1455:*allowed* to write free encoders for the most popular format. To overcome the inertia that supports MP3 format will require strenuous effort. Even if we do our utmost to encourage everyone to replace MP3 format with Ogg/Vorbis format, it is not certain they will do so. Consider how long we have been trying to replace GIF with PNG. Ordinarily, if someone decides not to use a copylefted program because the license doesn't please him, that's his loss not ours. But if he rejects the Ogg/Vorbis code because of the license, and uses MP3 instead, then the problem rebounds on us—because his continued use of MP3 may help MP3 to become and stay entrenched.
875:, our lack of a sexy vision at times, and many other difficulties. Customers constantly evaluate other desktop platforms, it would be so much work to move over that they hope we just improve Windows rather than force them to move. In short, without this exclusive franchise called the Windows API, we would have been dead a long time ago. The Windows franchise is fueled by application development which is focused on our core APIs."
1680:åndsverksloven §53a(3). Rettighetshaverens enerett etter åndsverksloven gir anledning til å bestemme om verket skal gjøres tilgjengelig, og rettighetshaveren kan også i utgangspunktet bestemme måten dette skal skje på. Opphavsretten kan etter min mening ikke gi rettighetshaveren rett til å stille enhver form for betingelser ved salg til forbrukere i alminnelighet.
1675:
technical hindrances, is in conflict with the copyright law §53a(3). Copyright holders are by the copyright law entitled to decide if the work is to be made available, and in principle also how it is made available. Copyright can in my opinion not give the copyright holder right to demand all kinds of conditions when sold to consumers in generality.
1031:, twice the bitrate of standard tracks bought through the service. iTunes accounts can be set to display either standard or iTunes Plus formats for tracks where both formats exist. These files can be used with any player that supports the AAC file format and are not locked to Apple hardware. They can be converted to MP format if desired.
1124:
Heterogeneous cloud computing differs from homogeneous clouds, which have been described as those using consistent building blocks supplied by a single vendor. Intel
General Manager of high-density computing, Jason Waxman, is quoted as saying that a homogeneous system of 15,000 servers would cost $ 6
770:
there is the danger that people will settle on MP3 format even though it is patented, and we won't be *allowed* to write free encoders for the most popular format. Ordinarily, if someone decides not to use a copylefted program because the license doesn't please him, that's his loss not ours. But if
1212:
Some cordless tool manufacturers make batteries that fit only their own brand of tools, and often are not backwards compatible. Often multiple brands are owned by the same company, and share tool designs and features, accessories and batteries are deliberately changed to make them incompatible. An
1113:
Heterogeneous cloud computing is described as a type of cloud environment that prevents vendor lock-in, and aligns with enterprise data centers that are operating hybrid cloud models. The absence of vendor lock-in lets cloud administrators select their choice of hypervisors for specific tasks, or to
1679:
Forbrukerrådet reagerer på at iTunes Music Stores DRM medfører at filene kun kan spilles på et fåtall spillere, hovedsakelig Apples egne spillere. De mener videre at tjenestevilkårenes punkt 9b, hvor kunden blant annet må samtykke til ikke å omgå eller endre slike tekniske sperrer, er i strid med
1121:
Cloud piece parts, such as cloud storage systems, offer APIs but they are often incompatible with each other. The result is complicated migration between backends, and makes it difficult to integrate data spread across various locations. This has been described as a problem of vendor lock-in. The
1117:
A heterogeneous cloud is considered one that includes on-premises private clouds, public clouds and software-as-a-service clouds. Heterogeneous clouds can work with environments that are not virtualized, such as traditional data centers. Heterogeneous clouds also allow for the use of piece parts,
985:
and iPod device. He stated in his brief: "Apple has turned an open and interactive standard into an artifice that prevents consumers from using the portable hard drive digital music player of their choice." At the time Apple was stated to have an 80% market share of digital music sales and a 90%
870:
would be crazy not to use it. And it is so deeply embedded in the source code of many
Windows apps that there is a huge switching cost to using a different operating system instead. It is this switching cost that has given customers the patience to stick with Windows through all our mistakes, our
1674:
The
Consumer Council reacts to the observation that iTunes' DRM entails that the files can only be played on a few players, mainly Apple's own players. They furthermore believe that the terms of service's point 9b, where the customer among other things must agree not to circumvent or change such
1454:
In general I would rather see software copylefted, which is one way of defending users' freedom against one particular danger. In the case of Ogg/Vorbis, there is a bigger danger from another direction: the danger that people will settle on MP3 format even though it is patented, and we won't be
739:
There exist lock-in situations that are both monopolistic and collective. Having the worst of two worlds, these can be very hard to escape — in many examples, the cost to resist incurs some level of isolation from the (dominating technology in) society, which can be socially costly, yet direct
1092:
Because cloud computing is still relatively new, standards are still being developed. Many cloud platforms and services are proprietary, meaning that they are built on the specific standards, tools and protocols developed by a particular vendor for its particular cloud offering. This can make
1011:
violates
Norwegian law. The contract conditions were vague and "clearly unbalanced to disfavor the customer". The retroactive changes to the DRM conditions and the incompatibility with other music players are the major points of concern. In an earlier letter to Apple, consumer ombudsman
1158:, where glucose meters and their associated strips are a scarce commodity. Some companies, despite claiming to have lifetime warranty on their products, stop making specific models and their respective strips so that even those who have a good functioning model have to buy a new model.
1143:) for a competitor to make an ink cartridge compatible with Lexmark printers. The United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit held in 2004 that third parties replicating such devices purely to make their cartridges interface with printers does not in fact violate the DMCA.
