82:
210:
54:, believing that, as his collateral descendants, they knew his wishes. They referred to themselves as "his Majesty's representatives and voice". However, historians disputed that there was any evidence that Richard III wanted to be buried in York. The Plantagenet Alliance's standing to represent Richard was also challenged on the basis that he would have had many millions of other living collateral descendants whose views were not necessarily represented by the Alliance.
17:
227:
145:, Stephen Nicolay, a descendant of Richard III's sister, founded the Plantagenet Alliance shortly after confirmation, in February 2013, that it had been Richard's remains that had been discovered the previous year. According to the BBC report and Rozenberg, Nicolay formed the group with other "collateral descendants" with the aim of having Richard buried at
343:
183:. He was unaware of his relationship to Richard until late 2011 and he received confirmation that he was a 16th great-nephew in early 2012. Vanessa Roe, who runs a small farm near York and works with young people with disabilities, is a 16th great-niece of Richard III. She is descended from Richard's brother,
123:
announced in
February 2013 that the university had the authority to determine the location of Richard's reburial under the terms of the licence it had been granted to carry out the archaeological exhumation. The University of Leicester subsequently confirmed that it had always been its intention that
394:
judges who ruled in favour of the
Ministry of Justice. The judges said there was no "legitimate expectation" that Richard's "collateral descendants would be consulted after centuries in relation to an exhumed historical figure". They also concluded that any consultation was "not capable of sensible
246:
The
Plantagenet Alliance does hereby most respectfully demand that the remains of King Richard III, the last Plantagenet King of England and our mutual, collateral ancestor, be returned to the City of York for ceremonial reburial. We believe that such an interment was the desire of King Richard in
386:
At a preliminary hearing in August 2013 the court gave permission to the
Alliance to proceed with the judicial review and granted them a full "protective costs order". The protective costs order meant that the Alliance would not have to pay the Ministry's legal costs even if the Alliance lost the
403:
This nonsensical case is a perfect example of how the system of judicial review is being misused – and at ridiculous expense to taxpayers. Judicial review is, and must remain, an important way to hold authorities to account but we have to do something to stop challenges like this exploiting the
398:
After the decision, Vanessa Roe said that the judgment meant there was "no justice" for
Richard III. Chris Grayling, on the other hand, criticised the Plantagenet Alliance for bringing the case, saying that it was "a group with tenuous claims to being relatives of Richard III" and that he was
497:, is someone who is not directly descended from the individual in question but, instead, shares a common ancestor with that individual; for example, they may be descended from the individual’s brother, sister, aunt or uncle. Richard III died without leaving any lineal descendants.
333:
in the terms of the archaeological exhumation licence it had issued to the
University of Leicester. Article 8 includes the right to respect for family life, and is considered to be one of the convention's most open-ended provisions. The Alliance's claim was specifically that their
176:, the medieval royal dynasty, of which Richard III was the last king. In March 2013, it was reported that they numbered fifteen, but a subsequent report, in December 2013, stated that there were "around forty" in the Alliance. The full group has never met in person.
451:
had called the
Plantagenet Alliance's challenge "disrespectful", and said that the cathedral would not be investing funding in the re-interment project until the matter was resolved. Once the High Court decision rejecting the Alliance's claim was issued in May 2014,
360:
at the time, rejected the claim and the
Alliance therefore commenced proceedings for judicial review of the Ministry of Justice's decision not to consult on the terms of the licence. The litigation was undertaken by the Alliance's solicitors, Gordons, and by their
69:. The Alliance lost the judicial review in 2014 and the campaign to have Richard's remains buried in York failed. The group has not been publicly active since the loss of the court case. Richard III's remains were finally re-interred within the interior of the
338:
had been breached because they had not been consulted on the place of reburial. The licence specified that re-interment was to be in
Leicester, and they claimed the failure to consult them, as Richard's relatives, violated their Article 8 rights.
