1420:
1395:
injection molding techniques, wax based designs with artificial teeth set in predetermined positions built on gypsum stone models of patients' mouths can be converted into functional prosthetics used to replace missing dentition. PMMA polymer and methyl methacrylate monomer mix is then injected into a flask containing a gypsum mold of the previously designed prosthesis, and placed under heat to initiate polymerization process. Pressure is used during the curing process to minimize polymerization shrinkage, ensuring an accurate fit of the prosthesis. Though other methods of polymerizing PMMA for prosthetic fabrication exist, such as chemical and microwave resin activation, the previously described heat-activated resin polymerization technique is the most commonly used due to its cost effectiveness and minimal polymerization shrinkage.
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478:
294:
224:
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100:
1316:. Although sticky, it does not bond to either the bone or the implant; rather, it primarily fills the spaces between the prosthesis and the bone preventing motion. A disadvantage of this bone cement is that it heats up to 82.5 °C (180.5 °F) while setting that may cause thermal necrosis of neighboring tissue. A careful balance of initiators and monomers is needed to reduce the rate of polymerization, and thus the heat generated.
3614:
1073:
skylights, bulletproof security barriers, signs and displays, sanitary ware (bathtubs), LCD screens, furniture and many other applications. It is also used for coating polymers based on MMA provides outstanding stability against environmental conditions with reduced emission of VOC. Methacrylate polymers are used extensively in medical and dental applications where purity and stability are critical to performance.
1561:
1082:
1572:
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51:
866:" at the cut edge and several millimetres deep. Even ammonium-based glass-cleaner and almost everything short of soap-and-water produces similar undesirable crazing, sometimes over the entire surface of the cut parts, at great distances from the stressed edge. Annealing the PMMA sheet/parts is therefore an obligatory post-processing step when intending to chemically bond lasercut parts together.
1012:
445:
1323:, tiny PMMA microspheres suspended in some biological fluid are injected as a soft-tissue filler under the skin to reduce wrinkles or scars permanently. PMMA as a soft-tissue filler was widely used in the beginning of the century to restore volume in patients with HIV-related facial wasting. PMMA is used illegally to shape muscles by some
1399:
risk of fracture when in function in the oral cavity, and minimal wear against opposing teeth. Additionally, since the bases of dental prosthetics are often constructed using PMMA, adherence of PMMA denture teeth to PMMA denture bases is unparalleled, leading to the construction of a strong and durable prosthetic.
1068:, with a single conical window of PMMA set into sphere hull. The very small black circle (smaller than the man's head) is the inner side of the plastic "window", only a few inches in diameter. The larger circular clear black area represents the larger outer side of the thick one-piece plastic cone "window".
1394:
Acrylic prosthetic construction: Pre-polymerized, powdered PMMA spheres are mixed with a Methyl
Methacrylate liquid monomer, Benzoyl Peroxide (initiator), and NN-Dimethyl-P-Toluidine (accelerator), and placed under heat and pressure to produce a hardened polymerized PMMA structure. Through the use of
861:
may be used to form intricate designs from PMMA sheets. PMMA vaporizes to gaseous compounds (including its monomers) upon laser cutting, so a very clean cut is made, and cutting is performed very easily. However, the pulsed lasercutting introduces high internal stresses, which on exposure to solvents
1072:
Being transparent and durable, PMMA is a versatile material and has been used in a wide range of fields and applications such as rear-lights and instrument clusters for vehicles, appliances, and lenses for glasses. PMMA in the form of sheets affords to shatter resistant panels for building windows,
966:
values of commercial grades of PMMA range from 85 to 165 °C (185 to 329 °F); the range is so wide because of the vast number of commercial compositions that are copolymers with co-monomers other than methyl methacrylate. PMMA is thus an organic glass at room temperature; i.e., it is below
1398:
Artificial teeth: While denture teeth can be made of several different materials, PMMA is a material of choice for the manufacturing of artificial teeth used in dental prosthetics. Mechanical properties of the material allow for heightened control of aesthetics, easy surface adjustments, decreased
632:
both Allied and Axis forces used acrylic glass for submarine periscopes and aircraft windscreen, canopies, and gun turrets. Scraps of acrylic were also used to made clear pistol grips for the M1911A1 pistol or clear handle grips for the M1 bayonet or theater knifes so that soldiers could put small
627:
of Röhm and Haas AG in
Germany attempted to produce safety glass by polymerizing methyl methacrylate between two layers of glass. The polymer separated from the glass as a clear plastic sheet, which Röhm gave the trademarked name Plexiglas in 1933. Both Perspex and Plexiglas were commercialized in
1609:
Sheets of PMMA are commonly used in the sign industry to make flat cut out letters in thicknesses typically varying from 3 to 25 millimeters (0.1 to 1.0 in). These letters may be used alone to represent a company's name and/or logo, or they may be a component of illuminated channel letters.
1219:
such that sunlight descending from the sky is directed to the ceiling or into the room rather than to the floor. This can lead to a higher illumination of the back part of a room, in particular when combined with a white ceiling, while having a slight impact on the view to the outside compared to
1610:
Acrylic is also used extensively throughout the sign industry as a component of wall signs where it may be a backplate, painted on the surface or the backside, a faceplate with additional raised lettering or even photographic images printed directly to it, or a spacer to separate sign components.
1468:
makers, especially in the 1960s and 1970s, seeking to give their products a space age aesthetic, incorporated Lucite and other PMMA products into their designs, especially office chairs. Many other products (for example, guitars) are sometimes made with acrylic glass to make the commonly opaque
628:
the late 1930s. In the United States, E.I. du Pont de
Nemours & Company (now DuPont Company) subsequently introduced its own product under the trademark Lucite. In 1936 ICI Acrylics (now Lucite International) began the first commercially viable production of acrylic safety glass. During
1605:
Acrylic is used in tanning beds as the transparent surface that separates the occupant from the tanning bulbs while tanning. The type of acrylic used in tanning beds is most often formulated from a special type of polymethyl methacrylate, a compound that allows the passage of ultraviolet
1688:) within the PMMA, allowing for the selective removal of exposed areas by a chemical developer, making it a positive photoresist. PMMA's advantage is that it allows for extremely high resolution patterns to be made. Smooth PMMA surface can be easily nanostructured by treatment in oxygen
633:
photos of loved ones or pin-up girls' pictures inside. They were called "Sweetheart Grips" or "Pin-up Grips". Others were used to make handles for theater knives made from scrap materials and people who made them got artistic or creative. Civilian applications followed after the war.
697:
subunits found in polycarbonate and is a far better choice for laser cutting. It is often preferred because of its moderate properties, easy handling and processing, and low cost. Non-modified PMMA behaves in a brittle manner when under load, especially under an
1258:. Ridley had a lens manufactured by the Rayner company (Brighton & Hove, East Sussex) made from Perspex polymerised by ICI. On 29 November 1949 at St Thomas' Hospital, London, Ridley implanted the first intraocular lens at St Thomas's Hospital in London.
734:
of 1.17â1.20 g/cm, which is less than half that of glass. It also has good impact strength, higher than both glass and polystyrene, but significantly lower than polycarbonate and some engineered polymers. PMMA ignites at 460 °C (860 °F) and
1638:
used for short-distance communication is made from PMMA, and perfluorinated PMMA, clad with fluorinated PMMA, in situations where its flexibility and cheaper installation costs outweigh its poor heat tolerance and higher attenuation versus glass
1552:(MEKP), to produce hardened transparent PMMA in any shape, from a mold. Objects like insects or coins, or even dangerous chemicals in breakable quartz ampules, may be embedded in such "cast" blocks, for display and safe handling.
2418:
Ishiyama, Chiemi; Yamamoto, Yoshito; Higo, Yakichi (2005). Buchheit, T.; Minor, A.; Spolenak, R.; et al. (eds.). "Effects of
Humidity History on the Tensile Deformation Behaviour of Poly(methylâmethacrylate) (PMMA) Films".
