513:, they can be electrically excitable and can display rapid electrical responses in the form of APs to environmental stimuli. APs allow for the movement of signaling ions and molecules from the pre-potential cell to the post-potential cell(s). These electrophysiological signals are constituted by gradient fluxes of ions such as H, K, Cl, Na, and Ca but it is also thought that other electrically charge ions such as Fe, Al, Mg, Zn, Mn, and Hg may also play a role in downstream outputs. The maintenance of each ions electrochemical gradient is vital in the health of the cell in that if the cell would ever reach equilibrium with its environment, it is dead. This dead state can be due to a variety of reasons such as ion channel blocking or membrane puncturing.
299:
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influencing each other to determine behavior in a bottom-up fashion. The development into a larger organism whose modules must deal with different environmental conditions and challenges is not universal across plant species, however, as smaller organisms might be subject to the same conditions across their bodies, at least, when the below and aboveground parts are considered separately. Moreover, the claim that central control of development is completely absent from plants is readily falsified by
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integrated, and shared (sensory plant biology) to enable these adaptive and coordinated responses (plant behaviour); and how sensory perceptions and behavioural events are 'remembered' in order to allow predictions of future activities upon the basis of past experiences. Plants, it is claimed by some plant physiologists, are as sophisticated in behaviour as animals, but this sophistication has been masked by the time scales of plants' responses to stimuli, which are typically many
718:, as plant neurobiologists rely primarily on metaphors and analogies to argue that complex responses in plants can only be produced by intelligence. "A bacterium can monitor its environment and instigate developmental processes appropriate to the prevailing circumstances, but is that intelligence? Such simple adaptation behaviour might be bacterial intelligence but is clearly not animal intelligence." However, plant intelligence fits a definition of intelligence proposed by
56:
45:
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869:, among many other examples. All of these organisms, despite being devoid of a brain or nervous system, are capable of sensing their immediate and momentary environment and responding accordingly. In the case of unicellular life, the sensory pathways are even more primitive in the sense that they take place on the surface of a single cell, as opposed to within a network of many related cells.
683:, and take tightly controlled actions to mitigate and control diverse environmental stressors. Plants are also capable of discriminating between positive and negative experiences and of learning by registering memories from their past experiences. Plants use this information to adapt their behaviour in order to survive present and future challenges of their environments.
244:). The seeds of many plants sprout only after they are exposed to light. This response is carried out by phytochrome signalling. Plants are also able to sense the quality of light and respond appropriately. For example, in low light conditions, plants produce more photosynthetic pigments. If the light is very bright or if the levels of harmful
212:), each of which reacts very specifically to certain wavelengths of light. These light sensors tell the plant if it is day or night, how long the day is, how much light is available, and where the light is coming from. Shoots generally grow towards light, while roots grow away from it, responses known as
308:) tendril. Note how the plant reaches for and wraps around the galvanised wire provided for the purpose. This is a very tough twig and appears to have no other purpose than support for the plant. Nothing else grows from it. It must reach out softly, then wrap around and then dry and toughen. See more at
335:
For perception to occur, the plant often must be able to sense, perceive, and translate the direction of gravity. Without gravity, proper orientation will not occur and the plant will not effectively grow. The root will not be able to uptake nutrients or water, and the shoot will not grow towards the
516:
These electrophysiological ions bind to receptors on the receiving cell causing downstream effects result from one or a combination of molecules present. This means of transferring information and activating physiological responses via a signaling molecule system has been found to be faster and more
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Alpi A, Amrhein N, Bertl A, Blatt MR, Blumwald E, Cervone F, Dainty J, De
Michelis MI, Epstein E, Galston AW, Goldsmith MH, Hawes C, Hell R, Hetherington A, Hofte H, Juergens G, Leaver CJ, Moroni A, Murphy A, Oparka K, Perata P, Quader H, Rausch T, Ritzenthaler C, Rivetta A, Robinson DG, Sanders D,
852:
The concepts of plant perception, communication, and intelligence have parallels in other biological organisms for which such phenomena appear foreign to or incompatible with traditional understandings of biology, or have otherwise proven difficult to study or interpret. Similar mechanisms exist in
839:
The authors call for an end to "superficial analogies and questionable extrapolations" if the concept of "plant neurobiology" is to benefit the research community. Several responses to this criticism have attempted to clarify that the term "plant neurobiology" is a metaphor and that metaphors have
358:
All plants are able to sense touch. Thigmotropism is directional movement that occurs in plants responding to physical touch. Climbing plants, such as tomatoes, exhibit thigmotropism, allowing them to curl around objects. These responses are generally slow (on the order of multiple hours), and can
239:
every day using sunlight, temperature, and other cues, similar to the biological clocks present in other organisms. The internal clock coupled with the ability to perceive light also allows plants to measure the time of the day and so determine the season of the year. This is how many plants know
727:
because, as a modular organism, each module seeks its own survival goals and the resulting organism-level behavior is not centrally controlled. This view, however, necessarily accommodates the possibility that a tree is a collection of individually intelligent modules cooperating, competing, and
551:
The ion flux across cells also influence the movement of other molecules and solutes. This changes the osmotic gradient of the cell, resulting in changes to turgor pressure in plant cells by water and solute flux across cell membranes. These variations are vital for nutrient uptake, growth, many
257:
has raised questions on the mode by which they are able to perceive and mimic the shape of the leaves of the plant upon which they climb. Experiments have shown that they even mimic the shape of plastic leaves when trained on them. Suggestions have even been made that plants might have a form of
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levels, in order to understand plant development and behaviour. The neurobiological view sees plants as information-processing organisms with rather complex processes of communication occurring throughout the individual plant. It studies how environmental information is gathered, processed,
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deliberately aim for supporting structures. Calvo said: “We see these signatures of complex behaviour, the one and only difference being is that it’s not neural-based, as it is in humans. This isn’t just adaptive behaviour, it’s anticipatory, goal-directed, flexible behaviour.”
817:, Ben Scheres, and Chris Sommerville. The breadth of fields of plant science represented by these researchers reflects the fact that the vast majority of the plant science research community rejects plant neurobiology as a legitimate notion. Their main arguments are that:
413:), which can in turn be perceived by neighboring plants. Plants detecting these sorts of volatile signals often respond by increasing their chemical defences and/or prepare for attack by producing chemicals which defend against insects or attract insect predators.
