562:. Recently, sulfonated polyethersulfones (SPES) have been studied as a promising material candidate among many other aromatic hydrocarbon-based polymers for highly durable proton-exchange membranes in fuel cells. Several reviews have reported progress on durability from many reports on this work. The biggest challenge for SPES application in fuel cells is improving its chemical durability. Under oxidative environment, SPES can undergo sulfonic group detachment and main chain scission. However the latter is more dominant; midpoint scission and unzip mechanism have been proposed as the degradation mechanism depending on the strength of the polymer backbone.
302:
297:
237:
232:
668:
631:
615:
649:
685:
1361:
35:
571:
703:
1367:
20:
442:
melting and can thus not be thermoplastically processed. Therefore, flexible elements must be incorporated into the chains, this is done in the form of ether groups. Ether groups allow a free rotation of the polymer chains. This leads to a significantly reduced melting point and also improves the mechanical properties by an increased
441:
can serve as an example, which consists of sulfonyl and phenyl groups only. Since both groups are thermally very stable, poly(phenylene sulfone) has an extremely high melting temperature (520 °C). However, the polymer chains are also so rigid that poly(phenylene sulfone) (PAS) decomposes before
582:
standards and are available in the natural transparent amber colour of polysulfone. The wide working temperature range of -40°C to 190°C allow these pans to go from a deep freezer directly to a steam table or microwave oven. Polysulfone provides a non-stick surface for minimal food wastage and easy
473:
and the bond therefore strengthened by mesomeric energy. As a result, larger amounts of energy from heat or radiation can be absorbed by the molecular structure without causing any reactions (decomposition). The result of the mesomerism is that the configuration is particularly rigid. Based on the
350:
Polysulfones are rigid, high-strength and transparent. They are also characterized by high strength and stiffness, retaining these properties between −100 °C and 150 °C. The glass transition temperature of polysulfones is between 190 and 230 °C. They have a high dimensional
103:
The term "polysulfone" is normally used for polyarylethersulfones (PAES), since only aromatic polysulfones are used commercially. Furthermore, since ether groups are always present in these polysulfones, PAESs are also referred to as polyether sulfones (PES), poly(arylene sulfone)s or simply
860:
879:
161:
With a melting point over 500 °C, the product is difficult to process. It exhibits attractive heat resistance, but its mechanical properties are rather poor. Polyarylether sulphones (PAES) represent a suitable alternative. Appropriate synthetic routes to PAES were developed almost
325:
DCDPS is the precursor to polymers known as Udel (from bisphenol A), PES, and Radel R. Udel is a high-performance amorphous sulfone polymer that can molded into a variety of different shapes. It is both rigid and temperature-resistant, and has applications in everything from
514:
recovery, food and beverage processing, and gas separation. These polymers are also used in the automotive and electronic industries. Filter cartridges made from polysulfone membranes offer extremely high flow rates at very low differential pressures when compared with
490:, without compromising its strength that usually results from addition of flame retardants. Its high hydrolysis stability allows its use in medical applications requiring autoclave and steam sterilization. However, it has low resistance to some solvents and undergoes
74:
Three polysulfones are used industrially: polysulfone (PSU), polyethersulfone (PES/PESU) and polyphenylene sulfone (PPSU). They can be used in the temperature range from -100 to +200 °C and are used for electrical equipment, in vehicle construction and
841:
243:
This route is complicated by the formation of isomers arising from both para- and ortho- substitution. Furthermore, cross-linking was observed, which strongly affects the mechanical properties of the polymer. This method has been abandoned.
398:. Mechanically, polysulfone has high compaction resistance, recommending its use under high pressures. It is also stable in aqueous acids and bases and many non-polar solvents; however, it is soluble in
474:
biphenylsulfonyl group, the polymer is thus durable heat resistant, oxidation resistant and still has a high stiffness even at elevated temperatures. The ether bond provides (as opposed to
1968:
307:
Bis(4-fluorophenyl)sulfone can be used in place of bis(4-chlorophenyl)sulfone. The difluoride is more reactive than the dichloride but more expensive. Through chain terminators (e.g.
478:) hydrolysis resistance as well as some flexibility, which leads to impact strength. In addition, the ether bond leads to good heat resistance and better flow of the melt.
