Porgy and Bess - Knowledge

1683:" off the local dope peddler, Sportin' Life. Bess is shunned by the women of the community, especially the pious Serena and the matriarchal cookshop owner Maria, but Porgy softly defends her. The game begins. One by one, the players get crapped out, leaving only Robbins and Crown, who has become extremely drunk. When Robbins wins, Crown attempts to prevent him from taking his winnings. A brawl ensues, which ends when Crown stabs Robbins with Jim's cotton hook, killing him. Crown runs, telling Bess to fend for herself but that he will be back for her when the heat dies down. Sportin' Life gives her a dose of happy dust and offers to take her with him when he goes to New York, but she rejects him. He flees, and Bess begins to pound on doors, but is rejected by all of the residents of Catfish Row, with the exception of Porgy, who lets her in. 1772:. Clara desperately sings her lullaby ("Summertime" ). A knock is heard at the door, and the chorus believes it to be Death ("Oh there's somebody knocking at the door"). Crown enters dramatically, having swum from Kittiwah Island, seeking Bess. He shows no fear of God, claiming that after the long struggle from Kittiwah, God and he are friends. The chorus tries to drown out his blaspheming with more prayer, and he taunts them by singing a vulgar song ("A red-headed woman"). Suddenly, Clara sees Jake's boat float past the window, upside-down, and she runs out to try to save him, handing her baby to Bess. Bess asks that one of the men go out with her, and Crown taunts Porgy, who cannot go. Crown goes himself, yelling out as he leaves "Alright, Big Friend! We're on for another Bout!" The chorus continue to pray as the storm rises. 1800:

to come and identify Crown's body. Sportin' Life tells Porgy that corpses bleed in the presence of their murderers, and the detective will use this to hang Porgy. Porgy refuses to identify the body, but is dragged off anyway. Bess is distraught, and Sportin' Life puts his plan into action. He tells her that Porgy will be locked up for a long time, and points out that he is the only one still here. He offers her happy dust, and though she refuses, he forces it on her. After she takes a whiff, he paints a seductive picture of her life with him in New York ("There's a boat dat's leavin' soon for New York"). She regains her strength and rushes inside, slamming the door on his face, but he leaves a packet of happy dust on her doorstep, and settles down to wait.

2114:. Many of these represent individual characters: some of these are fragments of the opera's set numbers (Sportin' Life, for example, is frequently represented by the melody which sets the title words of "It Ain't Necessarily So"). Other motifs represent objects (such as the sleazy chromatic "Happy Dust" motif) or places, notably Catfish Row. Many of the through-composed passages of the score combine or develop these leitmotifs in order to reflect the on-stage action. Particularly sophisticated uses of this techniques can be seen after the aria "There's a boat dat's leaving soon for New York" in act 3, scene 2. The opera also frequently reprises its set numbers (these might be considered extended 1738:"), causing Serena to chastise them ("Shame on all you sinners!"). Everyone gets ready to leave. As Bess, who has lagged behind, tries to follow them, Crown emerges from the bushes. He reminds her that Porgy is "temporary" and laughs off her claims that she has been living decently now. Bess wants to leave Crown forever and attempts to make him forget about her ("Oh, what you want wid Bess?") but Crown refuses to give her up. He grabs her and will not let her go to the boat, which leaves without her, and then forcefully kisses her. He laughs at his conquest as her resistance begins to fail, and commands her to get into the woods, where his intentions are only too clear. 1718:

got plenty o' nuttin"). Sportin' Life waltzes around selling "happy dust", but soon incurs the wrath of Maria, who threatens him. ("I hates yo' struttin' style"). A fraudulent lawyer, Frazier, arrives and farcically divorces Bess from Crown. When he discovers Bess and Crown were not married, he raises his price from a dollar to a dollar and a half. Archdale, a white lawyer, enters and informs Porgy that Peter will soon be released. The bad omen of a buzzard flies over Catfish Row and Porgy demands that it leave now that he finally has found happiness. ("Buzzard keep on flyin' over".)