1239:
laptops will 'throttle', or limit the processing speed available to the end-user, if genuine Dell OEM power supplies are not used with their devices (Users are presented with the warning: "The AC adapter type cannot be determined. This will prevent optimal system
1104:
Data lock-in: since the cloud is still new, standards of ownership, i.e. who actually owns the data once it lives on a cloud platform, are not yet developed, which could make it complicated if cloud computing users ever decide to move data off of a cloud vendor's
498:
and alternative options makes systems tolerant of change, so that decisions can be postponed until more information is available or unforeseen events are addressed. Vendor lock-in does the opposite: it makes it difficult to move from one solution to another.
891:. This may make it easier for competitors to write documents compatible with Microsoft Office in the future by reducing lock-in. Microsoft released full descriptions of the file formats for earlier versions of Word, Excel and PowerPoint in February 2008.
1173:, and no other manufacturer could create K-Cup packs compatible with Keurig coffee makers without a license from Keurig. While the company does have patents on improvements to the system, the original K-Cup patents expired in September 2012. Other
1100:
Platform lock-in: cloud services tend to be built on one of several possible virtualization platforms, for example VMware or Xen. Migrating from a cloud provider using one platform to a cloud provider using a different platform could be very
1108:
Tools lock-in: if tools built to manage a cloud environment are not compatible with different kinds of both virtual and physical infrastructure, those tools will only be able to manage data or apps that live in the vendor's particular cloud
616:—if the cost to resist is greater than the cost of joining, then the locally optimal choice is to join—a barrier that takes cooperation to overcome. The distributive property (cost to resist the locally dominant choice) alone is not a
817:
are effectively single-vendor communication protocols. Facebook is said to have achieved technological lock-in, in terms of its self-reinforcing presence on a society level. However, if the lock-in is to
Facebook specifically, not
580:
This class of lock-in is potentially technologically hard to overcome if the monopoly is held up by barriers to market that are nontrivial to circumvent, such as patents, secrecy, cryptography or other technical hindrances.
986:
share of sales of new music players, which he claimed allowed Apple to horizontally leverage its dominant positions in both markets to lock consumers into its complementary offerings. In
September 2005, U.S. District Judge
710:
A person who has ripped their CD collection to MP3 will have an incentive to prefer audio equipment that supports this format; and vice versa, for personal investment reasons, has an incentive to continue ripping to this
1066:
has been inactive on
Twitter since 2013 and its official website, www.dataliberation.org, now redirects to a page on Google's FAQs, leading users to believe the project has been closed. Google's mobile operating system
1071:
is open source; however, the operating system that comes with the phones that most people actually purchase in a store is more often than not shipped with many of Google's proprietary applications that
2678:
1062:
has stated its position in favor of interoperability, the company has taken steps away from open protocols replacing open standard Google Talk by proprietary protocol Google
Hangouts. Also, Google's
1016:
complained that iTunes' DRM mechanism was a lock-in to Apple's music players, and argued that this was a conflict with consumer rights that he doubted would be defendable by
Norwegian copyright law.
1813:
1599:
718:
will tend to seek HDMI compatibility to all their other multimedia-capable equipment (although this is a far less severe case of lock-in than those above, due to the wide availability of
1993:
Livenson, Ilja. Laure, Erwin. (2011) "Towards transparent integration of heterogeneous cloud storage platforms", pages 27–34, KTH Royal
Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.
771:
he rejects the Ogg/Vorbis code because of the license, and uses MP3 instead, then the problem rebounds on us—because his continued use of MP3 may help MP3 to become and stay entrenched.
576:
Whether a single vendor controls the market for the method or technology being locked in to. Distinguishes between being locked to the mere technology, or specifically the vendor of it.
1191:
manufacturers are almost always incompatible. Therefore, a photographer with a set of lens mounts of a certain manufacturer will prefer not to buy a camera from another manufacturer.
992:
2086:
2145:
1136:
1914:
962:
mobile phones. As a result, that music was locked into this ecosystem and available for portable use only through the purchase of one of the above devices, or by burning to
1340:
683:
that reduces quality. This is in effect a switching cost. Therefore, if valuable content is encoded in the format, this creates a need for continued compatibility with it.
1050:) have signed up to remove the DRM from their tracks, at no extra cost. However, Apple charges consumers to have previously purchased DRM music restrictions removed.
2108:
1788:
1135:
Many printer manufacturers claim that if any ink cartridges, beyond those sold by themselves, are used in the printer, the warranty of the printer becomes void.
2055:
1734:
696:
of the variations shown in the table, but with no monopoly and no collectivity, it would be expected to be the weakest lock-in. Equivalent personal examples:
1474:
665:
1809:
1971:
703:
A car owner has an incentive to make use of their car, because using it is cheap compared to the total cost of car ownership; the car is said to be a
1946:
Vada, Eirik T. (2012-06-11) "Creating Flexible Heterogeneous Cloud Environments", page 5, Network and System Administration, Oslo University College
1139:, making ink cartridges containing an authentication system, the purpose of which was intended to make it illegal in the United States (under the
1154:
devices, for example, are incompatible with meters from other manufacturers. This lack of standardization can lead to problems especially in
1528:
1498:
628:
per individual, such as by a switching cost, qualifies as a network effect, by distributing this instability to the collective as a whole.
1595:
900:
1402:
2076:
2310:
1703:
1114:
deploy virtualized infrastructures to other enterprises without the need to consider the flavor of hypervisor in the other enterprise.
