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825:. The first launch from Site 32 was conducted from pad 2 on 24 June 1977, with the first from Site 32/1 following on 23 January 1980. The last launch from Site 32/1 occurred on 28 December 2001. Site 32/2 was retired on 30 January 2009, along with the Tsyklon-3. All 122 Tsyklon-3 launches were conducted from the site. 57 launches were recorded as having been from pad 1 and 65 were recorded from pad 2.
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And from 1964, on the basis of rocket connection started the establishment of research proving ground missiles and space weapons. Such conversion were the favourable geographical location and a significant number of systems already deployed by the end of 1964 were on duty, four launchers R-7A, seven
570:
of
Arkhangelsk Oblast. In the summer of 1963, the state leadership decided to use the Plesetsk launch facilities for launching spacecraft. In September 1963, the Council of Ministers of the USSR 3rd ALM and NIIP converted to "53 minutes Research Proving Ground". Three test management, employees of
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configuration—from Site 35/1 on 9 July 2014, flying a successful suborbital test mission. The first orbital launch from the site was the inaugural launch of the Angara A5 on 23 December 2014, which carried a mass simulator. A second orbital test flight of the Angara A5 took place almost six years
882:
Following the cancellation of Zenit launches from
Plesetsk, Russia had originally planned to use parts constructed for Site 35 to repair one of the Zenit pads at Baikonur that had been heavily damaged when a rocket lost thrust and fell back into the flame trench seconds after launch. Instead, the
705:
spokesman
Colonel Alexei Zolotukhin said Russia will spend over 5 billion rubles (US$ 170 million) on the development and expansion of the cosmodrome in 2011. This includes the reconstruction of a local motorway and modernising the energy supply system. New facilities will be built, including a
554:
to the south of
Arkhangelsk. The official birthday of the proving ground was 15 July 1957. That day Colonel Gregorjev assumed his post as the missile unit commander. By 15 July 1961, four missile complexes for R-7 ICBMs were at combat status.
2391:"Maxar collected new high-resolution satellite imagery yesterday (September 21st) that reveals the aftermath of a dramatic launch failure of a Russian RS-28 ICBM at a launch site in the Plesetsk cosmodrome. Maxar. Launch site before vs after"
671:
at 28° 31' north). In addition, the high latitude means that lift capacity for boosters launched from
Plesetsk is slightly lower than Baikonur launches. By the 2000s, Russia had completely phased out military launches from Baikonur.
609:, Russian for "peaceful". By 1997, more than 1,500 launches to space had been made from the site, more than from any other launch facility, although the usage has declined significantly since the break-up of the Soviet Union.
958:, an armed missile was placed on Site 41. It would have had a response time of 8–12 hours should an order have been given to launch it. No launches were conducted from Site 41 whilst it was operational.
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missiles, however no launches were conducted from the complex whilst it was operational. After its retirement from service in 1966, it was cannibalised for parts which were needed to repair
419:
placed into high inclination and polar orbits since the range for falling debris is clear to the north which is largely uninhabited Arctic and polar terrain. It is situated in a region of
1824:
663:, which demands rent for its continued use. Plesetsk is not ideally suited for low inclination or geostationary launches because of its high latitude of 62° north (as compared to the
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exploded during fueling operations at Pad 4. The disaster injured dozens more, while damaging the pad so severely that it was not used again until 1984. On 18 June 1987, a
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When Russia began development of the Angara rocket, launch pads at both
Plesetsk and Baikonur were planned. Several existing sites at Plesetsk were considered, including
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government passed the resolution about the foundation of a special military object with the secret name "Angara". This secret object had to be situated in
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missiles. The first launch to use the complex was an R-7A test on 21 December 1965, from Site 43/3. The first launch from 43/4 followed on 25 July 1967.
620:, which were launched in large numbers during the 1970s-80s, the USSR did not admit to its existence, but it was discovered by British physics teacher
106:
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in
Arkhangelsk Oblast had a railway station, essential for the transport of missile components. A new town for the support of the facility was named
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597:. Since that time, the rocket base "Angara" has become Plesetsk Cosmodrome. Construction started in 1957 and it was declared operational for
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867:. The construction of a Zenit launch complex at Plesetsk was authorised in 1976; however, development did not begin until the completion of
1039:
1034:
After its retirement from service as a missile base, it was converted for use as a space launch complex. The first orbital launch was of a
336:. As of 2024, it is Europe's only operational orbital spaceport and the northernmost spaceport in the world. Originally developed as an
2683:
875:, which was also constructed for Zenit. Construction at Site 35 began in the mid-1980s, but the programme was abandoned following the
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launch site at
Plesetsk in the late 1950s. The Soviet Union did not officially admit the existence of Plesetsk Cosmodrome until 1983.
76:
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test of an R-7A Semyorka missile, on 14 December 1965. The first orbital launch from the complex occurred on 17 March 1966, when a
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2008:
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In 1970, the building of a highly automated launch complex for
Tsyklon-3 booster began at Site 32, which was designed by
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created the "Research
Proving Ground missile and space weapons USSR Ministry of Defense" near the Ilez railway station,
356:, so for much of the site's history it functioned as a secondary location, with most orbital launches taking place from
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908:; Site 35/1 was determined to be the most suitable. Construction began in 2004 but was not completed until April 2014.
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Work to rebuild the complex began in 1979, and was completed in 1981. The first launch from Site 16 was conducted by a
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charged $ 115 million usage fees annually. Consequently, Plesetsk has seen considerably more activity since the 2000s.