185:
1389:
Due to its aforementioned biocompatibility, poly(methyl methacrylate) is a commonly used material in modern dentistry, particularly in the fabrication of dental prosthetics, artificial teeth, and orthodontic appliances.
1515:
In the 1950s and 1960s, Lucite was an extremely popular material for jewelry, with several companies specialized in creating high-quality pieces from this material. Lucite beads and ornaments are still sold by jewelry
1784:
PMMA technology is utilized in roofing and waterproofing applications. By incorporating a polyester fleece sandwiched between two layers of catalyst-activated PMMA resin, a fully reinforced liquid membrane is created
1419:
1295:
is used to affix implants and to remodel lost bone. It is supplied as a powder with liquid methyl methacrylate (MMA). Although PMMA is biologically compatible, MMA is considered to be an irritant and a possible
1199:
Pairs of acrylic sheets with a layer of microreplicated prisms between the sheets can have reflective and refractive properties that let them redirect part of incoming sunlight in dependence on its
812:
groups. Nevertheless, its environmental stability is superior to most other plastics such as polystyrene and polyethylene, and therefore it is often the material of choice for outdoor applications.
1196:
Attenuation being quite strong for distances over one meter (more than 90% intensity loss for a 3000 K source), acrylic broadband light guides are then dedicated mostly to decorative uses.
1497:
experimented with samples of Lucite sent to him by DuPont; De Swart created tools to work the Lucite for sculpture and mixed chemicals to bring about certain effects of color and refraction.
3271:
Lapshin, R. V.; Alekhin, A. P.; Kirilenko, A. G.; Odintsov, S. L.; Krotkov, V. A. (2010). "Vacuum ultraviolet smoothing of nanometer-scale asperities of poly(methyl methacrylate) surface".
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Pure poly(methyl methacrylate) homopolymer is rarely sold as an end product, since it is not optimized for most applications. Rather, modified formulations with varying amounts of other
1949:
1262:
In particular, acrylic-type lenses are useful for cataract surgery in patients that have recurrent ocular inflammation (uveitis), as acrylic material induces less inflammation.
904:
may be added to improve processing properties, lower the glass transition temperature, improve impact properties, and improve mechanical properties such as elastic modulus
1883:
Wapler, M. C.; Leupold, J.; Dragonu, I.; von
Elverfeldt, D.; Zaitsev, M.; Wallrabe, U. (2014). "Magnetic properties of materials for MR engineering, micro-MR and beyond".
898:
Comonomers such as methacrylic acid can be added to increase the glass transition temperature of the polymer for higher temperature use such as in lighting applications.
1133:
Historically, PMMA was an important improvement in the design of aircraft windows, making possible such designs as the bombardier's transparent nose compartment in the
1102:. Designers started building large aquariums when poly(methyl methacrylate) could be used. It is less often used in other building types due to incidents such as the
990:, but in this case, the polymerization and molding steps occur concurrently. The strength of the material is higher than molding grades owing to its extremely high
2816:
1689:
2576:
1599:
PMMA, in the commercial form
Technovit 7200 is used vastly in the medical field. It is used for plastic histology, electron microscopy, as well as many more uses.
2913:
2464:
Cappitelli, Francesca; Principi, Pamela; Sorlini, Claudia (2006). "Biodeterioration of modern materials in contemporary collections: Can biotechnology help?".
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72:
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In the majority of applications, PMMA will not shatter. Rather, it breaks into large dull pieces. Since PMMA is softer and more easily scratched than glass,
1376:
columns use cast acrylic tubes as an alternative to glass and stainless steel. These are pressure rated and satisfy stringent requirements of materials for
826:
house was made of fibreglass-reinforced polyester plastic, polyester-polyurethane, and poly(methylmethacrylate); one of them was found to be degrading by
3939:
2894:
782:(similar to ordinary window glass). Some manufacturers add coatings or additives to PMMA to improve absorption in the 300â400 nm range. PMMA passes
702:, and is more prone to scratching than conventional inorganic glass, but modified PMMA is sometimes able to achieve high scratch and impact resistance.
458:
1486:. This is done for its relatively low cost, light weight, shatter-resistance, aesthetics and because it can be ordered in larger sizes than standard
1512:
began using acrylics, especially taking advantage of the material's flexibility, light weight, cost and its capacity to refract and filter light.
974:. The forming temperature starts at the glass transition temperature and goes up from there. All common molding processes may be used, including
2799:
2270:
2754:
1494:
1276:
were frequently made of this material. Soft contact lenses are often made of a related polymer, where acrylate monomers containing one or more
30:
This article is about the transparent plastic sometimes called acrylic glass. For the glass/plastic laminate often called "safety glass", see
3400:
3081:
1519:
Acrylic sheets are produced in dozens of standard colors, most commonly sold using color numbers developed by Rohm & Haas in the 1950s.
884:
A small amount of acrylate comonomers are routinely used in PMMA grades destined for heat processing, since this stabilizes the polymer to
308:
2052:
2393:
2209:
2111:
1946:
1537:
chemical sample used for teaching. The glass sample vial of the corrosive and poisonous liquid has been cast into an acrylic plastic cube
453:
2550:
2030:
1746:
developed a line of electric guitars and basses whose bodies were made completely of acrylic. These instruments were marketed under the
1190:
2149:
2371:
59:
2501:"Saving a fragile legacy. Biotechnology and microbiology are increasingly used to preserve and restore the world's cultural heritage"
623:(ICI) in the United Kingdom. ICI registered the product under the trademark Perspex. About the same time, chemist and industrialist
3355:
1441:
1359:
devices, which require 100 micrometre-wide geometries for routing liquids. These small geometries are amenable to using PMMA in a
3932:
1672:
and other semiconducting and semi-insulating wafers with a thin film. Patterns on this can be made by an electron beam (using an
815:
PMMA has a maximum water absorption ratio of 0.3â0.4% by weight. Tensile strength decreases with increased water absorption. Its
666:. Notable trade names and brands include Acrylite, Altuglas, Astariglas, Cho Chen, Crystallite, Cyrolite, Hesalite (when used in
2857:
Gerchikov, Victor; Mossman, Michele; Whitehead, Lorne (2005). "Modeling
Attenuation versus Length in Practical Light Guides".
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2797:
Light Pipes: An
Innovative Design Device for Bringing Natural Daylight and Illumination into Buildings with Deep Floor Plan
2450:
2328:
1602:
PMMA has been used to create ultra-white opaque membranes that are flexible and switch appearance to transparent when wet.
3036:
Kaufmann, Timothy J.; Jensen, Mary E.; Ford, Gabriele; Gill, Lena L.; Marx, William F.; Kallmes, David F. (2002-04-01).
2840:
2824:
2287:
Zeng, W. R.; Li, S. F.; Chow, W. K. (2002). "Preliminary
Studies on Burning Behavior of Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA)".
2002:
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in WWII RAF pilots, whose eyes had been riddled with PMMA splinters coming from the side windows of their
Supermarine
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3112:
2934:
2405:
2910:
1863:
1710:
Irradiation process. The optical properties of PMMA change as the gamma dose increases, and can be measured with a
1254:
fighters â the plastic scarcely caused any rejection, compared to glass splinters coming from aircraft such as the
816:
35:
2598:
LĂłpez, Alejandro; Hoess, Andreas; Thersleff, Thomas; Ott, Marjam; Engqvist, HĂ„kan; Persson, Cecilia (2011-01-01).
1548:" for casting (simply the bulk liquid chemical) may be used in conjunction with a polymerization catalyst such as
465:
3917:
3457:
2929:
Robert A. Meyers, "Molecular biology and biotechnology: a comprehensive desk reference", Wiley-VCH, 1995, p. 722
1247:
619:
Polymethyl methacrylate was discovered in the early 1930s by British chemists Rowland Hill and John Crawford at
4371:
4210:
4189:
4086:
3840:
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1797:
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has been used to increase the toughness of PMMA to overcome its brittle behavior in response to applied loads.