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does not understand why everyone seems so uneasy at his return. He sees Clara's baby is now with Serena and realizes something is wrong. He asks where Bess is. Maria and Serena tell him that Bess has run off with Sportin' Life to New York ("Oh Bess, Oh Where's my Bess?"). Porgy calls for his goat cart, and resolves to leave Catfish Row to find her. He prays for strength, and begins his journey. ("Oh, Lawd, I'm on my way")

315: 393:. The character of Bess was originally a secondary character, but as Gershwin was impressed with Brown's singing, he expanded the part of Bess and cast Brown. When they had completed rehearsals and were ready to begin previews, Gershwin invited Brown to join him for lunch. At that meeting, he told her, "I want you to know, Miss Brown, that henceforth and forever after, George Gershwin's opera will be known as 8501: 1674:("Roll them Bones"). One of the players, Robbins, scorns his wife Serena's demands that he not play, retorting that on a Saturday night, a man has the right to play. Clara's husband, the fisherman Jake, tries his own lullaby ("A Woman is a Sometime Thing") with little effect. Little by little, other characters in the opera enter Catfish Row, among them Mingo, another fisherman, and Jim, a cotton-hauling 1704:". The undertaker enters. The saucer holds only fifteen dollars of the needed twenty-five, but he agrees to bury Robbins as long as Serena promises to pay him back. Bess, who has been sitting in silence slightly apart from the rest of those gathered, suddenly begins to sing a gospel song and the chorus joyfully join in, welcoming her into the community. ("Oh, the Train is at de Station") 2644:, which was released in the U.S. in September 2010. Gregg Baker, who sang Crown in the 1985 Metropolitan Opera production, the 1986 Glyndebourne production, the 1989 EMI recording made with the Glyndebourne cast, and in the 1993 television adaptation of that production, repeated his performance here, but the roles of Porgy and Bess are taken by two singers virtually unknown in the U.S., 1726:"). The chorus re-enters in high spirits as they prepare to leave for the picnic ("Oh, I can't sit down"). Bess is invited to the picnic by Maria, but she demurs as Porgy cannot come (due to his disability, he cannot get on the boat), but Maria insists. Bess leaves Porgy behind as they go off to the picnic. Porgy watches the boat leave ("I got plenty o' nuttin" reprise). 2383:, which had been made that year. It was not a complete version of the opera, nor was it even a complete version of the film soundtrack, which featured more music than could be contained on a single LP. The album remained in print until the early 1970s, when it was withdrawn from stores at the request of the Gershwin estate. It is the first stereo album of music from 678:

and stage director were Americans, and the lead roles as well as most small parts were sung by Black-Americans. Only the chorus was the Volksoper's own white chorus. The Volksoper orchestra used the original instrumentation, though its string section was larger than the original Broadway. The production was revived several times up into the first half of the 1970's

2545:, starring Leontyne Price, William Warfield, Cab Calloway and the rest of the cast of the 1952 Davis-Breen revival. This is the only known recording of an actual performance made from the historic and highly acclaimed 1952 world tour of the opera. While the opera itself is not performed truly complete, it is a complete recording of that specific performance. 229:", became popular and are frequently recorded. In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, the trend has been toward productions with greater fidelity to Gershwin's original intentions, though smaller-scale productions also continue to be mounted. A complete recorded version of the score was released in 1976; since then, it has been recorded several times. 301:(a small island near Charleston), where Gershwin got a feel for the locale and its music. He worked on the opera there and in New York. Ira Gershwin, in New York, wrote lyrics to some of the opera's classic songs, most notably "It Ain't Necessarily So". Most of the lyrics, including "Summertime", were written by Heyward, who also wrote the libretto. 2814:. Included was the original Bess, Anne Brown, recreating her performance. The scene includes a more elaborate (and historically inaccurate) arrangement for the film of the song "Summertime", sung by Anne Brown as Bess with full chorus, but the Catfish Row set design is a virtual duplicate of the one seen in the 1935 Broadway stage production. 1906:

to church choirs, but was having a hard time finding directors ... I don't think there was a single black person, of those who had never been associated with Porgy, who didn't seriously bad-mouth it." Nevertheless, a cast was assembled of African American classically trained performers from all around the country.

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she wants to, and she tells him that although she wants to stay ("I Wants to Stay Here"), she is afraid of Crown's hold on her. Porgy asks her what would happen if there was no Crown, and Bess tells Porgy she loves him and begs him to protect her. Porgy promises that she will never have to be afraid again ("

1997:," says Lisa Daltirus, one of two singers who will play Bess on the UK tour. "A lot of people just think that this is a show that is lovely to listen to and happened way back when. They're not thinking that you can still find places where this is real. And if we're not careful we could be right back there." 2024:

originally agreed to the casting requirements, it ultimately declined to do so when the wording was not included in the written contract. This production galvanized conservative commentators who lauded it as a success over "political correctness". Ultimately, Tams-Witmark required the Hungarian State

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in 1939, ran into similar troubles. According to Barbara Cyrus, one of the few black students then at the university, members of the local African-American community saw the play as "detrimental to the race" and as a vehicle that promoted racist stereotypes. The play was canceled due to pressure from