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The use of the cosmodrome will likely increase in the future since there are concerns with security in operating the
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combat duty, tests of rocket and space complexes, holding and processing of telemetry and trajectory measurements.
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satellite launch from Plesetsk on 6 October 1969 was one of the earliest launches observed and photographed from
628:, who carefully analysed the orbit of the Kosmos 112 satellite in 1966 and deduced it had not been launched from
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17 March 1966 was the space birthday of Plesetsk. That day was the first missile launching of the rocket booster
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803:. It consists of a two launch pads, Site 32/1 and Site 32/2, which were used between 1977 and 2009. It has the
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977:. In total, 308 orbital and two suborbital launches were conducted from the complex, using R-7A, Vostok-2,
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PU P-16U, and three PU R-9A. Since then, the landfill has developed in two directions: rocket and space.
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failed destroying a launch silo with its surrounding facilities and causing a fire detected by
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anti-ballistic missile systems are located at the Cosmodrome, at the former launch site of the
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Site 16 has been used for Soyuz-U and Molniya-M launches, and is still in service as of 2012.
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Both pads were damaged by explosions in the 1980s. At 16:01 UTC on 18 March 1980, 48 people
810:. Site 32 is, along with Site 35 and Site 41 one of three sites under consideration for the
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rocket was designed to be launched primarily from Plesetsk (and also eventually from the
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derived rockets since 1960. It has launched a total of 136 rockets across its lifespan.
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has been tested and launched there, and is seen as eventually replacing the aging RS-18/
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1957:
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rocket exploded at liftoff on Pad 3. Both were rebuilt, and are in service as of 2009.
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imagery showed a 62 m (203 ft) wide crater where the launch silo had been.
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2363:"Satellite images suggest test of Russian "super weapon" failed spectacularly"
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542:. The first Soviet Combat formation of intercontinental ballistic missiles
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on 15 September 1989. Since this launch, the pad has been disassembled.
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1020:. It consists of a two pads, Sites 43/3 and 43/4, and has been used by
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373:
2335:"Satellite Images Reveal Russia's Failed Nuclear Missile Test: Report"
2254:"Second test launch of Angara-A5 heavy rocket carried out in Plesetsk"
612:
Because Plesetsk was used primarily for military launches, especially
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imagery of the 20 and 21 September 2024 fire at a Plesetsk test site
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makes it useful only for certain types of launches, especially the
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rockets. The last launch to use the complex was of a Soyuz-U with
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698:(SS-18 Satan) that are the backbone of Russia's missile forces.
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2031:"Russia Test-Launches New Intercontinental Ballistic Missile"
1936:
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Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
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943:. It consisted of a single pad, Site 41/1, and was used by
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under the leadership and supervision of lieutenant general
337:
16:
Spaceport in Mirny, Arkhangelsk Oblast, northwestern Russia
2420:
502:
The trajectory of the missile flight from Plesetsk to the
1887:
On 26 June 1973, 9 people were killed by an explosion of
775:
645:
2005:"First Angara rocket launched on suborbital test flight"
836:
at the Plesetsk Cosmodrome is a launch complex used by
3518:
2057:"Russia to sink $ 170 mln into Plesetsk space center"
538:, Arkhangelsk Oblast. It was named after the town of
446:
are launched from the Plesetsk Cosmodrome. The heavy
306:
2455:
1947:
518:
Plesetsk Cosmodrome was originally developed by the
1920:
project failed to launch and exploded, killing one.
550:had to be located in that place, in thick northern
478:
In the Assembly and test building of the cosmodrome
348:launches using the R-7 and other rockets. Its high
3585:Buildings and structures built in the Soviet Union
911:The Angara made its maiden flight—in the one-off
486:Transporting the launch vehicle to the launch pad
3566:
2232:"Russia's new heavy-lifter rolled to launch pad"
740:at the Cosmodrome. It consists of a single pad,
2124:
1383:: R-7, Vostok-2M, Voskhod, Molniya-M, Soyuz-U,
855:Site 35 was originally intended to support the
601:in December 1959. The urban-type settlement of
3580:Buildings and structures in Arkhangelsk Oblast
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1998:
1996:
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961:In 1963, the complex was converted for use by
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2002:
294:
39:
2086:
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423:, or flat terrain with boreal pine forests.
2279:. Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from
2115:
1993:
372:, Baikonur became a foreign territory, and
113:
83:
3600:Soviet and Russian space program locations
2600:
2586:
2448:
2434:
2049:
965:. The first launch from the complex was a
848:, Site 35/1, which was first used for the
470:Administrative buildings at the cosmodrome
2180:"Angara rocket launches on maiden flight"
2079:
1923:On 19 or 20 September 2024, a test of an
1027:The site was originally built for use by
648:had begun to suspect the existence of an
558:In January 1963, a joint decision of the
2332:
1874:
950:Site 41 was originally built for use by
751:Site 16 was originally built for use by
577:
509:
497:
489:
481:
473:
465:
3610:1957 establishments in the Soviet Union
1024:derived rockets since the early 1960s.
947:derived rockets between 1959 and 1989.
454:rockets can only be land-launched from
332:and approximately 200 km south of
64:Great emblem of the Plesetsk Cosmodrome
3567:
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2199:
2197:
2177:
2173:
2171:
2581:
2429:
2389:Barros, George (22 September 2024).
2360:
2333:Nicholls, Flynn (22 September 2024).