469:. The polymer therefore opposes further electron loss, thus substantiating the high oxidation resistance. The sulfonyl group is also linked to the aromatic system by
438:
1070:
Michael A. Hickner; Hossein
Ghassemi; Yu Seung Kim; Brian R. Einsla; James E. McGrath (2004). "Alternative polymer systems for proton exchange membranes (PEMs)".
997:
Tsehaye, Misgina
Tilahun; Velizarov, Svetlozar; Van der Bruggen, Bart (September 2018). "Stability of polyethersulfone membranes to oxidative agents: A review".
67:-aryl subunit. Due to the high cost of raw materials and processing, polysulfones are used in specialty applications and often are a superior replacement for
925:
David Parker, Jan
Bussink, Hendrik T. van de Grampel, Gary W. Wheatley, Ernst-Ulrich Dorf, Edgar Ostlinning, Klaus Reinking, "Polymers, High-Temperature" in
486:
Polysulfone has one of the highest service temperatures among all melt-processable thermoplastics. Its resistance to high temperatures gives it a role of a
1692:
95:. Polysulfones have outstanding resistance to heat and oxidation, hydrolysis resistance to aqueous and alkaline media and good electrical properties.
351:
stability, the size change when exposed to boiling water or 150 °C air or steam generally falls below 0.1%. Polysulfone is highly resistant to
1027:. Becker, Gerhard W., Becker, R., Binsack, Rudolf, Bottenbruch, Ludwig, Braun, Dietrich (1. Aufl ed.). München : Hanser. 1994. p. 140.
178:'s Plastics Division in the United Kingdom. The polymers found at that time are still used today, but produced by a different synthesis process.
264:(DCDPS). The sulfone group activates the chloride groups toward substitution. The required diphenoxide is produced in situ from a diphenol and
1140:
Jimmy
Lawrence; Takeo Yamaguchi (2008). "The degradation mechanism of sulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone)s in an oxidative environment".
877:, Barr Dennis Arthur; Rose John Brewster, "Production of Aromatic Polymers and Intermediates therefor", assigned to ICI LTD
790:. Lechner, Manfred D., Gehrke, K., Nordmeier, Eckhard. (4., überarb. und erw. Aufl ed.). Basel : Birkhäuser. 2010. p. 134.
506:, with reproducible properties and controllable size of pores down to 40 nanometers. Such membranes can be used in applications like
1685:
667:
630:
367:
ranging from 2 to 13. It is resistant to oxidizing agents (although PES will degrade over time), therefore it can be cleaned by
527:
1568:
982:
956:
614:
322:. Such step polymerizations require highly pure monomer and precise stoichiometry to ensure high molecular weight products.
2027:
1978:
1947:
648:
182:
1678:
1185:
1032:
331:
795:
771:
746:
858:, Alford G. Farnham, Robert N. Johnson, "Polyarylene Polyethers", assigned to Union Carbide Corporation
261:
788:
Makromolekulare Chemie : ein
Lehrbuch für Chemiker, Physiker, Materialwissenschaftler und Verfahrenstechniker
1670:
1210:
280:). The polymerization is carried out at 130–160 °C under inert conditions in a polar, aprotic solvent, e.g.
684:
1963:
1942:
1839:
1593:
503:
2089:
2017:
1937:
175:
56:
are known for their toughness and stability at high temperatures. Technically used polysulfones contain an
2010:
1932:
1748:
1345:
1275:
1250:
1056:
819:
80:
874:
855:
836:
702:
2050:
1784:
1583:
1408:
1225:
1215:
1105:
Borup, Rod (2007). "Scientific aspects of polymer electrolyte fuel cell durability and degradation".
410:
342:
to form PES. Like Udel, PES is a rigid and thermally-resistant material with numerous applications.
167:
46:
578:
Polysulfone food pans are used for the storage, heating, and serving of foods. The pans are made to
1854:
1844:
1706:
1393:
1340:
1230:
122:
2079:
1444:
1335:
1320:
1300:
391:
269:
190:
118:
1859:
1737:
1492:
1220:
1178:
198:
946:
839:, H.A. Vogel, "Polyarylsulphone polymers", assigned to MINNESOTA MINING & MFG
2039:
1743:
1388:
1069:
972:
301:
296:
236:
231:
1759:
1754:
1727:
1645:
453:
The stability of the polymer can also be attributed to individual structural elements: The
395:
117:
The simplest polysulfone poly(phenylene sulfone), known as early as 1960, is produced in a
1010:
8:
1889:
1650:
1573:
1487:
1439:
466:
896:
Rose, J. B. (July 1974). "Preparation and properties of poly(arylene ether sulphones)".