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766:(3 mm (0.12 in) thickness), and gives a reflection of about 4% from each of its surfaces due to its
3145:
Syurik, Julia; Jacucci, Gianni; Onelli, Olimpia D.; Holscher, Hendrik; Vignolini, Silvia (22 February 2018).
1301:
686:
2007:(Volume 87, Part 11 ed.). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1941. pp. A2300âA2302
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853:(chloroform) to dissolve the plastic at the joint, which then fuses and sets, forming an almost invisible
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1200:
1134:
272:
1965:
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or tubular skylight and, from there, to spread it into a room. Their developers Veronica Garcia Hansen,
693:, chemical resistance, and heat resistance. Additionally, PMMA does not contain the potentially harmful
4356:
4351:
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3522:
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1208:
500:
596:
It was developed in 1928 in several different laboratories by many chemists, such as William R. Conn,
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Prosthodontic treatment for edentulous patients: complete dentures and implant-supported prostheses
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may be added to give color for decorative applications, or to protect against (or filter) UV light.
880:, additives, and fillers are created for uses where specific properties are required. For example:
289:
39:
1090:
790:
up to 25,000 nm. Colored PMMA varieties allow specific IR wavelengths to pass while blocking
565:, in that it is a non-crystalline vitreous substanceâhence its occasional historic designation as
4366:
3691:
3582:
3567:
3547:
3077:
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1978:
1592:
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554:). This plastic is often used in sheet form as a lightweight or shatter-resistant alternative to
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64:
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1457:, a substance with both hydrophobic and hydrophilic groups needs to be added to facilitate the
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often have the regular glass replaced with PMMA to protect the occupants from thrown objects.
1109:
PMMA is used for viewing ports and even complete pressure hulls of submersibles, such as the
1086:
1062:
938:
726:
Pieces of Plexiglas taken from the windscreen of a German plane shot down during World War II
558:. It can also be used as a casting resin, in inks and coatings, and for many other purposes.
512:
112:
2948:
Sir Harold Ridely and His Fight for Sight: He Changed the World So That We May Better See It
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2133:
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2973:"A portable negative pressure unit reduces bone cement fumes in a simulated operating room"
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260:
857:. Scratches may easily be removed by polishing or by heating the surface of the material.
161:
8:
4136:
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Some modern briar, and occasionally meerschaum, tobacco pipes sport stems made of Lucite.
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Refractive index and related constants â Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA, Acrylic glass)
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223:
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3038:"Cardiovascular Effects of Polymethylmethacrylate Use in Percutaneous Vertebroplasty"
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3000:
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1930:
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are often added to PMMA sheets to protect it (as well as possible other functions).
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tank has acrylic windows up to 33 centimeters (13 in) thick to withstand the
722:
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1953:
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846:
748:
690:
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31:
3223:
2446:
2170:. US Patent and Trademark Office. p. Search for Registration Number 0350093
2004:
Congressional Record: Proceedings and Debates of the 77th Congress First Session
1345:
was filled with PMMA balls, in order to compress and collapse the affected lung.
4065:
3877:
3779:
3650:
2996:
2300:
1529:
1408:
1373:
991:
892:
795:
740:
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436:
3314:
Bedocs, Paul M.; Cliffel, Maureen; Mahon, Michael J.; Pui, John (March 2008).
3292:
2097:
Engineering and High Performance Plastics Market Report: A Rapra Market Report
1914:
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3122:
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makes a line of acrylic drums called Vistalites, well known as being used by
1761:
1743:
1654:
1483:
1450:
1356:
1353:
1057:
858:
838:
827:
763:
759:
674:
670:), Lucite, Optix, Oroglas, PerClax, Perspex, Plexiglas, R-Cast, and Sumipex.
609:
515:
212:
3315:
3135:
de Swart, Ursula. My Life with Jan. Collection of Jock de Swart, Durango, CO
1158:
in Munich. It enabled a light and translucent construction of the structure.
3872:
3862:
3724:
3671:
3572:
3517:
3492:
3339:
3273:
Journal of Surface Investigation. X-ray, Synchrotron and Neutron Techniques
3251:
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3146:
3063:
3022:
2633:
2534:
2485:
2432:
1922:
1824:
1811:
1765:
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PMMA is used as a shield to stop beta radiation emitted from radioisotopes.
1666:
1334:
1324:
1313:
1273:
1141:
1037:
987:
752:
629:
582:
4118:
3607:
2806:, Nomination for the Far East Economic Review Asian Innovation Awards 2003
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1482:
is a process which uses acrylic glass as a substitute for normal glass in
624:
597:
4055:
4027:
3962:
3882:
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3562:
3557:
1769:
1717:
1576:
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1500:
From approximately the 1960s onward, sculptors and glass artists such as
1305:
1292:
1147:
PMMA is an important material in the making of certain lighthouse lenses.
901:
775:
694:
805:; it also has poor resistance to many other chemicals due to its easily
316:
CCC(C)(C(=O)OC)CC(C)(C(=O)OC)CC(C)(C(=O)OC)CC(C)(C(=O)OC)CC(C)(C(=O)OC)C
4131:
3759:
3749:
2309:
1725:
1685:
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essentially consists of PMMA suspended in water; however since PMMA is
1370:
1297:
1281:
1127:
850:
806:
787:
736:
369:
196:
3147:"Bio-inspired Highly Scattering Networks via Polymer Phase Separation"
2773:
Constructing Architecture â Materials Processes Structures, A Handbook
1665:
process. A solution consisting of the polymer in a solvent is used to
99:
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1808:
1755:
1721:
1707:
1703:
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1465:
1239:
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PMMA (under the brand name "Lucite") was used for the ceiling of the
1026:
983:
956:
877:
842:
779:
613:
1181:
Laser cut acrylic panels have been used to redirect sunlight into a
941:
methods), but anionic polymerization of PMMA can also be performed.
585:, was formulated in 1865. The reaction between methacrylic acid and
435:
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their
4141:
2061:
1793:
1330:
1277:
1251:
1246:. This compatibility was discovered by the English ophthalmologist
1243:
1137:. Modern aircraft transparencies often use stretched acrylic plies.
1099:
1022:
783:
667:
586:
345:
240:
3613:
2223:
1897:
1882:
1098:
PMMA is commonly used for constructing residential and commercial
600:, and Walter Bauer, and first brought to market in 1933 by German
184:
4269:
4146:
4047:
3949:
3441:
2131:
1740:
1669:
1629:
1534:
1360:
1338:
1266:
863:
845:), with heat (welding), or by using chlorinated solvents such as
831:
802:
731:
715:
379:
1560:
50:
3270:
1751:
1588:
1571:
1479:
1472:
Perspex has been used as a surface to paint on, for example by
1430:
1212:
1081:
823:
484:: high-voltage dielectric breakdown in an acrylic polymer block
351:
339:
2650:
Stickler, Manfred; Rhein, Thoma (2000). "Polymethacrylates".
2345:
The effect of UV light and weather on plastics and elastomers
1747:
1681:
1309:
1123:
PMMA is used in the lenses of exterior lights of automobiles.
809:
744:
653:
oate). (It is a common mistake to use "an" instead of "en".)
562:
174:
3376:. Croydon, Victoria, Australia: Tertiary Press. p. 11.
3182:
How Electronic Things Work... And What to do When They Don't
2163:
1242:
when the original lens has been removed in the treatment of
730:
PMMA is a strong, tough, and lightweight material. It has a
277:
3507:
3410:
3144:
1342:
714:
Skeletal structure of methyl methacrylate, the constituent
231:
2369:
Altuglas International Plexiglas UF-3 UF-4 and UF-5 sheets
1692:
and nanostructured PMMA surface can be easily smoothed by
1625:
use both acrylic and polycarbonate for impact resistance).