722:
in a book about evolution and animal intelligence, in which he describes it as "adaptively variable behaviour during the lifetime of the individual". Critics of the concept have also argued that a plant cannot have goals once it is past the developmental stage of
1846:
Mirabella, R., H. Rauwerda, S. Allmann, A. Scala, E. A. Spyropoulou, M. de Vries, M. R. Boersma, T. M. Breit, M. A. Haring, and R. C. Schuurink. 2015. WRKY40 and WRKY6 act downstream of the green leaf volatile E-2-hexenal in
Arabidopsis. The Plant Journal
505:
Plants have a variety of methods of delivering electrical signals. The four commonly recognized propagation methods include action potentials (APs), variation potentials (VPs), local electric potentials (LEPs), and systemic potentials (SPs)
803:
is credited as the first person to research and talk about the neurobiology of plants. Many plant scientists and neuroscientists, however, view the term "plant neurobiology" as a misnomer, because plants do not have neurons.
1521:
Azri W, Chambon C, Herbette S, Brunel N, Coutand C, Leplé JC, Ben Rejeb I, Ammar S, Julien JL, Roeckel-Drevet P (June 2009). "Proteome analysis of apical and basal regions of poplar stems under gravitropic stimulation".
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thus endowed acts like the brain of one of the lower animals; the brain being situated within the anterior end of the body, receiving impressions from the sense-organs, and directing the several movements.
778:
of plant life based on the physiology of plant perception. Paco Calvo Garzon offers a philosophical take on plant perception based on the cognitive sciences and the computational modeling of consciousness.
2275:
Wagner E, Lehner L, Normann J, Veit J, Albrechtova J (2006). "Hydroelectrochemical integration of the higher plant—basis for electrogenic flower induction". In
Baluska F, Mancuso S, Volkmann D (eds.).
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Awan, Hamdan; Adve, Raviraj S.; Wallbridge, Nigel; Plummer, Carrol; Eckford, Andrew W. (January 2019). "Communication and
Information Theory of Single Action Potential Signals in Plants".
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in addition to computation and basic problem solving. Controversially, the brain is used as a metaphor by some plant perception researchers to provide an integrated view of signalling.
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in plants "poses a problem for signaling from an electrophysiological point of view", since extensive electrical coupling would preclude the need for any cell-to-cell transport of "
324:
granules fall in the direction of gravity. This weight activates secondary receptors, which signal to the plant the direction of the gravitational pull. After this occurs,
30:
This article is about the physiology of normal perception in multicellular plants. For pseudoscientific theories regarding paranormal emotion and perception in plants, see
1921:
Akula, R., and S. Mukherjee. 2020. New insights on neurotransmitters signaling mechanisms in plants. Plant
Signaling & Behavior 15:1737450. Taylor & Francis.
231:
Many plants exhibit certain behaviors at specific times of the day; for example, flowers that open only in the mornings. Plants keep track of the time of day with a
3278:"Stress memory in plants: a negative regulation of stomatal response and transient induction of rd22 gene to light in abscisic acid-entrained Arabidopsis plants"
287:, which then grows by elongating in the direction of gravity. In shoots, growth occurs in the opposite direction, a phenomenon known as negative gravitropism.
3805:
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Brenner ED, Stahlberg R, Mancuso S, Baluska F, Van
Volkenburgh E (July 2007). "Response to Alpi et al.: plant neurobiology: the gain is more than the name".
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Scheres B, Schumacher K, Sentenac H, Slayman CL, Soave C, Somerville C, Taiz L, Thiel G, Wagner R (April 2007). "Plant neurobiology: no brain, no gain?".
3409:
Gagliano M, Renton M, Depczynski M, Mancuso S (May 2014). "Experience teaches plants to learn faster and forget slower in environments where it matters".
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Brenner ED, Stahlberg R, Mancuso S, Vivanco J, Baluska F, Van
Volkenburgh E (August 2006). "Plant neurobiology: an integrated view of plant signaling".
3233:
Brenner ED, Stahlberg R, Mancuso S, Vivanco J, Baluska F, Van
Volkenburgh E (August 2006). "Plant neurobiology: an integrated view of plant signaling".
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and differential growth towards gravity begins. In the shoots, auxin redistribution occurs in a way to produce differential growth away from gravity.
621:
Active foraging for light and nutrients. They do this by changing their architecture, e.g. branch growth and direction, physiology, and phenotype.
2433:"Herbivore-Triggered Electrophysiological Reactions: Candidates for Systemic Signals in Higher Plants and the Challenge of Their Identification"
552:
types of movements (tropisms and nastic movements) among other basic plant physiology and behavior. (Higinbotham 1973; Scott 2008; Segal 2016).
2648:
Falkenstein E, Groth B, Mithöfer A, Weiler EW (October 1991). "Methyljasmonate and α-linolenic acid are potent inducers of tendril coiling".
679:. They communicate while actively competing for resources. In addition, plants accurately compute their circumstances, use sophisticated
385:) produce specialized leaf structures that snap shut when touched or landed upon by insects. In the Venus flytrap, touch is detected by
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634:
591:
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4551:
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Karban R, Baxter KJ (2001). "Induced
Resistance in Wild Tobacco with Clipped Sagebrush Neighbors: The Role of Herbivore Behavior".
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373:) responds to even the slightest physical touch by quickly folding its thin pinnate leaves such that they point downwards, and
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Plants upregulate chemical defenses such as glucosinolate and anthocyanin in response to vibrations created during herbivory.
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4261:
2538:
1940:
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3125:
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McConnaughay KD, Bazzaz FA (1992). "The
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when it is touched, its leaves fold up and its branches droop, leaving it looking dead or sick in a matter of seconds
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Hutchings M, Dekroon H (1994). "Foraging in Plants: the Role of Morphological Plasticity in Resource Acquisition".
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to prevent the spread of infectious agents. Plants can also respond to volatile signals produced by other plants.
2844:
De Kroon H, Hutchings MJ (1995). "Morphological plasticity in clonal plants: the foraging concept reconsidered".