263:
who we are. We are the collateral descendants of
Richard III, we speak on behalf of him, the only people who can speak on behalf of him…we decided he needed someone to fight for him…Many of us have grown up knowing about Richard, we know what he
171:
The Alliance is a group of individuals who believe they are descendants of relatives of Richard III. Specifically they claim to be 16th, 17th and 18th great-nieces and great-nephews of Richard. The Alliance took their name from the
1082:
387:
case. The judge explained that such orders were granted in judicial review cases where it was in the public interest for the courts to hear the case and it might "otherwise be stifled for lack of financial means".
412:, which was also a party to the case, amounted to ÂŁ175,000. Together with the expense of a three-day court hearing the total likely cost to the British taxpayer has been estimated to be in excess of ÂŁ200,000.
623:
1269:
984:
251:
The group claims to speak on behalf of Richard III and to know his wishes by virtue of their claimed family connection. It described itself as "his Majesty's representatives and voice". The
1137:
187:
and has said that she has always been aware of her Plantagenet ancestry. Roe has been described as the "group's spokesperson". Charles Brunner is an American and owns a night-club in
47:
who died in 1485, in order to advance their views on the location of Richard's reburial. Reports of the number of members of the Alliance varied between fifteen and around forty.
1465:
822:
428:
expressed scepticism over the idea that Richard had devised any clear plans for his own burial. The standing of the Plantagenet Alliance was also challenged. Mathematician
297:
in 2013 in support of their call to have Richard re-buried in York. e-Petitions that receive at least 100,000 signatures become eligible to have their proposal debated in
1483:
179:
Prominent members include Stephen Nicolay, Vanessa Roe and Charles Brunner. Nicolay, a self-employed gardener, is a 16th great-nephew of Richard through his sister,
163:
documentary about the exhumation and identification of Richard III's remains. The council had put her in touch with others who claimed to be related to Richard.
432:
calculated that Richard III may have millions of living collateral descendants, saying that "we should all have the chance to vote on Leicester versus York".
191:. He is a 17th great-nephew of the king, and a descendant of Richard's sister, Anne of York. He has been described as "one of the leaders" of the Alliance.
927:
326:
1371:
255:
referred to the group feeling "an almost supernatural bond" with Richard and Charles Brunner called it an "ancestral memory". Vanessa Roe stated in 2013:
633:
994:
301:. However, when the Alliance petition closed on 24 September 2013 it failed to achieve the necessary target, having received only 31,276 signatures.
90:
1147:
325:, Gordons, announced that he had written to the Ministry of Justice on behalf of the Plantagenet Alliance claiming that the Ministry had breached
1342:
460:, announced that the re-interment would proceed at Leicester Cathedral the following spring. The re-interment took place on 26 March 2015.
377:. The proceedings were brought by a company called Plantagenet Alliance Limited, owned and controlled solely by Stephen Nicolay, and which
849:
373:
basis – that is, they would only have their fees paid if they win and the court consequently orders that the other side has to pay their
1197:
1508:
592:
184:
1513:
1488:
554:
420:
In response to the Alliance's claims, historians said that there was no evidence that Richard III wanted to be buried in York.
36:
1246:
755:
710:
1230:
1180:
564:
537:
527:
1083:"Row over burial site for King Richard III: Parliamentary petition calling for debate on final resting place misses target"
280:: he grew up in the county, was known as "Richard of York" prior to becoming king and visited York often during his reign.
120:
62:
330:
349:, the Secretary of State for Justice at the time, criticised the Plantagenet Alliance, calling their case "nonsensical".
242:
In February 2013, the Plantagenet Alliance issued a statement declaring its views on the burial place of Richard III:
1381:
1354:
436:
792:
298:
85:
The archaeological dig at a council car park in Leicester, which resulted in the discovery of Richard III's remains
1493:
469:
362:
180:
357:
313:
proceedings, complaining that they had not been consulted on Richard's place of burial thereby violating their
310:
58:
1498:
854:
439:
for when there is or is not a legal duty to consult those affected by administrative governmental decisions.