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On a beautiful morning, Porgy is released from jail, where he has been arrested for contempt of court after refusing to look at Crown's body. He returns to Catfish Row much richer after playing craps with his cellmates. He gives gifts to the residents, and pulls out a beautiful red dress for Bess. He

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men, then it's highly likely she'll end up with none. Bess is heard singing Clara's lullaby to her baby, whom she is now taking care of. ("Summertime" ). Once Catfish Row is dark, Crown stealthily enters to claim Bess, but is confronted by Porgy. A fight ensues that ends when Porgy kills Crown. Porgy

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who, tired of his job, decides to give it up and join Jake and the other fishermen. Porgy, a disabled beggar, enters on his goat cart to organize the game. Peter, an elderly "honey man" returns, singing his vendor's call. Crown, a strong and brutal stevedore, storms in with his woman, Bess, and buys

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and Robert Breen produced a revival in 1952 which restored much of the music cut in the Crawford version, including many of the recitatives. It divided the opera into two acts, with the intermission occurring after Crown forces Bess to stay on Kittiwah Island. This version restored the work to a more

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is a folk tale. Its people naturally would sing folk music. When I first began work on the music I decided against the use of original folk material because I wanted the music to be all of one piece. Therefore I wrote my own spirituals and folksongs. But they are still folk music—and therefore, being

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Although members of the jazz community initially felt that a Jewish-American composer and a white novelist could not adequately convey the plight of black people in a 1930s Charleston ghetto, jazz musicians warmed up more to the opera after twenty years, and more jazz-based recordings of it began to

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In the 1976 Houston Opera production, the director, Sherwin Goldman, had trouble finding interested performers. Goldman, a white Texas native and a graduate of Yale and Oxford Universities, recalled, "I was auditioning singers all around the country, I guess thirty cities in all, from theater groups

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The detective enters and talks with Serena and her friends about the murders of Crown and Robbins. They deny knowledge of Crown's murder, frustrating the detective. Needing a witness for the coroner's inquest, he next questions an apprehensive Porgy. Once Porgy admits to knowing Crown, he is ordered

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As the rest of Catfish Row prepares for the church picnic on nearby Kittiwah Island, Sportin' Life again offers to take Bess to New York with him; she refuses. He attempts to give her some "happy dust" despite her claims that she's given up drugs, but Porgy grabs his arm and scares him off. Sportin'

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sang the role of Bess. Nunn's "opening up" of the stage production was considered highly imaginative; his cast received much critical praise, and the three-hour production retained nearly all of Gershwin's music, heard in the original 1935 orchestrations. This included the opera's sung recitatives,

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is the first to observe Gershwin's cuts and thus present the opera as it was heard in New York in 1935. The musical cuts made on this album coincide almost exactly with those in the 1951 album, with the exception that "The Buzzard Song", usually cut in early productions, is heard on the 1951 album,

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woman, Peter (the Honey Man) and a crab man each pass by with their wares ("Vendors' Trio"). As the clock chimes five, Bess recovers from her fever. Porgy tells Bess that he knows she has been with Crown, and she admits that Crown has promised to return for her. Porgy tells her she is free to go if

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Jake and the other fishermen prepare for work ("It take a long pull to get there"). Clara asks Jake not to go because it is time for the annual storms, but he tells her that they desperately need the money. This causes Porgy to sing from his window about his new, happy-go-lucky outlook on life. ("I

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Before the opening, Paulus, Parks and Murray made statements to the press about the production's primary goal being to "introduce the work to the next generation of theatergoers". They discussed changes to the opera's plot, dialogue and score that were being explored to make the work more appealing

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For the first time, an American opera company, not a Broadway production company, had tackled the opera. This production was based on Gershwin's original full score. It did not incorporate the cuts and other changes that Gershwin had made before the New York premiere, nor the ones made for the 1942

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As opposed to the American productions from 1942 up until 1976, the 1965 Volksoper production was performed as an opera as George Gershwin conceived it and was based on the original 1935-Broadway production, i.e., restoring the sung recitatives as well as opening cuts similar to 1935. The conductor

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included several Māori opera singers, deemed by the Gershwin trust to be consistent with the requirement for black artists as the cast. The experience of working with a Broadway musical director, Ella Gerber, and being in the cast (from chorus to a minor character role) was a unique opportunity for

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allegedly stated "the times are here to debunk Gershwin's lampblack Negroisms," but the quote was probably invented by a journalist who interviewed Ellington about the opera. Ellington publicly repudiated the article shortly after its publication. Ellington's response to the 1952 Breen revival was

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The mourners sing a spiritual to Robbins ("Gone, Gone, Gone"). To raise money for his burial, a saucer is placed on his chest for the mourners' donations ("Overflow"). Bess enters with Porgy and attempts to donate to the burial fund, but Serena rejects her money until Bess explains that she is now