2229:
2037:from the original on 29 December 2007
1896:48 people were killed by an explosion
1685:: mobile ICBM: Topol/Topol-M/RS-24 –
1060:
458:(Zenit may also be launched at sea).
344:missile, it also served for numerous
315:
2361:Clark, Stephen (23 September 2024).
2206:"Angara launch facility in Plesetsk"
2011:from the original on 23 October 2020
1780:Plesetsk Cosmodrome Site Yubileynaya
686:In May 2007, a new ICBM, called the
2230:Clark, Stephen (19 November 2014).
2194:
2168:
524:intercontinental ballistic missiles
13:
2268:
514:1967 photo from a US spy satellite
14:
3621:
2409:
2128:Spacecraft Launch Sites Worldwide
2067:from the original on 27 July 2014
1825:Plesetsk Cosmodrome Site Yuzhnaya
844:rocket. The complex has a single
3605:Military installations of Russia
3552:
3540:
3528:
2301:
2274:
2090:
1950:
317:[kəsmɐˈdromplʲɪˈsʲet͡sk]
112:
105:
82:
75:
58:
26:
2416:RussianSpaceWeb.com on Plesetsk
2382:
2354:
2326:
2295:
2246:
2203:
2178:Graham, William (9 July 2014).
2151:
877:dissolution of the Soviet Union
778:satellite on 19 February 1981.
719:
2607:
2223:
2145:
2023:
1906:, during a fuelling operation.
1016:at the Plesetsk Cosmodrome in
939:at the Plesetsk Cosmodrome in
883:parts were eventually used on
823:Vladimir Nikolayevich Chelomey
494:ZATO Mirny, Arkhangelsk Oblast
126:Show map of Arkhangelsk Oblast
1:
3590:Rocket launch sites in Russia
2003:Stephen Clark (9 July 2014).
1986:
863:saw as a replacement for the
763:following the explosion of a
328:, about 800 km north of
1870:
916:later, on 14 December 2020.
852:of the Angara in July 2014.
819:Omsk Transmash Design Bureau
7:
2763:Japanese private launches:
1943:
1774:List of active launch silos
1334:: R-7, Vostok-2M, Voskhod,
694:(SS-19 Stiletto) and RS-20/
379:
307:
280:GPX (secondary coordinates)
192:Russian ministry of defence
10:
3626:
2661:Chinese private launches:
1228:(previous development for
996:
919:
828:
784:
724:
644:, it was learned that the
530:. On 11 January 1957, the
461:
3334:
3211:
3189:
3139:
3058:
2959:
2877:
2622:
2615:
2547:
2464:
2308:Encyclopedia Astronautica
2097:Encyclopedia Astronautica
1891:rocket, ready for launch.
618:reconnaissance satellites
564:USSR Council of Ministers
415:) is used especially for
403:62.9256444°N 40.5778778°E
326:Mirny, Arkhangelsk Oblast
295:
275:GPX (primary coordinates)
250:Map all coordinates using
237:
222:
217:
207:
197:
187:
182:
172:
135:
69:
57:
50:
40:
35:
23:
2256:. TASS. 14 December 2020
2125:Daphne Burleson (2007).
2033:. Fox. 7 December 2011.
1827:: ICBM: Topol-M/RS-24 –
1782:: ICBM: Topol-M/RS-24 –
1542:: Kosmos-3, Kosmos-3M –
706:dormitory and hospital.
626:Kettering Grammar School
258:Download coordinates as:
3470:Soviet Union / Russia:
1847:62.870510°N 41.780921°E
1802:62.889450°N 41.759721°E
1750:63.008509°N 41.554723°E
1730:: mobile ICBM: Topol –
1705:63.008379°N 41.547953°E
1175:(inactive since 2009):
1126:(inactive since 2001):
792:at the Cosmodrome is a
744:, and has been used by
665:Centre Spatial Guyanais
640:. After the end of the
504:Kura Missile Test Range
1909:On 15 October 2002, a
1883:
821:led by Chief Designer
586:
515:
507:
495:
487:
479:
471:
408:62.9256444; 40.5778778
2722:Shahroud Space Center
2182:. NASASpaceflight.com
2154:"Cosmodrome Plesetsk"
1878:
954:missiles. During the
581:
522:as a launch site for
513:
501:
493:
485:
477:
469:
270:GPX (all coordinates)
157:62.92556°N 40.57778°E
3595:Spaceports in Europe
3191:International waters
2063:. 7 September 2011.
1966:Vostochny Cosmodrome
1852:62.870510; 41.780921
1807:62.889450; 41.759721
1755:63.008509; 41.554723
1710:63.008379; 41.547953
1042:on 3 December 1969.
956:Cuban Missile Crisis
681:Vostochny Cosmodrome
675:The new all-Russian
669:Kennedy Space Center
624:and his students at
546:of general designer
308:Kosmodrom "Plesetsk"
202:Russian Space Forces
3575:Plesetsk Cosmodrome
3162:Barreira do Inferno
2867:Dombarovsky / Yasny
2667:Wenchang Commercial
2457:Plesetsk Cosmodrome
2103:on 29 December 2007
2007:. Spaceflight Now.
