2739:
2734:
143:
2762:
120:
510:. Most subsequent researchers placed polacanthines as primitive ankylosaurids, though mostly without any rigorous study to demonstrate this idea. The first comprehensive study of 'polacanthid' relationships, published in 2011, found that they are either an unnatural grouping of primitive nodosaurids, or a valid subfamily at the base of Nodosauridae. In the act of formally defining Polacanthinae in line with the requirements of the
462:
to refer to a group of ankylosaurs which seemed to him intermediate between the ankylosaurids and nodosaurids. This grouping was ignored by most researchers until the late 1990s, when it was used as a subfamily (Polacanthinae) by
Kirkland for a natural group recovered by his 1998 analysis suggesting
445:
Polacanthines were somewhat more lightly armoured than more advanced ankylosaurids and nodosaurids. Their spikes were made up of thin, compact bone with less reinforcing collagen than in the heavily armoured nodosaurids. The relative fragility of polacanthine armour suggests that it may have been as
493:
to the subfamily, though they were too incomplete to analyze. Kenneth
Carpenter resurrected the name Polacanthidae for a similar group which he also found to be closer to ankylosaurids than to nodosaurids. Carpenter became the first to define Polacanthidae as all dinosaurs closer to
1432:
Kirkland, J. I. (1996). Biogeography of western North
America's mid-Cretaceous faunas - losing European ties and the first great Asian-North American interchange. J. Vertebr. Paleontol. 16 (Suppl. to 3):
1446:
Kirkland, J.I. (1998). "A polacanthine ankylosaur (Ornithischia: Dinosauria) from the Early
Cretaceous (Barremian) of eastern Utah". In Lucas, S.G.; Kirkland, J.I.; Estep, J.W. (eds.).
1558:
Arbour, V.M.; Zanno, L.E.; Gates, T. (2016). "Ankylosaurian dinosaur palaeoenvironmental associations were influenced by extirpation, sea-level fluctuation, and geodispersal".
1266:
While the clade is frequently referenced in literature, a majority of taxa considered to be polacanthines have instead been found to not form any natural groups with
1270:, representing both primitive nodosaurids, primitive ankylosaurids, or outside the Nodosauridae-Ankylosauridae clade. In the analysis of Arbour
1509:
Thompson, R.S.; Parish, J.C.; Maidment, S.C.R.; Barrett, P.M. (2012). "Phylogeny of the ankylosaurian dinosaurs (Ornithischia: Thyreophora)".
1626:"The most basal ankylosaurine dinosaur from the Albian–Cenomanian of China, with implications for the evolution of the tail club"
1693:
2738:
1714:
518:(2013) to be the primary reference for Polacanthinae, supplemented by similar results found by Kirkland (1998), Thompson
1588:
Rivera-Sylva, H.E.; Frey, E.; Stinnesbeck, W.; Carbot-Chanona, G.; Sanchez-Uribe, I.E.; Guzmán-Gutiérrez, J.R. (2018).
1490:
2755:
2862:
744:
2733:
1536:
Yang, J.; You, H.; Li, D.; Kong, D. (2013). "First discovery of polacanthine ankylosaur dinosaur in Asia".
142:
1686:
761:
422:
1467:
1784:
2820:
438:
suffix would be inappropriate, and the proper name for the group would be the informally defined
1590:"Paleodiversity of Late Cretaceous Ankylosauria from Mexico and their phylogenetic significance"
2834:
2782:
1481:
Carpenter K (2001). "Phylogenetic analysis of the
Ankylosauria". In Carpenter, Kenneth (ed.).
1346:
Madzia, D.; Arbour, V.M.; Boyd, C.A.; Farke, A.A.; Cruzado-Caballero, P.; Evans, D.C. (2021).