689:, polishability, and UV tolerance are more important than
662:
can also refer to other polymers or copolymers containing
649:. The full IUPAC chemical name is poly(methyl 2-methylprop
3216:
Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) Handbook
2856:
2463:
1622:
907:
3080:. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. February 28, 2015.
2135:
Plastics Materials and Processes: A Concise Encyclopedia
2971:
Carroll, Gregory T.; Kirschman, David L. (2022-07-13).
2847:, World Cities Summit 2008, June 23â25, 2008, Singapore
2600:"Low-modulus PMMA bone cement modified with castor oil"
2348:(4th ed.). Washington, WA: Elsevier. p. 254.
2132:
Charles A. Harper; Edward M. Petrie (10 October 2003).
1676:), deep UV light (shorter wavelength than the standard
1618:
1207:. Such panels have been commercialized for purposes of
3035:
2597:
3313:
1150:
PMMA was used for the roofing of the compound in the
786:
light of up to 2,800 nm and blocks IR of longer
2447:"Tangram Technology Ltd. â Polymer Data File â PMMA"
2417:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2121:
1642:PMMA, in a purified form, is used as the matrix in
1493:As early as 1939, Los Angeles-based Dutch sculptor
1230:PMMA has a good degree of compatibility with human
937:. Generally, radical initiation is used (including
3179:
2268:DATA TABLE FOR: Polymers: Commodity Polymers: PMMA
2051:
2027:"Polymethyl methacrylate | chemical compound"
1684:. Exposure to these creates chain scission or (de-
1646:-doped organic solid-state gain media for tunable
1628:It is used as a light guide for the backlights in
986:. The highest quality PMMA sheets are produced by
27:Transparent thermoplastic, commonly called acrylic
3209:
3107:(13th ed.). St. Louis, Mo.: Elsevier Mosby.
4308:
2970:
2770:
2118:
1778:in the "acrylic" type often include PMMA powder.
751:, and low-molecular-weight compounds, including
656:Although PMMA is often called simply "acrylic",
561:It is often technically classified as a type of
2182:
160:
2652:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
2093:
3933:
3426:
3266:
3264:
2649:
1956:. Refractiveindex.info. Retrieved 2014-10-27.
1234:, and it is used in the manufacture of rigid
34:. For the neurotoxic designer drug PMMA, see
2752:Terry Pepper, Seeing the Light, Illumination
2390:Plastics Failure Guide: Cause and Prevention
2067:
1814:, specifically as the cap and body material.
608:) and its partner and former U.S. affiliate
577:The first acrylic acid was created in 1843.
3372:Symington, Jan (2006). "Salon management".
3362:. Ibanezregister.com. Retrieved 2012-05-09.
2901:. Bendinglight.co.uk. Retrieved 2012-05-09.
2645:
2643:
2564:
2156:
920:
895:are often added to improve impact strength.
798:or heat sensor applications, for example).
526:, as well as by the trade names and brands
3940:
3926:
3433:
3419:
3261:
2718:
2286:
1979:"DPMAregister | Marken - Registerauskunft"
1803:PMMA is used by the Sailor Pen Company of
801:PMMA swells and dissolves in many organic
778:(UV) light at wavelengths below about 300
292:
222:
3406:Perspex Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)
3371:
3162:
3053:
3012:
2615:
2573:"Tensions in acrylics when laser cutting"
2524:
2308:
2200:(902). IPC Magazines: 684. 13 June 1974.
2190:"Misused materials stoked Sumerland fire"
2087:
1896:
1792:PMMA is a widely used material to create
1191:Far East Economic Review Innovation Award
819:is relatively high at (5â10)Ă10 °C.
259:
2761:. Terrypepper.com. Retrieved 2012-05-09.
2690:Materials Selection in Mechanical Design
2640:
2058:Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary
1582:
1570:
1559:
1528:
1440:
1429:
1418:
1407:
1363:fabrication process and offers moderate
1116:'s viewing sphere and the window of the
1080:
1056:
721:
709:
476:
75:of all important aspects of the article.
3258:(CRC, New York, 2009) Chapters 3 and 4.
3177:
2498:
2044:
1873:. Makeitfrom.com. Retrieved 2015-03-23.
1169:
959:PMMA is 105 °C (221 °F). The
288:
14:
4309:
3523:Polyethylene terephthalate (PET, PETE)
3210:Williams, K.S.; Mcdonnell, T. (2012),
2920:, Building Design Online, June 8, 2007
2378:. Plexiglas.com. Retrieved 2012-05-09.
2341:
1942:
1940:
1864:Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA, Acrylic)
1657:research and industry, PMMA aids as a
1193:in bronze for this technology in 2003.
213:
71:Please consider expanding the lead to
3921:
3463:Cross-linked polyethylene (PEX, XLPE)
3458:Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS)
3414:
3084:from the original on 21 November 2015
2945:
2682:
2604:Bio-Medical Materials and Engineering
2263:
2261:
1403:
673:PMMA is an economical alternative to
641:Common orthographic stylings include
4275:List of environmental health hazards
4195:List of environmental health hazards
3102:
2579:from the original on 8 December 2015
2570:
2277:. Matbase.com. Retrieved 2012-05-09.
2164:"Trademark Electronic Search System"
2138:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 9.
1859:
1857:
1855:
1304:events in the operating room due to
1005:
44:
3212:"Recycling liquid crystal displays"
2212:from the original on 21 April 2016.
2152:from the original on 20 April 2016.
2114:from the original on 21 April 2016.
1937:
1807:, in their standard models of gold-
1579:made from poly(methyl methacrylate)
1269:lenses are commonly made from PMMA.
1189:, and Ian Edmonds were awarded the
1076:
1061:Close-up of pressure sphere of the
239:
24:
4080:Miscellaneous additives incl. PHCs
3042:American Journal of Neuroradiology
2694:(3rd ed.). Elsevier. p.
2258:
916:may be substituted to reduce cost.
25:
4383:
3394:
3178:Goodman, Robert L. (2002-11-19).
2727:. John Wiley & Sons. p.
2094:David K. Platt (1 January 2003).
1852:
1702:Small strips of PMMA are used as
3612:
3606:
3498:Polybutylene terephthalate (PBT)
3473:Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)
2453:from the original on 2010-04-21.
1010:
888:("unzipping") during processing.
817:coefficient of thermal expansion
443:
98:
49:
36:para-Methoxy-N-methylamphetamine
3478:Poly(ethyl methacrylate) (PEMA)
3365:
3346:
3307:
3245:
3203:
3171:
3138:
3129:
3096:
3070:
3029:
2964:
2939:
2923:
2904:
2885:
2850:
2831:
2809:
2789:
2764:
2745:
2723:Handbook of Materials Selection
2712:
2676:
2591:
2541:
2492:
2457:
2439:
2411:
2381:
2362:
2335:
2280:
2241:
2230:from the original on 2013-01-21
2216:
2100:. Smithers Rapra. p. 170.
2033:from the original on 2017-10-31
1758:have also made acrylic guitars.
1312:and not so much like a glue in
1300:. PMMA has also been linked to
1203:. Such panels act as miniature
1001:
439:(at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
116:Poly(methyl 2-methylpropenoate)
63:may be too short to adequately
3841:Category:Plastics applications
3588:Styrene maleic anhydride (SMA)
3583:Polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC)
3568:Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)
3218:, Elsevier, pp. 312â338,
2771:Deplazes, Andrea, ed. (2013).
2080:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
2019:
1995:
1971:
1959:
1876:
1025:format but may read better as
925:PMMA is routinely produced by
73:provide an accessible overview
13:
1:
3548:Poly(p-phenylene oxide) (PPO)
3151:Advanced Functional Materials
2823:. May 9, 2005. Archived from
2478:10.1016/j.tibtech.2006.06.001
1845:
1555:
1380:, toxicity, and extractables.