1976:Svobodny Cosmodrome
1971:Baikonur Cosmodrome
1842: /
1797: /
1745: /
1700: /
1655: /
1606: /
1557: /
1512: /
1463: /
1410: /
1353: /
1304: /
1247: /
1194: /
1145: /
1096: /
873:Baikonur Cosmodrome
761:Baikonur Cosmodrome
701:In September 2011,
667:at 5° north or the
659:in now-independent
657:Baikonur Cosmodrome
630:Baikonur Cosmodrome
593:with space vehicle
417:military satellites
399: /
296:Космодром «Плесецк»
291:Plesetsk Cosmodrome
153: /
120:Plesetsk Cosmodrome
90:Plesetsk Cosmodrome
41:Космодром «Плесецк»
24:Plesetsk Cosmodrome
3341:Algeria / France:
2973:Cape Canaveral SFS
2949:Spaceport Cornwall
1958:Spaceflight portal
1894:On 18 March 1980,
1884:
1277:(1965–1989): R-7,
1061:List of launchpads
859:rocket, which the
587:
528:Galaktion Alpaidze
516:
508:
496:
488:
480:
472:
198:Controlled by
162:62.92556; 40.57778
96:Show map of Russia
3516:
3515:
3226:Kulasekharapatnam
3207:
3206:
3043:Spaceport America
2575:
2574:
2421:Plesetsk web site
2314:on 20 August 2016
2283:on 7 January 2010
2234:. Spaceflight Now
2156:. RussianSpaceWeb
2138:978-0-7864-2411-5
1904:Tselina satellite
1660:62.887°N 40.850°E
1611:62.887°N 40.847°E
1562:62.883°N 40.872°E
1517:62.883°N 40.869°E
1468:62.910°N 40.694°E
1415:62.929°N 40.457°E
1358:62.927°N 40.450°E
1309:62.941°N 40.529°E
1252:62.927°N 40.575°E
1199:62.906°N 40.790°E
1150:62.907°N 40.787°E
1101:62.960°N 40.683°E
893:launch platform.
796:formerly used by
536:Plesetsk District
305:
245:
244:
3617:
3557:
3556:
3555:
3545:
3544:
3543:
3533:
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3460:Broglio, Malindi
3405:Greifswalder Oie
3397:
3324:
3285:
3264:United Kingdom:
3260:Spaceport Sweden
3129:Reagan Test Site
3122:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3106:
2945:United Kingdom:
2939:
2779:
2744:
2632:
2620:
2619:
2602:
2595:
2588:
2579:
2578:
2450:
2443:
2436:
2427:
2426:
2403:
2402:
2386:
2380:
2379:
2377:
2375:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2347:
2330:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2319:
2310:. Archived from
2299:
2293:
2292:
2290:
2288:
2272:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2261:
2250:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2227:
2221:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2201:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2175:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2149:
2143:
2142:
2122:
2113:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2099:. Archived from
2088:
2077:
2076:
2074:
2072:
2053:
2047:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2027:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2000:
1960:
1955:
1954:
1953:
1866:
1865:
1863:
1862:
1861:
1859:
1854:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1838:
1835:
1821:
1820:
1818:
1817:
1816:
1814:
1813:Site Yubileynaya
1809:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1795:
1794:
1793:
1790:
1769:
1768:
1766:
1765:
1764:
1762:
1757:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1741:
1738:
1724:
1723:
1721:
1720:
1719:
1717:
1712:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1698:
1697:
1696:
1693:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1675:
1674:
1672:
1667:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1651:
1648:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1626:
1625:
1623:
1618:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1602:
1599:
1581:
1580:
1578:
1577:
1576:
1574:
1569:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1553:
1550:
1536:
1535:
1533:
1532:
1531:
1529:
1524:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1508:
1505:
1487:
1486:
1484:
1483:
1482:
1480:
1475:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1461:
1460:
1459:
1456:
1434:
1433:
1431:
1430:
1429:
1427:
1422:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1406:
1403:
1377:
1376:
1374:
1373:
1372:
1370:
1365:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1349:
1346:
1328:
1327:
1325:
1324:
1323:
1321:
1316:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1300:
1297:
1271:
1270:
1268:
1267:
1266:
1264:
1259:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1243:
1240:
1218:
1217:
1215:
1214:
1213:
1211:
1206:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1190:
1187:
1169:
1168:
1166:
1165:
1164:
1162:
1157:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1141:
1138:
1120:
1119:
1117:
1116:
1115:
1113:
1108:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1092:
1089:
1004:, also known as
973:rocket launched
927:, also known as
732:, also known as
414:
413:
411:
410:
409:
404:
400:
397:
396:
395:
392:
319:
314:
310:
300:
298:
297:
233:
231:
183:Site information
168:
167:
165:
164:
163:
158:
154:
151:
150:
149:
146:
127:
116:
115:
109:
97:
86:
85:
79:
62:
53:
44:
43:
42:
30:
21:
20:
3625:
3624:
3620:
3619:
3618:
3616:
3615:
3614:
3565:
3564:
3563:
3553:
3551:
3541:
3539:
3529:
3527:
3519:
3517:
3512:
3493:
3458:Kenya / Italy:
3433:Salto di Quirra
3395:
3330:
3322:
3295:Clinton-Sherman
3283:
3203:
3185:
3179:Guiana / Kourou
3135:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3097:Mahia Peninsula
3079:Southern Launch
3054:
3048:SpaceX Starbase
2955:
2937:
2873:
2777:
2742:
2630:
2611:
2606:
2576:
2571:
2543:
2460:
2454:
2412:
2407:
2406:
2387:
2383:
2373:
2371:
2359:
2355:
2345:
2343:
2331:
2327:
2317:
2315:
2300:
2296:
2286:
2284:
2273:
2269:
2259:
2257:
2252:
2251:
2247:
2237:
2235:
2228:
2224:
2214:
2212:
2210:RussianSpaceWeb
2202:
2195:
2185:
2183:
2176:
2169:
2159:
2157:
2150:
2146:
2139:
2123:
2116:
2106:
2104:
2089:
2080:
2070:
2068:
2055:
2054:
2050:
2040:
2038:
2029:
2028:
2024:
2014:
2012:
2001:
1994:
1989:
1956:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1873:
1857:
1855:
1851:
1849:
1845:
1844:
1841:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1828:
1812:
1810:
1806:
1804:
1800:
1799:
1796:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1783:
1776:
1760:
1758:
1754:
1752:
1748:
1747:
1744:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1731:
1715:
1713:
1709:
1707:
1703:
1702:
1699:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1686:
1670:
1668:
1664:
1662:
1658:
1657:
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1649:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1641:
1621:
1619:
1615:
1613:
1609:
1608:
1605:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1592:
1572:
1570:
1566:
1564:
1560:
1559:
1556:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1543:
1527:
1525:
1521:
1519:
1515:
1514:
1511:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1498:
1478:
1476:
1472:
1470:
1466:
1465:
1462:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1449:
1425:
1423:
1419:
1417:
1413:
1412:
1409:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1396:
1368:
1366:
1362:
1360:
1356:
1355:
1352:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1339:
1319:
1317:
1313:
1311:
1307:
1306:
1303:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1290:
1262:
1260:
1256:
1254:
1250:
1249:
1246:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1233:
1209:
1207:
1203:
1201:
1197:
1196:
1193:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1180:
1160:
1158:
1154:
1152:
1148:
1147:
1144:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1131:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1103:
1099:
1098:
1095:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1082:
1063:
999:
963:carrier rockets
922:
831:
801:carrier rockets
787:
727:
722:
568:Belsky District
464:
407:
405:
401:
398:
393:
390:
388:
386:
385:
382:
320:) is a Russian
312:
288:
287:
286:
285:
284:
229:
227:
210:the public
209:
161:
159:
155:
152:
147:
144:
142:
140:
139:
131:
130:
129:
128:
125:
124:
123:
122:
121:
117:
100:
99:
98:
95:
94:
93:
92:
91:
87:
65:
51:
46:
38:
31:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3623:
3613:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3562:
3561:
3549:
3537:
3514:
3513:
3511:
3510:
3505:
3499:
3490:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3468:
3462:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3435:
3429:
3423:
3417:
3415:Tuchola Forest
3412:
3407:
3402:
3392:
3387:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3365:
3359:
3358:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3338:
3336:
3332:
3331:
3329:
3328:
3319:
3318:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3280:
3279:
3278:
3273:
3262:
3256:
3255:
3254:
3249:
3241:
3240:
3239:
3228:
3222:
3215:
3213:
3209:
3208:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3201:
3195:
3193:
3187:
3186:
3184:
3183:
3182:
3181:
3166:
3165:
3164:
3159:
3143:
3141:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3133:
3132:
3131:
3101:
3100:
3099:
3088:
3087:
3086:
3076:
3075:
3074:
3062:
3060:
3056:
3055:
3053:
3052:
3051:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3017:
3016:
3015:
3007:
3006:
3005:
3000:
2990:
2989:
2988:
2982:Vandenberg SFB
2979:
2963:
2961:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2953:
2952:
2951:
2943:
2931:
2930:
2929:
2918:
2917:
2916:
2911:
2900:
2899:
2898:
2893:
2881:
2879:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2871:
2870:
2869:
2859:
2858:
2857:
2846:
2845:
2844:
2833:
2832:
2831:
2820:
2819:
2818:
2807:
2806:
2805:
2795:
2794:
2793:
2774:
2773:
2772:
2761:
2760:
2759:
2754:
2739:
2738:
2737:
2726:
2725:
2724:
2714:
2713:
2712:
2701:
2700:
2699:
2688:
2687:
2686:
2681:
2670:
2659:
2658:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2626:
2624:
2617:
2613:
2612:
2605:
2604:
2597:
2590:
2582:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2548:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2509:
2502:
2497:
2490:
2485:
2478:
2473:
2465:
2462:
2461:
2453:
2452:
2445:
2438:
2430:
2424:
2423:
2418:
2411:
2410:External links
2408:
2405:
2404:
2397:) – via
2381:
2353:
2325:
2294:
2267:
2245:
2222:
2204:Zak, Anatoly.
2193:
2167:
2152:Zak, Anatoly.