2829:
1811:
1679:
2857:
2765:
1287:
1275:
459:
366:
267:
8:
2171:
2068:
471:
416:
299:
1907:
1652:
1625:
1455:
1374:
1347:
352:
137:
446:
much for display as defense. They appear to have become extinct about the same time a
2664:
1928:
1657:
1486:
1379:
410:
481:
were closely related within the family
Ankylosauridae, and he additionally referred
2129:
2076:
1914:
1647:
1637:
1601:
1567:
1518:
1413:
1369:
1359:
393:
2805:
2594:
2558:
2498:
2464:
2457:
2350:
2291:
2163:
2060:
1976:
1936:
1769:
1571:
1522:
1114:
1090:
720:
669:
434:, and by extent Polacanthinae, falls outside either family-level clade, then the
288:
32:
1398:
2657:
2643:
2629:
2537:
2510:
2406:
2387:
2302:
2248:
2113:
2083:
2053:
2016:
1992:
1642:
851:
686:
506:
427:
1606:
1589:
2851:
2620:
2530:
2523:
2475:
2419:
2366:
2332:
2233:
2179:
2136:
2039:
1985:
1958:
1950:
1066:
994:
803:
555:
483:
401:
389:
310:
70:
28:
2650:
2636:
2565:
2449:
2373:
2318:
2269:
2241:
2226:
2213:
2186:
2105:
2090:
2046:
2026:
1893:
1875:
1853:
1823:
1796:
1744:
1702:
1661:
1383:
1138:
885:
699:
627:
610:
586:
541:
489:
477:
385:
320:
248:
235:
203:
1418:
1397:
Hayashi, S.; Carpenter, K.; Scheyer, T.M.; Watabe, M.; Suzuki, D. (2010).
2814:
2685:
2602:
2551:
2491:
2442:
2284:
2262:
2194:
2143:
1943:
1921:
1753:
1587:
1179:
919:
465:
447:
331:
219:
129:
45:
1364:
2678:
2671:
2609:
2484:
2435:
2427:
2380:
2325:
2311:
2277:
2255:
2121:
1965:
1900:
977:
936:
902:
868:
827:
500:
381:
90:
55:
2692:
2572:
2359:
2339:
2201:
2098:
2000:
1162:
953:
511:
341:
154:
119:
95:
39:
2776:
1624:
Zheng, W.; Jin, X.; Azuma, Y.; Wang, Q.; Miyata, K.; Xu, X. (2018).
2799:
2699:
1735:
1726:
187:
174:
85:
80:
65:
60:
50:
2587:
2579:
100:
75:
1720:
1671:
397:
164:
2544:
1508:
1396:
275:
426:, as long as that group nests within either Nodosauridae or
2706:
405:
1348:"The phylogenetic nomenclature of ornithischian dinosaurs"
1318:
being more basal nodosaurids outside both subclades, and
514:, Madzia and colleagues chose for the analysis of Yang
458:
408:. The group is defined as the largest clade closer to
1345:
337:
327:
316:
306:
295:
284:
1399:"Function and evolution of ankylosaur dermal armor"
1278:, and its subsequent modifications by Rivera-Sylva
1448:Lower and Middle Cretaceous Terrestrial Ecosystems
1623:
1560:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
2849:
1557:
1768:
1504:
1502:
1485:. Indiana University Press. pp. 455–484.
1441:
1439:
1322:representing an early-diverging ankylosaurid.
1687:
1535:
1474:
1619:
1617:
1583:
1581:
1553:
1551:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1873:
1499:
1480:
1436:
1694:
1680:
118:
1651:
1641:
1614:
1605:
1578:
1548:
1417:
1373:
1363:
1332:
1294:was resolved as a polacanthine alongside
1445:
1390:
1529:
450:opened between Asia and North America.
2850:
2781:
2780:
1713:
1675:
1511:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
13:
14:
2874:
1450:. Vol. 14. pp. 271–281.
