:2009MRRMR.681..169R
6371:1998Sci...281..237F
6310:2016PNAS..113.8933R
6069:2018CBio...28E.733P
5810:2018RPaPa.257...77A
5702:2009EcolL..12..865B
5661:10.3732/ajb.0800150
5612:2007TEcoE..22..548M
5483:1960Britt..12..351B
5435:Geological Magazine
5372:10.1038/nature09943
5364:2011Natur.473..505S
5260:The Names of Plants
4842:2013PLoSO...859565S
4612:1981BiSys..14..461C
4594:Cavalier-Smith, Tom
4509:on 17 November 2017
4474:1969Sci...163..150W
4387:Leroi, Armand Marie
4209:1981BiSys..14..461C
4191:Cavalier-Smith, Tom
4141:Natural environment
3708:musical instruments
3139:nitrogen fertilizer
2976:tropical rainforest
2932:tropical rainforest
2690:on different plants
2589:heat-shock proteins
2585:antifreeze proteins
2524:
2502:
2489:
2476:
2461:
2444:
2422:
2258:swell up with water
2244:. Chloroplasts are
2182:"chlorophyte algae"
2099:(land plants)
2071:(seed plants)
1668:Mesostigmatophyceae
1507:Mesostigmatophyceae
1447:Araucaria mirabilis
1021:
443:Aristotle's biology
311:Cavalier-Smith 1981
16607:Kingdoms (biology)
16150:Bio-like structure
16072:Tolecusatellitidae
15358:Blastocladiomycota
14712:List of fungicides
14477:Companion planting
13423:Coleochaetophyceae
12803:
12799:
12727:
12723:
12378:(flowering plants)
12299:Lyginopteridopsida
12092:Eophyllophytopsida
12045:Zosterophyllopsida
11983:Paratracheophytes*
11761:sensu strictissimo
11671:Coleochaetophyceae
11654:Phragmoplastophyta
11496:Palmophyllophyceae
11418:Glaucocystophyceae
11380:Stylonematophyceae
11375:Porphyridiophyceae
11164:Classification of
10551:Surface structures
10346:Flower development
9805:Chilean plants at
9404:10.1007/BF02971181
8934:Mason, Matthew G.
8352:on 9 December 2017
8082:Functional Ecology
7900:(First ed.).
7622:Ecology of Insects
7591:. pp. 48–67.
6615:10.1093/pcp/pcz196
6467:10.1093/gbe/evz187
6412:Tivy, Joy (2014).
6245:on 22 October 2006
5237:www.iapt-taxon.org
4071:Environment portal
4019:allergic reactions
4000:
3965:confronted animals
3905:, and a record of
3887:Barbara McClintock
3865:is the science of
3849:
3841:Barbara McClintock
3810:resurrection plant
3766:
3614:
3498:
3442:, while fruit and
3394:for arable crops,
3372:
3047:. Many, including
2993:result is now 21%
2948:
2845:Utricularia gibba)
2785:Disease resistance
2751:
2650:
2609:Plant reproduction
2528:
2512:
2490:
2477:
2464:
2432:
2410:
2365:for reproduction.
2349:of leaf veins and
2327:
2226:
1463:Adaptive radiation
1350:abominable mystery
1342:adaptive radiation
1062:Green algae (e.g.
1017:
1011:Eucalyptus regnans
981:World Flora Online
965:
957:The coast redwood
951:
946:Cosmarium botrytis
679:sensu strictissimo
571:building materials
16589:
16588:
16512:Open Tree of Life
16315:Taxon identifiers
16306:
16305:
16136:
16135:
16110:
16109:
16106:
16105:
16044:Portogloboviridae
15946:Alphasatellitidae
15840:Non-cellular life
15835:
15834:
15716:non-cellular life
15678:
15677:
15674:
15673:
15652:
15651:
15215:
15214:
15158:
15157:
15150:Verrucomicrobiota
14888:
14887:
14760:Community orchard
14586:drought tolerance
13782:
13781:
13747:
13746:
13683:Spironematellidae
13664:Meteora sporadica
13619:
13618:
13615:
13614:
13548:
13547:
13474:
13473:
13470:
13469:
13466:
13465:
13462:
13461:
13458:
13457:
13454:
13453:
13450:
13449:
13446:
13445:
13374:Prasinodermophyta
13310:
13309:
13240:
13239:
13236:
13235:
13232:
13231:
13228:
13227:
13224:
13223:
13121:
13120:
12957:Centroplasthelida
12915:
12914:
12911:
12910:
12907:
12906:
12903:
12902:
12899:
12898:
12895:
12894:
12891:
12890:
12793:
12792:
12717:
12716:
12492:
12491:
12452:
12451:
12448:
12447:
12444:
12443:
12440:
12439:
12436:
12435:
12432:
12431:
12428:
12427:
12424:
12423:
12420:
12419:
12416:
12415:
12386:Basal angiosperms
12287:Gigantopteridales
12236:seed plant groups
12234:and other extinct
12201:
12200:
12175:Noeggerathiopsida
12143:
12142:
12098:Trimerophytopsida
12071:
12070:
12011:
12010:
11967:(vascular plants)
11932:Protracheophytes*
11908:
11907:
11904:
11903:
11871:Andreaeobryopsida
11812:Jungermanniopsida
11743:
11742:
11739:
11738:
11735:
11734:
11731:
11730:
11727:
11726:
11723:
11722:
11719:
11718:
11715:
11714:
11632:Chlorokybophyceae
11607:
11606:
11603:
11602:
11563:Chloropicophyceae
11504:
11503:
11483:Prasinodermophyta
11444:
11443:
11131:
11130:
10770:Herbaceous plants
10596:
10595:
9667:Biology of Plants
9601:978-93-86102-04-1
9574:978-0-19-028870-9
9547:978-1-60107-674-8
9521:978-1-909686-22-9
9323:978-1-6234-9644-9
9269:978-3-7278-1602-4
9147:"Literary Plants"
9079:978-1-1084-8344-5
8852:978-0-8048-2056-1
8793:978-3-527-30997-9
8761:978-0-12-800374-9
8723:978-0-495-38337-6
8649:978-1-4939-1447-0
8554:978-1-8485-8039-8
8515:978-0-1998-7398-2
8449:(11): 1451–1460.
8331:978-1-3166-7539-7
8183:978-0-3133-9632-8
8139:(12): 3291–3304.
8004:978-94-017-9013-0
7955:978-0-19-983006-0
7911:978-0-1988-3372-7
7849:978-3-319-81847-4
7738:978-1-4034-7521-3
7690:(4749): 487–489.
7635:978-1-4051-3114-8
7606:978-0-19-956360-9
7581:Ruxton, Graeme D.
7474:(25): 6506–6511.
7404:978-3-662-56231-4
7295:(7451): 579–584.
7189:(6814): 796–815.
7132:(7426): 705–710.
6934:(11): 1512–1522.
6894:10.1111/nph.16655
6653:Mutation Research
6550:"Abiotic Factors"
6518:10.1002/ajb2.1437
6461:(10): 2789–2796.
6423:978-1-317-89723-1
6365:(5374): 237–240.
6304:(32): 8933–8938.
5906:(7780): 679–685.
5862:10.1002/ajb2.1143
5527:Botanical Gazette
5358:(7348): 505–509.
5274:978-0-5218-6645-3
5197:978-0-13-651589-0
5168:978-0-7167-1946-5
5139:978-0-7167-1007-3
5124:Biology of Plants
5036:Bryophyte Biology
4808:978-0-12-385876-4
4468:(3863): 150–160.
4406:978-1-4088-3622-4
4290:978-1-56098-730-7
4248:(10): 1535–1556.
3931:Plants including
3915:paleogeographical
3822:Ornamental plants
3746:Ornamental plants
3584:De materia medica
3570:Saint John's wort
3505:organic compounds
3492:, from an Arabic
3369:combine harvester
3342:Plants in culture
3200:Dionaea muscipula
3021:10 long tons; 5.0
3007:primary producers
3005:. Plants are the
2982:Primary producers
2829:Triticum aestivum
2552:Growth and repair
2515:
2493:
2480:
2467:
2462:
2459:
2447:
2435:
2413:
2341:with specialized
2195:
2194:
2176:
2175:
2167:
2166:
2157:
2156:
2148:
2147:
2139:
2138:
2130:
2129:
2121:
2120:
2112:
2111:
2103:
2102:
2093:
2092:
2084:
2083:
2075:
2074:
2065:
2064:
1946:
1945:
1937:
1936:
1731:
1730:
1722:
1721:
1690:Chlorokybophyceae
1511:Chlorokybophyceae
1307:in trees such as
1224:
1223:
1217:Flowering plants
949:is a single cell.
927:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
865:
808:
718:
711:
598:Taxonomic history
575:writing materials
567:for many purposes
430:. Exceptions are
382:
381:
376:
370:
364:
358:
352:
346:
340:
336:
330:
329:Adl et al., 2005
324:
318:
312:
279:
16:(Redirected from
16614:
16582:
16581:
16569:
16568:
16556:
16555:
16546:
16545:
16533:
16532:
16520:
16519:
16507:
16506:
16497:
16496:
16484:
16483:
16471:
16470:
16458:
16457:
16445:
16444:
16432:
16431:
16419:
16418:
16406:
16405:
16393:
16392:
16383:
16382:
16370:
16369:
16357:
16356:
16355:
16342:
16341:
16340:
16310:
16309:
15921:
15920:
15861:
15860:
15844:
15843:
15728:
15727:
15705:
15698:
15691:
15682:
15681:
15426:Anthocerotophyta
15305:Hemimastigophora
15226:
15225:
15197:Nitrososphaerota
15164:
15163:
15140:Thermomicrobiota
15080:Kiritimatiellota
15075:Ignavibacteriota
15040:Deferribacterota
15003:Campylobacterota
14988:Bdellovibrionota
14936:
14935:
14932:
14931:
14915:
14908:
14901:
14892:
14891:
14876:
14875:
14864:
14863:
14852:
14851:
14841:
14840:
14817:Plant collecting
14753:Related articles
14690:Plant protection
13871:French intensive
13809:
13802:
13795:
13786:
13785:
13729:Collodictyonidae
13675:Hemimastigophora
13671:
13670:
13630:
13501:
13500:
13492:
13491:
13488:
13480:
13479:
13429:Zygnematophyceae
13387:
13386:
13367:
13351:
13350:
13321:
13320:
13268:
13267:
13259:
13258:
13255:
13246:
13245:
13132:
13131:
13061:
13060:
13015:
13014:
13011:
13002:
13001:
12985:
12984:
12981:
12972:
12971:
12945:
12944:
12932:
12925:
12924:
12921:
12920:
12875:Choanoflagellata
12850:
12849:
12808:
12807:
12804:
12765:
12764:
12761:
12760:
12757:
12732:
12731:
12728:
12670:
12669:
12666:
12665:
12662:
12655:
12654:
12651:
12650:
12562:
12542:
12519:
12512:
12505:
12496:
12495:
12477:
12476:
12391:Core angiosperms
12379:
12338:
12333:Acrogymnospermae
12311:Peltaspermopsida
12293:Glossopteridales
12275:Corystospermales
12257:Callistophytales
12237:
12229:
12223:
12218:
12217:
12214:
12213:
12181:Aneurophytopsida
12163:
12158:
12157:
12154:
12153:
12150:
12108:
12107:
12084:
12083:
12080:
12039:Barinophytopsida
12026:
12025:
12022:
12021:
12018:
11982:
11977:
11976:
11973:
11972:
11969:
11968:
11958:
11957:
11940:Horneophytopsida
11931:
11926:
11925:
11922:
11914:
11913:
11854:
11839:Anthocerotopsida
11827:
11822:Anthocerotophyta
11802:Haplomitriopsida
11795:
11786:
11785:
11782:
11775:
11774:
11771:
11770:
11763:
11749:
11748:
11702:
11693:
11692:
11687:Zygnematophyceae
11677:
11676:
11659:
11658:
11650:
11649:
11620:
11613:
11612:
11588:Trebouxiophyceae
11558:Picocystophyceae
11522:
11521:
11518:
11510:
11509:
11479:
11478:
11475:
11474:
11471:
11461:
11363:
11314:
11313:
11310:
11309:
11306:
11299:
11298:
11210:
11190:
11175:
11158:
11151:
11144:
11135:
11134:
11121:
11120:
11100:Individual trees
10775:Secondary growth
10746:Succulent plants
10734:Prostrate shrubs
10617:Apical dominance
10602:Plant physiology
10563:Epicuticular wax
10108:
10107:
10101:
10092:Plant morphology
9909:
9902:
9895:
9886:
9885:
9836:
9746:
9606:
9605:
9585:
9579:
9578:
9558:
9552:
9551:
9532:
9526:
9525:
9505:
9499:
9498:
9496:
9494:
9485:. Archived from
9475:
9469:
9468:
9466:
9464:
9445:
9439:
9438:
9422:
9416:
9415:
9387:
9381:
9380:
9378:
9376:
9359:
9353:
9352:
9350:
9348:
9334:
9328:
9327:
9305:
9299:
9298:
9296:
9294:
9280:
9274:
9273:
9255:
9249:
9248:
9212:
9206:
9205:
9185:
9179:
9178:
9168:
9143:
9137:
9136:
9134:
9132:
9117:
9111:
9110:
9108:
9106:
9101:on 7 August 2016
9090:
9084:
9083:
9059:
9053:
9052:
9036:
9030:
9029:
9027:
9025:
9010:
9004:
9003:
9001:
8999:
8984:
8978:
8977:
8975:
8973:
8957:
8951:
8950:
8948:
8946:
8931:
8925:
8924:
8922:
8920:
8900:
8894:
8893:
8891:
8889:
8884:on 14 March 2016
8870:
8864:
8863:
8861:
8859:
8836:
8826:
8820:
8819:
8818:on 20 July 2016.
8808:"Natural fibres"
8804:
8798:
8797:
8784:Handbook of pulp
8779:
8773:
8772:
8770:
8768:
8741:
8735:
8734:
8732:
8730:
8707:
8701:
8700:
8698:
8696:
8690:
8683:
8672:
8666:
8665:
8663:
8661:
8633:
8627:
8626:
8624:
8622:
8603:
8597:
8596:
8594:
8592:
8577:
8571:
8570:
8568:
8566:
8538:
8532:
8531:
8529:
8527:
8499:
8493:
8492:
8490:
8488:
8477:"Greek Medicine"
8473:
8467:
8466:
8438:
8432:
8431:
8429:
8427:
8401:
8369:
8363:
8361:
8359:
8357:
8342:
8336:
8335:
8309:
8303:
8302:
8276:
8270:
8269:
8267:
8265:
8260:on 28 March 2014
8256:. Archived from
8250:"Food and drink"
8246:
8240:
8239:
8237:
8235:
8230:on 14 April 2016
8214:
8208:
8207:
8194:
8188:
8187:
8167:
8161:
8160:
8158:
8156:
8122:
8116:
8115:
8105:
8073:
8067:
8066:
8064:
8062:
8030:
8021:
8020:
8018:
8016:
7978:
7972:
7971:
7969:
7967:
7927:
7916:
7915:
7904:. pp. 3–4.
7893:
7887:
7886:
7868:
7862:
7861:
7831:
7825:
7824:
7806:
7780:
7774:
7773:
7771:
7769:
7749:
7743:
7742:
7722:
7716:
7715:
7677:
7671:
7670:
7668:
7666:
7661:on 27 April 2018
7657:. Archived from
7646:
7640:
7639:
7624:(2nd ed.).
7617:
7611:
7610:
7576:
7570:
7569:
7567:
7533:
7527:
7526:
7524:
7522:
7516:
7501:
7491:
7465:
7456:
7450:
7449:
7437:
7431:
7430:
7428:
7426:
7415:
7409:
7408:
7382:
7376:
7375:
7365:
7339:
7333:
7332:
7322:
7312:
7280:
7274:
7273:
7263:
7223:
7217:
7216:
7206:
7204:10.1038/35048692
7174:
7168:
7167:
7157:
7117:
7111:
7110:
7108:
7092:The Plant Genome
7082:
7076:
7075:
7065:
7056:(6): 1003–1011.
7035:
7029:
7028:
7026:
7024:
6966:
6960:
6959:
6921:
6915:
6914:
6896:
6870:
6864:
6863:
6861:
6859:
6845:
6839:
6838:
6836:
6834:
6828:
6822:. Archived from
6789:
6780:
6774:
6773:
6771:
6769:
6755:
6749:
6748:
6738:
6728:
6704:
6698:
6697:
6695:
6693:
6660:(2–3): 169–179.