2144:
2137:
2114:
2078:
2048:
2022:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1940:
1921:
1907:
1902:rocket with a
1892:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1867:
1822:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1770:
1725:
1680:
1665:62.887; 40.850
1631:
1616:62.887; 40.847
1582:
1567:62.883; 40.872
1537:
1522:62.883; 40.869
1497:, Kosmos-3M –
1488:
1473:62.910; 40.694
1435:
1420:62.929; 40.457
1378:
1363:62.927; 40.450
1329:
1314:62.941; 40.529
1272:
1257:62.927; 40.575
1219:
1204:62.906; 40.790
1170:
1155:62.907; 40.787
1121:
1106:62.960; 40.683
1062:
1059:
1014:launch complex
998:
995:
937:launch complex
921:
918:
830:
827:
794:launch complex
786:
783:
738:launch complex
726:
723:
721:
718:
622:Geoffrey Perry
582:Launch of the
548:Sergei Korolev
463:
460:
381:
378:
354:Molniya orbits
293:(Russian:
283:
282:
277:
272:
267:
261:
248:
247:
246:
243:
242:
239:
235:
234:
224:
220:
219:
215:
214:
211:
205:
204:
199:
195:
194:
189:
185:
184:
180:
179:
174:
170:
169:
137:
133:
132:
119:
118:
111:
110:
104:
103:
102:
101:
89:
88:
81:
80:
74:
73:
72:
71:
70:
67:
66:
63:
55:
54:
48:
47:
36:
33:
32:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3622:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3572:
3570:
3560:
3550:
3548:
3538:
3536:
3526:
3525:
3522:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3500:
3498:
3491:
3489:
3488:El Arenosillo
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3469:
3467:
3464:North Korea:
3463:
3461:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3436:
3434:
3430:
3428:
3424:
3422:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3366:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3342:
3340:
3339:
3337:
3333:
3327:
3320:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3287:
3281:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3268:
3267:
3263:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3244:
3242:
3238:
3235:
3234:
3233:
3229:
3227:
3223:
3221:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3210:
3200:
3197:
3196:
3194:
3192:
3188:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3154:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3144:
3142:
3140:South America
3138:
3130:
3127:
3126:
3125:
3102:
3098:
3095:
3094:
3093:
3090:New Zealand:
3089:
3085:
3082:
3081:
3080:
3077:
3073:
3070:
3069:
3068:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3057:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3014:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2995:
2994:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2974:
2971:
2970:
2969:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2960:United States
2958:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2942:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2927:El Arenosillo
2925:
2924:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2888:
2887:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2876:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2863:
2860:
2856:
2853:
2852:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2840:
2839:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2827:
2826:
2825:
2822:South Korea:
2821:
2817:
2814:
2813:
2812:
2809:North Korea:
2808:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2799:
2796:
2792:
2789:
2788:
2787:
2783:
2775:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2749:
2748:
2740:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2718:
2715:
2711:
2708:
2707:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2679:Satish Dhawan
2677:
2676:
2675:
2671:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2637:
2636:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2621:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2603:
2598:
2596:
2591:
2589:
2584:
2583:
2580:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2549:
2546:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2514:
2510:
2508:
2507:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2495:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2483:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2471:
2467:
2466:
2463:
2458:
2451:
2446:
2444:
2439:
2437:
2432:
2431:
2428:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2413:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2385:
2370:
2369:
2364:
2357:
2342:
2341:
2336:
2329:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2298:
2282:
2278:
2271:
2255:
2249:
2233:
2226:
2211:
2207:
2200:
2198:
2181:
2174:
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2155:
2148:
2140:
2134:
2131:. McFarland.
2130:
2129:
2121:
2119:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2066:
2062:
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2010:
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1992:
1982:
1979:
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1969:
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1948:
1938:
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1913:carrying the
1912:
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1858:Site Yuzhnaya
1826:
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1781:
1778:
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1767:
1729:
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1684:
1681:
1677:
1639:
1636:: Kosmos-3M,
1635:
1632:
1628:
1590:
1586:
1583:
1579:
1541:
1538:
1534:
1496:
1492:
1489:
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1440:(1967–1969):
1439:
1436:
1432:
1394:
1390:
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1379:
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1333:
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1178:
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1064:
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1056:
1052:
1048:
1043:
1041:
1037:
1032:
1030:
1029:R-7A Semyorka
1025:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
994:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
959:
957:
953:
952:R-7A Semyorka
948:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
917:
914:
909:
907:
903:
899:
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892:
891:
886:
880:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
853:
851:
850:maiden flight
847:
843:
839:
835:
826:
824:
820:
815:
813:
809:
806:
802:
799:
795:
791:
782:
779:
777:
773:
768:
766:
762:
758:
754:
753:R-7A Semyorka
749:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
717:
715:
711:
707:
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437:
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418:
412:
394:40°34′40.36″E
391:62°55′32.32″N
377:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
340:site for the
339:
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253:OpenStreetMap
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138:
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108:
78:
68:
61:
56:
49:
45:
34:
29:
22:
19:
3379:Resolute Bay
2966:Government:
2913:
2909:Kapustin Yar
2745:government:
2633:government:
2511:
2504:
2492:
2480:
2468:
2459:launch sites
2456:
2384:
2374:27 September
2372:. Retrieved
2368:Ars Technica
2366:
2356:
2346:22 September
2344:. Retrieved
2338:
2328:
2316:. Retrieved
2312:the original
2302:Wade, Mark.
2297:
2285:. Retrieved
2281:the original
2275:Mark, Wade.
2270:
2258:. Retrieved
2248:
2236:. Retrieved
2225:
2213:. Retrieved
2209:
2184:. Retrieved
2158:. Retrieved
2147:
2127:
2105:. Retrieved
2101:the original
2091:Wade, Mark.