1109:
1503:
1034:
954:
904:
882:
435:
Although the Alliance lost their judicial review case, the High Court ruling is cited as authority in
1270:"Richard III relatives lose High Court battle as judge rules king should be given 'dignified' burial"
383:
subsequently described as "a 'front' company...with no assets, to avoid being hit with legal costs."
1466:
The Queen (on the application of Plantagenet Alliance) -v- Secretary of State for Justice and Others
108:
96:
506:
Normally in UK litigation, the "Indemnity Rule" applies and the "loser" pays the "winner's" costs.
421:
100:
1441:
1319:
667:
877:
447:
Plans for the reburial had been "on hold" while the outcome of the court case was awaited. The
409:
112:
1297:
1220:
1170:
399:"frustrated and angry" that they had "taken up so much time and public money." He added that:
391:
247:
life and we have written this statement so that his inferred wishes may be fully recognised.
374:
317:, and which resulted in a court hearing in May 2014. In March 2013, Matthew Howarth of the
173:
32:
1019:
Pitts, Mike (November–December 2013). "Richard III update: a coffin, walls and reburial".
155:, in an interview, that the Plantagenet Alliance came about as a result of her contacting
8:
1142:
989:
932:
760:
457:
379:
366:
215:
151:
125:
70:
425:
1377:
1350:
1226:
1176:
628:
560:
533:
494:
448:
156:
474:
142:
81:
1419:
1397:
1274:
1087:
1056:
370:
294:
44:
395:
limit" since Richard's collateral descendants could number millions of people.
353:
346:
209:
624:"Richard III set to be buried in Leicester as university makes final decision"
1477:
1343:"Participation and Expertise: Judicial Attitudes in Comparative Perspective"
797:
715:
597:
429:
335:
314:
276:. In support of their belief, the alliance pointed to his connections with
273:
232:
146:
137:
51:
1168:
342:
453:
104:
40:
20:
823:"Plantagenet Alliance Ltd. v. Secretary of State for Justice and Others"
1320:"Richard III: More or Less examines how many descendents he could have"
322:
793:"Richard III's distant relatives threaten legal challenge over burial"
711:"Why Chris Grayling should bury his appeal against Richard III ruling"
31:
was a small grouping of individuals claiming to be descendants of the
985:"Richard III legal challenge lands taxpayer with ÂŁ175,000 legal bill"
277:
160:
116:
66:
50:
In 2013 and 2014 the group campaigned to have Richard re-interred at
1345:. In Ackerman, Susan-Rose; Lindseth, Peter; Emerson, Blake (eds.).
16:
593:"Richard III's descendants lose battle over reburial in Leicester"
1138:"Richard III reburial plans breach human rights, say descendants"
850:"Richard III: a maligned king's reburial becomes a sordid affair"
259:
Who do we think we are? We don't think we are anyone – we
1172:
Jacobs, White and Ovey: the European Convention on Human Rights
1169:
Elizabeth Wicks; Bernadette Rainey; Clare Ovey (12 June 2014).
188:
318:
226:
1442:"Richard III: Leicester Cathedral reburial service for king"
955:"King Richard III: family's descendants want York reburial"
269:
1057:"Richard III: King's reburial row goes to judicial review"
928:"Duke of Gloucester's concern for Richard III's 'dignity'"
268:
The group claimed it was Richard's "wish" to be buried in
149:. However, Vanessa Roe, another member of the group, told
671:
252:
132:
1398:"Richard III remains: Reinterment delay 'disrespectful'"
1218:
905:"Richard III burial row campaigners march through York"
668:"The Plantagenet Alliance: Who do they think they are?"
1468:, text of judgment (Courts & Tribunals Judiciary)
272:
and called for his re-interment to take place within
235:, favoured by the Plantagenet Alliance but not chosen
1247:"'No justice' for Richard III says 16th great-niece"
35:. The Alliance was formed in 2013 shortly after the
1110:"E-Petitions and the Backbench Business Committee"
202:The competing locations for Richard III's reburial
1484:History organisations based in the United Kingdom
1035:"King Richard III burial row heads to High Court"
91:Exhumation and reburial of Richard III of England
1475:
1212:
1198:"The High Court Rides to the Aid of Richard III"
57:The Alliance's activities included initiating a
1369:
1162:
829:. Courts & Tribunals Judiciary. 23 May 2014
553:Wagner, John A.; Schmid, Susan Walters (2012).