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were finally given a chance to record their roles more or less complete. The album was highly acclaimed as a giant step in recorded opera in its time. It was re-released at budget price on the Odyssey label in the early 1970s. It has subsequently appeared on CD on Sony's "Masterworks Heritage" CD

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to write: "What you hear is basically Mr. Nunn's acclaimed Glyndebourne Festival production, the original cast intact. What you see was filmed later in a London studio. The performers, some new to the production, are lip-synching. It's as if an elaborate visual aid had been concocted for the EMI

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A group of women mourn Clara, Jake, and all of those who have been killed in the storm ("Clara, Clara, don't you be downhearted"). When they begin to mourn for Crown as well, Sportin' Life laughs at them and is told off by Maria. He insinuates that Crown may not be dead, and observes that when a

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A week later, Jake leaves to go fishing with his crew, one of whom observes that it looks as if a storm is coming in. Peter, still unsure of his crime, returns from prison. Meanwhile, Bess is lying in Porgy's room delirious with fever, which she has had ever since returning from Kittiwah Island.

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Early reviews of the show were positive to mixed. All praised McDonald's performance of Bess, but critics were divided on the success of the adaptation, staging and setting. Some praised the intimate scale of the drama and the believability of the performances; others found the staging to be

822:. The 1986 Trevor Nunn production was scenically expanded and videotaped for television in 1993 (see below in "Television"). These productions were also based on the "complete score," without incorporating Gershwin's revisions. A semi-staged version of this production was performed at 2781:

in the U.S. only once, in 1967. Critics attacked it for not being faithful to Gershwin's opera, for over-refining the language grammatically, and for its "overblown" staging. The film was removed from release in 1974 by the Gershwin estate. In 2011, it was selected to the U.S.

49: 2509:—the most complete recording made of the opera up to that time. It was billed as a "complete" version, but was complete only insofar as that was the way the work was usually performed then. (Actually, nearly an hour was cut from the opera.) Because album producer 360:

in New York City on October 10, 1935. During rehearsals and in Boston, Gershwin made many cuts and refinements to shorten the running time and tighten the dramatic action. The run on Broadway lasted 124 performances. The production and direction were entrusted to

1834:, a white American composer, stated that "Folklore subjects recounted by an outsider are only valid as long as the folk in question is unable to speak for itself, which is certainly not true of the American Negro in 1935." An apocryphal quote attributed to 1817:

Ira Gershwin stipulated that only black people be allowed to play the lead roles when the opera was performed in the United States, launching the careers of several prominent opera singers. Gershwin sought to write a true jazz opera and believed that

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The residents of Catfish Row are all gathered in Serena's room for shelter from the hurricane. They drown out the sound of the storm with prayers and hymns ("Oh, Doctor Jesus") while Sportin' Life mocks their assumption that the storm is a signal of

951:(London), directed by Trevor Nunn. (Although that was the title given to this production, the 1993 television adaptation of Nunn's 1986 production had also used it.) For this new production, he adapted the lengthy opera to fit the conventions of 837:

that travelled to ten cities with co-producing opera companies: Cleveland, Dallas, Irvine, Los Angeles, Miami, Minneapolis, Portland, San Diego, San Francisco, Seattle; and Japan in 1996. The two-million dollar production included cast members

492:, whom Gershwin had first envisioned as Bess, replaced Brown in the role. Moten was such a success that Bess became her signature role. The Crawford production ran for nine months and was far more successful financially than the original. 2103:. In a sociological survey of Jewish American culture, the author remarked, "One musicologist detected 'an uncanny resemblance' between the folk tune 'Havenu Shalom Aleichem' and the spiritual 'It Take a Long Pull to Get There' from 412:

After the Broadway run, a tour started on January 27, 1936, in Philadelphia and traveled to Pittsburgh and Chicago before ending in Washington, DC, on March 21, 1936. During the Washington run, the cast—as led by Todd Duncan—protested

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which have occasionally been turned into spoken dialogue in other productions. No extra dialogue was written for this production, as had been done in the 1959 film. All performers lip-synched rather than singing live on set, leading

3731:", 1997) have made recordings of "Summertime". An international group of collectors of recordings of "Summertime" by the name "The Summertime Connection" claims more than 30,000 recorded performances (many live) in their collection. 2914:. This version featured far more cuts than the previous telecast, but, like nearly all stage versions produced since 1976, used the sung recitatives and Gershwin's orchestrations. The telecast also included interviews with director 2859:

when shown on television. It was telecast by the BBC in England and by PBS in the United States. It featured a cast of operatic American singers, with the exception of Willard White, who is Jamaican but sounded American, as Porgy.