494:; this weathering instability can be offset by adding other materials into the polymer.
1904:
1822:
1563:
1537:
1507:
1467:
1449:
1398:
1350:
1330:
1050:
813:
597:
547:
543:
414:
281:
76:
2084:
2074:
2069:
2034:
2000:
1920:
1732:
1554:
1472:
1171:
1122:
1087:
1038:
1028:
978:
952:
909:
801:
791:
767:
742:
403:
335:
1925:
1620:
1522:
1497:
1429:
1295:
1290:
1235:
1149:
1114:
1079:
1006:
930:
905:
265:
253:
1700:
1789:
1775:
1640:
1527:
1517:
1285:
1153:
487:
462:
443:
399:
383:
308:
289:
194:
1818:
1630:
1532:
1403:
454:
434:
163:
84:
27:
2063:
2005:
1812:
1598:
1588:
1578:
1482:
1383:
1305:
1255:
1042:
934:
805:
520:
277:
171:
68:
49:
1625:
1615:
1477:
1424:
1325:
1270:
1245:
1126:
1091:
591:
Some industrially relevant polysulfones are listed in the following table:
507:
447:
352:
319:
92:
1871:
1360:
1025:
Kunststoff-Handbuch. 3 Technische
Thermoplaste 3 Hochleistungs-Kunststoffe
1808:
1780:
1715:
1635:
1434:
1310:
539:
511:
430:
376:
360:
339:
315:
88:
570:
189:
with the bis (sulfonyl chloride) of benzene. Reactions typically use a
34:
1884:
1512:
1502:
951:(in German), Springer Science & Business Media, 1998, p. 283,
579:
491:
470:
372:
186:
1118:
1083:
1973:
1879:
1849:
1719:
1280:
1265:
1240:
559:
418:
285:
257:
1894:
327:
61:
1366:
873:
735:
Kunststoffchemie für
Ingenieure von der Synthese bis zur Anwendung
2022:
1899:
1800:
1702:
1194:
273:
53:
977:(in German), Springer Science & Business Media, p. 23,
854:
741:] (in German) (3rd ed.). München: Hanser. p. 461.
437:. For a comparison of the properties of individual constituents
996:
546:
has twice the tensile strength and three times increase of its
458:
387:
368:
356:
739:
Plastics chemistry for engineers from synthesis to application
19:
1139:
516:
475:
465:) attracts electrons from neighboring benzene rings, causing
1260:
1163:
429:
Poly(aryl ether sulfone)s are composed of aromatic groups,
311:), the chain length can be controlled for melt-processing.
57:
379:
364:
970:
586:
652:
Structure shown is incorrect (missing ether linkage)
1017:
424:
247:
766:. Norwich, NY: William Andrew. pp. 453–481.
2061:
16:Class of high performance thermoplastic polymers
574:Pair of high heat food pans made of polysulfone
526:Polysulfone can be used as filtration media in
450:in bisphenol A act also as a flexible element.
927:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
891:
889:
1686:
1179:
693:Poly(oxy-1,4-phenylenesulfonyl-1,4-phenylene)
831:
829:
162:simultaneously, and yet independently, from
886:
1693:
1679:
1186:
1172:
826:
502:Polysulfone allows easy manufacturing of
921:
919:
569:
565:
181:The original synthesis of PAES involved
33:
18:
658:Poly(oxy-1,4-phenylsulfonyl-1,4-phenyl)
2062:
1276:Polyethylene terephthalate (PET, PETE)
835:
732:
268:. The cogenerated water is removed by
38:Polyethersulfone (PES) repeating unit.