6643:
6637:
6636:
6626:
6594:
6588:
6587:
6585:
6583:
6568:
6562:
6561:
6559:
6557:
6546:
6540:
6539:
6529:
6495:
6489:
6488:
6478:
6442:
6436:
6435:
6409:
6403:
6402:
6400:
6398:
6348:
6342:
6341:
6331:
6321:
6287:
6281:
6280:
6278:
6276:
6261:
6255:
6254:
6252:
6250:
6234:
6228:
6227:
6225:
6223:
6209:
6203:
6202:
6192:
6182:
6158:
6152:
6151:
6141:
6131:
6107:
6101:
6100:
6090:
6080:
6046:
6040:
6039:
6029:
6019:
5995:
5989:
5988:
5978:
5968:
5952:Advanced Science
5942:
5936:
5935:
5925:
5915:
5889:
5883:
5882:
5864:
5855:(9): 1531–1544.
5838:
5832:
5831:
5821:
5787:
5781:
5780:
5738:
5732:
5731:
5721:
5679:
5673:
5672:
5638:
5632:
5631:
5593:
5587:
5586:
5584:
5582:
5566:
5560:
5559:
5517:
5511:
5510:
5466:
5460:
5459:
5425:
5419:
5418:
5398:
5392:
5391:
5341:
5335:
5334:
5333:on 2 March 2008.
5329:. Archived from
5322:
5316:
5315:
5285:
5279:
5278:
5254:
5248:
5247:
5245:
5243:
5229:
5223:
5208:
5202:
5201:
5179:
5173:
5172:
5150:
5144:
5143:
5127:
5117:
5104:
5103:
5089:
5083:
5082:
5060:
5054:
5053:
5031:
5025:
5024:
5002:
4996:
4995:
4993:
4991:
4973:
4967:
4966:
4964:
4962:
4940:
4934:
4933:
4911:
4905:
4904:
4902:
4900:
4880:
4874:
4873:
4863:
4853:
4819:
4813:
4812:
4790:
4784:
4783:
4781:
4779:
4760:
4754:
4753:
4751:
4749:
4743:
4736:
4728:
4722:
4721:
4719:
4717:
4703:
4694:
4693:
4680:
4674:
4673:
4662:
4656:
4655:
4638:
4632:
4631:
4606:(3–4): 461–481.
4590:
4584:
4583:
4573:
4567:
4566:
4525:
4519:
4518:
4516:
4514:
4508:
4502:. Archived from
4485:
4457:
4448:
4439:
4438:
4436:
4434:
4420:
4411:
4410:
4383:
4377:
4376:
4352:
4346:
4345:
4327:
4301:
4295:
4294:
4272:
4266:
4265:
4235:
4229:
4228:
4203:(3–4): 461–481.
4187:
4151:Phytoremediation
4115:
4110:
4109:
4101:
4096:
4095:
4087:
4082:
4081:
4073:
4068:
4067:
4015:windblown pollen
3992:invasive species
3978:Negative effects
3943:, Siberian, and
3935:, religion, and
3771:historic gardens
3752:Ornamental plant
3697:type III kerogen
3592:Nonfood products
3587:
3501:Medicinal plants
3480:Medicinal plants
3388:animal husbandry
3311:
3286:
3265:
3247:
3227:
3024:
3020:
2926:, tree savanna,
2896:temperate steppe
2738:Ficinia spiralis
2664:(with 2 sets of
2537:
2535:
2534:
2529:
2527:
2526:
2523:
2520:
2513:
2504:
2501:
2498:
2491:
2488:
2485:
2478:
2475:
2472:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2457:
2451:
2449:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2433:
2424:
2421:
2418:
2411:
2329:Most plants are
2278:Plant morphology
2264:stays the same.
2205:Plant physiology
2056:
2036:
2023:
2022:
2006:
1993:
1992:
1976:
1963:
1962:
1928:
1908:
1895:
1894:
1878:
1865:
1864:
1853:
1852:
1836:
1827:Zygnematophyceae
1823:
1822:
1801:
1800:
1787:
1772:
1771:
1758:
1745:
1744:
1713:
1683:
1682:
1661:
1660:
1654:
1653:
1619:
1618:
1605:
1592:
1591:
1575:
1562:
1561:
1548:
1535:
1534:
1525:
1524:
1471:flowering plants
1459:
1434:
1410:
1394:
1369:
1339:
1287:
1265:
1254:
1097:Anthocerotophyta
1022:
1016:
920:
916:
912:
908:
863:
848:Floridean starch
803:
727:, also known as
713:
709:
653:
652:
502:flowering plants
472:or land plants (
432:parasitic plants
374:
368:
362:
356:
350:
344:
338:
334:
328:
322:
316:
310:
274:
223:
222:
199:
185:
169:
155:
139:
125:
109:
95:
80:
76:
69:
62:
55:
49:
45:Temporal range:
39:
38:
21:
16622:
16621:
16617:
16616:
16615:
16613:
16612:
16611:
16592:
16591:
16590:
16585:
16577:
16572:
16564:
16559:
16551:
16549:
16541:
16536:
16528:
16523:
16515:
16510:
16502:
16500:
16492:
16487:
16479:
16474:
16466:
16461:
16453:
16448:
16440:
16435:
16427:
16422:
16414:
16409:
16401:
16396:
16388:
16386:
16378:
16373:
16365:
16360:
16351:
16350:
16345:
16336:
16335:
16330:
16317:
16307:
16302:
16142:
16132:
16102:
16077:
15988:Finnlakeviridae
15933:
15912:
15854:
15850:
15831:
15803:
15768:
15719:
15709:
15679:
15670:
15648:
15599:Gnathostomulida
15504:Xenacoelomorpha
15470:
15466:Flowering plant
15421:Marchantiophyta
15387:
15353:Chytridiomycota
15339:
15211:
15154:
15110:Planctomycetota
15070:Gemmatimonadota
15055:Elusimicrobiota
14948:Acidobacteriota
14926:
14919:
14889:
14884:
14835:
14826:
14822:Turf management
14807:Lists of plants
14802:List of gardens
14748:
14685:
14652:
14414:
13964:
13957:
13822:
13813:
13783:
13778:
13743:
13715:
13706:Ancyromonadidae
13692:
13669:
13624:
13611:
13602:Malawimonadidae
13588:
13544:
13519:
13483:
13442:
13385:
13358:
13357:
13349:
13306:
13281:
13249:
13220:
13173:
13145:
13117:
13080:
13050:
13005:
12996:
12975:
12966:
12943:
12928:
12887:
12861:
12839:
12798:
12789:
12753:
12748:
12722:
12713:
12658:
12645:
12644:
12560:
12538:
12529:
12523:
12493:
12488:
12412:
12377:
12376:
12368:
12336:
12335:
12327:
12281:Czekanowskiales
12235:
12233:
12231:
12230:
12227:
12221:
12211:
12210:
12206:
12197:
12161:
12148:
12139:
12111:Moniliformopses
12102:
12076:
12067:
12017:Eutracheophytes
12016:
12007:
11980:
11966:
11965:
11961:
11952:
11929:
11917:
11900:
11891:Polytrichopsida
11886:Tetraphidopsida
11852:
11851:
11843:
11825:
11824:
11816:
11807:Marchantiopsida
11793:
11792:
11790:Marchantiophyta
11778:
11765:
11711:
11700:
11699:
11691:
11675:
11648:
11616:
11599:
11541:
11532:Mamiellophyceae
11513:
11500:
11469:
11463:
11453:
11452:
11440:
11422:
11404:
11400:Florideophyceae
11390:Rhodellophyceae
11370:Cyanidiophyceae
11361:
11360:
11352:
11332:
11302:
11293:
11292:
11208:
11186:
11177:
11162:
11132:
11127:
11109:
11078:Botanical terms
11071:
11057:
11021:
10967:Citrus taxonomy
10945:Author citation
10911:
10805:
10784:
10706:
10700:
10696:Turgor pressure
10604:
10592:
10546:
10361:Floral symmetry
10279:
10271:
10201:
10190:Vascular bundle
10185:Vascular tissue
10144:
10104:
10095:
10094:
10080:
10051:Vascular plants
10016:
10012:Plant pathology
9936:
9918:
9913:
9862:Wayback Machine
9848:Wayback Machine
9834:
9821:Wayback Machine
9782:Wayback Machine
9753:
9735:10.2307/1223885
9720:
9615:
9613:Further reading
9610:
9609:
9602:
9586:
9582:
9575:
9559:
9555:
9548:
9534:
9533:
9529:
9522:
9506:
9502:
9492:
9490:
9477:
9476:
9472:
9462:
9460:
9459:on 17 June 2015
9447:
9446:
9442:
9423:
9419:
9392:Economic Botany
9388:
9384:
9374:
9372:
9360:
9356:
9346:
9344:
9336:
9335:
9331:
9324:
9306:
9302:
9292:
9290:
9282:
9281:
9277:
9270:
9256:
9252:
9213:
9209:
9186:
9182:
9145:
9144:
9140:
9130:
9128:
9119:
9118:
9114:
9104:
9102:
9091:
9087:
9080:
9060:
9056:
9037:
9033:
9023:
9021:
9012:
9011:
9007:
8997:
8995:
8986:
8985:
8981:
8971:
8969:
8958:
8954:
8944:
8942:
8932:
8928:
8918:
8916:
8901:
8897:
8887:
8885:
8872:
8871:
8867:
8857:
8855:
8853:
8827:
8823:
8806:
8805:
8801:
8794:
8780:
8776:
8766:
8764:
8762:
8742:
8738:
8728:
8726:
8724:
8708:
8704:
8694:
8692:
8688:
8681:
8673:
8669:
8659:
8657:
8650:
8634:
8630:
8620:
8618:
8605:
8604:
8600:
8590:
8588:
8579:
8578:
8574:
8564:
8562:
8555:
8539:
8535:
8525:
8523:
8516:
8500:
8496:
8486:
8484:
8475:
8474:
8470:
8439:
8435:
8425:
8423:
8370:
8366:
8355:
8353:
8344:
8343:
8339:
8332:
8324:. p. 644.
8310:
8306:
8299:
8277:
8273:
8263:
8261:
8248:
8247:
8243:
8233:
8231:
8216:
8215:
8211:
8195:
8191:
8184:
8168:
8164:
8154:
8152:
8123:
8119:
8074:
8070:
8060:
8058:
8031:
8024:
8014:
8012:
8005:
7979:
7975:
7965:
7963:
7956:
7928:
7919:
7912:
7894:
7890:
7869:
7865:
7850:
7832:
7828:
7781:
7777:
7767:
7765:
7750:
7746:
7739:
7723:
7719:
7678:
7674:
7664:
7662:
7647:
7643:
7636:
7626:Wiley-Blackwell
7618:
7614:
7607:
7577:
7573:
7534:
7530:
7520:
7518:
7514:
7463:
7457:
7453:
7438:
7434:
7424:
7422:
7417:
7416:
7412:
7405:
7383:
7379:
7340:
7336:
7320:1854/LU-4110028
7281:
7277:
7238:(7452): 94–98.
7224:
7220:
7175:
7171:
7118:
7114:
7083:
7079:
7036:
7032:
7022:
7020:
6967:
6963:
6940:10.2307/2656789
6922:
6918:
6880:New Phytologist
6871:
6867:
6857:
6855:
6847:
6846:
6842:
6832:
6830:
6826:
6787:
6781:
6777:
6767:
6765:
6757:
6756:
6752:
6705:
6701:
6691:
6689:
6644:
6640:
6595:
6591:
6581:
6579:
6569:
6565:
6555:
6553:
6548:
6547:
6543:
6496:
6492:
6443:
6439:
6424:
6410:
6406:
6396:
6394:
6349:
6345:
6288:
6284:
6274:
6272:
6262:
6258:
6248:
6246:
6237:Farabee, M. C.
6235:
6231:
6221:
6219:
6211:
6210:
6206:
6159:
6155:
6108:
6104:
6056:Current Biology
6047:
6043:
5996:
5992:
5943:
5939:
5890:
5886:
5839:
5835:
5788:
5784:
5739:
5735:
5689:Ecology Letters
5680:
5676:
5639:
5635:
5606:(10): 548–557.
5594:
5590:
5580:
5578:
5568:
5567:
5563:
5518:
5514:
5491:10.2307/2805124
5467:
5463:
5426:
5422:
5415:
5399:
5395:
5342:
5338:
5323:
5319:
5304:10.2307/1222087
5286:
5282:
5275:
5255:
5251:
5241:
5239:
5231:
5230:
5226:
5220:Wayback Machine
5209:
5205:
5198:
5190:. p. 636.
5180:
5176:
5169:
5161:. p. 358.
5151:
5147:
5140:
5118:
5107:
5090:
5086:
5079:
5061:
5057:
5050:
5032:
5028:
5021:
5003:
4999:
4989:
4987:
4974:
4970:
4960:
4958:
4941:
4937:
4930:
4912:
4908:
4898:
4896:
4881:
4877:
4820:
4816:
4809:
4791:
4787:
4777:
4775:
4770:. 12 May 2016.