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criticizing Paulus, McDonald and Parks' "disdain... toward the opera itself" and criticized the new title '"as just dumb" because it underplayed the contribution of Heyward. The complete text of Sondheim's letter may be seen at

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staff singers could never master the jazz idiom, which could instead only be sung by a black cast. Some black singers were overjoyed at Gershwin's work, going so far as to describe him as the "Abraham Lincoln of Negro music".

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Herman, Kenneth. Performing Arts: 'Porgy' Gets a Cultural Makeover: Director Hope Clarke has added a historic African American flavor to Gershwin's classic characters on “Catfish Row.” Los Angeles Times. March 5, 1995.

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which Americans were used to hearing from Gershwin, Crawford produced a drastically cut version of the opera compared with the first Broadway staging. The orchestra was reduced, the cast was halved, and many

535:. After 22 sold-out performances, the Nazis forced the theater to close the production. Other all- or mostly white productions in Europe, reflecting contemporary demographics in the countries, took place in 1843:

the superbest, singing the gonest, acting the craziest, Gershwin the greatest." Several of the members of the original cast later stated that they, too, had concerns that their characters might play into a

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The opera begins with a short introduction which segues into an evening in Catfish Row. Jasbo Brown entertains the community with his piano playing. Clara, a young mother, sings a lullaby to her baby ("

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as he felt was practical on records at the time, the recording featured more of Gershwin's original recitatives and orchestrations than had ever been heard before. The recording was conducted by

1989:. Most of the cast were black South Africans; American singers involved in the production have found the "passionate identification with the opera" by the South African singers "a wake-up call". 1030:

was the second production initiated by the Gershwin and Heyward estates to adapt the opera for the musical theater stage. Again spoken dialogue, here written by Parks, replaced the opera's sung

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premiere in 1965 (again with William Warfield as Porgy), these did little to change many African Americans' opinions of the work. Many music critics still had not accepted it as a true opera.

3780:, a racially diverse doo-wop group, recorded a version as a follow-up to their hit "Blue Moon" in 1961. It was unusual in that it was recorded in a major key rather than Gershwin's minor key. 623:

as Bess. The production first performed in Venice, Paris, and London, and in other cities in Belgium, Germany, Greece, Italy, Switzerland, and Yugoslavia. The company also made a stop at the

214:. It deals with his attempts to rescue Bess from the clutches of Crown, her violent and possessive lover, and Sportin' Life, her drug dealer. The opera plot generally follows the stage play. 2575:: The first complete recording of the opera based on Gershwin's original score, restoring the material cut by Gershwin during rehearsals for the New York premiere in 1935, was made by the 1933:

I thought it beneath me, I felt I had worked far too hard, that we had come far too far to have to retrogress to 1935. My way of dealing with it was to see that it was really a piece of

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African American actors, who did not speak in such dialect, would be coached in it. Florence James attempted a compromise of dropping the use of dialect but the production was canceled.

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in March 1953. It later toured North America. After completing its North American run in Montreal, the company embarked on an international tour, with LeVern Hutcherson as Porgy and

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Life leaves, reminding Bess as he goes that her men friends come and go, but he will be there all along. Bess and Porgy are now left alone, and express their love for each other ("

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pointed out in a special edition DVD release of the film that it was necessary to locate a Russian woman of color (Helene Denbey) to portray Bess, as per Gershwin's stipulations.

389:. She wrote him and asked to sing for him, and Gershwin's secretary invited her. Gershwin was impressed and began asking Brown to come and sing the songs as he composed them for 3025:. It is based on Gershwin's original scoring, though for a slightly different instrumentation (the piano was removed from the orchestral texture at the request of the conductor 877:. It incorporated Gershwin's cuts made for the New York premiere, thus giving the audience an idea of what the opera sounded like on its Broadway opening. In 2000 and 2002 the 6614: 2322: 8611: 6903: 262:

in 1926 and proposed to Heyward to collaborate on an operatic version. In 1934, Gershwin and Heyward began work on the project by visiting the author's native Charleston,

5710: 2706:, was plagued with problems. Rouben Mamoulian, who had directed the 1935 Broadway premiere, was hired to direct the film, but was subsequently fired in favor of director 2538:

series, and on the Naxos label as well. The album is not sung in as directly "operatic" a style as later versions, treading a fine line between opera and musical theater.