1674:
1216:Cross-linked polyethylene (PEX, XLPE)
1211:Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS)
1167:
1104:
1011:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.09.004
916:
726:
2028:List of environmental health hazards
1948:List of environmental health hazards
895:
761:
755:
538:Polysulfone can be reinforced with
409:Polysulfones are counted among the
382:. It is not resistant to low-polar
183:electrophilic aromatic substitution
13:
1833:Miscellaneous additives incl. PHCs
948:Handbook of Biomaterial Properties
587:Industrially relevant polysulfones
14:
2101:
999:Polymer Degradation and Stability
252:PAES are currently prepared by a
1365:
1359:
1251:Polybutylene terephthalate (PBT)
1226:Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)
701:
683:
666:
647:
629:
613:
300:
295:
288:concomitant with elimination of
235:
230:
1231:Poly(ethyl methacrylate) (PEMA)
1133:
1098:
1063:
990:
971:Hee-Gweon Woo, Hong Li (2011),
964:
636:poly(bisphenol-A sulfone) (PSF)
558:Polysulfone is often used as a
481:
425:Structure-property relationship
248:Contemporary production methods
98:
1594:Category:Plastics applications
1341:Styrene maleic anhydride (SMA)
1336:Polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC)
1321:Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)
939:
867:
848:
780:
1:
1301:Poly(p-phenylene oxide) (PPO)
974:Advanced Functional Materials
719:
553:
345:
112:
107:
2018:Persistent organic pollutant
1979:Toxic Substances Control Act
1938:Persistent organic pollutant
1221:Ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA)
1193:
1154:10.1016/j.memsci.2008.08.027
910:10.1016/0032-3861(74)90111-6
762:Fink, Johannes Karl (2008).
533:
497:
7:
2011:Great Pacific garbage patch
1933:Great Pacific garbage patch
1346:Styrene-acrylonitrile (SAN)
1261:Polyetheretherketone (PEEK)
1142:Journal of Membrane Science
929:2002, Wiley-VCH: Weinheim.
673:Polyphenylenesulfone (PPSU)
620:Poly(arylene sulfone) (PAS)
461:is in the highest possible
413:. They can be processed by
10:
2106:
1974:Japan Toxic Substances Law
1769:Miscellaneous plasticizers
371:. It is also resistant to
338:. DCDPS also reacts with
314:The diphenol is typically
262:bis(4-chlorophenyl)sulfone
2048:
1993:
1969:European REACH regulation
1964:California Proposition 65
1956:
1913:
1870:
1832:
1799:
1768:
1714:
1707:polyhalogenated compounds
1663:
1608:
1584:High-performance plastics
1553:
1546:
1458:
1417:
1409:High-performance plastics
1374:
1357:
1201:
764:High performance polymers
733:Kaiser, Wolfgang (2011).
411:high performance plastics
254:polycondensation reaction
168:Union Carbide Corporation
1394:Fibre-reinforced plastic
1331:Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
935:10.1002/14356007.a21_449
392:chlorinated hydrocarbons
123:benzenesulfonyl chloride
1445:Biodegradable additives
655:Polyether sulfone (PES)
439:poly(phenylene sulfone)
270:azeotropic distillation
191:Friedel-Crafts catalyst
119:Friedel-Crafts reaction
79:. They are composed of
1860:Perfluorooctanoic acid
1296:Polyphenyl ether (PPE)
1291:Polyoxymethylene (POM)
1236:Polyacrylic acid (PAA)
1055:: CS1 maint: others (
818:: CS1 maint: others (
575:
199:antimony pentachloride
39:
31:
2040:Biodegradable plastic
1389:Thermosetting polymer
1286:Polylactic acid (PLA)
875:GB Patent 1153035
856:GB Patent 1078234
837:GB Patent 1060546
573:
566:Food service industry
396:aromatic hydrocarbons
81:para-linked aromatics
37:
22:
2051:Identification codes
1651:Foam food containers
1574:Engineering plastics
528:filter sterilization
320:1,4-dihydroxybenzene
2090:Engineering plastic
1890:Endocrine disruptor
1488:Compression molding
1440:Polymer stabilizers
467:electron deficiency
104:polysulfone (PSU).
1905:Polymer fume fever
1564:Commodity plastics
1538:Rotational molding
1508:Fiberglass molding
1468:Injection moulding
1450:Filler (materials)
1399:Corrugated plastic
1351:Tritan copolyester
1306:Polypropylene (PP)
1256:Polycarbonate (PC)
598:Structural formula
576:
544:composite material
332:printer cartridges
282:dimethyl sulfoxide
217:+ n SO2Cl2 → {SO
77:medical technology
40:
32:
2057:
2056:
2035:Plastic recycling
2001:Plastic pollution
1987:
1986:
1921:Plastic pollution
1701:Health issues of
1659:
1658:
1555:Plastics industry
1473:Plastic extrusion
1326:Polyurethane (PU)
1316:Polysulfone (PES)
1271:Polyethylene (PE)
1246:Polybutylene (PB)
1119:10.1021/cr020711a
1113:(10): 3904–3951.