4762:
4761:
4757:
4747:
4745:
4741:
4734:
4730:
4729:
4725:
4715:
4713:
4705:
4704:
4697:
4681:
4677:
4663:
4659:
4639:
4635:
4591:
4587:
4574:
4570:
4547:10.2307/2406516
4526:
4522:
4512:
4510:
4506:
4483:10.1.1.403.5430
4455:
4449:
4442:
4432:
4430:
4422:
4421:
4414:
4407:
4384:
4380:
4373:
4353:
4349:
4302:
4298:
4291:
4273:
4269:
4236:
4232:
4188:
4184:
4179:
4111:
4104:
4097:
4090:
4083:
4076:
4069:
4062:
4059:
3980:
3972:hidden messages
3929:
3923:
3871:model organisms
3859:
3834:
3806:sensitive plant
3754:
3748:
3693:Earth's history
3685:geological time
3600:
3594:
3490:medicinal plant
3482:
3476:
3357:
3351:
3344:
3338:
3329:
3322:
3312:
3303:
3287:
3278:
3266:
3257:
3248:
3239:
3228:
3037:
3031:
3022:
3018:
2990:
2984:
2960:Antarctic flora
2940:montane forests
2916:xeric shrubland
2872:
2866:
2861:
2821:
2815:
2793:
2787:
2730:
2722:seeds dispersed
2631:
2611:
2605:
2554:
2525:
2521:
2516:
2503:
2499:
2494:
2486:
2481:
2473:
2468:
2456:
2450:
2448:
2441:
2436:
2423:
2419:
2414:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2399:
2381:photosynthesize
2377:
2371:
2339:vascular tissue
2280:
2270:
2268:Plant structure
2218:
2212:
2207:
2201:
2196:
2187:
2186:
2183:
2177:
2168:
2158:
2149:
2140:
2131:
2122:
2113:
2104:
2094:
2085:
2076:
2066:
1947:
1938:
1752:Klebsormidiales
1732:
1723:
1626:Prasinococcales
1491:
1484:
1460:
1451:
1435:
1426:
1423:Asterophyllites
1411:
1402:
1395:
1386:
1382:from the early
1370:
1334:
1282:
1260:
1249:
1246:
1240:
1156:
1084:Marchantiophyta
1025:Informal group
937:
932:
921:Whittaker, 1969
862:(e.g., Plantae
710:Whittaker, 1969
706:vascular plants
644:
606:
600:
595:
516:, in the clade
449:, and included
375:Whittaker, 1969
363:Takhtajan, 1964
351:Rothmaler, 1948
345:Endlicher, 1836
327:Chloroplastida
284:Superdivisions
273:
217:
209:
208:
207:
206:
205:
200:
192:
191:
186:
177:
176:
175:
170:
162:
161:
156:
147:
146:
145:
140:
132:
131:
126:
117:
116:
115:
110:
102:
101:
96:
81:
79:
78:
74:
71:
67:
64:
60:
57:
53:
47:
46:
43:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
16620:
16610:
16609:
16604:
16587:
16586:
16584:
16583:
16570:
16557:
16547:
16534:
16521:
16508:
16498:
16485:
16472:
16459:
16446:
16433:
16420:
16407:
16394:
16384:
16371:
16358:
16343:
16327:
16325:
16319:
16318:
16304:
16303:
16301:
16300:
16295:
16290:
16289:
16288:
16278:
16273:
16268:
16263:
16262:
16261:
16256:
16251:
16246:
16238:
16230:
16229:
16228:
16218:
16213:
16208:
16199:
16194:
16189:
16184:
16179:
16174:
16169:
16168:
16167:
16162:
16152:
16146:
16144:
16138:
16137:
16134:
16133:
16131:
16130:
16125:
16118:
16116:
16112:
16111:
16108:
16107:
16104:
16103:
16101:
16100:
16093:
16085:
16083:
16079:
16078:
16076:
16075:
16068:
16061:
16054:
16047:
16040:
16037:Polydnaviridae
16033:
16026:
16019:
16012:
16005:
16002:Globuloviridae
15998:
15995:Fuselloviridae
15991:
15984:
15977:
15974:Bicaudaviridae
15970:
15963:
15956:
15953:Ampullaviridae
15949:
15941:
15939:
15935:
15934:
15930:Naldaviricetes
15927:
15925:
15918:
15914:
15913:
15911:
15910:
15903:
15896:
15889:
15882:
15875:
15867:
15865:
15858:
15841:
15837:
15836:
15833:
15832:
15830:
15829:
15823:
15815:
15813:
15810:Incertae sedis
15805:
15804:
15802:
15801:
15794:
15789:
15784:
15778:
15776:
15770:
15769:
15767:
15766:
15761:
15760:
15759:
15754:
15744:
15738:
15736:
15725:
15721:
15720:
15708:
15707:
15700:
15693:
15685:
15676:
15675:
15672:
15671:
15664:
15662:
15659:Incertae sedis
15654:
15653:
15650:
15649:
15647:
15646:
15641:
15636:
15631:
15626:
15621:
15616:
15611:
15606:
15604:Micrognathozoa
15601:
15596:
15594:Acanthocephala
15591:
15586:
15581:
15576:
15571:
15566:
15561:
15556:
15551:
15546:
15541:
15536:
15531:
15526:
15521:
15516:
15511:
15506:
15501:
15496:
15491:
15486:
15480:
15478:
15472:
15471:
15469:
15468:
15463:
15458:
15453:
15448:
15443:
15438:
15436:Lycopodiophyta
15433:
15428:
15423:
15418:
15413:
15408:
15403:
15397:
15395:
15389:
15388:
15386:
15385:
15380:
15375:
15370:
15365:
15360:
15355:
15349:
15347:
15341:
15340:
15338:
15337:
15332:
15327:
15322:
15317:
15312:
15307:
15302:
15297:
15292:
15287:
15282:
15277:
15272:
15267:
15262:
15257:
15252:
15250:Ancyromonadida
15247:
15242:
15236:
15234:
15223:
15217:
15216:
15213:
15212:
15210:
15209:
15204:
15202:Thermoproteota
15199:
15194:
15187:
15180:
15172:
15170:
15160:
15159:
15156:
15155:
15153:
15152:
15147:
15142:
15137:
15132:
15127:
15122:
15117:
15115:Pseudomonadota
15112:
15107:
15102:
15097:
15092:
15090:Mycoplasmatota
15087:
15085:Lentisphaerota
15082:
15077:
15072:
15067:
15065:Fusobacteriota
15062:
15060:Fibrobacterota
15057:
15052:
15047:
15042:
15037:
15030:
15025:
15020:
15015:
15010:
15005:
15000:
14995:
14990:
14985:
14980:
14975:
14970:
14965:
14963:Armatimonadota
14960:
14955:
14953:Actinomycetota
14950:
14944:
14942:
14928:
14927:
14918:
14917:
14910:
14903:
14895:
14886:
14885:
14883:
14882:
14870:
14858:
14846:
14831:
14828:
14827:
14825:
14824:
14819:
14814:
14809:
14804:
14799:
14797:Garden tourism
14794:
14789:
14787:Groundskeeping
14784:
14783:
14782:
14777:
14767:
14762:
14756:
14754:
14750:
14749:
14747:
14746:
14745:
14744:
14734:
14729:
14724:
14719:
14714:
14709:
14704:
14699:
14693:
14691:
14687:
14686:
14684:
14683:
14678:
14673:
14668:
14662:
14660:
14654:
14653:
14651:
14650:
14645:
14640:
14639:
14638:
14633:
14628:
14623:
14615:
14610:
14605:
14600:
14595:
14594:
14593:
14588:
14583:
14578:
14576:free-flowering
14573:
14568:
14558:
14553:
14548:
14543:
14538:
14533:
14528:
14523:
14518:
14517:
14516:
14511:
14501:
14496:
14491:
14490:
14489:
14479:
14474:
14469:
14468:
14467:
14457:
14452:
14451:
14450:
14445:
14440:
14435:
14424:
14422:
14416:
14415:
14413:
14412:
14407:
14402:
14397:
14392:
14387:
14382:
14377:
14372:
14367:
14362:
14357:
14352:
14347:
14342:
14337:
14332:
14327:
14322:
14317:
14312:
14307:
14302:
14297:
14292:
14287:
14282:
14277:
14272:
14271:
14270:
14265:
14260:
14250:
14245:
14240:
14235:
14230:
14225:
14220:
14215:
14210:
14205:
14200:
14195:
14190:
14185:
14180:
14175:
14170:
14165:
14164:
14163:
14158:
14153:
14145:
14140:
14135:
14130:
14129:
14128:
14118:
14117:
14116:
14111:
14106:
14105:
14104:
14099:
14089:
14088:
14087:
14072:
14067:
14062:
14057:
14052:
14051:
14050:
14040:
14035:
14030:
14025:
14020:
14015:
14010:
14005:
14000:
13995:
13990:
13985:
13980:
13975:
13969:
13967:
13959:
13958:
13956:
13955:
13950:
13945:
13940:
13935:
13930:
13925:
13920:
13915:
13910:
13905:
13900:
13895:
13893:Groundskeeping
13890:
13889:
13888:
13886:computer-aided
13878:
13873:
13868:
13863:
13858:
13853:
13848:
13843:
13838:
13832:
13830:
13824:
13823:
13812:
13811:
13804:
13797:
13789:
13780:
13779:
13777:
13776:
13770:
13763:
13759:excluded from
13752:
13749:
13748:
13745:
13744:
13742:
13741:
13736:
13731:
13725:
13723:
13717:
13716:
13714:
13713:
13711:Planomonadidae
13708:
13702:
13700:
13698:Ancyromonadida
13694:
13693:
13691:
13690:
13688:Paramastigidae
13685:
13679:
13677:
13668:
13667:
13660:
13654:
13648:
13640:
13633:
13631:
13627:Incertae sedis
13621:
13620:
13617:
13616:
13613:
13612:
13610:
13609:
13604:
13598:
13596:
13590:
13589:
13587:
13586:
13581:
13576:
13571:
13566:
13558:
13556:
13550:
13549:
13546:
13545:
13543:
13542:
13535:
13529:
13527:
13521:
13520:
13518:
13517:
13510:
13504:
13498:
13489:
13476:
13475:
13472:
13471:
13468:
13467:
13464:
13463:
13460:
13459:
13456:
13455:
13452:
13451:
13448:
13447:
13444:
13443:
13441:
13440:
13432:
13425:
13420:
13415:
13410:
13403:
13395:
13393:
13384:
13383:
13376:
13370:
13368:
13348:
13347:
13340:
13335:
13330:
13324:
13318:
13316:Archaeplastida
13312:
13311:
13308:
13307:
13305:
13304:
13299:
13291:
13289:
13283:
13282:
13280:
13279:
13271:
13265:
13256:
13242:
13241:
13238:
13237:
13234:
13233:
13230:
13229:
13226:
13225:
13222:
13221:
13219:
13218:
13213:
13206:
13199:
13194:
13189:
13183:
13181:
13175:
13174:
13172:
13171:
13166:
13161:
13155:
13153:
13147:
13146:
13144:
13143:
13135:
13129:
13123:
13122:
13119:
13118:
13116:
13115:
13110:
13107:Dinoflagellata
13103:
13101:Chrompodellida
13098:
13090:
13088:
13082:
13081:
13079:
13078:
13071:
13064:
13058:
13052:
13051:
13049:
13048:
13041:
13034:
13029:
13023:
13021:
13012:
12998:
12997:
12995:
12994:
12988:
12982:
12968:
12967:
12965:
12964:
12959:
12953:
12951:
12942:
12941:
12935:
12933:
12930:Diaphoretickes
12917:
12916:
12913:
12912:
12909:
12908:
12905:
12904:
12901:
12900:
12897:
12896:
12893:
12892:
12889:
12888:
12886:
12885:
12877:
12871:
12869:
12863:
12862:
12860:
12859:
12853:
12847:
12841:
12840:
12838:
12837:
12832:
12827:
12819:
12811:
12805:
12795:
12794:
12791:
12790:
12788:
12787:
12779:
12773:
12771:
12758:
12750:
12749:
12747:
12746:
12741:
12735:
12729:
12719:
12718:
12715:
12714:
12712:
12711:
12706:
12701:
12696:
12689:
12684:
12678:
12676:
12663:
12647:
12646:
12643:
12642:
12641:
12640:
12639:
12638:
12635:Mesomycetozoea
12632:
12627:
12617:
12607:
12606:
12605:
12600:
12595:
12590:
12585:
12584:
12583:
12571:Diaphoretickes
12568:
12563:
12558:
12553:
12548:
12543:
12535:
12534:
12531:
12530:
12528:classification
12522:
12521:
12514:
12507:
12499:
12490:
12489:
12487:
12486:
12481:
12471:
12465:
12457:
12454:
12453:
12450:
12449:
12446:
12445:
12442:
12441:
12438:
12437:
12434:
12433:
12430:
12429:
12426:
12425:
12422:
12421:
12418:
12417:
12414:
12413:
12411:
12410:
12409:
12408:
12403:
12398:
12388:
12382:
12380:
12370:
12369:
12367:
12366:
12361:
12356:
12347:
12341:
12339:
12329:
12328:
12326:
12325:
12319:
12317:Pentoxylopsida
12313:
12307:
12301:
12295:
12289:
12283:
12277:
12271:
12265:
12259:
12253:
12251:Calamopityales
12247:
12240:
12238:
12215:
12208:Spermatophytes
12203:
12202:
12199:
12198:
12196:
12195:
12189:
12183:
12177:
12170:
12168:
12165:Progymnosperms
12151:
12145:
12144:
12141:
12140:
12138:
12137:
12130:Polypodiopsida
12127:
12125:Cladoxylopsida
12121:
12114:
12112:
12104:
12103:
12101:
12100:
12094:
12087:
12081:
12078:Euphyllophytes
12073:
12072:
12069:
12068:
12066:
12065:
12050:Lycopodiopsida
12047:
12041:
12034:
12032:
12019:
12013:
12012:
12009:
12008:
12006:
12005:
11999:
11993:
11991:Cooksoniopsida
11986:
11984:
11970:
11954:
11953:
11951:
11950:
11942:
11935:
11933:
11923:
11910:
11909:
11906:
11905:
11902:
11901:
11899:
11898:
11893:
11888:
11883:
11881:Oedipodiopsida
11878:
11873:
11868:
11863:
11857:
11855:
11845:
11844:
11842:
11841:
11836:
11830:
11828:
11818:
11817:
11815:
11814:
11809:
11804:
11798:
11796:
11783:
11767:
11766:
11745:
11744:
11741:
11740:
11737:
11736:
11733:
11732:
11729:
11728:
11725:
11724:
11721:
11720:
11717:
11716:
11713:
11712:
11710:
11709:
11705:
11703:
11690:
11689:
11683:
11681:
11674:
11673:
11668:
11662:
11656:
11647:
11646:
11641:
11634:
11629:
11623:
11621:
11609:
11608:
11605:
11604:
11601:
11600:
11598:
11597:
11596:
11595:
11590:
11585:
11575:
11570:
11565:
11560:
11555:
11549:
11547:
11543:
11542:
11540:
11539:
11534:
11528:
11526:
11525:Prasinophytina
11519:
11506:
11505:
11502:
11501:
11499:
11498:
11493:
11487:
11485:
11472:
11446:
11445:
11442:
11441:
11439:
11438:
11432:
11430:
11428:incertae sedis
11424:
11423:
11421:
11420:
11414:
11412:
11406:
11405:
11403:
11402:
11397:
11392:
11387:
11382:
11377:
11372:
11366:
11364:
11354:
11353:
11351:
11350:
11342:
11340:
11334:
11333:
11331:
11330:
11322:
11320:
11307:
11304:Archaeplastida
11295:
11294:
11291:
11290:
11289:
11288:
11287:
11286:
11283:Mesomycetozoea
11280:
11275:
11265:
11255:
11254:
11253:
11248:
11243:
11238:
11233:
11232:
11231:
11219:Diaphoretickes
11216:
11211:
11206:
11201:
11196:
11191:
11183:
11182:
11179:
11178:
11166:Archaeplastida
11161:
11160:
11153:
11146:
11138:
11129:
11128:
11126:
11125:
11114:
11111:
11110:
11108:
11107:
11102:
11097:
11092:
11091:
11090:
11080:
11074:
11072:
11070:
11069:
11068:Related topics
11066:
11062:
11059:
11058:
11056:
11055:
11050:
11045:
11040:
11035:
11029:
11027:
11023:
11022:
11020:
11019:
11017:Taxonomic rank
11014:
11009:
11003:
10998:
10993:
10992:
10991:
10990:
10989:
10984:
10979:
10969:
10959:
10958:
10957:
10952:
10947:
10942:
10937:
10935:Botanical name
10927:
10921:
10919:
10917:Plant taxonomy
10913:
10912:
10910:
10909:
10908:
10907:
10902:
10901:
10900:
10893:Megasporangium
10890:
10889:
10888:
10881:Microsporangia
10873:
10872:
10871:
10866:
10861:
10856:
10846:
10841:
10836:
10835:
10834:
10824:
10819:
10814:
10808:
10806:
10804:
10803:
10798:
10792:
10786:
10785:
10783:
10782:
10777:
10772:
10767:
10766:
10765:
10764:
10763:
10753:
10748:
10743:
10742:
10741:
10736:
10726:
10721:
10719:Cushion plants
10710:
10708:
10702:
10701:
10699:
10698:
10693:
10688:
10683:
10678:
10673:
10672:
10671:
10666:
10656:
10654:Plant hormones
10651:
10646:
10645:
10644:
10637:Photosynthesis
10634:
10629:
10624:
10619:
10614:
10608:
10606:
10598:
10597:
10594:
10593:
10591:
10590:
10585:
10580:
10575:
10570:
10565:
10560:
10554:
10552:
10548:
10547:
10545:
10544:
10539:
10534:
10529:
10524:
10523:
10522:
10517:
10512:
10502:
10501:
10500:
10495:
10490:
10485:
10475:
10470:
10469:
10468:
10467:
10466:
10461:
10456:
10455:
10454:
10449:
10429:
10424:
10419:
10418:
10417:
10416:
10415:
10410:
10400:
10395:
10390:
10385:
10380:
10370:
10369:
10368:
10363:
10358:
10356:Floral formula
10353:
10351:Floral diagram
10348:
10343:
10333:
10332:
10331:
10326:
10321:
10320:
10319:
10314:
10304:
10294:
10289:
10283:
10281:
10280:(incl. Flower)
10273:
10272:
10270:
10269:
10268:
10267:
10262:
10257:
10256:
10255:
10250:
10240:
10230:
10225:
10220:
10215:
10209:
10207:
10203:
10202:
10200:
10199:
10194:
10193:
10192:
10182:
10180:Storage organs
10177:
10172:
10171:
10170:
10160:
10154:
10152:
10146:
10145:
10143:
10142:
10137:
10132:
10127:
10122:
10116:
10114:
10105:
10103:
10102:
10088:
10082:
10081:
10079:
10078:
10073:
10068:
10066:Spermatophytes
10063:
10058:
10053:
10048:
10043:
10038:
10036:Archaeplastida
10033:
10027:
10025:
10018:
10017:
10015:
10014:
10009:
10004:
9999:
9998:
9997:
9990:Phytogeography
9987:
9985:Phytochemistry
9982:
9977:
9972:
9967:
9962:
9957:
9952:
9946:
9944:
9942:Subdisciplines
9938:
9937:
9935:
9934:
9929:
9923:
9920:
9919:
9912:
9911:
9904:
9897:
9889:
9883:
9882:
9876:
9871:
9865:
9851:
9837:
9829:
9827:Flora Europaea
9824:
9810:
9802:
9797:
9791:
9790:
9786:
9785:
9771:
9765:
9759:
9752:
9751:External links
9749:
9748:
9747:
9718:
9702:
9701:
9682:
9663:
9644:
9614:
9611:
9608:
9607:
9600:
9580:
9573:
9553:
9546:
9527:
9520:
9500:
9489:on 3 July 2007
9470:
9440:
9417:
9382:
9354:
9329:
9322:
9300:
9275:
9268:
9250:
9229:10.2307/750041
9223:(4): 293–325.
9207:
9180:
9138:
9112:
9085:
9078:
9072:. p. 13.
9054:
9031:
9005:
8979:
8952:
8926:
8895:
8865:
8851:
8821:
8799:
8792:
8774:
8760:
8736:
8722:
8702:
8667:
8648:
8628:
8598:
8572:
8553:
8533:
8514:
8494:
8468:
8433:
8364:
8337:
8330:
8304:
8297:
8271:
8241:
8209:
8189:
8182:
8162:
8117:
8088:(4): 833–840.