2720:
Xiong L, Zhu JK (June 2001). "Abiotic stress signal transduction in plants: Molecular and genetic perspectives".
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2556:"Interplant communication: airborne methyl jasmonate induces synthesis of proteinase inhibitors in plant leaves"
1790:"Interplant communication: airborne methyl jasmonate induces synthesis of proteinase inhibitors in plant leaves"
1156:
Gagliano M, Grimonprez M, Depczynski M, Renton M (May 2017). "Tuned in: plant roots use sound to locate water".
4646:
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31:
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Jaffe MJ, Forbes S (February 1993). "Thigmomorphogenesis: the effect of mechanical perturbation on plants".
821:"Plant neurobiology does not add to our understanding of plant physiology, plant cell biology or signaling".
4727:
4619:
Plants cannot "think and remember," but there's nothing stupid about them: They're shockingly sophisticated
2482:"NADPH oxidases as electrochemical generators to produce ion fluxes and turgor in fungi, plants and humans"
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959:
792:
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3642:
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Bhalla US, Iyengar R (January 1999). "Emergent properties of networks of biological signaling pathways".
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Zimmermann, Matthias; Mithöfer, Axel; Will, Torsten; Felle, Hubert; Furch, Alexandra (12 February 2016).
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It has been argued that although plants are capable of adaptation, it should not be called intelligence
4623:
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Clark GB, Thompson G, Roux SJ (January 2001). "Signal transduction mechanisms in plants: an overview".
775:
2333:"System potentials, a novel electrical long-distance apoplastic signal in plants, induced by wounding"
1699:
4805:
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2228:"The cell's self-generated "electrome": The biophysical essence of the immaterial dimension of Life?"
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like animals do; however, reactions within signalling pathways may provide a biochemical basis for
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3643:"The role of hormones in apical dominance. New approaches to an old problem in plant development"
1958:"Electrical signals and their physiological significance in plants: Electrical signals in plants"
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1999:"Long-distance plant signaling pathways in response to multiple stressors: the gap in knowledge"
1351:"Alterations in Pigment Content in Leaves of Pisum sativum After Exposure to Supplementary UV-B"
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3186:"Plant behaviour in response to the environment: information processing in the solid state"
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Szechyńska-Hebda, Magdalena; Lewandowska, Maria; Karpiński, Stanisław (14 September 2017).
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89:. Botanical research has revealed that plants are capable of reacting to a broad range of
8:
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4509:"Connections: the hard wiring of the plant cell for perception, signaling, and response"
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and skototropism, respectively. They are brought about by light-sensitive pigments like
141:. The scientific study of plant perception is informed by numerous disciplines, such as
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Raja, Vicente; Silva, Paula L.; Holghoomi, Roghaieh; Calvo, Paco (10 November 2020).
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824:"There is no evidence for structures such as neurons, synapses or a brain in plants".
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or other chemical release, changes of water and chemical transport, and other means.
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Grime JP, MacKey JM (2002). "The role of plasticity in resource capture by plants".
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In 2020, Paco Calvo studied the dynamic of plant movements and investigated whether
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Plant-Environment Interactions: From Sensory Plant Biology to Active Plant Behavior
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Gagliano M, Vyazovskiy VV, Borbély AA, Grimonprez M, Depczynski M (December 2016).
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1209:"Plant acoustics: in the search of a sound mechanism for sound signaling in plants"
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by Amedeo Alpi and 35 other scientists, including such eminent plant biologists as
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The ideas behind plant neurobiology were criticised in a 2007 article published in
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increase, plants produce more of their protective pigments that act as sunscreens.
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3354:"A comparative approach to the principal mechanisms of different memory systems"
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Leaves and branches being positioned and oriented in response to a light source.
3832:"Plant intentionality and the phenomenological framework of plant intelligence"
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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544:, including ones that act as neuroactive substances in other organisms such as
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In philosophy, there are few studies of the implications of plant perception.
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To orient themselves correctly, plants must be able to sense the direction of
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levels also increase rapidly in response to mechanical perturbations such as
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3806:"Food for thought? French bean plants show signs of intent, say scientists"
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Harmer SL, Panda S, Kay SA (2001). "Molecular bases of circadian rhythms".
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1109:"Green symphonies: a call for studies on acoustic communication in plants"
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McConnaughay KD, Bazzaz FA (1991). "Is Physical Space a Soil Resource?".
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Zimmermann MR, Maischak H, Mithöfer A, Boland W, Felle HH (March 2009).
2048:"Electrical Signaling, Photosynthesis and Systemic Acquired Acclimation"
1378:"Boquila trifoliolata mimics leaves of an artificial plastic host plant"
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Detecting soil volume and adapting growth accordingly, independently of
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1859:"Plants respond to leaf vibrations caused by insect herbivore chewing"
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Trewavas A (September 2005). "Green plants as intelligent organisms".
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processes of animals. Plant neurobiology concerns mostly the sensory
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466:
401:
Wounded or infected plants produce distinctive volatile odors, (e.g.
192:
plant which perceives and reacts to sunlight by slow turning movement
110:
44:
4248:. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 323–342.
3082:
3039:
2865:
2045:
4631:
4589:
4408:
Volkov AG, Carrell H, Adesina T, Markin VS, Jovanov E (July 2008).
3459:
2292:"Electrical signals and their physiological significance in plants"
2122:
1730:"Closing of Venus Flytrap by Electrical Stimulation of Motor Cells"
1292:(1 January 1975). "Host Tree Location Behavior of a Tropical Vine (
894:
866:
854:
724:
657:
556:
284:
126:
106:
94:
1155:
184:
1001:
754:
672:
607:
545:
540:. These electrical responses can cause the synthesis of numerous
367:
can occur as well. For example, the so-called "sensitive plant" (
288:
273:
253:
130:
98:
2330:
458:
Plants produce several signal molecules usually associated with
3408:
661:
510:
459:
389:
lining the inside of the specialized leaves, which generate an
386:
321:
118:
4506:
4040:
3986:
3232:
2647:
991:
981:
879:
862:
787:
Plant sensory and response systems have been compared to the
576:
521:
325:
304:
225:
138:
134:
102:
78:
2430:
470:
81:
to sense and respond to the environment by adjusting their
4407:
3316:
393:
that stimulates motor cells and causes movement to occur.