2067:, aside from those of American jazz and black religious music, are the European composers whose music Gershwin studied and absorbed during his tutelage with the likes of 7840: 4360: 1052: 6502: 3656: 3190: 2357: 2320:

rushed other members of the cast into the recording studio to record other selections not recorded in 1940. These two albums were marketed as a two-volume 78 rpm set

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On December 1, 1935, during the Broadway run, Todd Duncan and Anne Brown performed "Summertime", "I Got Plenty o' Nuttin'" and "Bess, You Is My Woman Now" on NBC's

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living with Porgy. A white detective enters and coldly tells Serena that she must bury her husband the next day, or his body will be given to medical students (for

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for McDonald. The production ran through September 23, 2012. It played 322 performances, 17 more than the 1953 revival, making it the longest-running production of

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after a fire on the sound stage destroyed the film's sets. Goldwyn, who never liked making films on location, considered Mamoulian's request a sign of disloyalty.

5640: 6968: 6929: 6518: 3056: 2087:, whose influence, if not as important as his followers claim, is notable throughout. Some commenters have believed they heard similarities to melodies heard in 4433: 3794: 6029: 6922: 6533: 3081: 2549:, who led the original 1935 production and the 1942 revival, conducts. Some of the sung recitatives are still performed as spoken dialogue in the production. 7444: 6936: 4572: 3514:

music for an RCA Red Seal recording release "Strike Up The Band". The printed version then became available to performers from Hal Leonard Publishing Corp.

5379:, London. Recorded using B&W loudspeakers. Box cover, booklet cover & photos: Guy Gravett. Original sound recording made By EMI Records Ltd. 1989 4179: 3674:

Numerous other musicians have recorded "Summertime" in varying styles, including both instrumental and vocal recordings; it may be even the most popular

3461: 1696:). He suddenly accuses Peter of Robbins's murder. Peter denies his guilt and says Crown was the murderer. The Detective orders Peter to be arrested as a 297:

In the fall of 1933 Gershwin and Heyward signed a contract with the Theatre Guild to write the opera. In the summer of 1934 Gershwin and Heyward went to

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contains many songs that have become popular in their own right, becoming standards in jazz and blues in addition to their original operatic setting.

7903: 7889: 3525: 4602: 2118:). Notable in this respect are the reprises of "Bess, you is my woman now" and "I got plenty o' nuttin' " which conclude act 2, scene 1. The song " 4455: 2777:. Much of the music was omitted from the film, and many of Gershwin's orchestrations were either changed or completely scrapped. It was shown on 2416: 1174: 4531: 2792:

and Bobby Geisler announced in 2019 that they are developing a re-envisioned and updated film version with the approval of the Gershwin estate.

2446:, the original Sportin' Life, substituted for Cab Calloway (who had played Sportin' Life onstage in the 1952 production). The 1963 recording of 1747:

Serena prays to remove Bess's affliction ("Oh, Doctor Jesus"), and promises Porgy that Bess will be well by five o'clock. As the day passes, a

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portrayal of aspects of African-American life. The director initially envisioned that they would perform the play in a "Negro dialect." These

955:. Working with the Gershwin and Heyward estates, Nunn used dialogue from the original novel and subsequent Broadway stage play to replace the 8566: 6110: 5662: 5473: 5375:. Producer: David R. Murray; Balance Engineer: Mark Vigars; Assistant Producer: Tony Harrison; Production Assistant: Alison Fox. Recorded at 2766:

performed the songs sung by the Sportin’ Life character because Davis's label, Decca records, released a competing album featuring Davis and

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that Sondheim had very little exposure to black culture and that the Paulus version succeeded in "humanizing the depiction of race onstage."

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in January 1942. Duncan and Brown reprised their roles as the title characters, with Alexander Smallens again conducting. In June, contralto

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provided the musical adaptation. Despite mostly positive reviews, Nunn's production closed months early because of poor box office returns.

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Gershwin's first version of the opera, running four hours (counting the two intermissions), was performed privately in a concert version in

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Ambassadors of the Arts: An Analysis of the Eisenhower Administration's Incorporation of Porgy and Bess Into its Cold War Foreign Policy

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The music reflects his New York jazz roots, but also draws on southern black traditions. Gershwin modeled the pieces after each type of

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The chorus enjoys themselves at the picnic ("I ain't got no shame"). Sportin' Life presents the chorus his cynical views on the Bible ("

421:. Eventually management gave in to the demands, resulting in the first integrated audience for a performance of any show at that venue. 713:; it restored the complete original score for the first time. Following its debut in Houston, the production opened on Broadway at the 2827:

performed "There's a Boat Dat's Leavin' Soon for New York" as Sportin' Life. Hines' rendition, before a Siberian audience, included a

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The centennial celebration of the Gershwin brothers from 1996 to 1998 included a new production as well. On February 24–25, 2006, the

812:. The production received 16 performances in its first season and was revived in 1986, 1989 and 1990, for a total of 54 performances. 594:. Price and Warfield met and wed while on the tour. The role of Porgy was the first for Warfield after his appearance as Joe singing " 7179: 4962: 3937: 3265:

performance that features Stewart and Williams (who appear separately), arranged and conducted by Jim Timmens. Recorded in late 1958.