2137:
1863:
1888:
1755:
1650:
592:
the locally dominant choice, as if by friction between individuals. In a mathematical model of differential equations, disregarding
1620:
1348:
2333:
1913:
McKendrick, Joe. (2011-11-20) "Cloud Computing's Vendor Lock-In Problem: Why the Industry is Taking a Step Backward," Forbes.com
1202:
2716:
1573:
1468:"Commission Decision of 24.03.2004 relating to a proceeding under Article 82 of the EC Treaty (Case COMP/C-3/37.792 Microsoft)"
1925:
1442:
1209:). In January 2019, Nvidia announced that it will advance compatibility of its video cards with FreeSync-compatible monitors.
646:
Technological lock-in is the idea that the more a society adopts a certain technology, the more unlikely users are to switch.
887:
uses a proprietary, publicly undocumented datastore format. Present versions of Microsoft Word have introduced a new format
850:, in its March 24, 2004 decision on Microsoft's business practices, quotes, in paragraph 463, Microsoft general manager for
2270:
2116:
1780:
450:
669:
2045:
1724:
692:
Technology lock-in, as defined, is strictly of the collective kind. However, the personal variant is also a possible
1140:
17:
1467:
2633:
2461:
1260:
700:
A person who has become proficient on QWERTY keyboards will have an incentive to continue using QWERTY keyboards.
1947:
1838:
747:
If I stopped using Skype, I'd lose contact with many people, because it's impossible to make them all change to
612:
This class of lock-in is potentially inescapable to rational individuals not otherwise motivated, by creating a
2752:
2303:
1784:
1174:
1170:
2008:
1369:
1085:
841:
2762:
2757:
2747:
2378:
601:
2721:
1969:
1063:
597:
2282:
1311:
867:
801:
Communication services that require membership with the same vendor as the communication partner: Unlike
2668:
2638:
1936:
1068:
1004:
374:
2169:
Arthur, W. B. (1989). "Competing technologies, increasing returns, and lock-in by historical events".
2623:
2615:
2368:
2296:
1214:
1073:
906:
588:
Whether individuals are locked in collectively, in part through each other. Economically, there is a
1233:. All use almost identical batteries, yet all have some feature designed to stop use in other tools.
2648:
2628:
723:
98:
2476:
2276:
1544:
1540:
1506:
872:
854:
development Aaron Contorer as stating in a February 21, 1997 internal Microsoft memo drafted for
443:
389:
369:
354:
168:
143:
118:
58:
981:
purchaser named Thomas Slattery filed a suit against Apple for the "unlawful bundling" of their
2466:
1301:
178:
1410:
2398:
2338:
1693:
1296:
1043:
997:
914:
642:, this is a non-monopoly (mere technology), collective (on a society level) kind of lock-in:
613:
364:
216:
128:
113:
1957:
Geada, Dave. (June 2, 2011) "The case for the heterogeneous cloud," Cloud Computing Journal
2726:
2660:
2439:
2348:
1291:
379:
309:
271:
183:
163:
78:
42:
1859:
8:
2524:
2456:
2363:
2081:
1884:
1759:
1657:
1028:
847:
329:
319:
256:
133:
73:
2213:
1283:– the benefit from having a large number of people using an agreed-upon format or vendor
2383:
2246:
2007:
Gannes, Liz. GigaOm, "Structure 2010: Intel vs. the Homogeneous Cloud," June 24, 2010.
1968:
Burns, Paul (2012-01-02). "Cloud Computing in 2012: What's Already Happening". Neovise.
1628:
1155:
1008:
987:
982:
779:
488:
484:
436:
412:
349:
339:
334:
286:
138:
103:
1013:
879:
Microsoft's application software also exhibits lock-in through the use of proprietary
2673:
2595:
2481:
2373:
2358:
1230:
1218:
930:
884:
802:
676:
621:
503:
422:
291:
266:
261:
236:
153:
148:
2250:
1565:
1093:
migrating off a proprietary cloud platform prohibitively complicated and expensive.
758:
is patent-free as of 2017, in 2001 it was both patented and entrenched, as noted by
2562:
2471:
2410:
2388:
2238:
1434:
1306:
1265:
1255:
955:
806:
795:
759:
417:
314:
251:
241:
221:
206:
173:
158:
123:
108:
88:
2226:
1438:
2446:
2434:
2393:
2319:
1975:
1958:
1286:
1250:
948:
888:
680:
638:
407:
281:
83:
2688:
2570:
2542:
2353:
2196:
2050:
1280:
783:
661:
617:
593:
324:
1935:
Staten, James (2012-07-23). "Gelsinger brings the 'H' word to VMware". ZDNet.
2741:
2693:
2605:
2020:
1275:
1198:
1147:
959:
605:
495:
359:
246:
1994:
809:, which enable communication with competing providers' users, services like
2590:
2403:
1924:
Hinkle, Mark. (2010-6-9) "Three cloud lock-in considerations", Zenoss Blog
1226:
1035:
963:
910:
819:
2264:
2703:
2643:
2451:
1316:
1024:
880:
863:
791:
727:
693:
625:
226:
201:
93:
714:
A person who has most of their multimedia equipment interconnected with
2683:
2509:
2343:
1729:
1698:
1270:
1184:
1027:. These files are unprotected and are encoded in the AAC format at 256
941:
901:
Criticism of Apple Inc. § Accusations of anti-competitive behavior
855:
384:
1810:"You Have No Choice: Google To Shutdown GTalk Feb. 23, Hello Hangouts"
2580:
1834:
1529:"Is Apple Playing Fair? Navigating the iPod FairPlay DRM Controversy"
1178:
1151:
1150:
are typically made for a specific make or model. Strips designed for
926:
704:
507:
464:
344:
276:
33:
722:
that can be used to connect HDMI equipment to and from—for instance—
2537:
2429:
2420:
2288:
2242:
1381:
1377:
1206:
1039:
996:
to proceed with monopoly charges against Apple in violation of the
952:
918:
814:
740:
competition with the dominant vendor is hindered by compatibility.
511:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1165:
single-serving coffee pod system was covered by a patent owned by
1118:
such as hypervisors, servers, and storage, from multiple vendors.
2698:
2585:
2575:
2514:
2501:
719:
63:
2003:
2001:
1125:
million more in capital expenditure and use 1 megawatt of power.
822:
in general, then it is fair to promote this title to collective
2600:
2532:
1980:
1222:
1194:
1188:
1166:
1059:
938:
922:
763:
655:
480:
68:
1096:
Three types of vendor lock-in can occur with cloud computing:
658:
keyboard layout is said to be caused by technological lock-in.
1998:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1162:
851:
810:
231:
211:
1533:
Northwestern Journal of Technology and Intellectual Property
2552:
2547:
2486:
1596:"Antitrust Suit Against Apple Over iPod, iTunes to Proceed"
1370:"Can I convert my MP3 collection to the Ogg Vorbis format?"
1236:
978:
945:
934:
715:
1902:
1122:
solution to this is for clouds to adopt common standards.
2182:
David, P. A. (1985). "Clio and the economics of QWERTY".
1651:"iTunes' terms of service vs Norwegian marketing law §9a"
1569:
1527:
Sharpe, Nicola F.; Arewa, Olufunmilayo B. (Spring 2007).
1047:
1020:
971:
967:
921:
DRM system. These files are compatible only with Apple's
787:
755:
966:
and optionally re-ripping to a DRM-free format such as
1781:"Google Abandons Open Standards for Instant Messaging"
1499:"Microsoft Office Binary (doc, xls, ppt) File Formats"
2218:
The New Palgraves Dictionary of Economics and the Law
2043:
1034:
As of January 6, 2009, all four big music studios (
1023:label became available in a DRM-free format called
487:, unable to use another vendor without substantial
2109:"The (Unproductive) Battle of FreeSync and G-Sync"
2069:
1756:"Open Communications - Google Talk for Developers"
1197:, as of 2018, still only supports the proprietary
866:is so broad, so deep, and so functional that most
2224:
2211:
2194:
2138:"How to Troubleshoot AC Adapter Issues | Dell US"
2044:Babaria, Palav; O'Riordan, Aisling (2013-11-14).
1717:
664:is the theory that society has become reliant on
2739:
2271:"The Intertemporal Dynamics of Consumer Lock-In"
1429:
1427:
2225:Liebowitz, S. J.; Margolis, Stephen E. (1990).
2212:Liebowitz, S. J.; Margolis, Stephen E. (1998).
2195:Liebowitz, S. J.; Margolis, Stephen E. (1995).
2077:"The K-Cup Patent Is Dead, Long Live The K-Cup"
1341:"Facebook may "lock in" its internet dominance"
2046:"A Haitian Boy's Needless Death From Diabetes"
905:Prior to March 2009, digital music files with
762:in that year (in justifying a lax license for
687:
2304:
1835:"dataliberation (@dataliberation) on Twitter"
1424:
913:, encoded in a proprietary derivative of the
444:
27:Switching costs inhibiting a change of vendor
842:Criticism of Microsoft § Vendor lock-in
734:
600:in market share, applicable for modeling by
2201:Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization
1526:
1019:As of 29 May 2007, tracks on the
909:(DRM) were available for purchase from the
2311:
2297:
1860:"Vincent Toubiana (@vtoubiana) on Twitter"
1686:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1205:(VESA) standard Adaptive Sync technology (
1074:promote users to use only Google services.
451:
437:
2018:
1642:
1758:. Google Inc. 2013-05-15. Archived from
1433:
2037:
1593:
1328:
1203:Video Electronics Standards Association
1086:Cloud computing issues § Vendor lock-in
14:
2740:
2197:"Path dependence, lock-in and history"
2168:
2292:
2181:
1201:despite the availability of the open
631:
2318:
2021:"Lexmark invokes DMCA in toner suit"
1725:"Changes Coming to the iTunes Store"
1648:
1473:. European Commission. 2019-02-06.
782:that have become widespread on the
24:
1566:"Itunes user sues Apple over iPod"
1078:
670:renewable energy commercialization
479:, makes a customer dependent on a
25:
2774:
2258:
2106:
1885:"Rob Dolin(@robdolin) on Twitter"
1129:
2267:by The Linux Information Project
2019:McCullagh, Declan (2003-01-08).
1217:which also owns or manufactures
1181:, also have proprietary systems.
1084:This section is an excerpt from
937:portable digital music players,
668:technologies, thereby hindering
654:The continued prevalence of the
541:
517:
2634:Light-weight Linux distribution
2462:Hacking of consumer electronics
2148:from the original on 2020-07-20
2130:
2100:
2089:from the original on 2018-11-23
2058:from the original on 2014-07-26
2012:
1962:
1951:
1940:
1929:
1918:
1891:from the original on 2015-12-01
1877:
1866:from the original on 2015-12-01
1852:
1841:from the original on 2015-03-14
1827:
1816:from the original on 2015-04-29
1802:
1791:from the original on 2014-08-01
1773:
1748:
1737:from the original on 2011-09-04
1706:from the original on 2011-06-08
1649:Thon, Bjørn Erik (2006-05-30).