408:The legal costs of the Ministry of Justice and
1390:
1049:
218:, where Richard was re-interred in March 2015
552:
442:
309:In 2013, the Plantagenet Alliance commenced
1219:Gary Slapper; David Kelly (24 April 2014).
817:
815:
704:
702:
700:
698:
696:
694:
692:
690:
688:
76:
37:discovery and identification of the remains
1076:
1074:
978:
976:
974:
972:
869:
493:A collateral descendant, in contrast to a
786:
784:
782:
780:
778:
708:
621:
617:
615:
65:relating to the proposed re-interment in
1376:. Oxford University Press. p. 519.
1175:. Oxford University Press. p. 334.
1014:
1012:
812:
749:
747:
745:
743:
741:
739:
737:
735:
733:
685:
661:
659:
657:
655:
653:
651:
586:
584:
582:
580:
578:
576:
390:In May 2014 the case was heard by three
341:
80:
15:
1370:Stanton, John; Prescott, Craig (2020).
1340:
1267:
1195:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1080:
1071:
982:
969:
790:
166:
111:in 1485, being discovered underneath a
1476:
1420:"Richard III reburial court bid fails"
1295:
925:
775:
753:
709:Rozenberg, Joshua (15 November 2013).
665:
612:
590:
525:
293:The Alliance launched a UK Government
1027:
1018:
1009:
847:
841:
730:
648:
622:Troughton, Adrian (7 February 2013).
573:
124:the remains should be re-interred in
1135:
1124:
1081:Mohamed, Majid (25 September 2013).
1222:The English Legal System: 2014-2015
1200:. UK Constitutional Law Association
827:Judgment (Approved Text) EWHC 1662
666:Watson, Greig (13 September 2013).
365:, Gerard Clarke and Tom Cleaver of
331:European Convention on Human Rights
13:
415:
14:
1525:
1509:Organizations established in 2013
1459:
875:
848:Ridge, Mian (29 September 2013).
1296:Ormrod, Mark (5 February 2013).
754:Knight, Sam (13 December 2013).
591:Davies, Caroline (23 May 2014).
225:
208:
1434:
1412:
1363:
1334:
1312:
1289:
1261:
1239:
1196:Cleaver, Tom (29 August 2013).
1189:
1136:Hall, Melanie (27 March 2013).
1102:
983:Barrett, David (16 June 2014).
947:
919:
897:
791:Kennedy, Maev (26 March 2013).
756:"Where should Richard III lie?"
532:. Wolters Kluwer. p. 168.
500:
470:King Richard III Visitor Centre
1514:2013 establishments in England
1489:Organisations based in England
1347:Comparative Administrative Law
878:"Richard III, King of England"
546:
519:
487:
358:Secretary of State for Justice
1:
1349:. Edward Elgar. p. 381.
1268:Sherwin, Adam (23 May 2014).
1023:. No. 133. pp. 6–7.
855:The Christian Science Monitor
556:Encyclopedia of Tudor England
513:
304:
288:
926:Walker, Tim (2 March 2013).
526:Purver, Jonathan M. (2017).
7:
1341:Donelly, Catherine (2017).
957:. BBC News. 8 February 2013
463:
283:
103:resulted in the remains of
10:
1530:
1322:. BBC News. 19 August 2013
1225:. Routledge. p. 731.
1059:. BBC News. 16 August 2013
88:
61:of decisions taken by the
1444:. BBC News. 26 March 2015
1422:. BBC News. 26 March 2015
1298:"A burial fit for a King"
559:. ABC-CLIO. p. 582.