705:
604:(as of January 2019, part of
4265:Persistent organic pollutant
4226:Toxic Substances Control Act
4185:Persistent organic pollutant
3468:Ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA)
3440:
3401:Perspex Technical Properties
3316:"Invisible tattoo granuloma"
3186:. McGraw Hill Professional.
3103:Zarb, George Albert (2013).
3078:"Filling in Wrinkles Safely"
2817:"Lighting up your workplace"
2342:McKeen, Laurence W. (2019).
2224:"WIPO Global Brand Database"
1550:methyl ethyl ketone peroxide
1384:
1333:is an outdated treatment of
946:glass transition temperature
862:produce undesirable "stress-
621:Imperial Chemical Industries
7:
4258:Great Pacific garbage patch
4180:Great Pacific garbage patch
3593:Styrene-acrylonitrile (SAN)
3508:Polyetheretherketone (PEEK)
3224:10.1533/9780857096333.3.312
2950:. Thorofare NJ USA: Slack.
2249:"Never cut these materials"
1966:Plexiglas history by Evonik
1818:
1348:Emerging biotechnology and
1238:which are implanted in the
1224:
1135:Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress
1085:10-meter (33 ft) deep
10:
4388:
4221:Japan Toxic Substances Law
4016:Miscellaneous plasticizers
3374:Australian nail technology
3256:Tunable Laser Applications
2997:10.1038/s41598-022-16227-x
2301:10.1177/073490402762574749
1522:
1308:. Bone cement acts like a
1173:
871:scratch-resistant coatings
841:cement (commonly known as
572:
551:
93:Poly(methyl methacrylate)
29:
4295:
4240:
4216:European REACH regulation
4211:California Proposition 65
4203:
4160:
4117:
4079:
4046:
4015:
3961:
3954:polyhalogenated compounds
3910:
3855:
3831:High-performance plastics
3800:
3793:
3705:
3664:
3656:High-performance plastics
3621:
3604:
3448:
3293:10.1134/S1027451010010015
2075:"polymethyl methacrylate"
2053:"polymethyl methacrylate"
1915:10.1016/j.jmr.2014.02.005
1663:electron beam lithography
1341:space around an infected
837:PMMA can be joined using
433:
324:
304:
144:
133:Methyl methacrylate resin
127:Poly(methyl methacrylate)
121:
111:
106:
97:
3641:Fibre-reinforced plastic
3578:Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
2871:10.1582/LEUKOS.01.04.003
2660:10.1002/14356007.a21_473
2548:"Working with Plexiglas"
2517:10.1038/sj.embor.7400844
2499:Rinaldi, Andrea (2006).
2289:Journal of Fire Sciences
1533:Illustrative and secure
1130:rinks is made from PMMA.
1126:Spectator protection in
921:Synthesis and processing
636:
550:, among several others (
518:. PMMA is also known as
40:Acrylic (disambiguation)
3692:Biodegradable additives
2946:Apple, David J (2006).
2466:Trends in Biotechnology
1593:Warrington, New Zealand
1034:converting this section
931:solution polymerization
927:emulsion polymerization
643:polymethyl methacrylate
395:Magnetic susceptibility
4107:Perfluorooctanoic acid
3543:Polyphenyl ether (PPE)
3538:Polyoxymethylene (POM)
3483:Polyacrylic acid (PAA)
3164:10.1002/adfm.201706901
2433:10.1557/PROC-875-O12.7
2400:, Hanser Verlag, 1996
1690:radio-frequency plasma
1648:solid state dye lasers
1595:
1580:
1568:
1538:
1446:
1445:Lucite Bangle Bracelet
1438:
1427:
1416:
1094:
1069:
727:
719:
647:polymethylmethacrylate
485:
38:. For other uses, see
4372:Transparent materials
4287:Biodegradable plastic
3636:Thermosetting polymer
3533:Polylactic acid (PLA)
2617:10.3233/BME-2012-0679
1636:Plastic optical fiber
1586:
1574:
1563:
1532:
1488:picture framing glass
1444:
1433:
1422:
1415:Perspex car sculpture
1411:
1087:Monterey Bay Aquarium
1084:
1060:
939:living polymerization
725:
713:
610:Rohm and Haas Company
589:results in the ester
480:
4298:Identification codes
3898:Foam food containers
3821:Engineering plastics
2892:How Serraglaze works
2559:science-projects.com
1798:financial tombstones
1469:objects translucent.
1170:Daylight redirection
1156:1972 Summer Olympics
1140:Police vehicles for
374:Varies
4347:Engineering plastic
4332:Commodity chemicals
4137:Endocrine disruptor
3735:Compression molding
3687:Polymer stabilizers
3285:2010JSIXS...4....1L
2989:2022NatSR..1211890C
2719:Kutz, Myer (2002).
1907:2014JMagR.242..233W
1706:devices during the
1674:electron microscope
1542:Methyl methacrylate
1437:acrylic grand piano
1352:use PMMA to create
1350:biomedical research
1272:Historically, hard
1118:bathyscaphe Trieste
1104:Summerland disaster
980:compression molding
935:bulk polymerization
891:Comonomers such as
591:methyl methacrylate
509:engineering plastic
507:. It is used as an
505:methyl methacrylate
493:methyl methacrylate
94:
4152:Polymer fume fever
3811:Commodity plastics
3785:Rotational molding
3755:Fiberglass molding
3715:Injection moulding
3697:Filler (materials)
3646:Corrugated plastic
3598:Tritan copolyester
3553:Polypropylene (PP)
3503:Polycarbonate (PC)
3358:2007-09-28 at the
2977:Scientific Reports
2916:2009-01-10 at the
2897:2009-03-05 at the
2843:2008-09-25 at the
2802:2009-03-05 at the
2757:2009-01-23 at the
2571:Andersen, Hans J.
2553:2015-02-21 at the
2396:2016-04-21 at the
2374:2006-11-17 at the
2273:2007-12-13 at the
2083:. Merriam-Webster.
1952:2014-11-06 at the
1869:2015-04-02 at the
1696:(VUV) irradiation.
1694:vacuum ultraviolet
1596:
1581:
1569:
1539:
1447:
1439:
1428:
1425:Manfred Kielnhofer
1417:
1404:Art and aesthetics
1289:orthopedic surgery
1236:intraocular lenses
1211:, to be used as a
1201:angle of incidence
1095:
1070:
1036:, if appropriate.
728:
720:
652:
602:Röhm & Haas AG
486:
482:Lichtenberg figure
466:Infobox references
92:
4357:Optical materials
4352:German inventions
4317:Acrylate polymers
4304:
4303:
4282:Plastic recycling
4248:Plastic pollution
4234:
4233:
4168:Plastic pollution
3948:Health issues of
3906:
3905:
3802:Plastics industry
3720:Plastic extrusion
3573:Polyurethane (PU)
3563:Polysulfone (PES)
3518:Polyethylene (PE)
3493:Polybutylene (PB)
3233:978-0-85709-089-8
2957:978-1-55642-786-2
2738:978-0-471-35924-1
2705:978-0-7506-6168-3
2684:Ashby, Michael F.
2355:978-0-1281-6457-0
2145:978-0-471-45920-0
2107:978-1-85957-380-8
1891:(2014): 233â242.