453:
2761:
2760:
2737:
2732:
1701:
141:
43:
1594:Swiss Journal of Palaeontology
1426:
16:Extinct subfamily of dinosaurs
1:
1406:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
1325:
1306:falling within Nodosaurinae,
745:Struthiosaurus languedocensis
1572:10.1016/j.palaeo.2016.02.033
1523:10.1080/14772019.2011.569091
7:
10:
2879:
1643:10.1038/s41598-018-21924-7
2789:
2750:
2730:
2619:
2518:
2509:
2474:
2414:
2405:
2349:
2301:
2221:
2212:
2153:
2034:
2025:
2014:
1975:
1888:
1884:
1869:
1850:
1822:
1804:
1795:
1777:
1764:
1709:
1607:10.1007/s13358-018-0153-1
1176:
1159:
1152:
1135:
1128:
1111:
1104:
1087:
1080:
1063:
1056:
991:
974:
967:
950:
933:
916:
899:
882:
865:
848:
841:
824:
817:
800:
793:
762:Struthiosaurus austriacus
758:
741:
734:
717:
710:
703:
683:
666:
659:
624:
607:
600:
583:
576:
569:
552:
545:
423:Ankylosaurus magniventris
358:
351:
281:
274:
266:Lapparent & Lavocat,
138:Scientific classification
136:
126:
117:
23:
1538:Vertebrata PalAsiatica
2830:Paleobiology Database
1483:The Armored Dinosaurs
1419:10.4202/app.2009.0103
526:(2016), Rivera-Sylva
2863:Dinosaur subfamilies
1365:10.7717/peerj.12362
417:Nodosaurus textilis
1630:Scientific Reports
530:(2018), and Zheng
380:is a subfamily of
2845:
2844:
2783:Taxon identifiers
2774:
2773:
2746:
2745:
2728:
2727:
2724:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2716:
2715:
2665:Nodocephalosaurus
2401:
2400:
2397:
2396:
2010:
2009:
1929:Serendipaceratops
1865:
1864:
1861:
1860:
1846:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1263:
1262:
1254:
1253:
1245:
1244:
1236:
1235:
1227:
1226:
1218:
1217:
1209:
1208:
1200:
1199:
1191:
1190:
1042:
1041:
1033:
1032:
1024:
1023:
1015:
1014:
1006:
1005:
782:
781:
773:
772:
648:
647:
639:
638:
411:Polacanthus foxii
375:
374:
369:
270:
2870:
2838:
2837:
2825:
2824:
2823:
2810:
2809:
2808:
2778:
2777:
2764:
2763:
2741:
2736:
2516:
2515:
2412:
2411:
2219:
2218:
2130:Propanoplosaurus
2077:Glyptodontopelta
2032:
2031:
2023:
2022:
1915:Priodontognathus
1886:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1871:
1870:
1802:
1801:
1775:
1774:
1766:
1765:
1759:
1758:
1711:
1710:
1696:
1689:
1682:
1673:
1672:
1666:
1665:
1655:
1645:
1621:
1612:
1611:
1609:
1585:
1576:
1575:
1555:
1546:
1545:
1533:
1527:
1526:
1506:
1497:
1496:
1478:
1472:
1471:
1465:
1461:
1459:
1451:
1443:
1434:
1430:
1424:
1423:
1421:
1403:
1394:
1388:
1387:
1377:
1367:
1343:
1155:
1154:
1131:
1130:
1107:
1106:
1083:
1082:
1059:
1058:
970:
969:
844:
843:
820:
819:
796:
795:
737:
736:
713:
712:
706:
705:
662:
661:
603:
602:
579:
578:
572:
571:
548:
547:
538:
537:
400:and potentially
394:Early Cretaceous
364:
339:
329:
318:
308:
297:
286:
265:
260:
247:
234:
218:
202:
146:
145:
122:
112:
42:
27:Temporal range:
21:
20:
2878:
2877:
2873:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2868:
2867:
2848:
2847:
2846:
2841:
2833:
2828:
2819:
2818:
2813:
2804:
2803:
2798:
2785:
2775:
2770:
2742:
2712:
2615:
2595:Tianzhenosaurus
2559:Minotaurasaurus
2505:
2499:Zhongyuansaurus
2470:
2465:Zhejiangosaurus
2458:Liaoningosaurus
2393:
2351:Struthiosaurini
2345:
2297:
2292:Tatankacephalus
2208:
2164:Gargoyleosaurus
2149:
2061:Gargoyleosaurus
2019:
2006:
1977:Parankylosauria
1971:
1937:Sinankylosaurus
1878:
1857:
1838:
1818:
1791:
1785:Avemetatarsalia
1770:Avemetatarsalia
1760:
1716:
1715:
1705:
1700:
1670:
1669:
1622:
1615:
1586:
1579:
1556:
1549:
1534:
1530:
1507:
1500:
1493:
1479:
1475:
1463:
1462:
1453:
1452:
1444:
1437:
1431:
1427:
1401:
1395:
1391:
1344:
1333:
1328:
1308:Gargoyleosaurus
1264:
1255:
1246:
1237:
1228:
1219:
1210:
1201:
1192:
1091:Gargoyleosaurus
1043:
1034:
1025:
1016:
1007:
783:
774:
721:Zhejiangosaurus
670:Tatankacephalus
649:
640:
522:(2012), Arbour
498:than to either
456:
289:Gargoyleosaurus
264:
258:
245:
232:
216:
200:
140:
113:
111:
110:
109:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
37:
36:
33:Late Cretaceous
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2876:
2866:
2865:
2860:
2843:
2842:
2840:
2839:
2826:
2811:
2795:
2793:
2787:
2786:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2768:
2758:
2751:
2748:
2747:
2744:
2743:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2725:
2722:
2721:
2718:
2717:
2714:
2713:
2711:
2710:
2703:
2696:
2689:
2682:
2675:
2668:
2661:
2658:Euoplocephalus
2654:
2647:
2644:Anodontosaurus
2640:
2633:
2630:Akainacephalus
2625:
2623:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2613:
2606:
2599:
2591:
2584:
2576:
2569:
2562:
2555:
2548:
2541:
2538:Crichtonsaurus
2534:
2527:
2519:
2513:
2511:Ankylosaurinae
2507:
2506:
2504:
2503:
2495:
2488:
2480:
2478:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2468:
2461:
2454:
2446:
2439:
2432:
2424:
2415:
2409:
2407:Ankylosauridae
2403:
2402:
2399:
2398:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2391:
2388:Struthiosaurus
2384:
2377:
2370:
2363:
2355:
2353:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2343:
2336:
2329:
2322:
2315:
2307:
2305:
2303:Panoplosaurini
2299:
2298:
2296:
2295:
2288:
2281:
2274:
2266:
2259:
2252:
2249:Niobrarasaurus
2245:
2238:
2230:
2222:
2216:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2206:
2198:
2191:
2183:
2176:
2168:
2159:
2157:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2147:
2140:
2133:
2126:
2118:
2114:Polacanthoides
2110:
2102:
2095:
2087:
2084:Horshamosaurus
2080:
2073:
2065:
2057:
2054:Dongyangopelta
2050:
2043:
2035:
2029:
2020:
2017:Euankylosauria
2015:
2012:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2004:
1997:
1993:Kunbarrasaurus
1989:
1981:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1969:
1962:
1955:
1947:
1940:
1933:
1925:
1918:
1911:
1904:
1897:
1889:
1879:
1874:
1867:
1866:
1863:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1844:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1837:
1836:
1835:
1834:
1828:
1826:
1820:
1819:
1817:
1816:
1815:
1814:
1805:
1799:
1793:
1792:
1790:
1789:
1788:
1787:
1778:
1772:
1762:
1761:
1757:
1756:
1747:
1738:
1729:
1723:
1707:
1706:
1699:
1698:
1691:
1684:
1676:
1668:
1667:
1613:
1577:
1547:
1528:
1517:(2): 301–312.
1498:
1491:
1473:
1464:|journal=
1435:
1425:
1412:(2): 213–228.