1084:10.1021/cr020711a
1078:(10): 4587–4611.
984:978-3-642-19077-3
958:978-0-412-60330-3
717:
716:
690:Polysulfone (PSU)
415:injection molding
404:methylpyrrolidone
2097:
1926:Rubber pollution
1776:Organophosphates
1695:
1688:
1681:
1672:
1671:
1551:
1550:
1523:Filament winding
1498:Transfer molding
1425:Polymer additive
1369:
1363:
1311:Polystyrene (PS)
1188:
1181:
1174:
1165:
1164:
1158:
1157:
1137:
1131:
1130:
1107:Chemical Reviews
1102:
1096:
1095:
1072:Chemical Reviews
1067:
1061:
1060:
1054:
1046:
1021:
1015:
1014:
994:
988:
987:
968:
962:
961:
943:
937:
923:
914:
913:
893:
884:
883:
882:
878:
871:
865:
864:
863:
859:
852:
846:
845:
844:
840:
833:
824:
823:
817:
809:
784:
778:
777:
759:
753:
752:
730:
705:
687:
670:
651:
633:
617:
594:
593:
542:. The resulting
421:or hot forming.
384:organic solvents
334:, to automobile
304:
299:
266:sodium hydroxide
239:
234:
91:and partly also
47:high performance
45:are a family of
2105:
2104:
2100:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2095:
2094:
2060:
2059:
2058:
2053:
2044:
1989:
1988:
1983:
1952:
1909:
1866:
1828:
1795:
1764:
1710:
1699:
1665:
1655:
1604:
1542:
1528:Solvent bonding
1518:Plastic welding
1460:
1454:
1413:
1376:
1370:
1364:
1355:
1266:Polyester (PEs)
1203:
1197:
1192:
1162:
1161:
1138:
1134:
1103:
1099:
1068:
1064:
1048:
1047:
1035:
1023:
1022:
1018:
995:
991:
985:
969:
965:
959:
945:
944:
940:
924:
917:
894:
887:
880:
872:
868:
861:
853:
849:
842:
834:
827:
811:
810:
798:
786:
785:
781:
774:
760:
756:
749:
731:
727:
722:
605:Systematic Name
589:
568:
556:
548:Young's modulus
536:
500:
488:flame retardant
484:
463:oxidation state
444:impact strength
435:sulfonyl groups
427:
400:dichloromethane
348:
309:methyl chloride
290:sodium chloride
250:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
195:ferric chloride
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
115:
110:
101:
85:sulfonyl groups
65:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2103:
2093:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2080:Thermoplastics
2077:
2072:
2055:
2054:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2031:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2014:
2013:
1997:
1995:
1991:
1990:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1960:
1958:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1929:
1928:
1917:
1915:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1876:
1874:
1868:
1867:
1865:
1864:
1863:
1862:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1836:
1834:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1826:
1819:Vinyl chloride
1816:
1813:Polycarbonates
1805:
1803:
1797:
1796:
1794:
1793:
1787:
1778:
1772:
1770:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1746:
1741:
1735:
1730:
1724:
1722:
1712:
1711:
1698:
1697:
1690:
1683:
1675:
1669:
1667:
1661:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1654:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1626:Packaging film
1623:
1618:
1612:
1610:
1609:Specific goods
1606:
1605:
1603:
1602:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1560:
1558:
1548:
1544:
1543:
1541:
1540:
1535:
1533:Vacuum forming
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1464:
1462:
1456:
1455:
1453:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1421:
1419:
1415:
1414:
1412:
1411:
1406:
1404:Polymeric foam
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1380:
1378:
1372:
1371:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1281:Polyimide (PI)
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1241:Polyamide (PA)
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1207:
1205:
1199:
1198:
1191:
1190:
1183:
1176:
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1148:(2): 633–640.
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904:(7): 456–465.