1621:"iTunes violates Norwegian law"
1613:
1602:from the original on 2009-07-23
1576:from the original on 2009-07-09
1480:from the original on 2011-02-21
1445:from the original on 2019-12-09
1439:"RMS on the Ogg Vorbis license"
1261:Embrace, extend, and extinguish
993:Slattery v. Apple Computer Inc.
1587:
1558:
1520:
1491:
1460:
1395:
1362:
1171:Green Mountain Coffee Roasters
602:partial differential equations
13:
1:
2162:
1594:Higgins, Donna (2005-09-22).
1403:"Top 10 reasons I hate Skype"
894:
2722:List of open-source hardware
2231:Journal of Law and Economics
1694:"Apple Launches iTunes Plus"
1627:. 2006-06-07. Archived from
1625:Norwegian Consumer Ombudsman
1505:. 2008-02-15. Archived from
1409:. 2015-04-04. Archived from
1380:. 2003-10-03. Archived from
1347:. 2010-01-27. Archived from
835:
598:distributed parameter system
7:
1312:Subscription business model
1244:
1169:, which is a subsidiary of
1137:Lexmark tried to go further
830:
803:telephone service providers
688:Personal technology lock-in
624:; however, the addition of
10:
2779:
2639:Real-time operating system
1215:Stanley Black & Decker
1083:
1005:Norwegian Consumer Council
898:
839:
743:As one blogger expressed:
596:of individuals, this is a
502:Lock-in costs that create
375:Promotional representative
2712:
2659:
2624:Linux on embedded systems
2614:
2561:
2523:
2500:
2419:
2326:
2265:Vendor Lock-in Definition
1812:. TechTimes. 2015-02-17.
1053:
925:media player software on
917:format that used Apple's
907:digital rights management
735:Collective vendor lock-in
560:
554:
535:
2629:Linux for mobile devices
2214:"Path Dependence" entry"
2184:American Economic Review
1322:
871:buggy drivers, our high
780:Proprietary file formats
504:barriers to market entry
2477:PlayStation 3 Jailbreak
2227:"The Fable of the Keys"
1541:Northwestern University
807:email service providers
370:Promotional merchandise
355:Out-of-home advertising
144:Account-based marketing
2467:Homebrew (video games)
2273:(PDF) by Gal ZAUBERMAN
1598:. FindLaw Legal News.
1302:Razor and blades model
877:
773:
752:
679:into another incurs a
648:
179:Horizontal integration
2753:Hardware restrictions
2661:Programming languages
2399:Single-board computer
2339:Board support package
1672:English transcribed:
1297:Protocol ossification
1175:single-serving coffee
1064:Data Liberation Front
1003:On June 7, 2006, the
998:Sherman Antitrust Act
977:In January, 2005, an
860:
768:
745:
644:
365:Product demonstration
217:Corporate anniversary
2763:Strategic management
2758:Marketing techniques
2748:Business-to-business
2727:Open-source robotics
2717:Lightweight browsers
2440:Proprietary firmware
2349:Consumer electronics
1677:Norwegian original:
1292:Proprietary software
1156:developing countries
1007:stated that Apple's
380:Visual merchandising
310:Behavioral targeting
184:Vertical integration
164:Influencer marketing
2457:Defective by Design
2364:Embedded hypervisor
2277:Dynamic competition
2082:Wall Street Journal
1229:, Mastercraft, and
1029:kilobits per second
848:European Commission
786:: examples include
550:Technology lock-in
473:proprietary lock-in
330:In-game advertising
320:Display advertising
196:Promotional content
2525:Software libraries
1974:2014-07-01 at the
1219:Black & Decker
1009:iTunes Music Store
983:iTunes Music Store
790:(patent expired),
632:Technology lock-in
620:, for lack of any
614:prisoner's dilemma
604:, for example the
413:Marketing research
350:Online advertising
340:Native advertising
335:Mobile advertising
287:Sex in advertising
104:Consumer behaviour
2735:
2734:
2674:Assembly language
2616:Operating systems
2596:Stand-alone shell
2563:Programming tools
2482:Rooting (Android)
2374:Embedded software
2359:Embedded database
1435:Stallman, Richard
1213:example would be
885:Microsoft Outlook
677:lossy file format
622:positive feedback
570:
569:
510:action against a
461:
460:
423:Consumer research
304:Promotional media
292:Underwriting spot
267:Product placement
247:On-hold messaging
237:Loyalty marketing
154:Product marketing
149:Digital marketing
16:(Redirected from
2770:
2472:iOS jailbreaking
2389:Memory footprint
2320:Embedded systems
2313:
2306:
2299:
2290:
2289:
2283:Nash equilibrium
2254:
2221:
2208:
2191:
2178:
2171:Economic Journal
2157:
2156:
2154:
2153:
2134:
2128:
2127:
2125:
2124:
2115:. Archived from
2107:Kerns, Michael.