1389:
1330:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1261:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1252:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1243:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1234:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1225:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1216:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1207:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1198:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1189:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1158:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1134:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1110:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1086:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1062:
1057:
1055:
1049:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1040:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1031:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1022:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1013:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1004:
1003:
1000:
999:
990:
987:
986:
983:
982:
973:
968:
966:
963:
962:
959:
958:
949:
946:
945:
942:
941:
932:
929:
928:
925:
924:
915:
912:
911:
908:
907:
898:
895:
894:
891:
890:
881:
878:
877:
874:
873:
864:
861:
860:
857:
856:
852:Niobrarasaurus
847:
842:
840:
837:
836:
833:
832:
823:
818:
816:
813:
812:
809:
808:
799:
794:
792:
789:
788:
785:
784:
780:
779:
776:
775:
771:
770:
767:
766:
757:
754:
753:
750:
749:
740:
735:
733:
730:
729:
726:
725:
716:
711:
709:
704:
702:
696:
695:
692:
691:
687:Horshamosaurus
682:
679:
678:
675:
674:
665:
660:
658:
655:
654:
651:
650:
646:
645:
642:
641:
637:
636:
633:
632:
623:
620:
619:
616:
615:
606:
601:
599:
596:
595:
592:
591:
582:
577:
575:
570:
568:
565:
564:
561:
560:
551:
546:
544:
536:
507:Euoplocephalus
455:
454:Classification
452:
428:Ankylosauridae
373:
372:
371:
370:
356:
355:
349:
348:
347:
346:
335:
325:
314:
304:
293:
279:
278:
272:
271:
256:
252:
251:
243:
239:
238:
230:
223:
222:
214:
207:
206:
198:
191:
190:
185:
178:
177:
172:
168:
167:
162:
158:
157:
152:
148:
147:
134:
133:
124:
123:
115:
114:
106:
105:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
26:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2875:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2836:
2831:
2827:
2822:
2821:Polacanthinae
2816:
2812:
2807:
2801:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2792:
2791:Polacanthinae
2788:
2784:
2779:
2767:
2759:
2757:
2753:
2752:
2749:
2740:
2735:
2709:
2708:
2704:
2702:
2701:
2697:
2695:
2694:
2690:
2688:
2687:
2683:
2681:
2680:
2676:
2674:
2673:
2669:
2667:
2666:
2662:
2660:
2659:
2655:
2653:
2652:
2648:
2646:
2645:
2641:
2639:
2638:
2634:
2632:
2631:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2621:Ankylosaurini
2618:
2612:
2611:
2607:
2605:
2604:
2600:
2597:
2596:
2592:
2590:
2589:
2585:
2582:
2581:
2577:
2575:
2574:
2570:
2568:
2567:
2563:
2561:
2560:
2556:
2554:
2553:
2549:
2547:
2546:
2542:
2540:
2539:
2535:
2533:
2532:
2531:Crichtonpelta
2528:
2526:
2525:
2524:Bissektipelta
2521:
2520:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2508:
2501:
2500:
2496:
2494:
2493:
2489:
2487:
2486:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2476:Shamosaurinae
2473:
2467:
2466:
2462:
2460:
2459:
2455:
2452:
2451:
2447:
2445:
2444:
2440:
2438:
2437:
2433:
2430:
2429:
2425:
2422:
2421:
2420:Ahshislepelta
2417:
2416:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2404:
2390:
2389:
2385:
2383:
2382:
2378:
2376:
2375:
2371:
2369:
2368:
2367:Hungarosaurus
2364:
2362:
2361:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2348:
2342:
2341:
2337:
2335:
2334:
2333:Panoplosaurus
2330:
2328:
2327:
2323:
2321:
2320:
2316:
2314:
2313:
2309:
2308:
2306:
2304:
2300:
2294:
2293:
2289:
2287:
2286:
2282:
2280:
2279:
2275:
2272:
2271:
2267:
2265:
2264:
2260:
2258:
2257:
2253:
2251:
2250:
2246:
2244:
2243:
2239:
2236:
2235:
2234:Ahshislepelta
2231:
2229:
2228:
2224:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2211:
2204:
2203:
2199:
2197:
2196:
2192:
2189:
2188:
2184:
2182:
2181:
2180:Hoplitosaurus
2177:
2174:
2173:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2155:Polacanthinae
2152:
2146:
2145:
2141:
2139:
2138:
2137:Rhadinosaurus
2134:
2132:
2131:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2111:
2108:
2107:
2103:
2101:
2100:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2088:
2086:
2085:
2081:
2079:
2078:
2074:
2071:
2070:
2066:
2063:
2062:
2058:
2056:
2055:
2051:
2049:
2048:
2044:
2042:
2041:
2040:Acanthopholis
2037:
2036:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2024:
2021:
2018:
2013:
2003:
2002:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1990:
1988:
1987:
1986:Antarctopelta
1983:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1963:
1961:
1960:
1959:Tianchisaurus
1956:
1953:
1952:
1951:Stegosaurides
1948:
1946:
1945:
1941:
1939:
1938:
1934:
1931:
1930:
1926:
1924:
1923:
1919:
1917:
1916:
1912:
1910:
1909:
1905:
1903:
1902:
1898:
1896:
1895:
1891:
1890:
1887:
1883:
1880:
1877:
1872:
1868:
1856:
1855:
1849:
1832:
1831:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1821:
1813:
1809:
1808:
1807:
1806:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1794:
1786:
1782:
1781:
1780:
1779:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1755:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1724:
1722:
1718:
1717:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1697:
1692:
1690:
1685:
1683:
1678:
1677:
1674:
1663:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1620:
1618:
1608:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1584:
1582:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1554:
1552:
1544:(4): 265–277.