1835:Organic photonics
1712:spectrophotometer
1613:PMMA was used in
1525:Acrylic embedment
1176:Anidolic lighting
1163:Houston Astrodome
1055:
1054:
996:Rubber toughening
976:injection molding
683:flexural strength
664:polyacrylonitrile
650:
606:Evonik Industries
501:synthetic polymer
474:Chemical compound
472:
471:
273:CompTox Dashboard
186:Interactive image
90:
89:
16:(Redirected from
4379:
4337:Dental materials
4322:Amorphous solids
4173:Rubber pollution
4023:Organophosphates
3942:
3935:
3928:
3919:
3918:
3798:
3797:
3770:Filament winding
3745:Transfer molding
3672:Polymer additive
3616:
3610:
3558:Polystyrene (PS)
3435:
3428:
3421:
3412:
3411:
3388:
3387:
3369:
3363:
3350:
3344:
3343:
3311:
3305:
3304:
3268:
3259:
3249:
3243:
3242:
3241:
3240:
3207:
3201:
3200:
3185:
3175:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3142:
3136:
3133:
3127:
3126:
3100:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3089:
3074:
3068:
3067:
3057:
3033:
3027:
3026:
3016:
2968:
2962:
2961:
2943:
2937:
2927:
2921:
2908:
2902:
2889:
2883:
2882:
2854:
2848:
2835:
2829:
2828:
2821:Fresh Innovators
2813:
2807:
2793:
2787:
2786:
2768:
2762:
2749:
2743:
2742:
2726:
2716:
2710:
2709:
2693:
2680:
2674:
2673:
2647:
2638:
2637:
2619:
2610:(5â6): 323â332.
2595:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2584:
2568:
2562:
2545:
2539:
2538:
2528:
2496:
2490:
2489:
2461:
2455:
2454:
2443:
2437:
2436:
2415:
2409:
2385:
2379:
2366:
2360:
2359:
2339:
2333:
2332:
2327:
2312:
2284:
2278:
2265:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2245:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2235:
2220:
2214:
2213:
2186:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2160:
2154:
2153:
2129:
2116:
2115:
2091:
2085:
2084:
2071:
2065:
2064:
2055:
2048:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2038:
2023:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2012:
1999:
1993:
1992:
1990:
1989:
1983:register.dpma.de
1975:
1969:
1963:
1957:
1944:
1935:
1934:
1900:
1880:
1874:
1861:
1776:Artificial nails
1678:photolithography
1617:optical media. (
1378:biocompatibility
1365:biocompatibility
1321:cosmetic surgery
1256:Hawker Hurricane
1077:Glass substitute
1050:
1047:
1041:
1032:You can help by
1014:
1013:
1006:
886:depolymerization
851:trichloromethane
774:nm). It filters
773:
770:(1.4905 at 589.3
768:refractive index
679:tensile strength
579:Methacrylic acid
456:
450:
447:
446:
428:
412:Refractive index
404:
401:â9.06Ă10 (SI, 22
387:
363:
332:Chemical formula
297:
296:
281:
279:
263:
243:
226:
215:
188:
164:
102:
95:
91:
85:
82:
76:
53:
45:
21:
4387:
4386:
4382:
4381:
4380:
4378:
4377:
4376:
4307:
4306:
4305:
4300:
4291:
4236:
4235:
4230:
4199:
4156:
4113:
4075:
4042:
4011:
3957:
3946:
3912:
3902:
3851:
3789:
3775:Solvent bonding
3765:Plastic welding
3707:
3701:
3660:
3623:
3617:
3611:
3602:
3513:Polyester (PEs)
3450:
3444:
3439:
3397:
3392:
3391:
3384:
3370:
3366:
3360:Wayback Machine
3351:
3347:
3312:
3308:
3269:
3262:
3250:
3246:
3238:
3236:
3234:
3208:
3204:
3198:PMMA Laserdisc.
3194:
3176:
3172:
3157:(24): 1706901.
3143:
3139:
3134:
3130:
3115:
3101:
3097:
3087:
3085:
3076:
3075:
3071:
3034:
3030:
2969:
2965:
2958:
2944:
2940:
2928:
2924:
2918:Wayback Machine
2909:
2905:
2899:Wayback Machine
2890:
2886:
2855:
2851:
2845:Wayback Machine
2836:
2832:
2827:on 2 July 2005.
2815:
2814:
2810:
2804:Wayback Machine
2794:
2790:
2783:
2769:
2765:
2759:Wayback Machine
2750:
2746:
2739:
2717:
2713:
2706:
2681:
2677:
2670:
2648:
2641:
2596:
2592:
2582:
2580:
2569:
2565:
2555:Wayback Machine
2546:
2542:
2497:
2493:
2462:
2458:
2445:
2444:
2440:
2421:MRS Proceedings
2416:
2412:
2398:Wayback Machine
2386:
2382:
2376:Wayback Machine
2367:
2363:
2356:
2340:
2336:
2325:
2285:
2281:
2275:Wayback Machine
2266:
2259:
2251:
2247:
2246:
2242:
2233:
2231:
2222:
2221:
2217:
2188:
2187:
2183:
2173:
2171:
2162:
2161:
2157:
2146:
2130:
2119:
2108:
2092:
2088:
2073:
2072:
2068:
2050:
2049:
2045:
2036:
2034:
2025:
2024:
2020:
2010:
2008:
2001:
2000:
1996:
1987:
1985:
1977:
1976:
1972:
1964:
1960:
1954:Wayback Machine
1945:
1938:
1881:
1877:
1871:Wayback Machine
1862:
1853:
1848:
1821:
1728:made with PMMA
1565:High-heel shoes
1558:
1546:synthetic resin
1527:
1406:
1387:
1302:cardiopulmonary
1278:hydroxyl groups
1227:
1220:normal glazing.
1178:
1172:
1079:
1051:
1045:
1042:
1031:
1015:
1011:
1004:
972:
964:
953:
923:
847:dichloromethane
771:
749:carbon monoxide
708:
691:impact strength
639:
581:, derived from
575:
475:
468:
463:
462:
461: ?)
452:
448:
444:
440:
426:
425:1.4905 at 589.3
422:
420:
402:
398:
385:
362:
356:
350:
344:
337:
334:
320:
317:
312:
311:
300:
282:
275:
266:
246:
207:
191:
178:
167:
154:
140:
139:
117:
86:
80:
77:
70:
58:This article's
54:
43:
32:Laminated glass
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4385:
4375:
4374:
4369:
4367:Thermoplastics
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4302:
4301:
4296:
4293:
4292:
4290:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4278:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4261:
4260:
4244:
4242:
4238:
4237:
4232:
4231:
4229:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4207:
4205:
4201:
4200:
4198:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4176:
4175:
4164:
4162:
4158:
4157:
4155:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4123:
4121:
4115:
4114:
4112:
4111:
4110:
4109:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4083:
4081:
4077:
4076:
4074:
4073:
4066:Vinyl chloride
4063:
4060:Polycarbonates
4052:
4050:
4044:
4043:
4041:
4040:
4034:
4025:
4019:
4017:
4013:
4012:
4010:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3993:
3988:
3982:
3977:
3971:
3969:
3959:
3958:
3945:
3944:
3937:
3930:
3922:
3916:
3914:
3908:
3907:
3904:
3903:
3901:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3873:Packaging film
3870:
3865:
3859:
3857:
3856:Specific goods
3853:
3852:
3850:
3849:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3807:
3805:
3795:
3791:
3790:
3788:
3787:
3782:
3780:Vacuum forming
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3711:
3709:
3703:
3702:
3700:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3668:
3666:
3662:
3661:
3659:
3658:
3653:
3651:Polymeric foam
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3627:
3625:
3619:
3618:
3605:
3603:
3601:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3528:Polyimide (PI)
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3488:Polyamide (PA)
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3454:
3452:
3446:
3445:
3438:
3437:
3430:
3423:
3415:
3409:
3408:
3403:
3396:
3395:External links
3393:
3390:
3389:
3383:978-0864585981
3382:
3364:
3345:
3326:(3): 262â264.
3306:
3260:
3244:
3232:
3202:
3192:
3170:
3137:
3128:
3113:
3095:
3069:
3028:
2963:
2956:
2938:
2922:
2911:Glaze of light
2903:
2884:
2849:
2830:
2808:
2788:
2782:978-3038214526
2781:
2775:. BirkhÀuser.
2763:
2744:
2737:
2711:
2704:
2675:
2668:
2639:
2590:
2563:
2540:
2511:(11): 1075â9.