2104:
2098:
2097:
2095:
2094:
2073:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2063:
2041:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2031:
2016:
2010:
2005:
1996:
1991:
1978:
1966:
1960:
1955:
1949:
1944:
1938:
1933:
1927:
1922:
1916:
1911:
1900:
1899:
1897:
1896:
1881:
1875:
1874:
1872:
1871:
1856:
1850:
1849:
1847:
1846:
1831:
1825:
1824:
1822:
1821:
1806:
1800:
1799:
1797:
1796:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1767:
1752:
1746:
1745:
1743:
1742:
1721:
1715:
1714:
1712:
1711:
1690:
1684:
1683:
1669:
1668:
1663:on March 4, 2016
1662:
1656:. Archived from
1655:
1646:
1640:
1639:
1637:
1636:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1608:
1607:
1591:
1585:
1584:
1582:
1581:
1562:
1556:
1555:
1553:
1552:
1543:. Archived from
1524:
1518:
1517:
1515:
1514:
1495:
1489:
1488:
1486:
1485:
1479:
1472:
1464:
1458:
1457:
1451:
1450:
1431:
1422:
1421:
1419:
1418:
1399:
1393:
1392:
1390:
1389:
1366:
1360:
1359:
1357:
1356:
1337:
1307:Regional lockout
1266:Enshittification
1256:Data portability
1177:brands, such as
1146:Test strips for
949:tablet computers
760:Richard Stallman
666:carbon intensive
522:
521:
477:customer lock-in
471:, also known as
453:
446:
439:
418:Mystery shopping
315:Brand ambassador
252:Personal selling
242:Mobile marketing
222:Direct marketing
207:Ambush marketing
174:Annoyance factor
159:Social marketing
109:Consumer culture
89:Brand management
30:
29:
21:
18:Platform lock-in
2778:
2777:
2773:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2768:
2767:
2738:
2737:
2736:
2731:
2708:
2655:
2610:
2557:
2519:
2496:
2447:Closed platform
2435:Custom firmware
2415:
2394:Microcontroller
2322:
2317:
2261:
2165:
2160:
2151:
2149:
2136:
2135:
2131:
2122:
2120:
2105:
2101:
2092:
2090:
2075:
2074:
2070:
2061:
2059:
2042:
2038:
2029:
2027:
2017:
2013:
2006:
1999:
1992:
1981:
1976:Wayback Machine
1967:
1963:
1956:
1952:
1945:
1941:
1934:
1930:
1923:
1919:
1912:
1903:
1894:
1892:
1883:
1882:
1878:
1869:
1867:
1858:
1857:
1853:
1844:
1842:
1833:
1832:
1828:
1819:
1817:
1808:
1807:
1803:
1794:
1792:
1779:
1778:
1774:
1765:
1763:
1754:
1753:
1749:
1740:
1738:
1723:
1722:
1718:
1709:
1707:
1692:
1691:
1687:
1666:
1664:
1660:
1653:
1647:
1643:
1634:
1632:
1619:
1618:
1614:
1605:
1603:
1592:
1588:
1579:
1577:
1564:
1563:
1559:
1550:
1548:
1525:
1521:
1512:
1510:
1497:
1496:
1492:
1483:
1481:
1477:
1470:
1466:
1465:
1461:
1448:
1446:
1432:
1425:
1416:
1414:
1401:
1400:
1396:
1387:
1385:
1374:Vorbis.com: FAQ
1368:
1367:
1363:
1354:
1352:
1351:on May 18, 2015
1345:The Independent
1339:
1338:
1329:
1325:
1287:Path dependence
1251:Closed platform
1247:
1240:performance.").
1132:
1127:
1126:
1089:
1081:
1079:Cloud computing
1056:
1014:Bjørn Erik Thon
903:
897:
844:
838:
833:
775:More examples:
737:
690:
681:generation loss
675:Converting one
639:The Independent
634:
561:Vendor lock-in
520:
489:switching costs
457:
428:
427:
408:Market research
403:
395:
394:
305:
297:
296:
282:Sales promotion
197:
189:
188:
84:Brand licensing
54:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2776:
2766:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2713:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2665:
2663:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2653:
2652:
2651:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2620:
2618:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2571:Almquist shell
2567:
2565:
2559:
2558:
2556:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2543:Embedded GLIBC
2540:
2535:
2529:
2527:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2517:
2512:
2506:
2504:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2494:
2492:Vendor lock-in
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2443:
2442:
2437:
2426:
2424:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2413:
2408:
2407:
2406:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2354:Cross compiler
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2330:
2328:
2324:
2323:
2316:
2315:
2308:
2301:
2293:
2287:
2286:
2280:
2274:
2268:
2260:
2259:External links
2257:
2256:
2255:
2243:10.1086/467198
2222:
2209:
2192:
2179:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2158:
2129:
2099:
2068:
2051:New York Times
2036:
2011:
1997:
1979:
1961:
1950:
1939:
1928:
1917:
1901:
1887:. 2014-07-29.
1876:
1862:. 2014-02-10.
1851:
1837:. 2013-04-24.
1826:
1801:
1787:. 2013-05-22.
1772:
1747:
1716:
1685:
1641:
1612:
1586:
1572:. 2005-01-06.
1557:
1519:
1490:
1459:
1437:(2001-02-26).