8068:
8045:(1): 545–570.
8022:
8003:
7973:
7954:
7917:
7910:
7888:
7863:
7848:
7826:
7775:
7744:
7737:
7717:
7672:
7641:
7634:
7612:
7605:
7571:
7550:(3): 207–224.
7528:
7451:
7432:
7410:
7403:
7377:
7334:
7275:
7218:
7169:
7112:
7077:
7049:Molecular Cell
7030:
6961:
6916:
6887:(2): 459–465.
6865:
6840:
6829:on 27 May 2013
6804:10.1038/nrg776
6798:(4): 274–284.
6775:
6750:
6699:
6638:
6589:
6563:
6541:
6490:
6437:
6422:
6404:
6343:
6282:
6264:Newton, John.
6256:
6229:
6204:
6173:(3): 259–272.
6153:
6122:(2): 107–118.
6102:
6063:(5): 733–745.
6041:
5990:
5959:(1): 1901850.
5937:
5884:
5833:
5782:
5733:
5696:(9): 865–872.
5674:
5633:
5588:
5561:
5540:10.1086/337763
5534:(2): 170–189.
5512:
5477:(4): 351–368.
5461:
5420:
5413:
5393:
5336:
5317:
5298:(4): 805–833.
5280:
5273:
5267:. p. 26.
5249:
5224:
5203:
5196:
5186:. New Jersey:
5174:
5167:
5145:
5138:
5105:
5084:
5077:
5055:
5048:
5042:. p. 21.
5026:
5019:
4997:
4968:
4935:
4928:
4906:
4875:
4814:
4807:
4797:(2 ed.).
4785:
4755:
4723:
4695:
4684:Haeckel, Ernst
4675:
4666:Haeckel, Ernst
4657:
4642:Linnaeus, Carl
4633:
4585:
4568:
4541:(1): 242–245.
4529:Margulis, Lynn
4520:
4440:
4412:
4405:
4378:
4371:
4365:. p. 82.
4347:
4318:(5): 399–451.
4296:
4289:
4267:
4230:
4181:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4174:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4117:
4116:
4102:
4088:
4074:
4058:
4055:
4027:produce toxins
4025:. Many plants
3979:
3976:
3939:. In multiple
3922:
3919:
3881:to derive the
3857:Model organism
3833:
3830:
3775:national parks
3750:Main article:
3747:
3744:
3618:essential oils
3596:Main article:
3593:
3590:
3478:Main article:
3475:
3472:
3428:Vegetable oils
3353:Main article:
3350:
3347:
3340:Main article:
3337:
3334:
3328:
3325:
3324:
3323:
3313:
3306:
3304:
3288:
3281:
3279:
3269:Seed dispersal
3267:
3260:
3258:
3249:
3242:
3240:
3230:Bee gathering
3229:
3222:
3194:, such as the
3068:disperse seeds
3033:Main article:
3030:
3027:
2983:
2980:
2908:monsoon forest
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2814:
2811:
2789:Main article:
2786:
2783:
2729:
2726:
2724:individually.
2630:
2627:
2607:Main article:
2604:
2601:
2578:plant diseases
2570:carbon dioxide
2553:
2550:
2539:
2538:
2519:
2510:
2507:
2497:
2484:
2471:
2454:
2439:
2430:
2427:
2417:
2408:
2375:Photosynthesis
2373:Main article:
2370:
2369:Photosynthesis
2367:
2333:. Plant cells
2269:
2266:
2214:Main article:
2211:
2208:
2203:Main article:
2200:
2197:
2193:
2192:
2189:
2188:
2184:
2181:
2180:
2178:
2174:
2173:
2170:
2169:
2165:
2164:
2160:
2159:
2155:
2154:
2151:
2150:
2146:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2137:
2136:
2133:
2132:
2128:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2119:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2110:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2101:
2100:
2096:
2095:
2091:
2090:
2087:
2086:
2082:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2073:
2072:
2068:
2067:
2063:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2026:
2021:
2019:
2017:Spermatophytes
2013:
2012:
2009:
2008:
1999:
1991:
1989:
1987:Euphyllophytes
1983:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1966:
1961:
1959:
1953:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1944:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1935:
1934:
1931:
1930:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1898:
1893:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1868:
1863:
1861:
1851:
1849:
1843:
1842:
1839:
1838:
1829:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1808:Coleochaetales
1804:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1775:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1748:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1737:
1734:
1733:
1729:
1728:
1725:
1724:
1720:
1719:
1716:
1715:
1701:
1698:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1686:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1664:
1659:
1657:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1622:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1595:
1590:
1588:
1582:
1581:
1578:
1577:
1565:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1551:
1550:
1538:
1533:
1531:
1529:Archaeplastida
1523:
1503:transcriptomes
1490:
1487:
1486:
1485:
1461:
1454:
1452:
1436:
1429:
1427:
1412:
1405:
1403:
1396:
1389:
1387:
1371:
1364:
1305:secondary wood
1242:Main article:
1239:
1236:
1222:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1209:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1196:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1170:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1158:
1157:(seed plants)
1154:Spermatophytes
1150:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1141:Polypodiophyta
1137:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1128:Lycopodiophyta
1125:
1119:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1106:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1093:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1081:
1075:
1074:
1071:
1060:
1054:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1042:
1036:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1028:Division name
1026:
936:
933:
931:
928:
925:
924:
890:
883:
875:
868:
867:
833:
826:
818:
815:Archaeplastida
811:
810:
760:
753:
745:
743:Chloroplastida
721:
720:
687:
682:
674:
667:
666:
663:
660:
657:
643:
640:
599:
596:
594:
591:
585:, a branch of
518:Archaeplastida
436:muliticellular
424:carbon dioxide
400:photosynthetic
391:that form the
380:
379:
378:
377:
371:
365:
359:
353:
347:
341:
331:
325:
319:
313:
302:
301:
295:
294:
286:
285:
281:
280:
268:
264:
263:
261:Archaeplastida
258:
251:
250:
245:
238:
237:
235:Diaphoretickes
232:
225:
224:
211:
210:
201:
194:
193:
187:
180:
179:
178:
171:
164:
163:
157:
150:
149:
148:
141:
134:
133:
127:
120:
119:
118:
111:
104:
103:
97:
90:
89:
88:
87:
86:
83:
82:
72:
65:
58:
51:
44:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
16619:
16608:
16605:
16603:
16600:
16599:
16597:
16580:
16575:
16571:
16567:
16562:
16558:
16554:
16548:
16544:
16539:
16535:
16531:
16526:
16522:
16518:
16513:
16509:
16505:
16499:
16495:
16490:
16486:
16482:
16477:
16473:
16469:
16464:
16460:
16456:
16451:
16447:
16443:
16438:
16434:
16430:
16425:
16421:
16417:
16412:
16408:
16404:
16399:
16395:
16391:
16385:
16381:
16376:
16372:
16368:
16363:
16359:
16354:
16348:
16344:
16339:
16333:
16329:
16328:
16326:
16324:
16320:
16316:
16311:
16299:
16296:
16294:
16291:
16287:
16284:
16283:
16282:
16279:
16277:
16276:Tandem repeat
16274:
16272:
16269:
16267:
16264:
16260:
16257:
16255:
16252:
16250:
16247:
16245:
16242:
16241:
16239:
16237:
16234:
16231:
16227:
16224:
16223:
16222:
16219:
16217:
16214:
16212:
16209:
16206:
16205:
16204:Nanobacterium
16200:
16198:
16195:
16193:
16190:
16188:
16185:
16183:
16180:
16178:
16175:
16173:
16170:
16166:
16163:
16161:
16158:
16157:
16156:
16153:
16151:
16148:
16147:
16145:
16139:
16129:
16126:
16123:
16120:
16119:
16117:
16113:
16099:
16098:
16097:Rhizidiovirus
16094:
16092:
16091:
16087:
16086:
16084:
16080:
16074:
16073:
16069:
16067:
16066:
16065:Thaspiviridae
16062:
16060:
16059:
16055:
16053:
16052:
16051:Pospiviroidae
16048:
16046:
16045:
16041:
16039:
16038:
16034:
16032:
16031:
16030:Plasmaviridae
16027:
16025:
16024:
16020:
16018:
16017:
16016:Halspiviridae
16013:
16011:
16010:
16006:
16004:
16003:
15999:
15997:
15996:
15992:
15990:
15989:
15985:
15983:
15982:
15978:
15976:
15975:
15971:
15969:
15968:
15967:Avsunviroidae
15964:
15962:
15961:
15960:Anelloviridae
15957:
15955:
15954:
15950:
15948:
15947:
15943:
15942:
15940:
15936:
15932:
15931:
15926:
15922:
15919:
15915:
15909:
15908:
15904:
15902:
15901:
15897:
15895:
15894:
15890:
15888:
15887:
15883:
15881:
15880:
15879:Duplodnaviria
15876:
15874:
15873:
15869:
15868:
15866:
15862:
15859:
15857:
15853:
15849:
15845:
15842:
15838:
15827:
15824:
15822:
15821:
15817:
15816:
15814:
15812:
15811:
15806:
15799:
15795:
15793:
15790:
15788:
15785:
15783:
15780:
15779:
15777:
15775:
15771:
15765:
15762:
15758:
15755:
15753:
15752:Mitochondrion
15750:
15749:
15748:
15745:
15743:
15740:
15739:
15737:
15734:
15729:
15726:
15724:Cellular life
15722:
15717:
15713:
15706:
15701:
15699:
15694:
15692:
15687:
15686:
15683:
15669:
15668:
15663:
15661:
15660:
15655:
15645:
15642:
15640:
15637:
15635:
15632:
15630:
15627:
15625:
15622:
15620:
15617:
15615:
15612:
15610:
15607:
15605:
15602:
15600:
15597:
15595:
15592:
15590:
15587:
15585:
15582:
15580:
15577:
15575:
15572:
15570:
15567:
15565:
15562:
15560:
15557:
15555:
15552:
15550:
15547:
15545:
15542:
15540:
15537:
15535:
15532:
15530:
15527:
15525:
15522:
15520:
15517:
15515:
15512:
15510:
15507:
15505:
15502:
15500:
15497:
15495:
15492:
15490:
15487:
15485:
15482:
15481:
15479:
15477:
15473:
15467:
15464:
15462:
15459:
15457:
15454:
15452:
15449:
15447:
15444:
15442:
15439:
15437:
15434:
15432:
15429:
15427:
15424:
15422:
15419:
15417:
15414:
15412:
15409:
15407:
15404:
15402:
15399:
15398:
15396:
15394:
15390:
15384:
15383:Basidiomycota
15381:
15379:
15376:
15374:
15371:
15369:
15368:Glomeromycota
15366:
15364:
15361:
15359:
15356:
15354:
15351:
15350:
15348:
15346:
15342:
15336:
15333:
15331:
15330:Stramenopiles
15328:
15326:
15323:
15321:
15318:
15316:
15313:
15311:
15308:
15306:
15303:
15301:
15298:
15296:
15293:
15291:
15288:
15286:
15283:
15281:
15278:
15276:
15273:
15271:
15268:
15266:
15263:
15261:
15258:
15256:
15255:Apusomonadida
15253:
15251:
15248:
15246:
15243:
15241:
15238:
15237:
15235:
15232:
15227:
15224:
15222:
15218:
15208:
15205:
15203:
15200:
15198:
15195:
15192:
15191:Nanoarchaeota
15188:
15185:
15181:
15178:
15177:Euryarchaeota
15174:
15173:
15171:
15169:
15165:
15161:
15151:
15148:
15146:
15143:
15141:
15138:
15136:
15133:
15131:
15128:
15126:
15125:Spirochaetota
15123:
15121:
15120:Rhodothermota
15118:
15116:
15113:
15111:
15108:
15106:
15103:
15101:
15098:
15096:
15093:
15091:
15088:
15086:
15083:
15081:
15078:
15076:
15073:
15071:
15068:
15066:
15063:
15061:
15058:
15056:
15053:
15051:
15050:Dictyoglomota
15048:
15046:
15043:
15041:
15038:
15035:
15034:Cyanobacteria
15031:
15029:
15026:
15024:
15023:Chrysiogenota
15021:
15019:
15018:Chloroflexota
15016:
15014:
15011:
15009:
15006:
15004:
15001:
14999:
14998:Calditrichota
14996:
14994:
14993:Caldisericota
14991:
14989:
14986:
14984:
14981:
14979:
14976:
14974:
14971:
14969:
14968:Atribacterota
14966:
14964:
14961:
14959:
14956:
14954:
14951:
14949:
14946:
14945:
14943:
14941:
14937:
14933:
14929:
14924:
14916:
14911:
14909:
14904:
14902:
14897:
14896:
14893:
14881:
14880:
14871:
14869:
14868:
14859:
14857:
14856:
14847:
14845:
14844:
14839:
14833:
14832:
14829:
14823:
14820:
14818:
14815:
14813:
14810:
14808:
14805:
14803:
14800:
14798:
14795:
14793:
14792:Garden centre
14790:
14788:
14785:
14781:
14778:
14776:
14773:
14772:
14771:
14770:Floral design
14768:
14766:
14763:
14761:
14758:
14757:
14755:
14751:
14743:
14740:
14739:
14738:
14735:
14733:
14730:
14728:
14725:
14723:
14720:
14718:
14715:
14713:
14710:
14708:
14705:
14703:
14700:
14698:
14695:
14694:
14692:
14688:
14682:
14679:
14677:
14674:
14672:
14669:
14667:
14664:
14663:
14661:
14659:
14655:
14649:
14646:
14644:
14641:
14637:
14636:reforestation
14634:
14632:
14629:
14627:
14624:
14622:
14619:
14618:
14616:
14614:
14611:
14609:
14606:
14604:
14601:
14599:
14596:
14592:
14589:
14587:
14584:
14582:
14579:
14577:
14574:
14572:
14569:
14567:
14564:
14563:
14562:
14559:
14557:
14554:
14552:
14549:
14547:
14546:Intercropping
14544:
14542:
14539:
14537:
14534:
14532:
14529:
14527:
14524:
14522:
14519:
14515:
14512:
14510:
14507:
14506:
14505:
14502:
14500:
14497:
14495:
14492:
14488:
14487:most valuable
14485:
14484:
14483:
14480:
14478:
14475:
14473:
14470:
14466:
14463:
14462:
14461:
14458:
14456:
14455:Arboriculture
14453:
14449:
14446:
14444:
14441:
14439:
14436:
14434:
14431:
14430:
14429:
14426:
14425:
14423:
14421:
14417:
14411:
14408:
14406:
14403:
14401:
14398:
14396:
14393:
14391:
14388:
14386:
14383:
14381:
14378:
14376:
14373:
14371:
14368:
14366:
14363:
14361:
14358:
14356:
14353:
14351:
14348:
14346:
14343:
14341:
14338:
14336:
14333:
14331:
14328:
14326:
14323:
14321:
14318:
14316:
14313:
14311:
14308:
14306:
14303:
14301:
14298:
14296:
14293:
14291:
14288:
14286:
14283:
14281:
14278:
14276:
14273:
14269:
14266:
14264:
14261:
14259:
14256:
14255:
14254:
14251:
14249:
14246:
14244:
14241:
14239:
14236:
14234:
14231:
14229:
14226:
14224:
14221:
14219:
14216:
14214:
14211:
14209:
14206:
14204:
14201:
14199:
14196:
14194:
14191:
14189:
14186:
14184:
14181:
14179:
14176:
14174:
14171:
14169:
14166:
14162:
14159:
14157:
14154:
14152:
14149:
14148:
14146:
14144:
14141:
14139:
14136:
14134:
14131:
14127:
14124:
14123:
14122:
14119:
14115:
14112:
14110:
14107:
14103:
14100:
14098:
14095:
14094:
14093:
14090:
14086:
14083:
14082:
14081:
14078:
14077:
14076:
14073:
14071:
14068:
14066:
14063:
14061:
14058:
14056:
14053:
14049:
14048:Garden square
14046:
14045:
14044:
14041:
14039:
14036:
14034:
14031:
14029:
14026:
14024:
14021:
14019:
14016:
14014:
14011:
14009:
14006:
14004:
14001:
13999:
13996:
13994:
13991:
13989:
13986:
13984:
13981:
13979:
13978:Ancient Egypt
13976:
13974:
13971:
13970:
13968:
13966:
13960:
13954:
13951:
13949:
13946:
13944:
13941:
13939:
13936:
13934:
13931:
13929:
13926:
13924:
13921:
13919:
13916:
13914:
13911:
13909:
13906:
13904:
13901:
13899:
13896:
13894:
13891:
13887:
13884:
13883:
13882:
13881:Garden design
13879:
13877:
13874:
13872:
13869:
13867:
13864:
13862:
13859:
13857:
13854:
13852:
13849:
13847:
13844:
13842:
13839:
13837:
13834:
13833:
13831:
13829:
13825:
13821:
13817:
13810:
13805:
13803:
13798:
13796:
13791:
13790:
13787:
13774:
13771:
13768:
13764:
13762:
13758:
13755:¹traditional
13754:
13753:
13750:
13740:
13737:
13735:
13734:Mantamonadida
13732:
13730:
13727:
13726:
13724:
13722:
13718:
13712:
13709:
13707:
13704:
13703:
13701:
13699:
13695:
13689:
13686:
13684:
13681:
13680:
13678:
13676:
13672:
13666:
13665:
13661:
13659:
13655:
13653:
13649:
13647:
13646:
13641:
13639:
13635:
13634:
13632:
13629:
13628:
13622:
13608:
13605:
13603:
13600:
13599:
13597:
13595:
13591:
13585:
13582:
13580:
13577:
13575:
13572:
13570:
13567:
13565:
13564:
13560:
13559:
13557:
13555:
13551:
13541:
13540:
13536:
13534:
13533:Heterolobosea
13531:
13530:
13528:
13526:
13525:Discicristata
13522:
13516:
13515:
13511:
13509:
13506:
13505:
13502:
13499:
13497:
13493:
13490:
13486:
13481:
13477:
13438:
13437:
13433:
13431:
13430:
13426:
13424:
13421:
13419:
13416:
13414:
13411:
13409:
13408:
13404:
13402:
13401:
13397:
13396:
13394:
13392:
13388:
13382:
13381:
13377:
13375:
13372:
13371:
13369:
13365:
13364:
13356:
13355:Viridiplantae
13352:
13346:
13345:
13341:
13339:
13336:
13334:
13331:
13329:
13326:
13325:
13322:
13319:
13317:
13313:
13303:
13300:
13298:
13297:
13293:
13292:
13290:
13288:
13284:
13278:
13277:
13276:Microheliella
13273:
13272:
13269:
13266:
13264:
13260:
13257:
13253:
13247:
13243:
13217:
13216:Actinophryida
13214:
13212:
13211:
13207:
13205:
13204:
13200:
13198:
13195:
13193:
13190:
13188:
13185:
13184:
13182:
13180:
13176:
13170:
13167:
13165:
13162:
13160:
13157:
13156:
13154:
13152:
13148:
13142:
13141:
13137:
13136:
13133:
13130:
13128:
13127:Stramenopiles
13124:
13114:
13111:
13109:
13108:
13104:
13102:
13099:
13097:
13096:
13092:
13091:
13089:
13087:
13083:
13077:
13076:
13072:
13069:
13066:
13065:
13062:
13059:
13057:
13053:
13047:
13046:
13042:
13040:
13039:
13035:
13033:
13030:
13028:
13025:
13024:
13022:
13020:
13016:
13013:
13009:
13003:
12999:
12993:
12990:
12989:
12986:
12983:
12979:
12973:
12969:
12963:
12960:
12958:
12955:
12954:
12952:
12950:
12946:
12940:
12937:
12936:
12934:
12931:
12926:
12922:
12918:
12883:
12882:
12878:
12876:
12873:
12872:
12870:
12868:
12864:
12858:
12855:
12854:
12851:
12848:
12846:
12842:
12836:
12833:
12831:
12830:Ichthyosporea
12828:
12826:
12825:
12820:
12818:
12817:
12813:
12812:
12809:
12806:
12802:
12796:
12785:
12784:
12780:
12778:
12777:Rotosphaerida
12775:
12774:
12772:
12770:
12766:
12762:
12759:
12756:
12751:
12745:
12742:
12740:
12739:Apusomonadida
12737:
12736:
12733:
12730:
12726:
12720:
12710:
12707:
12705:
12702:
12700:
12697:
12695:
12694:
12690:
12688:
12685:
12683:
12680:
12679:
12677:
12675:
12671:
12667:
12664:
12661:
12656:
12652:
12648:
12636:
12633:
12631:
12628:
12626:
12623:
12622:
12621:
12618:
12616:
12613:
12612:
12611:
12608:
12604:
12601:
12599:
12598:Stramenopiles
12596:
12594:
12591:
12589:
12586:
12582:
12579:
12578:
12577:
12574:
12573:
12572:
12569:
12567:
12564:
12561:(major groups
12559:
12557:
12554:
12552:
12549:
12547:
12544:
12541:
12537:
12536:
12532:
12527:
12520:
12515:
12513:
12508:
12506:
12501:
12500:
12497:
12485:
12482:
12480:
12472:
12470:
12466:
12463:
12459:
12458:
12455:
12407:
12404:
12402:
12399:
12397:
12394:
12393:
12392:
12389:
12387:
12384:
12383:
12381:
12375:
12371:
12365:
12362:
12360:
12357:
12355:
12353:
12348:
12346:
12343:
12342:
12340:
12334:
12330:
12324:
12320:
12318:
12314:
12312:
12308:
12306:
12302:
12300:
12296:
12294:
12290:
12288:
12284:
12282:
12278:
12276:
12272:
12270:
12266:
12264:
12260:
12258:
12254:
12252:
12248:
12246:
12245:Bennettitales
12242:
12241:
12239:
12226:
12225:Pteridosperms
12219:
12216:
12212:(seed plants)
12209:
12204:
12194:
12193:Protopityales
12190:
12188:
12184:
12182:
12178:
12176:
12172:
12171:
12169:
12166:
12159:
12155:
12152:
12146:
12135:
12131:
12128:
12126:
12122:
12120:
12116:
12115:
12113:
12109:
12105:
12099:
12095:
12093:
12089:
12088:
12085:
12082:
12079:
12074:
12063:
12059:
12055:
12051:
12048:
12046:
12042:
12040:
12036:
12035:
12033:
12031:
12027:
12023:
12020:
12014:
12004:
12000:
11998:
11994:
11992:
11988:
11987:
11985:
11978:
11974:
11971:
11964:
11963:Tracheophytes
11959:
11955:
11949:
11948:
11943:
11941:
11937:
11936:
11934:
11927:
11924:
11921:
11915:
11911:
11897:
11894:
11892:
11889:
11887:
11884:
11882:
11879:
11877:
11876:Andreaeopsida
11874:
11872:
11869:
11867:
11864:
11862:
11859:
11858:
11856:
11850:
11846:
11840:
11837:
11835:
11832:
11831:
11829:
11823:
11819:
11813:
11810:
11808:
11805:
11803:
11800:
11799:
11797:
11791:
11787:
11784:
11781:
11776:
11772:
11768:
11764:
11762:
11755:
11750:
11746:
11707:
11706:
11704:
11701:(land plants)
11698:
11694:
11688:
11685:
11684:
11682:
11678:
11672:
11669:
11667:
11664:
11663:
11660:
11657:
11655:
11651:
11645:
11642:
11640:
11639:
11635:
11633:
11630:
11628:
11625:
11624:
11622:
11619:
11614:
11610:
11594:
11593:Chlorophyceae
11591:
11589:
11586:
11584:
11581:
11580:
11579:
11576:
11574:
11571:
11569:
11568:Pedinophyceae
11566:
11564:
11561:
11559:
11556:
11554:
11551:
11550:
11548:
11546:Chlorophytina
11544:
11538:
11535:
11533:
11530:
11529:
11527:
11523:
11520:
11517:
11511:
11507:
11497:
11494:
11492:
11489:
11488:
11486:
11484:
11480:
11476:
11473:
11467:
11462:
11460:
11451:
11450:Viridiplantae
11447:
11437:
11434:
11433:
11431:
11429:
11425:
11419:
11416:
11415:
11413:
11411:
11407:
11401:
11398:
11396:
11395:Bangiophyceae
11393:
11391:
11388:
11386:
11383:
11381:
11378:
11376:
11373:
11371:
11368:
11367:
11365:
11359:
11355:
11349:
11348:
11344:
11343:
11341:
11339:
11335:
11329:
11328:
11324:
11323:
11321:
11319:
11315:
11311:
11308:
11305:
11300:
11296:
11284:
11281:
11279:
11276:
11274:
11271:
11270:
11269:
11266:
11264:
11261:
11260:
11259:
11256:
11252:
11249:
11247:
11246:Stramenopiles
11244:
11242:
11239:
11237:
11234:
11230:
11227:
11226:
11225:
11222:
11221:
11220:
11217:
11215:
11212:
11209:(major groups
11207:
11205:
11202:
11200:
11197:
11195:
11192:
11189:
11185:
11184:
11180:
11176:
11174:
11167:
11159:
11154:
11152:
11147:
11145:
11140:
11139:
11136:
11124:
11116:
11115:
11112:
11106:
11103:
11101:
11098:
11096:
11093:
11089:
11086:
11085:
11084:
11081:
11079:
11076:
11075:
11073:
11067:
11064:
11063:
11060:
11054:
11053:Phytochemical
11051:
11049:
11046:
11044:
11041:
11039:
11036:
11034:
11031:
11030:
11028:
11024:
11018:
11015:
11013:
11010:
11007:
11004:
11002:
10999:
10997:
10994:
10988:
10985:
10983:
10980:
10978:
10975:
10974:
10973:
10970:
10968:
10965:
10964:
10963:
10960:
10956:
10953:
10951:
10948:
10946:
10943:
10941:
10938:
10936:
10933:
10932:
10931:
10928:
10926:
10923:
10922:
10920:
10918:
10914:
10906:
10903:
10899:
10896:
10895:
10894:
10891:
10887:
10884:
10883:
10882:
10879:
10878:
10877:
10874:
10870:
10867:
10865:
10862:
10860:
10857:
10855:
10852:
10851:
10850:
10847:
10845:
10842:
10840:
10837:
10833:
10830:
10829:
10828:
10825:
10823:
10820:
10818:
10815:
10813:
10810:
10809:
10807:
10802:
10799:
10797:
10794:
10793:
10791:
10787:
10781:
10778:
10776:
10773:
10771:
10768:
10762:
10759:
10758:
10757:
10754:
10752:
10749:
10747:
10744:
10740:
10737:
10735:
10732:
10731:
10730:
10727:
10725:
10722:
10720:
10717:
10716:
10715:
10712:
10711:
10709:
10703:
10697:
10694:
10692:
10691:Transpiration
10689:
10687:
10684:
10682:
10679:
10677:
10674:
10670:
10667:
10665:
10662:
10661:
10660:
10657:
10655:
10652:
10650:
10647:
10643:
10640:
10639:
10638:
10635:
10633:
10630:
10628:
10625:
10623:
10620:
10618:
10615:
10613:
10610:
10609:
10607:
10603:
10599:
10589:
10586:
10584:
10581:
10579:
10576:
10574:
10571:
10569:
10566:
10564:
10561:
10559:
10556:
10555:
10553:
10549:
10543:
10540:
10538:
10535:
10533:
10530:
10528:
10525:
10521:
10518:
10516:
10513:
10511:
10508:
10507:
10506:
10503:
10499:
10496:
10494:
10491:
10489:
10486:
10484:
10481:
10480:
10479:
10478:Inflorescence
10476:
10474:
10471:
10465:
10462:
10460:
10457:
10453:
10450:
10448:
10445:
10444:
10443:
10440:
10439:
10438:
10435:
10434:
10433:
10430:
10428:
10425:
10423:
10420:
10414:
10411:
10409:
10406:
10405:
10404:
10401:
10399:
10396:
10394:
10391:
10389:
10386:
10384:
10381:
10379:
10376:
10375:
10374:
10371:
10367:
10364:
10362:
10359:
10357:
10354:
10352:
10349:
10347:
10344:
10342:
10339:
10338:
10337:
10334:
10330:
10327:
10325:
10322:
10318:
10315:
10313:
10310:
10309:
10308:
10305:
10303:
10300:
10299:
10298:
10295:
10293:
10290:
10288:
10285:
10284:
10282:
10278:
10274:
10266:
10263:
10261:
10258:
10254:
10251:
10249:
10246:
10245:
10244:
10241:
10239:
10236:
10235:
10234:
10231:
10229:
10226:
10224:
10221:
10219:
10216:
10214:
10211:
10210:
10208:
10204:
10198:
10195:
10191:
10188:
10187:
10186:
10183:
10181:
10178:
10176:
10173:
10169:
10166:
10165:
10164:
10163:Ground tissue
10161:
10159:
10156:
10155:
10153:
10151:
10147:
10141:
10138:
10136:
10133:
10131:
10128:
10126:
10123:
10121:
10118:
10117:
10115:
10113:
10109:
10106:
10099:
10093:
10090:
10089:
10087:
10086:Plant anatomy
10083:
10077:
10074:
10072:
10069:
10067:
10064:
10062:
10059:
10057:
10054:
10052:
10049:
10047:
10044:
10042:
10039:
10037:
10034:
10032:
10029:
10028:
10026:
10023:
10019:
10013:
10010:
10008:
10007:Plant ecology
10005:
10003:
10002:Plant anatomy
10000:
9996:
9993:
9992:
9991:
9988:
9986:
9983:
9981:
9978:
9976:
9973:
9971:
9968:
9966:
9963:
9961:
9958:
9956:
9953:
9951:
9950:Archaeobotany
9948:
9947:
9945:
9943:
9939:
9933:
9930:
9928:
9925:
9924:
9921:
9917:
9910:
9905:
9903:
9898:
9896:
9891:
9890:
9887:
9880:
9877:
9875:
9872:
9869:
9866:
9863:
9859:
9855:
9852:
9849:
9845:
9841:
9838:
9833:
9830:
9828:
9825:
9822:
9818:
9814:
9811:
9809:
9808:
9803:
9801:
9798:
9796:
9793:
9792:
9788:
9787:
9783:
9779:
9775:
9772:
9769:
9766:
9763:
9760:
9758:
9755:
9754:
9744:
9740:
9736:
9732:
9728:
9724:
9719:
9716:
9713:
9712:IUCN Red List
9709:
9708:
9707:
9706:
9699:
9698:0-13-651589-4
9695:
9691:
9690:Prentice Hall
9687:
9683:
9680:
9679:0-7167-1007-2
9676:
9672:
9668:
9664:
9661:
9660:1-56098-730-8
9657:
9653:
9649:
9645:
9642:
9641:0-521-64685-5
9638:
9634:
9630:
9628:
9622:
9621:
9620:
9619:
9603:
9597:
9593:
9592:
9584:
9576:
9570:
9566:
9565:
9557:
9549:
9543:
9539:
9538:
9531:
9523:
9517:
9513:
9512:
9504:
9488:
9484:
9480:
9474:
9458:
9454:
9450:
9444:
9436:
9432:
9428:
9421:
9413:
9409:
9405:
9401:
9397:
9393:
9386:
9371:
9370:
9365:
9358:
9343:
9339:
9333:
9325:
9319:
9316:. p. 1.
9315:
9311:
9304:
9289:
9285:
9279:
9271:
9265:
9261:
9254:
9246:
9242:
9238:
9234:
9230:
9226:
9222:
9218:
9211:
9203:
9199:
9195:
9191:
9184:
9176:
9172:
9167:
9162:
9158:
9154:
9153:
9152:Nature Plants
9148:
9142:
9126:
9122:
9116:
9100:
9096:
9089:
9081:
9075:
9071:
9067:
9066:
9058:
9050:
9046:
9042:
9035:
9019:
9015:
9009:
8993:
8989:
8983:
8967:
8963:
8956:
8941:
8937:
8930:
8914:
8910:
8906:
8899:
8883:
8879:
8875:
8869:
8854:
8848:
8844:
8840:
8835:
8834:
8825:
8817:
8813:
8809:
8803:
8795:
8789:
8785:
8778:
8763:
8757:
8753:
8749:
8748:
8740:
8725:
8719:
8715:
8714:
8706:
8687:
8680:
8679:
8671:
8655:
8651:
8645:
8641:
8640:
8632:
8616:
8612:
8610:
8602:
8586:
8582:
8576:
8560:
8556:
8550:
8546:
8545:
8537:
8521:
8517:
8511:
8507:
8506:
8498:
8482:
8478:
8472:
8464:
8460:
8456:
8452:
8448:
8444:
8437:
8421:
8417:
8413:
8409:
8405:
8400:
8395:
8391:
8387:
8383:
8379:
8375:
8368:
8351:
8347:
8341:
8333:
8327:
8323:
8319:
8315:
8314:"Ethnobotany"
8308:
8300:
8298:9780470015902
8294:
8290:
8286:
8282:
8275:
8259:
8255:
8251:
8245:
8229:
8225:
8224:
8219:
8213:
8205:
8204:
8199:
8193:
8185:
8179:
8175:
8174:
8166:
8150:
8146:
8142:
8138:
8134:
8133:
8128:
8121:
8113:
8109:
8104:
8099:
8095:
8091:
8087:
8083:
8079:
8072:
8056:
8052:
8048:
8044:
8040:
8036:
8029:
8027:
8010:
8006:
8000:
7996:
7992:
7988:
7984:
7977:
7961:
7957:
7951:
7947:
7943:
7939:
7938:
7933:
7926:
7924:
7922:
7913:
7907:
7903:
7899:
7892:
7884:
7880:
7879:
7874:
7867:
7859:
7855:
7851:
7845:
7841:
7837:
7830:
7822:
7818:
7814:
7810:
7805:
7800:
7796:
7792:
7791:
7786:
7779:
7763:
7759:
7755:
7748:
7740:
7734:
7730:
7729:
7721:
7713:
7709:
7705:
7701:
7697:
7693:
7689:
7685:
7684:
7676:
7660:
7656:
7652:
7649:Deacon, Jim.