2069:. Retrieved
2060:
2051:
2039:. Retrieved
2025:
2013:. Retrieved
1981:Kapustin Yar
1925:RS-28 Sarmat
1338:, Soyuz-U –
1289:, Soyuz-U –
1044:
1038:rocket with
1033:
1026:
1009:
1005:
1001:
1000:
960:
949:
932:
928:
924:
923:
913:Angara-1.2pp
910:
895:
888:
881:
861:Soviet Union
854:
833:
832:
816:
807:
789:
788:
780:
769:
750:
741:
733:
729:
728:
720:Launch Sites
708:
703:Space Forces
700:
685:
674:
654:
611:
588:
573:
557:
520:Soviet Union
517:
428:Soyuz rocket
425:
383:
370:Soviet Union
290:
289:
257:
256:
249:
241:1957-present
218:Site history
208:Open to
37:
18:
3535:Spaceflight
3361:Australia:
3230:Indonesia:
3065:Australia:
2803:Sary Shagan
2752:Tanegashima
2697:Pameungpeuk
2690:Indonesia:
2260:14 December
2238:20 December
2215:20 December
2186:20 December
2061:RIA Novosti
1850: /
1805: /
1753: /
1708: /
1663: /
1614: /
1565: /
1520: /
1471: /
1418: /
1361: /
1312: /
1255: /
1202: /
1153: /
1104: /
1047:were killed
814:programme.
710:PL-19 Nudol
599:R-7 rockets
506:(5,700 km).
406: /
364:. With the
334:Arkhangelsk
324:located in
238:In use
160: /
136:Coordinates
3569:Categories
3410:Peenemünde
3374:Hall Beach
3335:Historical
3276:Sutherland
3199:Sea Launch
3172:/ France:
3092:Rocket Lab
3023:Corn Ranch
3013:Poker Flat
3009:Academic:
2835:Pakistan:
2780:/ Russia:
2776:Kazakhstan
2609:Spaceports
2318:24 October
2304:"Plesetsk"
2093:"Plesetsk"
1987:References
1856: (
1837:41°46′51″E
1834:62°52′14″N
1811: (
1792:41°45′35″E
1789:62°53′22″N
1759: (
1740:41°33′17″E
1737:63°00′31″N
1714: (
1695:41°32′53″E
1692:63°00′30″N
1669: (
1650:40°51′00″E
1647:62°53′13″N
1620: (
1601:40°50′49″E
1598:62°53′13″N
1571: (
1552:40°52′19″E
1549:62°52′59″N
1526: (
1507:40°52′08″E
1504:62°52′59″N
1477: (
1458:40°41′38″E
1455:62°54′36″N
1424: (
1405:40°27′25″E
1402:62°55′44″N
1393:Soyuz-2-1v
1367: (
1348:40°27′00″E
1345:62°55′37″N
1318: (
1299:40°31′44″E
1296:62°56′28″N
1261: (
1242:40°34′30″E
1239:62°55′37″N
1224:(2014- ):
1208: (
1189:40°47′24″E
1186:62°54′22″N
1159: (
1140:40°47′13″E
1137:62°54′25″N
1110: (
1091:40°40′59″E
1088:62°57′36″N
1040:Kosmos 313
975:Kosmos 112
967:suborbital
885:Sea Launch
865:R-7 series
846:launch pad
805:GRAU index
661:Kazakhstan
634:Meteor 1-2
595:Kosmos 112
384:Plesetsk (
374:Kazakhstan
362:Kazakh SSR
148:40°34′40″E
145:62°55′32″N
3497:Kronogård
3398:Germany:
3369:Churchill
3363:Carnarvon
3350:Hammaguir
3326:El Hierro
3305:Ellington
3157:Alcântara
3019:Private:
2855:Vostochny
2850:Roscosmos
2782:Roscosmos
2765:Space One
2757:Uchinoura
2735:Palmachim
1900:Vostok-2M
1889:Kosmos-3M
1871:Accidents
1671:Pad 133/3
1634:Pad 133/3
1622:Pad 133/1
1589:Kosmos-2I
1585:Pad 133/1
1573:Pad 132/2
1540:Pad 132/2
1528:Pad 132/1
1491:Pad 132/1
1479:Pad 131/1
1442:Kosmos-3M
1438:Pad 131/1
1336:Molniya-M
1283:Vostok-2M
1177:Tsyklon-3
1128:Tsyklon-3
1051:Vostok-2M
979:Vostok-2M
902:Site 16/2
898:Site 41/1
798:Tsyklon-3
772:Molniya-M
757:Site 31/6
742:Site 16/2
714:Tsyklon-2
584:Angara A5
432:Cosmos-3M
360:, in the
346:satellite
322:spaceport
302:romanized
177:Spaceport
3482:Svobodny
3444:Nii-jima
3427:Balasore
3419:Greece:
3367:Canada:
3300:Colorado
3286:States:
3271:SaxaVord
3258:Sweden:
3252:Hokkaido
3218:Canada:
3212:Proposed
3168:Europe:
3146:Brazil:
3103:Marshall
3084:Koonibba
2933:Sweden:
2914:Plesetsk
2902:Russia:
2884:Norway:
2848:Russia:
2842:Sonmiani
2791:Baikonur
2741:Japanese
2728:Israel:
2650:Wenchang
2340:Newsweek
2160:17 March
2107:18 March
2065:Archived
2035:Archived
2009:Archived
1944:See also
1918:Foton-M1
1495:Kosmos-3
1426:Pad 43/4
1381:Pad 43/4
1369:Pad 43/3
1332:Pad 43/3
1320:Pad 41/1
1279:Vostok-2
1275:Pad 41/1
1263:Pad 35/1
1222:Pad 35/1
1210:Pad 32/2
1173:Pad 32/2
1161:Pad 32/1
1124:Pad 32/1
1112:Pad 16/2
1067:Pad 16/2
971:Vostok-2
935:, was a
929:Lesobaza
774:with an
767:rocket.
716:rocket.