443:Re-interment in Leicester
23:, reigned 1483–1485
1400:. BBC News. 16 July 2013
480:
194:
185:George, Duke of Clarence
109:Battle of Bosworth Field
107:, who was killed at the
77:Background and formation
1249:. ITV News. 23 May 2014
1112:. UK Parliament website
883:Encyclopædia Britannica
101:University of Leicester
43:, the last Plantagenet
1494:Richard III of England
1037:. BBC News. 1 May 2013
907:. BBC News. 6 May 2014
410:Leicester City Council
406:
350:
266:
249:
95:In September 2012, an
86:
24:
401:
345:
257:
244:
159:after she had seen a
84:
19:
1499:House of Plantagenet
1300:. University of York
174:House of Plantagenet
167:Name and composition
33:House of Plantagenet
29:Plantagenet Alliance
1504:Family associations
1143:The Daily Telegraph
1021:British Archaeology
990:The Daily Telegraph
933:The Daily Telegraph
636:on 25 December 2014
458:Bishop of Leicester
367:Blackstone Chambers
295:online "e-Petition"
216:Leicester Cathedral
126:Leicester Cathedral
121:Ministry of Justice
71:Leicester Cathedral
63:Ministry of Justice
437:administrative law
426:University of York
351:
97:archaeological dig
87:
73:on 26 March 2015.
25:
1232:978-1-317-69937-8
1182:978-0-19-965508-3
761:Prospect Magazine
629:Leicester Mercury
566:978-1-59884-298-2
539:978-1-4548-7286-3
529:Family Law Update
495:lineal descendant
449:Dean of Leicester
157:York City Council
152:Prospect Magazine
1521:
1454:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1438:
1432:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1416:
1410:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1394:
1388:
1387:
1367:
1361:
1360:
1338:
1332:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1293:
1287:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1265:
1259:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1243:
1237:
1236:
1216:
1210:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1193:
1187:
1186:
1166:
1160:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1150:on 30 March 2013
1146:. Archived from
1133:
1122:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1106:
1100:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1078:
1069:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1053:
1047:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1031:
1025:
1024:
1016:
1007:
1006:
1004:
1002:
993:. Archived from
980:
967:
966:
964:
962:
951:
945:
944:
942:
940:
923:
917:
916:
914:
912:
901:
895:
894:
892:
890:
876:Hicks, Michael.
873:
867:
866:
864:
862:
845:
839:
838:
836:
834:
819:
810:
809:
807:
805:
788:
773:
772:
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751:
728:
727:
725:
723:
706:
683:
682:
680:
678:
663:
646:
645:
643:
641:
632:. Archived from
619:
610:
609:
607:
605:
588:
571:
570:
550:
544:
543:
523:
507:
504:
498:
491:
475:Philippa Langley
229:
212:
143:Joshua Rozenberg
1529:
1528:
1524:
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1520:
1519:
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1474:
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1457:
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1403:
1401:
1396:
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1335:
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1318:
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1301:
1294:
1290:
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1278:
1275:The Independent
1266:
1262:
1252:
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1217:
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1203:
1201:
1194:
1190:
1183:
1167:
1163:
1153:
1151:
1134:
1125:
1115:
1113:
1108:
1107:
1103:
1093:
1091:
1088:The Independent
1079:
1072:
1062:
1060:
1055:
1054:
1050:
1040:
1038:
1033:
1032:
1028:
1017:
1010:
1000:
998:
997:on 16 June 2014
981:
970:
960:
958:
953:
952:
948:
938:
936:
924:
920:
910:
908:
903:
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898:
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832:
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820:
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801:
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766:
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752:
731:
721:
719:
707:
686:
676:
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664:
649:
639:
637:
620:
613:
603:
601:
589:
574:
567:
551:
547:
540:
524:
520:
516:
511:
510:
505:
501:
492:
488:
483:
466:
445:
418:
416:Other reactions
371:contingency fee
311:judicial review
307:
291:
286:
240:
239:
238:
237:
236:
230:
221:
220:
219:
213:
204:
203:
197:
169:
131:According to a
93:
79:
59:judicial review
45:king of England
12:
11:
5:
1527:
1517:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1470:
1469:
1461:
1460:External links
1458:
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