2380:
Pickard BG (1973). "Action Potentials in Higher Plants".
2107:
1556:
1520:
743:
studied movement in plants and in 1880 published a book,
598:
against predators and parasites or they can induce rapid
4585:
Plant Physiology Online: A companion to Plant Physiology
753:
It is hardly an exaggeration to say that the tip of the
520:
These action potentials can influence processes such as
3736:
2277:
Communication in plants: neuronal aspects of plant life
2274:
2169:
Baluška, František; Mancuso, Stefano (1 January 2013).
1933:
Communication in Plants: Neuronal Aspects of Plant Life
613:
In plants, the mechanism responsible for adaptation is
4458:
4077:
3682:"Federico Delpino and the foundation of plant biology"
1930:
1700:"Weird & Wonderful Creatures: The Sensitive Plant"
429:
4461:
Delivery and Perception of Pathogen Signals in Plants
4459:
Keen NT, Mayama S, Leach JE, Tsujumu S, eds. (2001).
3525:
1063:
4588:(Third ed.). Sinauer Associates. Archived from
3103:
1727:
1376:
White, Jacob; Yamashita, Felipe (31 December 2022).
594:. For example, they can produce a slew of different
4321:Trewavas A (September 2005). "Plant intelligence".
3183:
1704:
American Association for the Advancement of Science
3575:"Plant intelligence: an alternative point of view"
3060:
3017:
2692:
2533:. West Sussex, England: John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.
1997:Huber, Annika E.; Bauerle, Taryn L. (March 2016).
283:In roots, gravity is sensed and translated in the
3351:
3190:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B
2843:
2754:
1608:"In touch: plant responses to mechanical stimuli"
739:wrote on the idea of plant intelligence in 1867.
4797:
4549:
2929:
2690:
2479:
291:stems can detect reorientation and inclination (
4123:"The quest for cognition in plant neurobiology"
3889:"The quest for cognition in plant neurobiology"
1255:Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology
782:
2168:
1728:Volkov AG, Adesina T, Jovanov E (1 May 2007).
1559:"Gravity signal transduction in primary roots"
1440:
1375:
1252:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1206:
4647:
4078:Cvrcková F, Lipavská H, Zárský V (May 2009).
3352:Rensing L, Koch M, Becker A (December 2009).
3140:
1783:
1781:
1443:"Vision in Plants via Plant-Specific Ocelli?"
1441:Baluška, Frantisek; Mancuso, Stefano (2016).
497:for signaling in similar ways as animals do.
4080:"Plant intelligence: why, why not or where?"
2839:
2837:
2612:
2289:
1996:
1955:
1856:
3568:
3566:
2966:
2886:
1654:
1241:
235:. This internal clock is synchronized with
4654:
4640:
4581:
4481:
3521:
3519:
3517:
3515:
3513:
3275:
2553:
1956:Fromm, Jörg; Lautner, Silke (March 2007).
1787:
1778:
1348:
847:
4615:Scientific journal for Plant Neurobiology
4532:
4441:
4383:
4303:
4208:
4154:
4103:
3920:
3863:
3780:
3762:
3713:
3598:
3493:
3377:
3293:
3209:
2834:
2817:
2807:
2589:
2579:
2505:
2456:
2356:
2307:
2251:
2202:
2121:
2081:
2063:
2014:
1973:
1931:Baluška F, Volkmann D, Mancuso S (2006).
1898:
1823:
1813:
1761:
1623:
1582:
1417:
1287:
1224:
1207:Mishra RC, Ghosh R, Bae H (August 2016).
1132:
4365:
4320:
4277:
3943:
3621:
3563:
3276:Goh CH, Nam HG, Park YS (October 2003).
3184:Duran-Nebreda S, Bassel G (April 2019).
2781:
2719:
1697:
1106:
1020:
950:Plant evolutionary developmental biology
297:
183:
156:
4243:
3679:
3510:
2379:
2232:Communicative & Integrative Biology
1774:– via Taylor & Francis Group.
1487:
14:
4798:
4182:
4120:
3886:
3829:
3803:
424:
276:. The subsequent response is known as
4635:
3640:
2528:
2279:. Berlin: Springer. pp. 369–389.
2103:
2101:
1857:Appel, H. M.; Cocroft, R. B. (2014).
1605:
840:proved useful on previous occasions.
686:Plant physiology studies the role of
641:
4661:
3572:
2226:Loof, Arnold De (2 September 2016).
2225:
566:
500:
4550:Scheel D, Wastermack C (May 2002).
4185:"Plant behaviour and communication"
3462:"Learning by Association in Plants"
2699:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2554:Farmer EE, Ryan CA (October 1990).
2110:IEEE Transactions on NanoBioscience
1788:Farmer EE, Ryan CA (October 1990).
430:Plant hormones and chemical signals
24:
4272:Physiology and Behaviour of Plants
4026:
3659:10.1111/j.1399-3054.1994.tb02216.x
2734:10.1034/j.1399-3054.2001.1120202.x
2531:Physiology and Behaviour of Plants
2098:
1492:. Illinois: Pearson. p. 803.
690:to integrate data obtained at the
25:
4827:
4606:
3641:Cline, Morris G. (January 1994).
2290:Fromm J, Lautner S (March 2007).
517:frequent in the presence of APs.
27:Plants interaction to environment
4701:
4485:Plant Physiology, fourth edition
4385:10.1111/j.1365-3040.2009.01929.x
4210:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2008.01183.x
3804:Geddes, Linda (8 January 2021).
3739:"The dynamics of plant nutation"
3331:10.1016/j.bioelechem.2009.03.005
3295:10.1046/j.1365-313X.2003.01872.x
2309:10.1111/j.1365-3040.2006.01614.x
1975:10.1111/j.1365-3040.2006.01614.x
1698:Fearnley, Kirsten (3 May 2016).