2491:
2456:
2438:
2410:
2380:
2361:
2354:
2334:
2295:(4): 297â317.
2279:
2257:
2240:
2215:
2181:
2155:
2144:
2117:
2106:
2086:
2066:
2043:
2018:
1994:
1970:
1958:
1936:
1875:
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1849:
1847:
1844:
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1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1820:
1817:
1816:
1815:
1801:
1790:
1782:
1779:
1773:
1759:
1739:In the 1960s,
1737:
1715:
1700:
1697:
1651:
1640:
1633:
1626:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1600:
1567:made of Lucite
1557:
1554:
1521:
1520:
1517:
1513:
1510:Frederick Hart
1498:
1491:
1484:picture frames
1477:
1470:
1462:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1400:
1396:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1381:
1374:chromatography
1368:
1346:
1328:
1317:
1285:
1274:contact lenses
1270:
1260:
1259:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1221:
1197:
1194:
1174:Main article:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1166:
1159:
1148:
1145:
1138:
1131:
1124:
1121:
1107:
1091:water pressure
1078:
1075:
1053:
1052:
1018:
1016:
1009:
1003:
1000:
992:molecular mass
970:
962:
951:
922:
919:
918:
917:
911:
905:
899:
896:
893:butyl acrylate
889:
796:remote control
741:carbon dioxide
707:
704:
638:
635:
574:
571:
511:, and it is a
473:
470:
469:
464:
442:
441:
437:standard state
434:
431:
430:
423:
418:
410:
407:
406:
399:
393:
390:
389:
382:
376:
375:
372:
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134:
131:
128:
124:
123:
119:
118:
115:
109:
108:
104:
103:
88:
87:
67:the key points
57:
55:
48:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4384:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4314:
4312:
4299:
4294:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4259:
4256:
4255:
4254:
4253:Garbage patch
4251:
4250:
4249:
4246:
4245:
4243:
4239:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4208:
4206:
4202:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4174:
4171:
4170:
4169:
4166:
4165:
4163:
4159:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4124:
4122:
4120:
4119:Health issues
4116:
4108:
4105:
4104:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4084:
4082:
4078:
4071:
4067:
4064:
4061:
4057:
4054:
4053:
4051:
4049:
4045:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4020:
4018:
4014:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3972:
3970:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3955:
3951:
3943:
3938:
3936:
3931:
3929:
3924:
3923:
3920:
3915:
3909:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3893:Shopping bags
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3860:
3858:
3854:
3848:(Agriculture)
3847:
3846:Plasticulture
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3826:Geosynthetics
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3799:
3796:
3792:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3730:Thermoforming
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3712:
3710:
3704:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3669:
3667:
3663:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3631:Thermoplastic
3629:
3628:
3626:
3620:
3615:
3609:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3455:
3453:
3447:
3443:
3436:
3431:
3429:
3424:
3422:
3417:
3416:
3413:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3398:
3385:
3379:
3375:
3368:
3361:
3357:
3354:
3349:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3310:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3267:
3265:
3257:
3253:
3252:Duarte, F. J.
3248:
3235:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3206:
3199:
3195:
3193:9780071429245
3189:
3184:
3183:
3174:
3165:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3141:
3132:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3114:9780323078443
3110:
3106:
3099:
3083:
3079:
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3002:
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2994:
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2986:
2982:
2978:
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2967:
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2949:
2942:
2936:
2935:1-56081-925-1
2932:
2926:
2919:
2915:
2912:
2907:
2900:
2896:
2893:
2888:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2853:
2846:
2842:
2839:
2838:Kenneth Yeang
2834:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2812:
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2801:
2798:
2792:
2784:
2778:
2774:
2767:
2760:
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2701:
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2594:
2578:
2574:
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2527:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
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2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2460:
2452:
2448:
2442:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2414:
2407:
2406:1-56990-184-8
2403:
2399:
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2283:
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2269:
2264:
2262:
2250:
2244:
2229:
2225:
2219:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2194:New Scientist
2191:
2185:
2169:
2165:
2159:
2151:
2147:
2141:
2137:
2136:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2113:
2109:
2103:
2099:
2098:
2090:
2082:
2081:
2076:
2070:
2063:
2059:
2054:
2047:
2032:
2028:
2022:
2006:
2005:
1998:
1984:
1980:
1974:
1967:
1962:
1955:
1951:
1948:
1943:
1941:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
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1904:
1899:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1879:
1872:
1868:
1865:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1851:
1841:
1840:Polycarbonate
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1830:Organic laser
1828:
1826:
1823:
1822:
1813:
1812:fountain pens
1810:
1806:
1802:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1788:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1774:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1762:Ludwig-Musser
1760:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1744:Dan Armstrong
1742:
1738:
1735:
1731:
1730:microcapsules
1727:
1723:
1719:
1716:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1698:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1686:cross-linking
1683:
1680:process), or
1679:
1675:
1671:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1655:semiconductor
1652:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1634:
1631:
1627:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1597:
1594:
1590:
1585:
1578:
1573:
1566:
1562:
1553:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1518:
1514:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1496:
1492:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1478:
1475:
1474:Salvador DalĂ
1471:
1467:
1463:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1451:Acrylic paint
1449:
1448:
1443:
1436:
1432:
1426:
1421:
1414:
1410:
1397:
1393:
1392:
1391:
1379:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1357:lab-on-a-chip
1355:
1351:
1347:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1263:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1248:Harold Ridley
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1228:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1205:light shelves
1202:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1179:
1177:
1164:
1160:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1139:
1136:
1132:
1129:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1115:
1113:
1108:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1083:
1074:
1067:
1066:
1059:
1049:
1040:is available.
1039:
1035:
1029:
1028:
1024:
1019:This section
1017:
1008:
1007:
999:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
965:
958:
954:
947:
942:
940:
936:
932:
928:
915:
912:
909:
906:
903:
900:
897:
894:
890:
887:
883:
882:
881:
879:
874:
872:
867:
865:
860:
859:Laser cutting
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
839:cyanoacrylate
835:
833:
829:
828:cyanobacteria
825:
820:
818:
813:
811:
808:
804:
799:
797:
793:
792:visible light
789:
785:
781:
777:
769:
765:
764:visible light
762:up to 92% of
761:
756:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
733:
724:
717:
712:
703:
701:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
675:polycarbonate
671:
669:
668:Omega watches
665:
661:
660:
654:
648:
644:
634:
631:
626:
622:
617:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
594:
592:
588:
584:
580:
570:
568:
567:acrylic glass
564:
559:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
524:acrylic glass
521:
517:
516:thermoplastic
514:
510:
506:
503:derived from
502:
498:
494:
490:
483:
479:
467:
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455:
438:
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290:DTXSID1042152
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230:
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221:
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214:ECHA InfoCard
211:
210:
203:
202:
200:
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96:
84:
74:
68:
66:
61:
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47:
46:
41:
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33:
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4327:Biomaterials
3963:Plasticizers
3911:Environment
3863:Blister pack
3816:Construction
3725:Blow molding
3472:
3373:
3367:
3348:
3323:
3319:
3309:
3276:
3272:
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3247:
3237:, retrieved
3215:
3205:
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3181:
3173:
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3150:
3140:
3131:
3104:
3098:
3086:. Retrieved
3072:
3048:(4): 601â4.
3045:
3041:
3031:
2983:(1): 11890.
2980:
2976:
2966:
2947:
2941:
2925:
2906:
2887:
2865:(4): 47â59.
2862:
2858:
2852:
2833:
2825:the original
2820:
2811:
2795:Yeang, Ken.
2791:
2772:
2766:
2747:
2722:
2714:
2689:
2678:
2651:
2607:
2603:
2593:
2581:. Retrieved
2566:
2558:
2543:
2508:
2505:EMBO Reports
2504:
2494:
2472:(8): 350â4.