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455:sulfonyl group
426:
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164:3M Corporation
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69:polycarbonates
63:
50:thermoplastics
28:repeating unit
15:
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2006:Garbage patch
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1384:Thermoplastic
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773:9780815515807
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541:
531:
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521:polypropylene
518:
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389:
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381:
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366:
362:
358:
354:
353:mineral acids
343:
341:
337:
333:
329:
323:
321:
317:
312:
310:
305:
303:
298:
293:
291:
287:
283:
279:
278:chlorobenzene
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
245:
238:
233:
229:
228:
204:
203:
202:
200:
196:
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184:
179:
177:
173:
172:United States
169:
165:
128:
127:
126:
124:
120:
105:
96:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
72:
70:
66:
59:
55:
51:
48:
44:
36:
29:
25:
21:
1716:Plasticizers
1664:Environment
1616:Blister pack
1569:Construction
1478:Blow molding
1315:
1145:
1141:
1135:
1110:
1106:
1100:
1075:
1071:
1065:
1024:
1019:
1002:
998:
992:
973:
966:
947:
941:
926:
901:
897:
869:
850:
787:
782:
763:
757:
738:
734:
728:
713:121763-41-5
590:
577:
557:
540:glass fibers
537:
525:
508:hemodialysis
501:
485:
482:Applications
452:
448:alkyl groups
431:ether groups
428:
408:
361:electrolytes
349:
324:
313:
306:
294:
284:, forming a
251:
242:
180:
160:
116:
102:
99:Nomenclature
93:alkyl groups
89:ether groups
73:
43:Polysulfones
42:
41:
23:
1957:Regulations
1809:Bisphenol A
1493:Calendering
1435:Plasticizer
1375:Mechanical
708:Victrex HTA
696:25667-42-9
678:25608-64-4
661:25608-63-3
642:25135-51-7
512:waste water
377:hydrocarbon
373:surfactants
340:bisphenol S
316:bisphenol-A
24:Polysulfone
2064:Categories
1885:Carcinogen
1850:Organotins
1720:Phthalates
1666:and health
1513:Pultrusion
1503:Laminating
1461:processing
720:References
602:trade name
583:cleaning.
580:Gastronorm
554:Fuel cells
492:weathering
471:mesomerism
457:(in which
346:Properties
330:pipes, to
193:, such as
187:aryl ether
113:Historical
108:Production
1914:Pollution
1880:Teratogen
1811:(BPA, in
1459:Plastics
1430:Colorants
1418:Additives
1202:Chemical
1051:cite book
1043:246423844
1005:: 15–33.
814:cite book
806:643841472
776:. record.
751:. record.
560:copolymer
534:Materials
504:membranes
498:Membranes
419:extrusion
286:polyether
258:phenoxide
225:+ 2n HCl
141:Cl → (C
2085:Sulfones
2075:Plastics
2070:Polymers
1895:Diabetes
1801:Monomers
1781:Adipates
1703:plastics
1557:segments
1547:Products
1195:Plastics
1127:15669163
1092:15669163
369:bleaches
328:plumbing
185:of an di
157:+ n HCl
54:polymers
52:. These
2023:Dioxins
1943:Dioxins
1900:Obesity
1641:Cutlery
1631:Bottles
898:Polymer
523:media.
388:ketones
274:toluene
170:in the
1740:(BBzP)
1709:(PHCs)
1621:Chairs
1589:Nurdle
1125:
1090:
1041:
1031:
981:
955:
881:
862:
843:
804:
794:
770:
745:
476:esters
459:sulfur
446:. The
394:) and
386:(e.g.
359:, and
357:alkali
272:using
174:, and
26:(PSU)
1994:Waste
1840:PBDEs
1751:(DOP)
1377:types
1204:types
737:[
517:nylon
363:, in
336:fuses
256:of di
205:n O(C
121:from
1855:PFCs
1845:PCBs
1821:(in
1785:DEHA
1760:DINP
1755:DIDP
1749:DEHP
1744:DIHP
1728:DIBP
1705:and
1636:Bags
1123:PMID
1088:PMID
1057:link
1039:OCLC
1029:ISBN
979:ISBN
953:ISBN
820:link
802:OCLC
792:ISBN
768:ISBN
743:ISBN
639:Poly
608:CAS
433:and
402:and
390:and
380:oils
375:and
260:and
87:and
58:aryl
1823:PVC
1790:DOA
1738:BBP
1733:DBP
1150:doi
1146:325
1115:doi
1111:107
1080:doi
1076:104
1007:doi
1003:157
931:doi
906:doi
519:or
318:or
276:or
197:or
176:ICI
129:n C
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149:SO
137:SO
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223:n
221:}
219:2
215:2
213:)
211:5
209:H
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153:)
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143:6
139:2
135:5
133:H
131:6
64:2
60:-
30:.
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