1543:
1539:
1532:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1505:
1503:
1494:
1492:0-253-33964-2
1488:
1484:
1477:
1469:
1457:
1449:
1442:
1440:
1429:
1420:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1400:
1393:
1385:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1331:
1323:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1292:Hoplitosaurus
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1259:
1258:
1250:
1249:
1241:
1240:
1232:
1231:
1223:
1222:
1214:
1213:
1205:
1204:
1196:
1195:
1187:
1186:
1183:
1182:
1181:
1174:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1164:
1157:
1156:
1150:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1140:
1133:
1132:
1126:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1116:
1109:
1108:
1102:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1092:
1085:
1084:
1078:
1077:
1074:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1068:
1067:Hoplitosaurus
1061:
1060:
1054:
1053:Polacanthinae
1051:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1038:
1037:
1029:
1028:
1020:
1019:
1011:
1010:
1002:
1001:
998:
997:
996:
995:Panoplosaurus
989:
988:
985:
984:
981:
980:
979:
972:
971:
965:
964:
961:
960:
957:
956:
955:
948:
947:
944:
943:
940:
939:
938:
931:
930:
927:
926:
923:
922:
921:
914:
913:
910:
909:
906:
905:
904:
897:
896:
893:
892:
889:
888:
887:
880:
879:
876:
875:
872:
871:
870:
863:
862:
859:
858:
855:
854:
853:
846:
845:
839:
838:
835:
834:
831:
830:
829:
822:
821:
815:
814:
811:
810:
807:
806:
805:
804:Hungarosaurus
798:
797:
791:
790:
787:
786:
778:
777:
769:
768:
765:
764:
763:
756:
755:
752:
751:
748:
747:
746:
739:
738:
732:
731:
728:
727:
724:
723:
722:
715:
714:
708:
707:
701:
698:
697:
694:
693:
690:
689:
688:
681:
680:
677:
676:
673:
672:
671:
664:
663:
657:
656:
653:
652:
644:
643:
635:
634:
631:
630:
629:
622:
621:
618:
617:
614:
613:
612:
605:
604:
598:
597:
594:
593:
590:
589:
588:
581:
580:
574:
573:
567:
566:
563:
562:
559:
558:
557:
556:Antarctopelta
550:
549:
543:
540:
539:
535:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
508:
503:
502:
497:
492:
491:
486:
485:
484:Hoplitosaurus
480:
479:
474:
473:
468:
467:
461:
451:
449:
443:
441:
440:Polacanthidae
437:
433:
429:
425:
424:
419:
418:
413:
412:
407:
403:
402:North America
399:
395:
391:
390:Late Jurassic
387:
384:, most often
383:
379:
378:Polacanthinae
368:
363:
362:Polacanthidae
360:
359:
357:
354:
350:
344:
343:
336:
334:
333:
326:
323:
322:
315:
313:
312:
311:Hoplitosaurus
305:
302:
301:
294:
291:
290:
283:
282:
280:
277:
273:
269:
263:
262:Polacanthinae
257:
254:
253:
250:
244:
241:
240:
237:
231:
228:
225:
224:
221:
215:
212:
209:
208:
205:
199:
196:
193:
192:
189:
186:
183:
180:
179:
176:
173:
170:
169:
166:
163:
160:
159:
156:
153:
150:
149:
144:
139:
135:
132:
131:
125:
121:
116:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
41:
38:130–125
34:
30:
29:Late Jurassic
24:Polacanthines
22:
19:
2790:
2705:
2698:
2691:
2684:
2677:
2670:
2663:
2656:
2651:Dyoplosaurus
2649:
2642:
2637:Ankylosaurus
2635:
2628:
2608:
2601:
2593:
2586:
2578:
2571:
2566:Pinacosaurus
2564:
2557:
2550:
2543:
2536:
2529:
2522:
2497:
2490:
2483:
2463:
2456:
2450:Hylaeosaurus
2448:
2441:
2434:
2426:
2418:
2386:
2379:
2374:Pawpawsaurus
2372:
2365:
2358:
2338:
2331:
2324:
2319:Denversaurus
2317:
2310:
2290:
2283:
2276:
2270:Peloroplites
2268:
2261:
2254:
2247:
2242:Borealopelta
2240:
2232:
2227:Acantholipan
2225:
2214:Nodosaurinae
2200:
2193:
2187:Peloroplites
2185:
2178:
2170:
2162:
2154:
2142:
2135:
2128:
2120:
2112:
2106:Mymoorapelta
2104:
2097:
2091:Hylaeosaurus
2089:
2082:
2075:
2067:
2059:
2052:
2047:Anoplosaurus
2045:
2038:
2027:Nodosauridae
1999:
1991:
1984:
1964:
1957:
1949:
1942:
1935:
1927:
1920:
1913:
1906:
1899:
1894:Cryptosaurus
1892:
1876:Ankylosauria
1854:Ankylosauria
1852:
1824:Ankylosauria
1812:Ornithischia
1797:Ornithischia
1749:
1745:Ornithischia
1740:
1731:
1703:Ankylosauria
1633:
1629:
1597:
1593:
1563:
1559:
1541:
1537:
1531:
1514:
1510:
1482:
1476:
1447:
1428:
1409:
1405:
1392:
1355:
1351:
1320:Hylaeosaurus
1319:
1316:Mymoorapelta
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1300:Peloroplites
1299:
1295:
1291:
1283:
1279:
1271:
1267:
1265:
1178:
1177:
1161:
1160:
1139:Peloroplites
1137:
1136:
1113:
1112:
1089:
1088:
1065:
1064:
1052:
993:
992:
976:
975:
952:
951:
935:
934:
918:
917:
901:
900:
886:Pawpawsaurus
884:
883:
867:
866:
850:
849:
826:
825:
802:
801:
760:
759:
743:
742:
719:
718:
700:Nodosaurinae
685:
684:
668:
667:
628:Hylaeosaurus
626:
625:
611:Anoplosaurus
609:
608:
587:Mymoorapelta
585:
584:
554:
553:
542:Nodosauridae
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
505:
499:
495:
490:Hylaeosaurus
488:
482:
478:Mymoorapelta
476:
470:
464:
457:
444:
439:
435:
431:
421:
415:
409:
377:
376:
361:
340:
330:
321:Peloroplites
319:
309:
298:
287:
261:
249:Nodosauridae
236:Ankylosauria
226:
210:
204:Ornithischia
194:
181:
128:
18:
2858:Ankylosaurs
2815:Wikispecies
2686:Scolosaurus
2603:Tsagantegia
2552:Jinyunpelta
2492:Shamosaurus
2443:Chuanqilong
2285:Silvisaurus
2263:Patagopelta
2195:Polacanthus
2144:Sauroplites
1944:Spicomellus
1922:Sarcolestes
1754:Thyreophora
1636:(1): 3711.
1566:: 289–299.