692:UR-100Ns
642:Cold War
603:Plesetsk
562:and the
540:Plesetsk
456:Baikonur
380:Overview
358:Baikonur
350:latitude
3521:Portals
3503:Edwards
3492:Sweden:
3486:Spain:
3477:Okhotsk
3466:Tonghae
3437:Japan:
3431:Italy:
3425:India:
3385:Guangde
3383:China:
3355:Reggane
3315:Midland
3243:Japan:
3224:India:
3119:States:
3107:Islands
3072:Woomera
3059:Oceania
3028:Pacific
3003:Wallops
2998:Kennedy
2941:Esrange
2920:Spain:
2896:SvalRak
2837:SUPARCO
2672:India:
2655:Xichang
2645:Taiyuan
2640:Jiuquan
2629:Chinese
2399:Twitter
2287:6 March
2277:"Soyuz"
2071:12 July
2015:10 July
1911:Soyuz-U
1761:Pad 168
1728:Pad 168
1716:Pad 167
1683:Pad 167
1389:Soyuz-2
1385:Soyuz-M
1287:Voskhod
1079:Soyuz-U
1075:Molniya
1055:Soyuz-U
1049:when a
1036:Voskhod
1012:, is a
1002:Site 43
997:Site 43
987:Soyuz-U
983:Voskhod
925:Site 41
920:Site 41
906:Site 32
890:Odyssey
871:at the
869:Site 45
834:Site 35
829:Site 35
790:Site 32
785:Site 32
765:Soyuz-U
759:at the
736:, is a
730:Site 16
725:Site 16
638:Finland
462:History
440:Tsyklon
368:of the
228: (
52:Russia
3559:Russia
3494:
3472:Kheysa
3449:Obachi
3421:Koroni
3400:Blizna
3396:
3390:Nanhui
3323:
3321:Spain:
3284:
3282:United
3121:
3117:
3115:United
3113:
3109:
3105:
3038:Mojave
2938:
2891:Andøya
2878:Europe
2778:
2743:
2710:Semnan
2703:Iran:
2684:Thumba
2631:
2616:Active
2567:Site T
2539:LC-167
2534:LC-163
2529:LC-161
2524:LC-158
2519:LC-157
2513:LC-133
2506:LC-132
2500:LC-131
2135:
2041:29 May
1226:Angara
1018:Russia
991:Bion 9
941:Russia
904:, and
842:Angara
838:Russia
812:Angara
808:11P868
696:R-36Ms
677:Angara
591:Vostok
532:Soviet
448:Proton
444:Angara
442:, and
330:Moscow
3501:USA:
3454:Ryori
3439:Akita
3345:CIEES
3310:Maine
3290:Cecil
3232:LAPAN
3220:Canso
2816:Sohae
2692:LAPAN
2663:HICAL
2557:PU-11
2552:PL-31
2494:LC-43
2488:LC-41
2482:LC-35
2476:LC-32
2470:LC-16
2395:Tweet
1937:Maxar
1933:FIRMS
1898:of a
1880:FIRMS
1638:Rokot
1230:Zenit
857:Zenit
688:RS-24
616:photo
614:Zenit
607:Mirny
552:taiga
452:Zenit
436:Rokot
421:taiga
223:Built
188:Owner
3547:USSR
3508:WSSH
3394:Nazi
3266:UKSA
3247:Oita
3237:Biak
3174:CNES
3067:RAAF
3033:MARS
2993:NASA
2968:USSF
2922:INTA
2886:NOSA
2829:Naro
2824:KARI
2811:NADA
2747:JAXA
2717:IRGC
2674:ISRO
2635:CNSA
2623:Asia
2562:YU-1
2376:2024
2348:2024
2320:2017
2289:2009
2262:2014
2240:2014
2217:2014
2188:2014
2162:2009
2133:ISBN
2109:2009
2073:2014
2043:2007
2017:2014
1929:NASA
1446:R-14
1232:) –
1010:SK-4
1008:and
1006:SK-3
985:and
933:SK-1
931:and
734:SK-2
650:ICBM
450:and
426:The
338:ICBM
313:IPA:
230:1957
226:1957
173:Type
3170:ESA
3152:AEB
3148:FAB
3124:DoD
2935:SSC
2904:VKS
2862:VKS
2798:VKS
2786:VKS
2770:Kii
2730:ISA
2705:ISA
1931:'s
1915:ESA
1071:R-7
1022:R-7
945:R-7
887:'s
840:'s
776:Oko
746:R-7
683:).
646:CIA
544:R-7
366:end
342:R-7
265:KML
3571::
3150:/
2986:WR
2984:/
2977:ER
2975:/
2784:/
2365:.
2337:.
2306:.
2208:.
2196:^
2170:^
2117:^
2095:.
2081:^
2059:.
1995:^
1935:.
1640:–
1591:–
1587::
1493::
1448:–
1444:,
1395:–
1391:,
1387:,
1285:,
1281:,
1179:–
1130:–
1081:–
1077:,
1073:,
1069::
981:,
900:,
879:.
632:.
438:,
434:,
430:,
311:,
299:,
213:No
3523::
3111:/
2669:)
2665:(
2601:e
2594:t
2587:v
2449:e
2442:t
2435:v
2401:.
2393:(
2378:.
2350:.
2322:.
2291:.
2264:.
2242:.
2219:.
2190:.
2164:.
2141:.
2111:.
2075:.
2045:.
2019:.
1860:)
1815:)
1763:)
1718:)
1673:)
1624:)
1575:)
1530:)
1481:)
1428:)
1371:)
1322:)
1265:)
1212:)
1163:)
1114:)
304::
232:)
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