2469:
2465:
2459:
2441:
2424:
2420:
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2389:
2383:
2364:
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2337:
2292:
2288:
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2243:
2232:. Retrieved
2218:
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2193:
2184:
2172:. Retrieved
2167:
2158:
2134:
2096:
2089:
2078:
2069:
2057:
2046:
2035:. Retrieved
2021:
2009:. Retrieved
2003:
1997:
1986:. Retrieved
1982:
1973:
1968:(in German).
1961:
1888:
1884:
1878:
1825:Cast acrylic
1786:
1766:Led Zeppelin
1575:An electric
1540:
1495:Jan De Swart
1423:PMMA art by
1388:
1354:microfluidic
1335:tuberculosis
1325:bodybuilders
1314:arthroplasty
1261:
1152:Olympic Park
1142:riot control
1111:
1071:
1064:
1063:bathyscaphe
1043:
1038:Editing help
1020:
1002:Applications
988:cell casting
968:
960:
949:
943:
924:
902:Plasticizers
875:
868:
836:
821:
814:
800:
757:
753:formaldehyde
729:
700:impact force
687:transparency
672:
657:
655:
646:
642:
640:
630:World War II
618:
601:
595:
583:acrylic acid
576:
566:
560:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
496:
492:
488:
487:
415:
359:
145:Identifiers
122:Other names
78:
62:
60:lead section
4342:Dielectrics
4204:Regulations
4056:Bisphenol A
3740:Calendering
3682:Plasticizer
3622:Mechanical
3279:(1): 1â11.
2583:23 December
2387:Myer Ezrin
2310:10397/31946
1805:Kure, Japan
1770:John Bonham
1734:fluorescent
1577:bass guitar
1506:Leroy Lamis
1502:Jan KubĂÄek
1455:hydrophobic
1306:hypotension
1293:bone cement
1282:hydrophilic
1209:daylighting
788:wavelengths
776:ultraviolet
695:bisphenol-A
616:Plexiglas.
513:transparent
325:Properties
220:100.112.313
4311:Categories
4132:Carcinogen
4097:Organotins
3967:Phthalates
3913:and health
3760:Pultrusion
3750:Laminating
3708:processing
3239:2022-06-27
3088:8 December
2669:3527306730
2234:2013-01-25
2037:2017-05-22
1988:2021-09-29
1846:References
1726:tattoo ink
1722:UV tattoos
1720:-reactive
1718:Blacklight
1556:Other uses
1523:See also:
1516:suppliers.
1459:suspension
1371:Bioprocess
1337:where the
1298:carcinogen
1280:make them
1183:light pipe
1128:ice hockey
878:comonomers
807:hydrolyzed
739:, forming
706:Properties
677:(PC) when
612:under the
370:Molar mass
261:Z47NNT4J11
197:ChemSpider
173:3D model (
152:CAS Number
113:IUPAC name
4161:Pollution
4127:Teratogen
4058:(BPA, in
3706:Plastics
3677:Colorants
3665:Additives
3449:Chemical
3332:0011-4162
3123:773020864
3005:2045-2322
2879:220306943
2626:0959-2989
2427:: O12.7.
2206:0262-4079
1898:1403.4760
1794:deal toys
1756:B.C. Rich
1704:dosimeter
1667:spin coat
1644:laser dye
1615:Laserdisc
1591:house in
1466:furniture
1385:Dentistry
1244:cataracts
1187:Ken Yeang
1114:submarine
1100:aquariums
984:extrusion
843:superglue
760:transmits
625:Otto Röhm
614:trademark
598:Otto Röhm
552:see below
536:Plexiglas
499:) is the
162:9011-14-7
65:summarize
18:Plexiglas
4362:Plastics
4142:Diabetes
4048:Monomers
4028:Adipates
3950:plastics
3804:segments
3794:Products
3442:Plastics
3356:Archived
3353:JS2K-PLT
3340:18441850
3301:97385151
3082:Archived
3064:11950651
3023:35831355
2914:Archived
2895:Archived
2841:Archived
2800:Archived
2755:Archived
2686:(2005).
2634:22561251
2577:Archived
2551:Archived
2535:17077862
2486:16782219
2451:Archived
2408:, p. 168
2394:Archived
2372:Archived
2329:14365060
2319:97589855
2271:Archived
2228:Archived
2210:Archived
2150:Archived
2112:Archived
2062:Elsevier
2031:Archived
2011:3 August
1950:Archived
1931:11545416
1923:24705364
1867:Archived
1819:See also
1768:drummer
1724:may use
1630:TFT-LCDs
1331:Plombage
1267:Eyeglass
1252:Spitfire
1225:Medicine
1154:for the
1046:May 2023
803:solvents
784:infrared
587:methanol
540:Acrylite
532:Hesalite
397:(χ)
81:May 2023
4270:Dioxins
4190:Dioxins
4147:Obesity
3888:Cutlery
3878:Bottles
3281:Bibcode
3254:(Ed.),
3055:7975098
3014:9279392
2985:Bibcode
2526:1679785
2174:29 June
1903:Bibcode
1787:in situ
1750:brand.
1741:luthier
1670:silicon
1661:in the
1535:bromine
1464:Modern
1361:biochip
1339:pleural
1291:, PMMA
1065:Trieste
957:atactic
914:Fillers
864:crazing
832:Archaea
732:density
718:of PMMA
716:monomer
659:acrylic
573:History
548:Perspex
520:acrylic
459:what is
457: (
380:Density
364:
136:Perspex
3987:(BBzP)
3956:(PHCs)
3868:Chairs
3836:Nurdle
3380:
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3230:
3190:
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1659:resist
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1589:Futuro
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1480:Diasec
1232:tissue
1217:canopy
1213:window
1112:Alicia
1021:is in
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546:, and
544:Lucite
528:Crylux
454:verify
451:
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386:
309:SMILES
241:C19504
107:Names
4241:Waste
4087:PBDEs
3998:(DOP)
3624:types
3451:types
3320:Cutis
3297:S2CID
2875:S2CID
2323:INIST
2315:S2CID
2252:(PDF)
1927:S2CID
1893:arXiv
1748:Ampeg
1736:dyes.
1708:Gamma
1606:rays.
1435:Kawai
1413:Lexus
1310:grout
1215:or a
1027:prose
955:) of
810:ester
794:(for
758:PMMA
745:water
737:burns
637:Names
563:glass
556:glass
388:g/cm
175:JSmol
4102:PFCs
4092:PCBs
4068:(in
4032:DEHA
4007:DINP
4002:DIDP
3996:DEHP
3991:DIHP
3975:DIBP
3952:and
3883:Bags
3378:ISBN
3336:PMID
3328:ISSN
3228:ISBN
3188:ISBN
3119:OCLC
3109:ISBN
3090:2015
3060:PMID
3019:PMID
3001:ISSN
2952:ISBN
2931:ISBN
2777:ISBN
2733:ISBN
2700:ISBN
2664:ISBN
2630:PMID
2622:ISSN
2585:2014
2531:PMID
2482:PMID
2402:ISBN
2350:ISBN
2202:ISSN
2176:2014
2168:TESS
2140:ISBN
2102:ISBN
2013:2020
1919:PMID
1796:and
1754:and
1732:and
1623:DVDs
1621:and
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1023:list
967:its
944:The
908:Dyes
855:weld
830:and
822:The
645:and
497:PMMA
489:Poly
405:°C)
384:1.18
252:UNII
232:KEGG
204:None
130:PMMA
4070:PVC
4037:DOA
3985:BBP
3980:DBP
3289:doi
3220:doi
3159:doi
3050:PMC
3009:PMC
2993:doi
2867:doi
2729:341
2696:519
2656:doi
2612:doi
2521:PMC
2513:doi
2474:doi
2429:doi
2425:875
2305:hdl
2297:doi
1911:doi
1889:242
1885:JMR
1809:nib
1653:In
1619:CDs
1319:In
1287:In
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