7645:
7637:
7631:
7627:
7623:
7616:
7608:
7602:
7598:
7594:
7590:
7586:
7582:
7575:
7566:
7561:
7557:
7553:
7549:
7545:
7544:
7539:
7532:
7513:
7509:
7505:
7500:
7495:
7490:
7485:
7481:
7477:
7473:
7469:
7462:
7455:
7447:
7443:
7436:
7420:
7414:
7406:
7400:
7396:
7392:
7388:
7387:Plant Ecology
7381:
7373:
7369:
7364:
7359:
7355:
7351:
7350:
7345:
7338:
7330:
7326:
7321:
7316:
7311:
7306:
7302:
7298:
7294:
7290:
7286:
7279:
7271:
7267:
7262:
7257:
7253:
7249:
7245:
7241:
7237:
7233:
7229:
7222:
7214:
7210:
7205:
7200:
7196:
7192:
7188:
7184:
7180:
7173:
7165:
7161:
7156:
7151:
7147:
7143:
7139:
7135:
7131:
7127:
7123:
7116:
7107:
7102:
7098:
7094:
7093:
7088:
7081:
7073:
7069:
7064:
7059:
7055:
7051:
7050:
7045:
7043:
7034:
7018:
7014:
7010:
7006:
7002:
6998:
6994:
6990:
6986:
6982:
6978:
6977:
6972:
6965:
6957:
6953:
6949:
6945:
6941:
6937:
6933:
6929:
6928:
6920:
6912:
6908:
6904:
6900:
6895:
6890:
6886:
6882:
6881:
6876:
6869:
6854:
6850:
6844:
6825:
6821:
6817:
6813:
6809:
6805:
6801:
6797:
6793:
6786:
6779:
6764:
6760:
6754:
6746:
6742:
6737:
6732:
6727:
6722:
6718:
6714:
6710:
6703:
6687:
6683:
6679:
6675:
6671:
6667:
6663:
6659:
6655:
6654:
6649:
6642:
6634:
6630:
6625:
6620:
6616:
6612:
6608:
6604:
6600:
6593:
6578:
6574:
6567:
6551:
6545:
6537:
6533:
6528:
6523:
6519:
6515:
6511:
6507:
6506:
6501:
6494:
6486:
6482:
6477:
6472:
6468:
6464:
6460:
6456:
6452:
6450:
6441:
6433:
6429:
6425:
6419:
6415:
6408:
6392:
6388:
6384:
6380:
6376:
6372:
6368:
6364:
6360:
6359:
6354:
6347:
6339:
6335:
6330:
6325:
6320:
6315:
6311:
6307:
6303:
6299:
6298:
6293:
6286:
6271:
6267:
6260:
6244:
6240:
6233:
6218:
6214:
6208:
6200:
6196:
6191:
6186:
6181:
6176:
6172:
6168:
6167:Nature Plants
6164:
6157:
6149:
6145:
6140:
6135:
6130:
6125:
6121:
6117:
6116:Nature Plants
6113:
6106:
6098:
6094:
6089:
6088:10400.1/11601
6084:
6079:
6074:
6070:
6066:
6062:
6058:
6057:
6052:
6045:
6037:
6033:
6028:
6023:
6018:
6013:
6010:(2): 95–106.
6009:
6005:
6004:Nature Plants
6001:
5994:
5986:
5982:
5977:
5972:
5967:
5962:
5958:
5954:
5953:
5948:
5941:
5933:
5929:
5924:
5919:
5914:
5909:
5905:
5901:
5900:
5895:
5888:
5880:
5876:
5872:
5868:
5863:
5858:
5854:
5850:
5849:
5844:
5837:
5829:
5825:
5820:
5815:
5811:
5807:
5803:
5799:
5798:
5793:
5786:
5778:
5774:
5770:
5766:
5762:
5758:
5754:
5750:
5749:
5748:Nature Plants
5744:
5737:
5729:
5725:
5720:
5715:
5711:
5707:
5703:
5699:
5695:
5691:
5690:
5685:
5678:
5670:
5666:
5662:
5658:
5654:
5650:
5649:
5644:
5637:
5629:
5625:
5621:
5617:
5613:
5609:
5605:
5601:
5600:
5592:
5577:
5576:
5571:
5565:
5557:
5553:
5549:
5545:
5541:
5537:
5533:
5529:
5528:
5523:
5516:
5508:
5504:
5500:
5496:
5492:
5488:
5484:
5480:
5476:
5472:
5465:
5457:
5453:
5449:
5445:
5441:
5437:
5436:
5431:
5424:
5416:
5414:9783319773155
5410:
5406:
5405:
5397:
5389:
5385:
5381:
5377:
5373:
5369:
5365:
5361:
5357:
5353:
5352:
5347:
5340:
5332:
5328:
5321:
5313:
5309:
5305:
5301:
5297:
5293:
5292:
5284:
5276:
5270:
5266:
5262:
5261:
5253:
5238:
5234:
5228:
5222:
5221:
5217:
5214:
5207:
5199:
5193:
5189:
5188:Prentice Hall
5185:
5178:
5170:
5164:
5160:
5156:
5149:
5141:
5135:
5131:
5126:
5125:
5116:
5114:
5112:
5110:
5101:
5097:
5096:
5088:
5080:
5078:0-914868-21-7
5074:
5070:
5066:
5059:
5051:
5049:0-521-66097-1
5045:
5041:
5038:. Cambridge:
5037:
5030:
5022:
5020:0-521-30419-9
5016:
5012:
5009:. Cambridge:
5008:
5001:
4985:
4981:
4980:
4972:
4956:
4952:
4948:
4947:
4939:
4931:
4929:0-521-30419-9
4925:
4921:
4918:. Cambridge:
4917:
4910:
4894:
4890:
4886:
4879:
4871:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4843:
4839:
4836:(3): e59565.
4835:
4831:
4830:
4825:
4818:
4810:
4804:
4800:
4796:
4789:
4773:
4769:
4765:
4759:
4740:
4733:
4727:
4712:
4708:
4702:
4700:
4691:
4690:
4685:
4679:
4671:
4667:
4661:
4653:
4649:
4648:
4643:
4637:
4629:
4625:
4621:
4617:
4613:
4609:
4605:
4601:
4600:
4595:
4589:
4581:
4580:
4572:
4564:
4560:
4556:
4552:
4548:
4544:
4540:
4536:
4535:
4530:
4524:
4505:
4501:
4497:
4493:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4475:
4471:
4467:
4463:
4462:
4454:
4447:
4445:
4429:
4425:
4419:
4417:
4408:
4402:
4398:
4394:
4393:
4388:
4382:
4374:
4372:9780226360492
4368:
4364:
4360:
4359:
4351:
4343:
4339:
4335:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4317:
4313:
4312:
4307:
4300:
4292:
4286:
4282:
4278:
4271:
4263:
4259:
4255:
4251:
4247:
4243:
4242:
4234:
4226:
4222:
4218:
4214:
4210:
4206:
4202:
4198:
4197:
4192:
4186:
4182:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4121:Aquatic plant
4119:
4118:
4114:
4108:
4103:
4100:
4094:
4089:
4086:
4085:Plants portal
4080:
4075:
4072:
4066:
4061:
4054:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4011:
4009:
4004:
3997:
3993:
3989:
3984:
3975:
3973:
3968:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3941:Indo-European
3938:
3934:
3928:
3918:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3907:past climates
3904:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3879:Gregor Mendel
3876:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3858:
3854:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3829:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3794:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3743:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3709:
3705:
3700:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3689:Carboniferous
3686:
3682:
3681:phytoplankton
3678:
3674:
3670:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3636:, alkaloids,
3635:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3599:
3598:Non-food crop
3589:
3586:
3585:
3579:
3575:
3574:pharmacopoeia
3571:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3495:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3471:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3370:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3346:
3343:
3333:
3321:
3317:
3310:
3305:
3301:
3300:
3295:
3291:
3285:
3280:
3276:
3275:
3270:
3264:
3259:
3256:
3252:
3246:
3241:
3237:
3236:pollen basket
3233:
3226:
3221:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3196:Venus flytrap
3193:
3188:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3173:strangler fig
3170:
3169:Hemiepiphytes
3166:
3161:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3142:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3131:crop rotation
3127:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3114:
3110:
3109:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3093:
3088:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3073:Myrmecophytes
3069:
3066:Many animals
3064:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3053:bird partners
3050:
3046:
3042:
3036:
3035:Plant ecology
3026:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2989:
2979:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2963:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2936:alpine tundra
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2856:
2854:
2850:
2849:Norway spruce
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2820:
2810:
2808:
2807:
2802:
2798:
2792:
2782:
2780:
2775:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2739:
2734:
2725:
2723:
2719:
2716:that contain
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2684:) flower, on
2683:
2682:hermaphrodite
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2626:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2610:
2600:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2581:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2517:
2508:
2505:
2495:
2482:
2469:
2452:
2437:
2428:
2425:
2415:
2406:
2398:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2376:
2366:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2335:differentiate
2332:
2331:multicellular
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2275:
2274:Plant anatomy
2265:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2250:cyanobacteria
2247:
2243:
2242:cell membrane
2239:
2235:
2231:
2222:
2217:
2206:
2191:
2190:
2172:
2171:
2162:
2161:
2153:
2152:
2144:
2143:
2135:
2134:
2126:
2125:
2117:
2116:
2108:
2107:
2098:
2097:
2089:
2088:
2080:
2079:
2070:
2069:
2061:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2051:
2045:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2031:
2025:
2024:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2011:
2010:
2007:
2005:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1971:
1965:
1964:
1958:
1957:Tracheophytes
1955:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1942:
1941:
1933:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1923:
1917:
1916:
1913:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1890:
1887:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1873:
1867:
1866:
1859:
1855:
1854:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1841:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1828:
1825:
1824:
1818:
1817:
1814:
1813:
1810:
1809:
1803:
1802:
1796:
1795:
1792:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1782:
1781:
1774:
1773:
1767:
1766:
1763:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1753:
1747:
1746:
1740:
1739:
1736:
1735:
1727:
1726:
1718:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1708:
1707:
1700:
1699:
1696:
1695:
1692:
1691:
1685:
1684:
1678:
1677:
1674:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1663:
1662:
1656:
1655:
1649:
1648:
1645:
1644:
1641:
1636:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1628:
1627:
1621:
1620:
1614:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1600:
1594:
1593:
1587:
1586:Viridiplantae
1584:
1583:
1580:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1570:
1564:
1563:
1557:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1543:
1537:
1536:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1522:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1482:
1481:Ranunculaceae
1478:
1477:
1472:
1469:created many
1468:
1464:
1458:
1453:
1449:
1448:
1443:
1439:
1433:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1415:Carboniferous
1409:
1404:
1400:
1393:
1388:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1376:
1368:
1363:
1362:
1361:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1337:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1311:
1310:Archaeopteris
1306:
1301:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1273:
1269:
1263:
1258:
1252:
1245:
1235:
1233:
1229:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1123:Pteridophytes
1120:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1023:
1020:
1015:
1013:
1012:
1007:
1006:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
984:
982:
978:
974:
973:produce seeds
970:
962:
961:
955:
948:
947:
941:
917:Haeckel, 1894
909:Linnaeus 1751
906:
902:
898:
894:
891:
888:
884:
882:
881:
876:
873:
870:
869:
861:
860:cyanobacteria
857:
853:
849:
846:) that store
845:
841:
837:
834:
831:
827:
825:
824:
819:
816:
813:
812:
806:
801:
797:
796:
791:
790:
787:chlorophylls
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
761:
758:
754:
752:
751:
750:sensu stricto
746:
744:
740:
736:
732:
731:
730:Viridiplantae
726:
723:
722:
716:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
688:
686:
685:Multicellular
683:
681:
680:
675:
673:
669:
668:
664:
662:Organisation
661:
658:
655:
654:
651:
649:
639:
637:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
605:
590:
588:
584:
580:
579:for medicines
576:
573:, ornaments,
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
529:produce seeds
526:
521:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
462:Viridiplantae
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
439:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
416:cyanobacteria
413:
412:endosymbiosis
410:derived from
409:
405:
401:
397:
394:
390:
386:
372:
367:Embryobionta
366:
361:Telomobionta
360:
357:Barkley, 1949
354:
348:
342:
332:
326:
320:
315:Chlorobionta
314:
309:
308:Viridiplantae
306:
305:
303:
300:
296:
293:
292:
287:
282:
277:
272:
269:
266:
265:
262:
259:
256:
253:
252:
249:
246:
243:
240:
239:
236:
233:
230:
227:
226:
221:
216:
212:
204:
198:
190:
184:
174:
168:
160:
154:
144:
138:
130:
124:
114:
108:
100:
94:
84:
77:
70:
63:
56:
40:
37:
33:
19:
16322:
16293:Transpoviron
16226:Fungal prion
16202:
16095:
16090:Dinodnavirus
16088:
16070:
16063:
16058:Spiraviridae
16056:
16049:
16042:
16035:
16028:
16023:Ovaliviridae
16021:
16014:
16009:Guttaviridae
16007:
16000:
15993:
15986:
15981:Clavaviridae
15979:
15972:
15965:
15958:
15951:
15944:
15928:
15907:Varidnaviria
15905:
15898:
15891:
15886:Monodnaviria
15884:
15877:
15870:
15818:
15808:
15791:
15665:
15657:
15579:Orthonectida
15574:Gastrotricha
15549:Nematomorpha
15524:Chaetognatha
15514:Hemichordate
15441:Pteridophyta
15392:
15310:Malawimonada
15184:Korarchaeota
15145:Thermotogota
15130:Synergistota
15105:Nitrospirota
15100:Nitrospinota
15045:Deinococcota
14978:Bacteroidota
14877:
14865:
14853:
14834:
14737:Weed control
14626:horticulture
14560:
14556:Olericulture
14536:Hydroculture
14526:Fruticulture
14504:Floriculture
14433:Permaculture
14420:Horticulture
13816:Horticulture
13772:
13767:paraphyletic
13662:
13643:
13625:
13594:Malawimonada
13574:Anaeromonada
13569:Anaeramoebae
13561:
13537:
13514:Tsukubamonas
13512:
13434:
13427:
13418:Charophyceae
13405:
13398:
13391:Streptophyta
13378:
13362:
13342:
13338:Rhodelphidia
13296:Palpitomonas
13294:
13274:
13263:Pancryptista
13208:
13201:
13138:
13105:
13093:
13073:
13043:
13038:Foraminifera
13036:
12879:
12822:
12816:Tunicaraptor
12814:
12781:
12755:Opisthokonta
12691:
12620:Opisthokonta
12462:paraphyletic
12374:Angiospermae
12351:
12350:Ginkgoales (
12323:Petriellales
12305:Medullosales
12232:(seed ferns)
11945:
11866:Sphagnopsida
11861:Takakiopsida
11794:(liverworts)
11760:
11757:
11754:Embryophytes
11708:(see below↓)
11666:Charophyceae
11636:
11618:Streptophyta
11470:land plants)
11458:
11455:
11427:
11345:
11338:Rhodelphidia
11325:
11268:Opisthokonta
11172:
11169:
11048:Horticulture
11038:Floriculture
10940:Correct name
10790:Reproduction
10780:Woody plants
10705:Plant growth
10664:Gas Exchange
10649:Phytomelanin
10527:Plant embryo
10277:Reproductive
10125:Phragmoplast
10021:
9806:
9774:Tree of Life
9726:
9722:
9704:
9703:
9685:
9666:
9647:
9624:
9617:
9616:
9590:
9583:
9563:
9556:
9536:
9530:
9510:
9503:
9491:. Retrieved
9487:the original
9482:
9473:
9461:. Retrieved
9457:the original
9452:
9443:
9430:
9426:
9420:
9398:(1): 16–24.
9395:
9391:
9385:
9373:. Retrieved
9367:
9357:
9345:. Retrieved
9332:
9309:
9303:
9291:. Retrieved
9278:
9259:
9253:
9220:
9216:
9210:
9196:(1): 87–99.