1625:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01263.x
1536:10.1111/j.1399-3054.2009.01230.x
1267:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.17.1.215
532:, wound responses, respiration,
61:The leaf closing after touch in
54:
43:
4280:"Aspects of plant intelligence"
4227:Plant Sensing and Communication
3980:
3937:
3880:
3823:
3797:
3730:
3673:
3634:
3615:
3453:
3402:
3345:
3310:
3269:
3226:
3177:
3134:
3106:Advances in Ecological Research
3097:
3054:
3011:
2960:
2932:Advances in Ecological Research
2923:
2880:
2775:
2748:
2713:
2691:Scheel D, Wasternack C (2002).
2684:
2641:
2606:
2547:
2522:
2473:
2424:
2373:
2324:
2283:
2268:
2219:
2162:
2039:
1990:
1949:
1924:
1915:
1850:
1840:
1721:
1691:
1648:
1599:
1550:
1514:
1481:
1434:
945:Plant defense against herbivory
746:The Power of Movement in Plants
4624:How Does a Venus Flytrap Work?
4414:Plant Signaling & Behavior
4127:Plant Signaling & Behavior
4084:Plant Signaling & Behavior
3893:Plant Signaling & Behavior
3836:Plant Signaling & Behavior
3686:Plant Signaling & Behavior
2175:Plant Signaling & Behavior
2003:Journal of Experimental Botany
1734:Plant Signaling & Behavior
1606:Braam, Janet (February 2005).
1382:Plant Signaling & Behavior
1369:
1361:(7): 1015–1023. Archived from
1342:
1281:
1213:Journal of Experimental Botany
1200:
1149:
1100:
1057:
1014:
711:slower than those of animals.
617:. Adaptive responses include:
571:Plant behavior is mediated by
13:
1:
4728:Physiological plant disorders
4723:Plant perception (physiology)
4372:Plant, Cell & Environment
4236:Mancuso S, Shabala S (2006).
4063:10.1016/j.tplants.2006.06.009
4009:10.1016/j.tplants.2007.06.005
3966:10.1016/j.tplants.2007.04.006
3549:10.1016/j.tplants.2007.03.002
3255:10.1016/j.tplants.2006.06.009
3118:10.1016/S0065-2504(08)60032-X
2944:10.1016/S0065-2504(08)60215-9
2296:Plant, Cell & Environment
2244:10.1080/19420889.2016.1197446
1962:Plant, Cell & Environment
1467:10.1016/j.tplants.2016.07.008
1402:10.1080/15592324.2021.1977530
1086:10.1016/j.tplants.2012.03.002
1043:10.1016/j.tplants.2005.07.005
1008:
955:Plant perception (paranormal)
652:Plants do not have brains or
592:strategies to fight off pests
509:Although plant cells are not
67:depends on electrical signals
32:Plant perception (paranormal)
4613:Plant Signaling and Behavior
4274:. John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
4254:10.1007/978-3-642-28338-3_10
4171:Gilroy S, Masson PH (2007).
3680:Mancuso S (September 2010).
3163:10.1126/science.283.5400.381
2989:10.1126/science.199.4331.888
1320:10.1126/science.190.4216.804
987:Systemic acquired resistance
960:Plant tolerance to herbivory
783:Comparison with neurobiology
635:Defending against herbivores
416:
7:
4246:Alice in the Land of Plants
4231:University of Chicago Press
3622:Phillips H (27 July 2002).
872:
844:describes this phenomenon.
563:, and ecological contexts.
10:
4832:
4368:"What is plant behaviour?"
3830:Marder M (November 2012).
3764:10.1038/s41598-020-76588-z
2615:Journal of Insect Behavior
1349:Strid Å, Porra RJ (1992).
645:
440:Plants systematically use
433:
347:
265:
261:
196:Many plant organs contain
165:
29:
4752:
4736:
4710:
4699:
4670:
4582:Taiz L, Zeiger E (2002).
4553:Plant Signal Transduction
4482:Taiz L, Zeiger E (2006).
4410:"Plant electrical memory"
4343:10.1007/s00114-005-0014-9
3431:10.1007/s00442-013-2873-7
3379:10.1007/s00114-009-0591-0
2782:Trewavas A (April 1999).
2695:Plant signal transduction
2480:Segal Anthony W. (2016).
1883:10.1007/s00442-014-2995-6
1355:Plant and Cell Physiology
1178:10.1007/s00442-017-3862-z
971:The Secret Life of Plants
827:The common occurrence of
328:is redistributed through
4366:Trewavas A (June 2009).
4278:Trewavas A (July 2003).
3624:"Not just a pretty face"
2171:"Ion channels in plants"
2132:10.1109/tnb.2018.2880924
2065:10.3389/fphys.2017.00684
1107:Gagliano M (July 2013).
396:
343:
295:) through gravitropism.
188:The sunflower, a common
161:
4775:Evolutionary physiology
4693:Physiology of dinosaurs
4558:Oxford University Press
4402:Plant Electrophysiology
4323:Die Naturwissenschaften
4121:Garzón FC (July 2007).
4043:Trends in Plant Science
4033:Baluška F (ed) (2009).
3989:Trends in Plant Science
3946:Trends in Plant Science
3887:Garzón FC (July 2007).
3529:Trends in Plant Science
3358:Die Naturwissenschaften
3235:Trends in Plant Science
2909:10.1023/A:1019640813676
2627:10.1023/A:1007893626166
2581:10.1073/pnas.87.19.7713
2052:Frontiers in Physiology
1815:10.1073/pnas.87.19.7713
1657:Plant Growth Regulation
1447:Trends in Plant Science
1066:Trends in Plant Science
1023:Trends in Plant Science
915:Hypersensitive response
848:Parallels in other taxa
810:Trends in Plant Science
133:, physical disruption,
4760:Comparative physiology
4183:Karban R (July 2008).
3202:10.1098/rstb.2018.0370
2809:10.1073/pnas.96.8.4216
760:
359:best be observed with
313:
224:and the plant hormone
193:
4525:10.1105/tpc.9.12.2105
4492:. p. 700 (est).
4177:Iowa State University
3706:10.4161/psb.5.9.12102
3647:Physiologia Plantarum
3573:Firn R (April 2004).
2722:Physiologia Plantarum
2529:Scott, Peter (2008).