1423:
1394:
1361:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1320:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1281:Network effect
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1241:
1234:
1210:
1192:
1182:
1159:
1148:glucose meters
1144:
1131:
1130:Other examples
1128:
1111:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1090:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1055:
1052:
899:Main article:
896:
893:
840:Main article:
837:
834:
832:
829:
828:
827:
799:
736:
733:
732:
731:
712:
708:
701:
689:
686:
685:
684:
673:
662:Carbon lock-in
659:
636:As defined by
633:
630:
618:network effect
610:
609:
590:cost to resist
586:
578:
577:
574:
568:
567:
563:
562:
559:
556:
552:
551:
548:
544:
543:
540:
537:
533:
532:
529:
526:
519:
516:
506:may result in
496:open standards
469:vendor lock-in
459:
458:
456:
455:
448:
441:
433:
430:
429:
426:
425:
420:
415:
410:
404:
401:
400:
397:
396:
393:
392:
387:
382:
377:
372:
367:
362:
357:
352:
347:
342:
337:
332:
327:
325:Drip marketing
322:
317:
312:
306:
303:
302:
299:
298:
295:
294:
289:
284:
279:
274:
269:
264:
259:
254:
249:
244:
239:
234:
229:
224:
219:
214:
209:
204:
198:
195:
194:
191:
190:
187:
186:
181:
176:
171:
166:
161:
156:
151:
146:
141:
136:
131:
126:
121:
116:
111:
106:
101:
99:Communications
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
55:
52:
51:
48:
47:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2775:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2714:
2711:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2694:Embedded Java
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2666:
2664:
2662:
2658:
2650:
2647:
2646:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2613:
2607:
2606:Yocto Project
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2564:
2560:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2526:
2522:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2499:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2432:
2431:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2418:
2412:
2409:
2405:
2402:
2401:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2327:General terms
2325:
2321:
2314:
2309:
2307:
2302:
2300:
2295:
2294:
2291:
2284:
2281:
2278:
2275:
2272:
2269:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2167:
2166:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2133:
2119:on 2016-11-01
2118:
2114:
2113:Gamer's Nexus
2110:
2103:
2088:
2084:
2083:
2078:
2072:
2057:
2053:
2052:
2047:
2040:
2026:
2022:
2015:
2009:
2004:
2002:
1995:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1977:
1973:
1970:
1965:
1959:
1954:
1948:
1943:
1937:
1932:
1926:
1921:
1915:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1890:
1886:
1880:
1865:
1861:
1855:
1840:
1836:
1830:
1815:
1811:
1805:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1776:
1762:on 2016-10-18
1761:
1757:
1751:
1736:
1732:
1731:
1726:
1720:
1705:
1701:
1700:
1695:
1689:
1682:
1681:
1676:
1659:
1652:
1645:
1631:on 2006-06-25
1630:
1626:
1622:
1616:
1601:
1597:
1590:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1561:
1547:on 2012-02-07
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1523:
1509:on 2009-03-08
1508:
1504:
1500:
1494:
1476:
1469:
1463:
1456:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1430:
1428:
1413:on 2015-04-29
1412:
1408:
1404:
1398:
1384:on 2012-09-22
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1365:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1327:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1276:Free software
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1211:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1199:Nvidia G-Sync
1196:
1193:
1190:
1187:of competing
1186:
1183:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1133:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1098:
1097:
1094:
1087:
1076:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1061:
1051:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1032:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1017:
1015:
1010:
1006:
1001:
999:
995:
994:
989:
984:
980:
975:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
954:
950:
947:
943:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
902:
892:
890:
886:
882:
876:
874:
869:
865:
859:
857:
853:
849:
843:
825:
821:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
778:
777:
776:
772:
767:
765:
761:
757:
751:
749:
744:
741:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
706:
702:
699:
698:
697:
695:
682:
678:
674:
671:
667:
663:
660:
657:
653:
652:
651:
647:
643:
641:
640:
629:
627:
623:
619:
615:
607:
606:heat equation
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
584:
583:
582:
575:
572:
571:
565:
564:
557:
553:
549:
546:
545:
538:
534:
531:Popular term
530:
527:
524:
523:
518:Lock-in types
515:
513:
509:
505:
500:
497:
492:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
454:
449:
447:
442:
440:
435:
434:
432:
431:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
405:
399:
398:
391:
390:Word-of-mouth
388:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
368:
366:
363:
361:
360:Point of sale
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
316:
313:
311:
308:
307:
301:
300:
293:
290:
288:
285:
283:
280:
278:
275:
273:
270:
268:
265:
263:
260:
258:
255:
253:
250:
248:
245:
243:
240:
238:
235:
233:
230:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
215:
213:
210:
208:
205:
203:
200:
199:
193:
192:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
172:
170:
167:
165:
162:
160:
157:
155:
152:
150:
147:
145:
142:
140:
137:
135:
132:
130:
127:
125:
122:
120:
119:Effectiveness
117:
115:
112:
110:
107:
105:
102:
100:
97:
95:
92:
90:
87:
85:
82:
80:
77:
75:
72:
70:
67:
65:
62:
60:
57:
56:
50:
49:
44:
41:
40:
39:
38:
35:
32:
31:
19:
2689:Embedded C++
2591:OpenEmbedded
2502:Boot loaders
2491:
2423:and controls
2404:Raspberry Pi
2285:by Wikibooks
2279:by Wikibooks
2234:
2230:
2220:. MacMillan.
2217:
2204:
2200:
2187:
2183:
2174:
2170:
2150:. Retrieved
2142:www.dell.com
2141:
2132:
2121:. Retrieved
2117:the original
2112:
2102:
2091:. Retrieved
2080:
2071:
2060:. Retrieved
2049:
2039:
2028:. Retrieved
2024:
2014:
1964:
1953:
1942:
1931:
1920:
1893:. Retrieved
1879:
1868:. Retrieved
1854:
1843:. Retrieved
1829:
1818:. Retrieved
1804:
1793:. Retrieved
1775:
1764:. Retrieved
1760:the original
1750:
1739:. Retrieved
1733:2009-01-06.
1728:
1719:
1708:. Retrieved
1702:2007-05-30.
1697:
1688:
1678:
1673:
1671:
1665:. Retrieved
1658:the original
1644:
1633:. Retrieved
1629:the original
1624:
1615:
1604:. Retrieved
1589:
1578:. Retrieved
1560:
1549:. Retrieved
1545:the original
1536:
1532:
1522:
1511:. Retrieved
1507:the original
1502:
1493:
1482:. Retrieved
1462:
1453:
1447:. Retrieved
1415:. Retrieved
1411:the original
1406:
1397:
1386:. Retrieved
1382:the original
1373:
1364:
1353:. Retrieved
1349:the original
1344:
1227:Porter Cable
1120:
1116:
1112:
1109:environment.