9193:
9189:
9183:
9156:
9150:
9141:
9129:. Retrieved
9115:
9103:. Retrieved
9099:the original
9088:
9064:
9057:
9044:
9034:
9022:. Retrieved
9008:
8996:. Retrieved
8992:the original
8982:
8970:. Retrieved
8955:
8943:. Retrieved
8939:
8929:
8917:. Retrieved
8898:
8886:. Retrieved
8882:the original
8877:
8868:
8856:. Retrieved
8832:
8824:
8816:the original
8811:
8802:
8783:
8777:
8765:. Retrieved
8746:
8739:
8727:. Retrieved
8712:
8705:
8693:. Retrieved
8677:
8670:
8658:. Retrieved
8638:
8631:
8619:. Retrieved
8613:. Elsevier.
8608:
8601:
8589:. Retrieved
8575:
8563:. Retrieved
8543:
8536:
8524:. Retrieved
8504:
8497:
8485:. Retrieved
8471:
8446:
8442:
8436:
8424:. Retrieved
8381:
8377:
8367:
8354:. Retrieved
8350:the original
8340:
8317:
8307:
8280:
8274:
8262:. Retrieved
8258:the original
8244:
8232:. Retrieved
8228:the original
8221:
8212:
8202:
8192:
8176:. ABC-CLIO.
8172:
8165:
8153:. Retrieved
8136:
8130:
8120:
8085:
8081:
8071:
8059:. Retrieved
8042:
8038:
8013:. Retrieved
7986:
7976:
7964:. Retrieved
7935:
7897:
7891:
7876:
7866:
7835:
7829:
7797:(1): 53–59.
7794:
7788:
7778:
7766:. Retrieved
7757:
7747:
7727:
7720:
7687:
7681:
7675:
7663:. Retrieved
7659:the original
7654:
7644:
7621:
7615:
7584:
7574:
7547:
7541:
7531:
7519:. Retrieved
7471:
7467:
7454:
7445:
7441:
7435:
7423:. Retrieved
7413:
7386:
7380:
7353:
7347:
7337:
7292:
7288:
7278:
7235:
7231:
7221:
7186:
7182:
7172:
7129:
7125:
7115:
7096:
7090:
7080:
7053:
7047:
7041:
7033:
7023:10 September
7021:. Retrieved
6980:
6974:
6964:
6931:
6925:
6919:
6884:
6878:
6868:
6856:. Retrieved
6853:BBC Bitesize
6852:
6843:
6831:. Retrieved
6824:the original
6795:
6791:
6778:
6766:. Retrieved
6762:
6753:
6736:10371/100354
6716:
6712:
6702:
6692:22 September
6690:. Retrieved
6657:
6651:
6641:
6606:
6602:
6592:
6580:. Retrieved
6577:Crops Review
6576:
6566:
6554:. Retrieved
6544:
6509:
6503:
6493:
6458:
6454:
6448:
6440:
6413:
6407:
6397:10 September
6395:. Retrieved
6362:
6356:
6346:
6301:
6295:
6285:
6273:. Retrieved
6269:
6259:
6247:. Retrieved
6243:the original
6232:
6220:. Retrieved
6216:
6207:
6170:
6166:
6156:
6119:
6115:
6105:
6060:
6054:
6044:
6007:
6003:
5993:
5956:
5950:
5940:
5903:
5897:
5887:
5852:
5846:
5836:
5801:
5795:
5785:
5755:(3): 17015.
5752:
5746:
5736:
5693:
5687:
5677:
5652:
5646:
5636:
5603:
5597:
5591:
5579:. Retrieved
5573:
5564:
5531:
5525:
5521:
5515:
5474:
5470:
5464:
5442:(1): 47–64.
5439:
5433:
5423:
5403:
5396:
5355:
5349:
5339:
5331:the original
5320:
5295:
5289:
5283:
5259:
5252:
5240:. Retrieved
5236:
5227:
5211:
5206:
5183:
5177:
5154:
5148:
5123:
5099:
5093:
5087:
5064:
5058:
5035:
5029:
5006:
5000:
4988:. Retrieved
4978:
4971:
4959:. Retrieved
4945:
4938:
4915:
4909:
4899:15 September
4897:. Retrieved
4888:
4878:
4833:
4827:
4817:
4794:
4788:
4776:. Retrieved
4767:
4758:
4746:. Retrieved
4726:
4714:. Retrieved
4710:
4688:
4678:
4669:
4660:
4646:
4636:
4603:
4597:
4588:
4578:
4571:
4538:
4532:
4523:
4511:. Retrieved
4504:the original
4465:
4459:
4431:. Retrieved
4427:
4391:
4381:
4357:
4350:
4315:
4309:
4299:
4276:
4270:
4245:
4239:
4233:
4200:
4194:
4185:
4113:Water portal
4099:Trees portal
4012:
4001:
3988:musk thistle
3969:
3957:tree of life
3930:
3890:
3860:
3795:
3767:
3701:
3666:fossil fuels
3624:, pigments,
3622:natural dyes
3615:
3499:
3396:horticulture
3373:
3345:
3330:
3297:
3294:root nodules
3274:Geum urbanum
3272:
3207:
3199:
3189:
3162:
3143:
3123:
3117:
3106:
3089:
3065:
3038:
2991:
2964:
2949:
2870:Biogeography
2864:Distribution
2852:
2844:
2836:
2833:human genome
2828:
2822:
2819:Plant genome
2804:
2794:
2776:
2752:
2749:in the sand.
2736:
2651:
2617:, involving
2612:
2603:Reproduction
2582:
2555:
2547:
2540:
2393:chlorophylls
2378:
2328:
2308:Axillary bud
2300:Terminal bud
2234:chloroplasts
2227:
2048:
2028:
2001:
1968:
1920:
1900:
1870:
1847:Embryophytes
1831:
1806:
1778:
1777:
1750:
1704:
1703:
1688:
1666:
1639:
1624:
1597:
1567:
1540:
1518:
1515:paraphyletic
1492:
1474:
1445:
1422:
1380:Rhynie chert
1373:
1317:, the first
1308:
1302:
1294:Rhynie chert
1276:
1247:
1225:
1213:Angiospermae
1204:Gnetophytes
1031:Common name
1018:
1009:
1003:
985:
966:
958:
944:
915:, Metaphyta
913:Haeckel 1866
892:
878:
850:outside the
835:
821:
794:
788:
765:include the
762:
748:
742:
739:Chlorobionta
738:
734:
728:
725:Green plants
724:
689:
677:
665:Description
645:
638:
622:Theophrastus
607:
563:domesticated
549:
522:
514:glaucophytes
470:embryophytes
440:
408:chloroplasts
395:
384:
383:
349:Cormobionta
335:Barkley 1939
321:Chlorobiota
290:
289:
276:H. F. Copel.
270:
254:
241:
228:
36:
16450:iNaturalist
16347:Wikispecies
16236:microsphere
16155:Cancer cell
15900:Ribozyviria
15634:Brachiopoda
15609:Cycliophora
15554:Onychophora
15529:Kinorhyncha
15451:Ginkgophyta
15446:Cycadophyta
15411:Chlorophyta
15401:Glaucophyta
15095:Myxococcota
15013:Chlorobiota
15008:Chlamydiota
14879:WikiProject
14648:Monoculture
14643:Viticulture
14621:agriculture
14581:propagation
14521:Hügelkultur
14443:sustainable
14428:Agriculture
14370:Therapeutic
14350:Shakespeare
14161:Renaissance
13953:Xeriscaping
13948:Sustainable
13943:Square foot
13933:Proplifting
13898:Garden tool
13866:Foodscaping
13658:Chitinozoan
13584:Parabasalia
13436:Embryophyta
13400:Chlorokybus
13380:Chlorophyta
13328:Glaucophyta
13302:Cryptophyta
13192:Pirsoniales
13159:Bicosoecida
13140:Platysulcus
13113:Perkinsozoa
13095:Apicomplexa
13068:Colponemida
12835:Pluriformea
12704:Archamoebea
12693:Eumycetozoa
12269:Cordaitales
12263:Caytoniales
12149:Lignophytes
12132:(ferns and
12058:spikemosses
11997:Rhyniopsida
11947:Aglaophyton
11826:(hornworts)
11697:Embryophyta
11680:Anydrophyta
11638:Spirotaenia
11583:Ulvophyceae
11516:Chlorophyta
11466:green algae
11436:Algospongia
11410:Glaucophyta
11362:(red algae)
10864:Pollen tube
10859:Pollinators
10849:Pollination
10844:Germination
10659:Respiration
10642:Chlorophyll
10488:Pedicellate
10422:Gametophyte
10341:Aestivation
10292:Antheridium
10287:Archegonium
10135:Plasmodesma
10112:Plant cells
9975:Paleobotany
9970:Ethnobotany
9955:Astrobotany
9835:(in German)
9807:Chilebosque
9045:Climate.gov
8858:13 December
8254:Kew Gardens
8155:19 February
8061:16 February
8015:16 February
7966:16 February
7356:(11): 933.
7042:Arabidopsis
6609:(1): 3–20.
6449:Parasitaxus
5655:(1): 5–21.
4136:Foodscaping
4053:chemicals.
3961:sacred tree
3911:Paleobotany
3826:tulipomania
3802:greenhouses
3798:houseplants
3779:rainforests
3677:natural gas
3578:Dioscorides
3550:vincristine
3494:Dioscorides
3468:ethnobotany
3446:contribute
3376:agriculture
3363:Harvesting
3355:Agriculture
3327:Competition
3251:Hummingbird
3238:on its leg)
3192:carnivorous
3144:Some 1% of
3113:tall fescue
3092:mutualistic
3057:pollinators
2912:arid desert
2853:Picea abies
2841:bladderwort
2672:, which is
2670:gametophyte
2666:chromosomes
2660:, which is
2562:temperature
2294:system. 3.
2290:system. 2.
2210:Plant cells
2050:Angiosperms
2030:Gymnosperms
1706:Spirotaenia
1599:Chlorophyta
1569:Glaucophyta
1493:In 2019, a
1340:), with an
1319:seed plants
1315:gymnosperms
1272:Precambrian
1174:Ginkgophyta
1161:Cycadophyta
1132:Clubmosses
1091:6000–8000
1088:Liverworts
1073:2800–6000
1052:3800–4300
1045:Chlorophyta
1040:Green algae
943:The desmid
887:unicellular
880:sensu amplo
874:(obsolete)
844:Glaucophyta
830:unicellular
767:green algae
757:unicellular
735:Viridiphyta
672:Embryophyta
618:his biology
498:gymnosperms
466:green algae
428:chlorophyll
418:to produce
343:Cormophyta
143:Glaucophyta
61:Proterozoic
16596:Categories
16286:Retroposon
16233:Proteinoid
16143:structures
16141:Comparable
15917:Unassigned
15820:Parakaryon
15733:Prokaryota
15667:Parakaryon
15629:Entoprocta
15564:Arthropoda
15559:Tardigrada
15539:Priapulida
15534:Loricifera
15519:Echinoderm
15489:Ctenophora
15461:Gnetophyta
15416:Charophyta
15406:Rhodophyta
15378:Ascomycota
15373:Zygomycota
15315:Metamonada
15290:Euglenozoa
15275:Ciliophora
14983:Balneolota
14958:Aquificota
14541:Indigenous
14438:stock-free
14410:Zoological
14290:Pollinator
14183:Greenhouse
14126:Sharawadgi
14114:Vietnamese
14075:East Asian
13983:Australian
13938:Raised bed
13903:Green wall
13739:Rigifilida
13638:Acritarchs
13563:Barthelona
13554:Metamonada
13539:Euglenozoa
13407:Mesostigma
13363:sensu lato
13344:Rhodophyta
13203:Ochrophyta
13164:Placidozoa
13075:Ciliophora
13045:Radiolaria
12962:Haptophyta
12857:Filasterea
12769:Holomycota
12396:Magnoliids
12364:Gnetopsida
12134:horsetails
12062:quillworts
12054:clubmosses
12030:Lycophytes
12003:Renaliales
11780:Bryophytes
11358:Rhodophyta
11347:Rhodelphis
10886:Microspore
10876:Sporangium
10854:Artificial
10542:Sporophyte
10537:Sporophyll
10532:Receptacle
10427:Gynandrium
10297:Androecium
10206:Vegetative
10076:Angiosperm
10071:Gymnosperm
9965:Dendrology
9627:Population
9437:: 226–230.
9131:12 October
8972:9 December
8841:. p.
8565:9 December
8526:9 December
8399:2440/22802
8356:9 December
7768:6 November
7665:11 January
7521:12 October
7349:BioScience
6432:1108871710
5102:: 205–239.
4599:BioSystems
4513:4 November
4196:BioSystems
4177:References
4051:allopathic
4047:poison ivy
4039:terpenoids
3953:underworld
3949:world tree
3937:literature
3903:archeology
3899:Tree rings
3832:In science
3691:period of
3660:and other
3542:colchicine
3444:vegetables
3216:phosphorus
3181:bromeliads
3135:cash crops
3103:endophytic
3099:mycorrhiza
3085:fertilizer
3081:herbivores
2956:ecoregions
2920:dry steppe
2658:sporophyte
2640:between a
2597:DNA damage
2320:Root hairs
2216:Plant cell
2199:Physiology
1970:Lycophytes
1902:Liverworts
1889:Setaphytes
1858:Bryophytes
1542:Rhodophyta
1473:, such as
1467:Cretaceous
1444:. Cone of
1419:horsetails
1346:Cretaceous
1257:Ordovician
1200:Gnetophyta
1101:Hornworts
1079:Bryophytes
1068:stoneworts
1058:Charophyta
919:, Plantae
911:, Plantae
840:Rhodophyta
823:sensu lato
785:, possess
783:cell walls
771:stoneworts
712:, Plantae
694:liverworts
593:Definition
569:, such as
559:vegetables
539:and other
537:ecosystems
496:and other
486:lycophytes
478:liverworts
389:eukaryotes
373:Metaphyta
173:Gymnosperm
159:Charophyta
99:Angiosperm
18:Plant life
16362:AlgaeBase
15893:Riboviria
15872:Adnaviria
15856:Satellite
15774:Eukaryota
15584:Dicyemida
15456:Pinophyta
15335:Telonemia
15270:Cryptista
15260:Breviatea
15245:Amoebozoa
15240:Alveolata
15221:Eukaryote
14973:Bacillota
14812:Perennial
14775:Floristry
14722:Pesticide
14702:Herbicide
14697:Fungicide
14591:hardiness
14355:Shrubbery
14335:Sculpture
14156:landscape
14085:Cantonese
14060:Container
14055:Community
14023:Byzantine
14018:Butterfly
14008:Botanical
13908:Guerrilla
13856:Community
13846:Butterfly
13841:Arboretum
13836:Allotment
13828:Gardening
13820:gardening
13579:Fornicata
13485:Excavates
13287:Cryptista
13210:Oomycetes
13187:Developea
13169:Sagenista
13056:Alveolata
12992:Telonemia
12867:Choanozoa
12744:Breviatea
12687:Tubulinea
12674:Amoebozoa
12615:Amoebozoa
12593:Alveolata
12581:Cryptista
12556:Eukaryota
12526:Eukaryote
11896:Bryopsida
11849:Bryophyta
11578:UTC clade
11327:Picomonas
11263:Amoebozoa
11241:Alveolata
11229:Cryptista
11204:Eukaryota
11083:Botanists
11001:Herbarium
10898:Megaspore
10796:Evolution
10739:Subshrubs
10707:and habit
10632:Nutrition
10627:Cellulose
10622:Bulk flow
10605:Materials
10568:Epidermis
10432:Gynoecium
10413:Endosperm
10408:Dispersal
10324:Staminode
10260:Sessility
10248:Cataphyll
10168:Mesophyll
10120:Cell wall
10061:Lycophyte
10041:Bryophyte
9995:Geobotany
9980:Phycology
9800:Australia
9293:21 August
9245:195042671
8695:1 October
8660:1 October
8426:24 August
8264:1 October
8234:1 October
7858:959553277
7448:(10): 28.
6911:218583032
6763:Sciencing
6745:257092048
6270:Sciencing
5828:133732087
5804:: 77–84.