2349:10.1104/pp.108.133884
1524:Physiologia Plantarum
1125:10.1093/beheco/ars206
751:
735:The Italian botanist
681:cost–benefit analysis
669:environmental stimuli
646:Further information:
557:behavioural responses
555:Thus, plants achieve
530:plant organ movements
526:cytoplasmic streaming
434:Further information:
330:polar auxin transport
301:
246:ultraviolet radiation
187:
157:Aspects of perception
4780:Molecular physiology
4434:10.4161/psb.3.7.5684
4147:10.4161/psb.2.4.4470
4096:10.4161/psb.4.5.8276
3913:10.4161/psb.2.4.4470
2889:Evolutionary Ecology
1754:10.4161/psb.2.3.4217
1296:) by Skototropism".
965:Rapid plant movement
795:of plants and plant
749:. Darwin concludes:
485:. They may also use
447:to coordinate their
411:green leaf volatiles
363:cinematography, but
251:Studies on the vine
240:when to flower (see
4426:2008PlSiB...3..490V
4335:2005NW.....92..401T
4201:2008EcolL..11..727K
4139:2007PlSiB...2..208C
4055:2006TPS....11..413B
4001:2007TPS....12..285B
3958:2007TPS....12..231T
3905:2007PlSiB...2..208C
3848:2012PlSiB...7.1365M
3755:2020NatSR..1019465R
3698:2010PlSiB...5.1067M
3541:2007TPS....12..135A
3478:2016NatSR...638427G
3423:2014Oecol.175...63G
3370:2009NW.....96.1373R
3319:Bioelectrochemistry
3247:2006TPS....11..413B
3155:1999Sci...283..381B
3075:1992FuEco...6..711M
3032:1991Ecol...72...94M
2981:1978Sci...199..888H
2901:2002EvEco..16..299G
2858:1995JEcol..83..143D
2800:1999PNAS...96.4216T
2572:1990PNAS...87.7713F
2498:10.1098/rsob.160028
2449:10.1104/pp.15.01736
2394:1973BotRv..39..172P
2187:2013PlSiB...8E3009B
1935:. Springer Verlag.
1875:2014Oecol.175.1257A
1806:1990PNAS...87.7713F
1746:2007PlSiB...2..139V
1459:2016TPS....21..727B
1394:2022PlSiB..1777530W
1312:1975Sci...190..804S
1288:Strong, Donald R.;
1170:2017Oecol.184..151G
1078:2012TPS....17..323G
1035:2005TPS....10..413T
842:Plant ecophysiology
799:. Indian scientist
709:orders of magnitude
615:signal transduction
445:signalling pathways
425:Signal transduction
354:thigmomorphogenesis
4592:on 7 December 2006
4490:Sinauer Associates
4404:. Springer Verlag.
4400:Volkov AG (2006).
4296:10.1093/aob/mcg101
4240:. Springer Verlag.
4037:. Springer Verlag.
3743:Scientific Reports
3591:10.1093/aob/mch058
3466:Scientific Reports
3196:(1774): 20180370.
3063:Functional Ecology
2784:"How plants learn"
2662:10.1007/BF00201050
2402:10.1007/BF02859299
2016:10.1093/jxb/erw099
1669:10.1007/BF00027213
1575:10.1093/aob/mci227
1490:Biological science
1488:Freeman S (2014).
1226:10.1093/jxb/erw235
1113:Behavioral Ecology
793:adaptive behaviour
667:Plants respond to
642:Plant intelligence
559:in environmental,
375:carnivorous plants
314:
254:Boquila trifoliata
194:
172:photomorphogenesis
77:is the ability of
4793:
4792:
4770:Electrophysiology
4688:Insect physiology
4567:978-0-19-963879-6
4263:978-3-642-28337-6
4238:Rhythms in Plants
4225:Karban R (2015).
3856:10.4161/psb.21954
3486:10.1038/srep38427
3282:The Plant Journal
2540:978-0-470-85024-4
2195:10.4161/psb.23009
1942:978-3-540-28475-8
1499:978-0-321-74367-1
1365:on 26 April 2010.
1306:(4216): 804–806.
1294:Monstera gigantea
925:Kinesis (biology)
859:choanoflagellates
835:-like" compounds.
797:electrophysiology
654:neuronal networks
590:Plants have many
567:Signal perception
542:organic molecules
501:Electrophysiology
407:methyl salicylate
383:Dionaea muscipula
316:At the root tip,
293:equilibrioception
151:molecular biology
16:(Redirected from
4823:
4806:Plant physiology
4718:Plant physiology
4705:
4683:Human physiology
4656:
4649:
4642:
4633:
4632:
4601:
4599:
4597:
4578:
4576:
4574:
4546:
4536:
4503:
4478:
4455:
4445:
4397:
4387:
4362:
4317:
4307:
4284:Annals of Botany
4270:Scott P (2008).
4267:
4222:
4212:
4168:
4158:
4117:
4107:
4074:
4021:
4020:
3984:
3978:
3977:
3941:
3935:
3934:
3924:
3884:
3878:
3877:
3867:
3827:
3821:
3820:
3818:
3816:
3801:
3795:
3794:
3784:
3766:
3734:
3728:
3727:
3717:
3677:
3671:
3670:
3638:
3632:
3631:
3619:
3613:
3612:
3602:
3579:Annals of Botany
3570:
3561:
3560:
3523:
3508:
3507:
3497:
3457:
3451:
3450:
3406:
3400:
3399:
3381:
3349:
3343:
3342:
3314:
3308:
3307:
3297:
3273:
3267:
3266:
3230:
3224:
3223:
3213:
3181:
3175:
3174:
3138:
3132:
3131:
3101:
3095:
3094:
3058:
3052:
3051:
3015:
3009:
3008:
2975:(4331): 888–90.
2964:
2958:
2957:
2927:
2921:
2920:
2884:
2878:
2877:
2841:
2832:
2831:
2821:
2811:
2779:
2773:
2772:
2752:
2746:
2745:
2717:
2711:
2710:
2698:
2688:
2682:
2681:
2645:
2639:
2638:
2610:
2604:
2603:
2593:
2583:
2551:
2545:
2544:
2526:
2520:
2519:
2509:
2477:
2471:
2470:
2460:
2443:(4): 2407–2419.