1101:complicated.
1095:
1091:
1057:
1036:Warner Bros.
1033:
1018:
1002:
991:
976:
911:iTunes Store
904:
881:file formats
878:
861:
845:
823:
820:social media
774:
769:
753:
748:
746:
742:
738:
691:
649:
645:
637:
635:
611:
594:discreteness
589:
579:
573:Monopolistic
525:Monopolistic
501:
493:
476:
472:
468:
462:
134:Segmentation
59:Distribution
53:Key concepts
2704:MicroPython
2644:Windows IoT
2452:Crippleware
2369:Embedded OS
1317:Tivoization
1185:Lens mounts
1025:iTunes Plus
942:smartphones
864:Windows API
792:Adobe Flash
730:equipment).
728:DisplayPort
694:permutation
626:bistability
494:The use of
227:Franchising
202:Advertising
169:Attribution
94:Co-creation
2742:Categories
2684:Embedded C
2344:Bootloader
2207:: 205–226.
2190:: 332–337.
2177:: 642–665.
2163:References
2152:2020-07-20
2123:2016-10-11
2093:2014-03-08
2062:2014-07-17
2030:2013-07-07
1895:2015-05-04
1870:2015-05-04
1845:2015-05-04
1820:2015-05-04
1795:2015-05-04
1766:2015-05-04
1741:2011-08-30
1730:Apple Inc.
1710:2007-05-30
1699:Apple Inc.
1667:2015-05-02
1635:2006-06-08
1606:2009-06-17
1580:2009-06-17
1551:2009-06-17
1513:2009-06-17
1484:2009-06-17
1449:2016-06-05
1417:2015-04-26
1388:2012-08-26
1355:2015-05-05
1271:Format war
988:James Ware
951:, and the
895:Apple Inc.
856:Bill Gates
764:Ogg Vorbis
650:Examples:
585:Collective
528:Collective
385:Web banner
272:Propaganda
79:Activation
43:Management
2581:Buildroot
1503:Microsoft
1231:Craftsman
1179:Nespresso
1152:Accu-chek
1105:platform.
1058:Although
1044:Universal
990:approved
836:Microsoft
750:software.
705:sunk cost
508:antitrust
465:economics
345:New media
277:Publicity
129:Promotion
114:Dominance
34:Marketing
2538:dietlibc
2430:Firmware
2421:Firmware
2251:14262869
2237:: 1–26.
2146:Archived
2087:Archived
2056:Archived
1972:Archived
1889:Archived
1864:Archived
1839:Archived
1814:Archived
1789:Archived
1735:Archived
1704:Archived
1600:Archived
1574:Archived
1475:Archived
1443:Archived
1407:dgeex.de
1378:Xiph.Org
1245:See also
1207:FreeSync
1040:Sony BMG
953:Motorola
933:, their
919:FairPlay
889:MS-OOXML
831:Examples
826:lock-in.
815:Facebook
720:adapters
512:monopoly
485:products
402:Research
257:Premiums
212:Branding
139:Strategy
2699:MISRA C
2586:BusyBox
2576:BitBake
2515:Barebox
1069:Android
956:ROKR E1
931:Windows
711:format.
74:Service
64:Pricing
2649:Win CE
2601:Toybox
2533:uClibc
2510:U-Boot
2249:
1223:DeWalt
1195:Nvidia
1189:camera
1167:Keurig
1060:Google
1054:Google
1046:, and
939:iPhone
923:iTunes
824:vendor
754:While
656:QWERTY
481:vendor
262:Prizes
124:Ethics
69:Retail
2247:S2CID
1661:(PDF)
1654:(PDF)
1539:(2).
1478:(PDF)
1471:(PDF)
1323:Notes
1163:K-Cup
862:"The
811:Skype
796:H.264
232:Label
2679:CAPL
2553:musl
2548:lwIP
2487:UEFI
2379:FPGA
2334:ASIC
2025:CNET
1237:Dell
1161:The
1141:DMCA
979:iPod
960:SLVR
958:and
946:iPad
935:iPod
929:and
927:Macs
868:ISVs
846:The
813:and
794:and
716:HDMI
566:Yes
483:for
2669:Ada
2411:SoC
2384:IoT
2239:doi
1785:EFF
1570:BBC
1048:EMI
1021:EMI
972:WAV
970:or
968:MP3
915:AAC
873:TCO
852:C++
805:or
788:GIF
784:Web
766:):
756:MP3
726:or
724:DVI
555:Yes
547:Yes
475:or
463:In
2744::
2245:.
2235:33
2233:.
2229:.
2216:.
2205:11
2203:.
2199:.
2188:75
2186:.
2175:97
2173:.
2144:.
2140:.
2111:.
2085:.
2079:.
2054:.
2048:.
2023:.
2000:^
1982:^
1904:^
1783:.
1727:.
1696:.
1670:.
1623:.
1568:.
1535:.
1531:.
1501:.
1452:.
1441:.
1426:^
1405:.
1376:.
1372:.
1343:.
1330:^
1225:,
1221:,
1042:,
1038:,
1000:.
974:.
964:CD
944:,
883:.
858::
558:No
542:—
539:No
536:No
514:.
491:.
467:,
2312:e
2305:t
2298:v
2253:.
2241::
2155:.
2126:.
2096:.
2065:.
2033:.
1898:.
1873:.
1848:.
1823:.
1798:.
1769:.
1744:.
1713:.
1638:.
1609:.
1583:.
1554:.
1537:5
1516:.
1487:.
1420:.
1391:.
1358:.
1088:.
798:.
707:.
672:.
608:.
452:e
445:t
438:v
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.