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mostly languished on the shelves, a victim of its perceived racism. Though new productions took place in 1961 and 1964, along with a

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Opera to include in its printed material that this production "is contrary to the requirements for the presentation of this work".

1110: 1026:. Previews started August 17, and the show opened August 31, 2011. Following Trevor Nunn's latest production of the work, the ART 889:

staged a revival directed by Francesca Zambello and conducted by John DeMain, who led the history-making Houston Opera revival of

199:

in New York City. It featured a cast of classically trained African-American singers—a daring artistic choice at the time. A 1976

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radio program. Duncan and Brown also appeared on the 1937 CBS Gershwin memorial concert on September 8, 1937, broadcast from the

414: 385:, the first African-American vocalist admitted there, when she read that George Gershwin was going to write a musical version of 2887:. It has won far greater acclaim than the 1959 film, which was widely panned by most critics. The 1993 television production of 8546: 8215: 7661: 7030: 6565: 3153: 5678: 2929:

to critical acclaim. The production was recorded at that time and shown on PBS in the fall of 2014, and was later released on

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in 2003. The board selects recordings on an annual basis that are "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant."

959:

with naturalistic scenes. He did not use operatic voices in this production, but relied on musical theater actors as leads.

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was seen as more and more out of date. When the play was revived in the 1960s, social critic and African-American educator

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Clara watches the water, fearful for Jake. Maria tries to allay her fears, but suddenly the hurricane bell begins to ring.

627:

in Egypt in January 1955. In 1955–1956 the company toured in cities in the Middle East, Africa, Russia, and Latin America.

356:

in Boston on September 30, 1935—the try-out for a work intended initially for Broadway where the opening took place at the

2738:'s Clara were also dubbed. Although Dandridge and Carroll were singers, their voices were not considered operatic enough. 444:

took on the role of Sportin' Life for the first time, a role he continued to play in many productions over a long career.

8403: 7882: 7773: 7381: 6684: 6638: 6377: 5028: 3690: 3021: 2971: 2610: 1185:

After an absence of nearly thirty years on the Met stage, the company staged the new 2018 London production conducted by

418: 5076: 3478:, who was an admirer, performer and arranger of Gershwin's music, completed a twenty-minute piece for two pianos titled 515:. The 12-inch-diameter 78 rpm, glass base, lacquer-coated disks were transferred to open-reel tape on February 6, 1975. 8586: 8576: 8571: 8541: 7633: 6510: 5921: 5130: 4836: 3855: 3660: 3207: 2365: 5764: 4870: 2629:

and the "Occupational Humoresque", heard on the 2006 album, is not heard on the 1951 album at all. This version stars

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Over time, however, the opera gained acceptance from the opera community and some in the African-American community.

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in Milan in February 1955. A historic yet tense premiere took place in Leningrad in December 1955; it was during the

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production gained it a renewed popularity, and it is now one of the best known and most frequently performed operas.

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CD, with Simon Estes (who sang Porgy in the first Metropolitan Opera production of the work) and Roberta Alexander.

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in New York broadcast a live one-hour version on May 7, 1942. The cast included Todd Duncan, Anne Brown, Ruby Elzy,

8556: 7826: 7388: 6855: 6646: 6220: 6024: 5506: 2750:(who played Sportin' Life, Crown and Maria, respectively) were the only principals who provided their own singing. 2617: 2461:

recorded an album of excerpts in which the two of them sang several roles. The album was arranged and conducted by

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was under contract to another recording company, and his vocal tracks for the film could not be used on the album.

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less than two months after the composer's death, along with several other members of the Broadway cast, including

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excerpts remains the only official recording of the score on which Bubbles sings Sportin' Life's two big numbers.

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top 20 hit. Other songs she recorded included "Porgy, I's Your Woman Now" , "Summertime" and "My Man's Gone Now".

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The Gershwin estate was disappointed with the film, as the score was substantially edited to make it more like a

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the African-American community, which saw their success as proof of the increasing political power of blacks in

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arranged a medley (rather than a suite) for orchestra which has often been heard in the concert hall, known as

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belongs as much to the black singer-actors who bring it to life as it does to the Heywards and the Gershwins."