5777:205458714
5471:Brittonia
5456:182210855
4534:Evolution
4478:CiteSeerX
4166:Terrarium
4146:Perennial
4043:phenolics
4035:alkaloids
4023:hay fever
3720:cardboard
3673:petroleum
3562:echinacea
3546:digitalis
3538:reserpine
3517:herbalism
3513:narcotics
3509:synthesis
3474:Medicines
3460:chocolate
3432:olive oil
3299:Rhizobium
3171:like the
3165:epiphytes
3158:toothwort
3154:broomrape
3150:mistletoe
3125:Rhizobium
3097:known as
3095:symbiosis
2988:Autotroph
2968:grassland
2944:ice sheet
2797:pathogens
2743:asexually
2623:asexually
2574:nutrients
2568:, light,
2296:Hypocotyl
2262:cytoplasm
2254:cellulose
2238:cell wall
1872:Hornworts
1497:based on
1495:phylogeny
1489:Phylogeny
1281:, around
1259:, around
1191:Conifers
1187:Pinophyta
1110:Bryophyta
1104:100–200
1000:megaflora
977:divisions
935:Diversity
930:Evolution
798:and have
781:in their
779:cellulose
698:hornworts
614:Aristotle
541:organisms
510:red algae
474:hornworts
355:Euplanta
267:Kingdom:
203:Lycophyte
16561:VicFlora
16489:MycoBank
16387:BioLib:
16332:Wikidata
16266:Ribozyme
16211:Phagemid
15938:Families
15798:Protista
15782:Animalia
15747:Bacteria
15644:Annelida
15639:Mollusca
15619:Phoronid
15614:Nemertea
15589:Rotifera
15569:Flatworm
15544:Nematoda
15509:Chordate
15499:Cnidaria
15494:Placozoa
15325:Rhizaria
15300:Haptista
15280:Cercozoa
14940:Bacteria
14855:Category
14765:Features
14671:Grafting
14631:forestry
14613:Tropical
14598:Pomology
14571:cuttings
14566:breeding
14400:Wildlife
14380:Tropical
14330:Scottish
14280:Pleasure
14268:Paradise
14263:Charbagh
14233:Monastic
14228:Medieval
14138:Floating
14092:Japanese
14043:Communal
14033:Colonial
13998:Biblical
13963:Types of
13928:Parterre
13761:protists
13757:kingdoms
13645:Grypania
13607:Imasidae
13508:Jakobida
13032:Endomyxa
13027:Cercozoa
13019:Rhizaria
12949:Haptista
12881:Animalia
12824:Bicellum
12699:Variosea
12682:Discosea
12660:Amorphea
12610:Amorphea
12588:Rhizaria
12576:Hacrobia
12566:Excavata
12551:Bacteria
12406:Eudicots
12401:Monocots
12119:Ibykales
11853:(mosses)
11758:Plantae
11456:Plantae
11258:Amorphea
11236:Rhizaria
11224:Hacrobia
11214:Excavata
11199:Bacteria
11170:Plantae
11123:Category
11043:Forestry
11033:Agronomy
11026:Practice
10977:Cultivar
10972:Cultigen
10832:timeline
10724:Rosettes
10612:Aleurone
10588:Trichome
10505:Perianth
10317:Filament
10175:Meristem
10098:glossary
9960:Bryology
9858:Archived
9844:Archived
9817:Archived
9778:Archived
9618:General:
9412:28399160
9175:27251545
9125:Archived
9049:Archived
9018:Archived
9016:. TAIR.
8966:Archived
8913:Archived
8888:22 March
8767:14 April
8752:Elsevier
8729:14 April
8686:Archived
8654:Archived
8615:Archived
8585:Archived
8559:Archived
8520:Archived
8481:Archived
8463:15180577
8420:Archived
8408:17022438
8200:(1903).
8149:Archived
8112:83776710
8055:Archived
8009:Archived
7960:Archived
7883:Archived
7821:49394142
7813:29935146
7762:Archived
7512:Archived
7508:29784790
7372:26844434
7329:23698360
7270:23665961
7213:11130711
7164:23192148
7099:(2): 0.
7072:10911994
7017:Archived
7013:10548988
6956:10562243
6903:32390245
6812:11967552
6686:Archived
6682:18707020
6633:31626277
6536:32060910
6485:31504501
6391:Archived
6338:27457943
6199:32170292
6148:32042158
6097:29456145
6036:31844283
5985:31921561
5932:31645766
5879:52120430
5871:30157290
5769:28260783
5728:19572916
5669:21628174
5628:17919771
5570:"Plants"
5556:84303226
5522:Elkinsia
5507:27887887
5380:21490597
5216:Archived
4984:Archived
4955:Archived
4893:Archived
4870:23555709
4829:PLOS ONE
4799:Elsevier
4772:Archived
4748:27 April
4739:Archived
4716:25 March
4686:(1894).
4668:(1866).
4652:Archived
4644:(1751).
4563:28562945
4389:(2014).
4334:16248873
4262:21652308
4057:See also
4008:invasive
3875:genetics
3762:espalier
3714:to make
3662:biofuels
3654:firewood
3566:feverfew
3556:include
3530:morphine
3464:caffeine
3448:vitamins
3438:provide
3436:palm oil
3430:such as
3406:include
3400:forestry
3392:agronomy
3234:(orange
3212:nitrogen
3011:food web
2813:Genomics
2756:cuttings
2741:spreads
2615:sexually
2453:→
2324:Root cap
2316:Tap root
1442:Jurassic
1438:Conifers
1421:such as
1399:Devonian
1384:Devonian
1358:Jurassic
1354:Conifers
1331:Triassic
1290:Devonian
1279:Silurian
1230:and the
1220:258650
990:such as
905:bacteria
877:Plantae
852:plastids
820:Plantae
805:Copeland
800:plastids
747:Plantae
715:Margulis
692:include
676:Plantae
656:Name(s)
634:kingdoms
626:Linnaeus
512:and the
494:conifers
468:and the
406:, using
404:sunlight
387:are the
299:Synonyms
291:see text
16553:plantae
16517:5268475
16353:Plantae
16323:Plantae
16298:Xenobot
16216:Plasmid
16197:Jeewanu
16128:Obelisk
15924:Classes
15792:Plantae
15757:Plastid
15742:Archaea
15624:Bryozoa
15320:Provora
15295:Jakobea
15285:Discoba
15231:Protist
15168:Archaea
14921:Extant
14867:Commons
14780:Ikebana
14732:Pruning
14658:Organic
14608:Roguing
14494:Cutting
14385:Victory
14360:Spanish
14340:Sensory
14285:Prairie
14253:Persian
14243:Orchard
14208:Kitchen
14203:Keyhole
14198:Italian
14193:Islamic
14188:Hanging
14147:French
14133:Fernery
14121:English
14080:Chinese
14065:Cottage
13993:Baroque
13965:gardens
13918:History
13496:Discoba
13361:Plants
13333:Picozoa
13179:Gyrista
13086:Myzozoa
12939:Provora
12845:Filozoa
12801:Holozoa
12709:Cutosea
12625:Animals
12546:Archaea
12469:extinct
11318:Picozoa
11273:Animals
11194:Archaea
10801:Ecology
10558:Cuticle
10388:Capsule
10378:Anatomy
10329:Tapetum
10253:Petiole
10228:Rhizome
10223:Rhizoid
10150:Tissues
10140:Vacuole
10130:Plastid
9932:Outline
9927:History
9743:1223885
9463:17 June
9375:19 June
9347:19 June
9123:. BBC.
9105:20 June
9024:21 June
8998:21 June
8919:21 June
8621:20 June
8591:20 June
8416:9769230
8132:Ecology
8090:Bibcode
7712:3008328
7692:Bibcode
7683:Science
7552:Bibcode
7499:6016768
7476:Bibcode
7425:7 March
7297:Bibcode
7261:4972453
7240:Bibcode
7191:Bibcode
7155:3510651
7134:Bibcode
7005:8525370
6985:Bibcode
6976:Science
6948:2656789
6858:7 March
6833:7 March
6820:7424193
6768:7 March
6662:Bibcode
6624:6977023
6582:7 March
6556:7 March
6527:7186814
6476:6786476
6387:9657713
6367:Bibcode
6358:Science
6329:4987840
6306:Bibcode
6275:7 March
6249:7 March
6222:7 March
6190:8075897
6139:7027989
6065:Bibcode
6027:7027972
5976:6947507
5923:6872490
5806:Bibcode
5719:2777257
5698:Bibcode
5608:Bibcode
5581:9 March
5548:2995234
5499:2805124
5479:Bibcode
5388:4418860
5360:Bibcode
5312:1222087
5242:4 March
4990:26 July
4961:26 July
4861:3608682
4838:Bibcode
4628:7337818
4608:Bibcode
4555:2406516
4500:5762760
4470:Bibcode
4461:Science
4433:7 March
4342:8060916
4225:7337818
4205:Bibcode
3818:ikebana
3787:Japan's
3783:forests
3760:A rose
3634:tannins
3611:sawmill
3534:quinine
3522:aspirin
3412:cassava
3408:cereals
3404:staples
3367:with a
3290:Legumes
3208:Drosera
3177:orchids
3120:legumes
3015:biomass
2999:aerobic
2972:savanna
2924:savanna
2859:Ecology
2803:and in
2760:runners
2747:runners
2728:Asexual
2710:ovaries
2706:carpels
2696:create
2694:stamens
2674:haploid
2662:diploid
2646:diploid
2642:haploid
2619:gametes
2379:Plants
2363:flowers
2312:Petiole
2230:vacuole
1640:
1499:genomes
1479:in the
1476:Sagaria
1465:in the
1413:In the
1397:By the
1344:in the
1329:in the
1268:thallus
1178:Ginkgo
1165:Cycads
1148:11000
1117:12000
1114:Mosses
1064:desmids
996:picozoa
992:desmids
969:species
610:animals
587:biology
525:species
506:genomes
447:animals
396:Plantae
393:kingdom
337:emend.
271:Plantae
68:Archean
16602:Plants
16543:151418
16501:NZOR:
16494:514430
16481:202422
16468:107789
16244:Retron
16187:Fosmid
16172:Cosmid
16122:Nanobe
16082:Genera
15864:Realms
15852:Viroid
15484:Sponge
15476:Animal
14617:Urban
14514:Taiwan
14509:Canada
14472:Botany
14465:Saikei
14460:Bonsai
14405:Winter
14390:Walled
14325:School
14320:Sacred
14275:Physic
14238:Mughal
14218:Market
14173:German
14151:formal
14143:Flower
14109:Korean
14028:Cactus
14013:Bottle
13973:Alpine
13923:Native
13876:Garden
13861:Forest
13769:groups
13151:Bigyra
12725:Obazoa
12603:Plants
12540:Domain
12464:groups
12352:Ginkgo
12060:&
11918:
11514:
11251:Plants
11188:Domain
11105:Plants
11008:(IAPT)
10761:Lianas
10729:Shrubs
10681:Starch
10573:Nectar
10493:Raceme
10459:Stigma
10447:Locule
10437:Carpel
10398:Pyrena
10336:Flower
10312:Anther
10307:Stamen
10302:Pollen
10024:groups
9916:Botany
9741:
9696:
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9629:Growth
9598:
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9518:
9493:21 May
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9237:750041
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8945:6 June
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8839:Tuttle
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8487:22 May
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7289:Nature
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7126:Nature
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4778:28 May
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4041:, and
3990:is an
3947:, the
3867:botany
3853:Botany
3814:bonsai
3740:Thread
3724:cotton
3712:pulped
3664:. The
3630:resins
3607:Timber
3572:. The
3568:, and
3558:ginkgo
3496:, 1224
3458:, and
3452:Coffee
3440:lipids
3416:potato
3316:sundew
3255:nectar
3232:pollen
3204:sundew
3202:) and
3061:nectar
3055:, are
3049:insect
2995:oxygen
2974:, and
2952:biomes
2938:, and
2884:tundra
2880:biomes
2779:gemmae
2768:tubers
2714:fruits
2698:pollen
2692:. The
2678:spores
2629:Sexual
2572:, and
2558:genome
2543:oxygen
2385:sugars
2359:leaves
2347:phloem
2318:. 12.
1922:Mosses
1519:et al.
1375:Rhynia
1321:. The
1135:1200
1066:&
807:, 1956
717:, 1971
704:, and
702:mosses
659:Scope
583:botany
557:, and
500:, and
482:mosses
420:sugars
385:Plants
333:Phyta
278:, 1956
113:Desmid
42:Plants
16574:WoRMS
16550:PPE:
16530:54311
16455:47126
16429:1PLAK
16390:14871
16380:54717
16221:Prion
16115:Other
15848:Virus
15787:Fungi
15393:Plant
15345:Fungi
15265:CRuMs
14561:Plant
14499:Flora
14448:urban
14395:Water
14375:Trial
14345:Shade
14305:Roman
14178:Greek
14168:Front
14070:Dutch
14038:Color
13721:CRuMs
12783:Fungi
12630:Fungi
11468:&
11278:Fungi
11065:Lists
10982:Group
10905:Spore
10839:Flora
10756:Vines
10751:Trees
10714:Habit
10686:Sugar
10578:Stoma
10520:Sepal
10515:Petal
10510:Tepal
10498:Umbel
10483:Bract
10464:Style
10452:Ovule
10442:Ovary
10383:Berry
10373:Fruit
10366:Whorl
10233:Shoot
10031:Algae
10022:Plant
9739:JSTOR
9723:Taxon
9453:NIAID
9433:(3).
9408:S2CID
9241:S2CID
9233:JSTOR
8689:(PDF)
8682:(PDF)
8412:S2CID
8108:S2CID
7817:S2CID
7515:(PDF)
7464:(PDF)
7368:S2CID
7009:S2CID
6944:JSTOR
6907:S2CID
6827:(PDF)
6816:S2CID
6788:(PDF)
6741:S2CID
6719:(1).
5875:S2CID
5824:S2CID
5773:S2CID
5552:S2CID
5544:JSTOR
5503:S2CID
5495:JSTOR
5452:S2CID
5384:S2CID
5308:JSTOR
5291:Taxon
4742:(PDF)
4735:(PDF)
4551:JSTOR
4507:(PDF)
4456:(PDF)
4338:S2CID
4003:Weeds
3996:Texas
3895:genes
3873:. In
3845:maize
3843:used
3736:rayon
3732:ramie
3716:paper
3646:latex
3638:amber
3626:waxes
3526:taxol
3424:beans
3292:have
3122:have
3118:Many
2888:taiga
2825:wheat
2772:bulbs
2764:clone
2745:with
2718:seeds
2702:ovule
2688:, or
2621:, or
2566:water
2458:light
2389:light
2355:roots
2351:stems
2343:xylem
2310:. 8.
2302:. 5.
2298:. 4.
2288:Shoot
1997:Ferns
1780:Chara
1298:chert
1251:1,200
1194:630
1168:160
901:fungi
897:algae
885:Some
828:Some
775:clade
755:Some
555:fruit
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533:trees
490:ferns
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422:from
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255:Clade
242:Clade
229:Clade
16476:ITIS
16437:GBIF
16424:EPPO
16375:APNI
16338:Q756
16160:HeLa
15764:LUCA
15712:Life
15431:Moss
14923:life
14482:Crop
14315:Rose
14310:Roof
14300:Rock
14295:Rain
14258:Bāgh
14223:Mary
14213:Knot
14097:Roji
13988:Back
13818:and
13773:bold
12978:TSAR
12467:† =
11459:s.s.
11173:s.l.
10987:Grex
10869:Self
10403:Seed
10265:Stem
10243:Leaf
10218:Root
10213:Bulb
10197:Wood
10158:Cork
10056:Fern
9694:ISBN
9675:ISBN
9656:ISBN
9637:ISBN
9596:ISBN
9569:ISBN
9542:ISBN
9516:ISBN
9495:2007
9465:2015
9377:2016
9349:2016
9318:ISBN
9295:2023
9264:ISBN
9171:PMID
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9074:ISBN
9026:2016
9000:2016
8974:2017
8947:2023
8921:2016
8890:2016
8860:2017
8847:ISBN
8788:ISBN
8769:2018
8756:ISBN
8731:2018
8718:ISBN
8697:2017
8662:2017
8644:ISBN
8623:2016
8593:2016
8567:2017
8549:ISBN
8528:2017
8510:ISBN
8489:2014
8459:PMID
8428:2020
8404:PMID
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8326:ISBN
8293:ISBN
8266:2017
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8157:2021
8063:2021
8017:2021
7999:ISBN
7968:2021
7950:ISBN
7906:ISBN
7854:OCLC
7844:ISBN
7809:PMID
7770:2017
7733:ISBN
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7667:2019
7630:ISBN
7601:ISBN
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7504:PMID
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7399:ISBN
7325:PMID
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7068:PMID
7025:2018
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6952:PMID
6899:PMID
6860:2023
6835:2023
6808:PMID
6770:2023
6694:2017
6678:PMID
6629:PMID
6584:2023
6558:2023
6532:PMID
6481:PMID
6428:OCLC
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6093:PMID
6032:PMID
5981:PMID
5928:PMID
5867:PMID
5765:PMID
5724:PMID
5665:PMID
5624:PMID
5583:2023
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16416:281
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16124:(?)
15828:(?)
14365:Tea
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