2437:Plant Physiology
2428:
2422:
2421:
2382:Botanical Review
2377:
2371:
2370:
2360:
2337:Plant Physiology
2328:
2322:
2321:
2311:
2287:
2281:
2280:
2272:
2266:
2265:
2255:
2223:
2217:
2216:
2206:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2125:
2105:
2096:
2095:
2085:
2067:
2043:
2037:
2036:
2018:
2009:(7): 2063–2079.
1994:
1988:
1987:
1977:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1928:
1922:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1902:
1869:(4): 1257–1266.
1854:
1848:
1844:
1838:
1837:
1827:
1817:
1785:
1776:
1775:
1765:
1725:
1719:
1718:
1713:
1711:
1695:
1689:
1688:
1652:
1646:
1645:
1627:
1603:
1597:
1596:
1586:
1563:Annals of Botany
1554:
1548:
1547:
1518:
1512:
1511:
1485:
1479:
1478:
1438:
1432:
1431:
1421:
1373:
1367:
1366:
1346:
1340:
1339:
1285:
1279:
1278:
1250:
1239:
1238:
1228:
1204:
1198:
1197:
1153:
1147:
1146:
1136:
1104:
1098:
1097:
1061:
1055:
1054:
1018:
930:Nastic movements
833:neurotransmitter
737:Federico Delpino
730:apical dominance
403:methyl jasmonate
391:action potential
336:sky to maximize
143:plant physiology
125:concentrations,
75:Plant perception
58:
47:
21:
4831:
4830:
4826:
4825:
4824:
4822:
4821:
4820:
4811:Plant cognition
4796:
4795:
4794:
4789:
4785:Neurophysiology
4748:
4744:Cell physiology
4732:
4706:
4697:
4678:Fish physiology
4666:
4660:
4629:
4609:
4604:
4595:
4593:
4572:
4570:
4568:
4560:. p. 346.
4519:(12): 2105–17.
4500:
4475:
4467:. p. 268.
4264:
4189:Ecology Letters
4029:
4027:Further reading
4024:
3985:
3981:
3942:
3938:
3885:
3881:
3842:(11): 1365–72.
3828:
3824:
3814:
3812:
3802:
3798:
3735:
3731:
3678:
3674:
3639:
3635:
3620:
3616:
3571:
3564:
3524:
3511:
3458:
3454:
3407:
3403:
3364:(12): 1373–84.
3350:
3346:
3315:
3311:
3274:
3270:
3231:
3227:
3182:
3178:
3149:(5400): 381–7.
3139:
3135:
3128:
3102:
3098:
3083:10.2307/2389968
3059:
3055:
3040:10.2307/1938905
3016:
3012:
2965:
2961:
2954:
2928:
2924:
2885:
2881:
2866:10.2307/2261158
2842:
2835:
2780:
2776:
2757:Current Science
2753:
2749:
2718:
2714:
2707:
2689:
2685:
2646:
2642:
2611:
2607:
2552:
2548:
2541:
2527:
2523:
2478:
2474:
2429:
2425:
2378:
2374:
2343:(3): 1593–600.
2329:
2325:
2288:
2284:
2273:
2269:
2238:(5): e1197446.
2224:
2220:
2167:
2163:
2106:
2099:
2044:
2040:
1995:
1991:
1954:
1950:
1943:
1929:
1925:
1920:
1916:
1855:
1851:
1845:
1841:
1786:
1779:
1726:
1722:
1709:
1707:
1706:. American AAAS
1696:
1692:
1653:
1649:
1612:New Phytologist
1604:
1600:
1555:
1551:
1519:
1515:
1500:
1486:
1482:
1439:
1435:
1374:
1370:
1347:
1343:
1286:
1282:
1251:
1242:
1219:(15): 4483–94.
1205:
1201:
1154:
1150:
1105:
1101:
1062:
1058:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1006:
940:Plant cognition
875:
850:
789:neurobiological
785:
720:David Stenhouse
675:and changes in
650:
648:Plant cognition
644:
596:chemical toxins
569:
503:
463:nervous systems
438:
432:
427:
419:
399:
365:rapid movements
356:
348:Main articles:
346:
270:
264:
233:circadian clock
182:
180:shade avoidance
166:Main articles:
164:
159:
72:
71:
70:
69:
68:
59:
50:
49:
48:
35:
28:
23:
22:
18:Plant sentience
15:
12:
11:
5:
4829:
4819:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4791:
4790:
4788:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4756:
4754:
4753:Related topics
4750:
4749:
4747:
4746:
4740:
4738:
4734:
4733:
4731:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4714:
4712:
4708:
4707:
4700:
4698:
4696:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4674:
4672:
4668:
4667:
4659:
4658:
4651:
4644:
4636:
4627:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4608:
4607:External links
4605:
4603:
4602:
4579:
4566:
4547:
4513:The Plant Cell
4504:
4498:
4479:
4473:
4456:
4405:
4398:
4363:
4318:
4275:
4268:
4262:
4241:
4234:
4223:
4180:
4173:Plant Tropisms
4169:
4118:
4075:
4038:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4022:
3979:
3936:
3879:
3822:
3796:
3729:
3692:(9): 1067–71.
3672:
3653:(1): 230–237.
3633:
3614:
3562:
3509:
3452:
3401:
3344:
3309:
3268:
3225:
3176:
3133:
3126:
3096:
3069:(6): 711–718.
3053:
3010:
2959:
2952:
2922:
2895:(3): 299–307.
2879:
2852:(1): 143–152.
2833:
2774:
2747:
2728:(2): 152–166.
2712:
2705:
2683:
2640:
2621:(2): 147–156.
2605:
2566:(19): 7713–6.
2546:
2539:
2521:
2472:
2423:
2388:(2): 172–201.
2372:
2323:
2302:(3): 249–257.
2282:
2267:
2218:
2161:
2097:
2038:
1989:
1968:(3): 249–257.
1948:
1941:
1923:
1914:
1849:
1839:
1800:(19): 7713–6.
1777:
1740:(3): 139–145.
1720:
1690:
1647:
1618:(2): 373–389.
1598:
1549:
1530:(2): 193–208.
1513:
1498:
1480:
1453:(9): 727–730.
1433:
1368:
1341:
1290:Ray, Thomas S.
1280:
1240:
1199:
1164:(1): 151–160.