1296:Polacanthus
1268:Polacanthus
1180:Polacanthus
920:Silvisaurus
466:Polacanthus
448:land bridge
432:Polacanthus
388:, from the
386:nodosaurids
382:ankylosaurs
332:Polacanthus
255:Subfamily:
220:Thyreophora
130:Polacanthus
2852:Categories
2754:See also:
2679:Platypelta
2672:Oohkotokia
2610:Zaraapelta
2485:Gobisaurus
2436:Cedarpelta
2428:Aletopelta
2381:Stegopelta
2326:Edmontonia
2312:Animantarx
2278:Sauropelta
2256:Nodosaurus
2122:Priconodon
1966:Vectipelta
1901:Dracopelta
1833:see below↓
1736:Dinosauria
1358:: e12362.
1326:References
1282:and Zheng
978:Edmontonia
937:Stegopelta
903:Sauropelta
869:Nodosaurus
828:Animantarx
501:Edmontonia
188:Dinosauria
127:Pelvis of
2806:Q21711005
2693:Talarurus
2573:Saichania
2360:Europelta
2340:Texasetes
2202:Taohelong
2099:Invictarx
2001:Stegouros
1719:Kingdom:
1600:: 83–93.
1466:ignored (
1456:cite book
1304:Taohelong
1163:Taohelong
954:Texasetes
512:PhyloCode
342:Taohelong
161:Kingdom:
155:Eukaryota
2800:Wikidata
2766:Category
2756:Timeline
2700:Ziapelta
2172:Gastonia
2069:Gastonia
1727:Chordata
1725:Phylum:
1721:Animalia
1662:29487376
1384:34966571
1312:Gastonia
1115:Gastonia
534:(2018).
496:Gastonia
472:Gastonia
392:through
365:Jaekel,
353:Synonyms
300:Gastonia
242:Family:
175:Chordata
171:Phylum:
165:Animalia
151:Domain:
2588:Tarchia
2580:Shanxia
1653:5829254
1375:8667728
1298:, with
1290:, only
107:↓
1660:
1650:
1489:
1382:
1372:
1314:, and
1284:et al.
1280:et al.
1272:et al.
532:et al.
528:et al.
524:et al.
520:et al.
516:et al.
475:, and
398:Europe
276:Genera
2835:63702
2545:Datai
1908:Minmi
1750:Clade
1741:Clade
1732:Clade
1402:(PDF)
1352:PeerJ
463:that
436:-inae
430:. If
414:than
227:Clade
211:Clade
195:Clade
182:Clade
2707:Zuul
1810:see
1783:see
1658:PMID
1487:ISBN
1468:help
1433:45A.
1380:PMID
1302:and
1288:2018
1276:2016
487:and
460:1910
406:Asia
404:and
367:1910
268:1955
46:PreꞒ
1648:PMC
1638:doi
1602:doi
1598:137
1568:doi
1564:449
1519:doi
1414:doi
1370:PMC
1360:doi
1286:in
1274:in
504:or
420:or
396:of
2854::
2832::
2817::
2802::
1752::
1743::
1734::
1656:.
1646:.
1632:.
1628:.
1616:^
1596:.
1592:.
1580:^
1562:.
1550:^
1542:51
1540:.
1515:10
1513:.
1501:^
1460::
1458:}}
1454:{{
1438:^
1410:55
1408:.
1404:.
1378:.
1368:.
1354:.
1350:.
1334:^
1310:,
469:,
442:.
229::
213::
197::
184::
96:Pg
40:Ma
35:,
31:-
2598:?
2583:?
2502:?
2453:?
2431:?
2423:?
2273:?
2237:?
2205:?
2190:?
2175:?
2167:?
2125:?
2117:?
2109:?
2094:?
2072:?
2064:?
1996:?
1954:?
1932:?
1695:e
1688:t
1681:v
1664:.
1640::
1634:8
1610:.
1604::
1574:.
1570::
1525:.
1521::
1495:.
1470:)
1422:.
1416::
1386:.
1362::
1356:9
345:?
338:†
328:†
324:?
317:†
307:†
303:?
296:†
292:?
285:†
259:†
246:†
233:†
217:†
201:†
101:N
91:K
86:J
81:T
76:P
71:C
66:D
61:S
56:O
51:Ꞓ
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