1148:
1119:(4): 789–796.
1099:
1056:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
974:
967:
962:
957:
952:
947:
942:
937:
935:Phytosemiotics
932:
927:
922:
917:
912:
907:
902:
897:
892:
887:
882:
876:
874:
871:
849:
846:
837:
836:
825:
822:
784:
781:
772:Michael Marder
741:Charles Darwin
643:
640:
639:
638:
632:
625:
622:
568:
565:
534:photosynthesis
502:
499:
431:
428:
426:
423:
418:
415:
398:
395:
345:
342:
338:photosynthesis
266:Main article:
263:
260:
242:photoperiodism
198:photoreceptors
176:photoperiodism
163:
160:
158:
155:
123:carbon dioxide
60:
53:
52:
51:
42:
41:
40:
39:
38:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4828:
4817:
4816:Plant ecology
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4803:
4801:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4765:Ecophysiology
4763:
4761:
4758:
4757:
4755:
4751:
4745:
4742:
4741:
4739:
4735:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4715:
4713:
4709:
4704:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4675:
4673:
4669:
4664:
4657:
4652:
4650:
4645:
4643:
4638:
4637:
4634:
4630:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4614:
4611:
4610:
4591:
4587:
4586:
4580:
4569:
4563:
4559:
4555:
4554:
4548:
4544:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4526:
4522:
4518:
4514:
4510:
4505:
4501:
4499:0-87893-856-7
4495:
4491:
4487:
4486:
4480:
4476:
4474:0-89054-259-7
4470:
4466:
4462:
4457:
4453:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4435:
4431:
4427:
4423:
4419:
4415:
4411:
4406:
4403:
4399:
4395:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4378:(6): 606–16.
4377:
4373:
4369:
4364:
4360:
4356:
4352:
4348:
4344:
4340:
4336:
4332:
4329:(9): 401–13.
4328:
4324:
4319:
4315:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4297:
4293:
4289:
4285:
4281:
4276:
4273:
4269:
4265:
4259:
4255:
4251:
4247:
4242:
4239:
4235:
4232:
4228:
4224:
4220:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4202:
4198:
4195:(7): 727–39.
4194:
4190:
4186:
4181:
4178:
4174:
4170:
4166:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4148:
4144:
4140:
4136:
4133:(4): 208–11.
4132:
4128:
4124:
4119:
4115:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4089:
4085:
4081:
4076:
4072:
4068:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4039:
4036:
4032:
4031:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3983:
3975:
3971:
3967:
3963:
3959:
3955:
3951:
3947:
3940:
3932:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3899:(4): 208–11.
3898:
3894:
3890:
3883:
3875:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3826:
3811:
3807:
3800:
3792:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3774:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3744:
3740:
3733:
3725:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3676:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3637:
3629:
3628:New Scientist
3625:
3618:
3610:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3585:(4): 345–51.
3584:
3580:
3576:
3569:
3567:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3522:
3520:
3518:
3516:
3514:
3505:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3456:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3405:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3348:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3313:
3305:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3288:(2): 240–55.
3287:
3283:
3279:
3272:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3229:
3221:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3180:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3137:
3129:
3127:9780120139286
3123:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3100:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3057:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3026:(1): 94–103.
3025:
3021:
3014:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2963:
2955:
2953:9780120139255
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2926:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2883:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2840:
2838:
2829:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2794:(8): 4216–8.
2793:
2789:
2785:
2778:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2751:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2716:
2708:
2706:0-19-963879-9
2702:
2697:
2696:
2687:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2656:(3): 316–22.
2655:
2651:
2644:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2609:
2601:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2550:
2542:
2536:
2532:
2525:
2517:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2492:(5): 160028.
2491:
2487:
2483:
2476:
2468:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2427:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2376:
2368:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2327:
2319:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2286:
2278:
2271:
2263:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2222:
2214:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2181:(1): e23009.
2180:
2176:
2172:
2165:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2104:
2102:
2093:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2042:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1993:
1985:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1952:
1944:
1938:
1934:
1927:
1918:
1910:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1853:
1847:83:1082–1096.
1843:
1835:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1784:
1782:
1773:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1724:
1717:
1705:
1701:
1694:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1663:(3): 313–24.
1662:
1658:
1651:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1602:
1594:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1569:(5): 737–43.
1568:
1564:
1560:
1553:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1517:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1495:
1491:
1484:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1437:
1429:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1372:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1345:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1300:
1295:
1291:
1284:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1236:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1203:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1152:
1144:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1103:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1060:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1017:
1013:
1003:
1000:
998:
997:Thermotropism
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
972:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
926:
923:
921:
918:
916:
913:
911:
908:
906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
893:
891:
888:
886:
883:
881:
878:
877:
870:
868:
864:
860:
856:
845:
843:
834:
830:
829:plasmodesmata
826:
823:
820:
819:
818:
816:
812:
811:
805:
802:
798:
794:
790:
780:
777:
776:phenomenology
773:
768:
765:
759:
756:
750:
748:
747:
742:
738:
733:
731:
726:
721:
717:
712:
710:
705:
704:physiological
701:
697:
693:
689:
684:
682:
678:
674:
670:
665:
663:
659:
655:
649:
636:
633:
631:availability.
630:
626:
623:
620:
619:
618:
616:
611:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
588:
586:
582:
578:
574:
564:
562:
561:communicative
558:
553:
549:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
518:
514:
512:
507:
498:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
475:acetylcholine
472:
468:
464:
461:
456:
454:
450:
446:
443:
437:
436:Plant hormone
422:
414:
412:
408:
404:
394:
392:
388:
384:
380:
379:Venus flytrap
376:
372:
371:
370:Mimosa pudica
366:
362:
355:
351:
350:Thigmotropism
341:
339:
333:
331:
327:
323:
319:
311:
310:thigmotropism
307:
306:
300:
296:
294:
290:
286:
281:
279:
275:
269:
259:
256:
255:
249:
247:
243:
238:
234:
229:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
206:cryptochromes
203:
199:
191:
186:
181:
177:
173:
169:
154:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
129:infestation,
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
66:
65:
64:Mimosa pudica
57:
46:
37:
33:
19:
4722:
4628:
4594:. Retrieved
4590:the original
4584:
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