3763:

performed "I Loves You, Porgy" in a tribute to the Nina Simone version at the 2008 Grammy Nominations Concert.

3542:. It was originally planned for release in 1990, but was held up by legal objections from the Gershwin estate. 8112: 7479: 7221: 7172: 6440: 5368: 4852: 4311: 3583: 2198: 1922: 590:

as Sportin' Life, a role that Gershwin had composed with him in mind. The role of Ruby was played by a young

3978: 3900: 2326:. After LPs began to be manufactured in 1948, the recording was transferred to LP, and subsequently, to CD. 1937:, of American history, whether we liked it or not. Whether I sing it or not, it was still going to be there. 531:

occupation of the country, this performance was notable for being performed by an all-white cast made up in

511:, Harriet Jackson, Georgette Harvey, Jack Carr, and the Eva Jessye Choir; the WOR Symphony was conducted by 8371: 8331: 8283: 7598: 7067: 6765: 6306: 3790: 2759: 2376: 729:. It allowed the public to take in the operatic whole as first envisioned by the composer. In this light, 8027: 7801: 7626: 7098: 6630: 6622: 6495: 5291: 4991: 4299: 4114: 3820: 3120: 1186: 485: 298: 4141: 8551: 8491: 8419: 8004: 7808: 7794: 7535: 7514: 7057: 7003: 6910: 6845: 6478: 6454: 6262: 4421: 4248: 3644: 3603: 2660: 2316:

recorded selections from the work. Two years later, when the first Broadway revival occurred, American

2262: 2034: 2021: 1986: 1876: 1735: 1646: 1384: 1210: 1011: 925: 706: 508: 211: 5423: 4781: 1969:, as heir to his brother, consistently refused to permit these productions to be staged. But in 2009, 7731: 7354: 7327: 7108: 7023: 6875: 6662: 6558: 6447: 5355: 4995: 3593: 3257: 3195: 1958: 1723: 1231: 353: 112: 2533:. Several singers who had been associated with the original 1935 production and the 1942 revival of 1902:

called it, "The most incongruous, contradictory cultural symbol ever created in the Western World."

7970: 7295: 7165: 7047: 6989: 6961: 6793: 5112: 2819: 2810:, featured an extended musical scene recreating the opening of the original Broadway production of 1015: 5481: 4080: 3958: 2910:

telecast its new version of the Houston Opera production, in a live performance from the stage of

1929:, who excelled in the 1985 Metropolitan Opera production as Bess, made the often cited statement: 8616: 8521: 8427: 8355: 8080: 7759: 7689: 7235: 7228: 7118: 7088: 6737: 6677: 6299: 6245: 6185: 5389: 4679: 2806: 1978: 1917:. Poitier found the opera insulting and only took on the film role due to coercion from producer 1871: 1852: 1848:

that African Americans lived in poverty, took drugs, and solved their problems with their fists.

1352: 1138: 1069: 971: 917: 616: 571:

was warmly received throughout Europe. The London premiere took place on October 9, 1952, at the

6149:(University of North Carolina Press; 2012) 448 pages; traces the history of the opera since 1935 4603:"Breaking News: The Gershwin's Porgy & Bess Moves Broadway Closing Up to September 23, 2012" 3753:

recorded a small jazz combo version of "There's a Boat Dat's Leavin' Soon for New York" on her "

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1952: Guild (not released until 2008): A live recording of a September 21, 1952, performance of

784:

in 1985 after considering it since the 1930s. It opened February 6, 1985, with a cast including

749:

starred, respectively, as Bess and Sportin' Life. This production won the Houston Grand Opera a

8531: 8526: 7619: 7500: 7486: 3016: 2783: 2481:. It was jazz-based with full orchestrations, but the orchestrations used were not Gershwin's. 2226: 1170: 746: 5122: 4826: 3845: 1851:

A planned production by the Negro Repertory Company of Seattle in the late 1930s, part of the

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The most fundamental influences on the composition and orchestrations in evidence throughout

2013: 1887: 870: 819: 766: 602: 457: 352:, who also directed her own renowned choir. The world premiere performance took place at the 222: 8561: 8536: 8200: 7752: 7717: 7591: 7563: 7542: 7303: 7242: 6772: 6433: 5645: 3743: 3573: 3351: 2947: 2637: 2564:

is Bess. The only 3-LP version of most of the opera with white singers. (Released on CD by

2502: 2268: 1891: 1701: 913: 905: 524: 4217: 3996: 8: 8435: 8323: 8171: 8104: 8050: 7875: 7861: 7847: 7549: 7260: 6982: 6914: 6865: 6831: 4714: 4040: 3816: 3771: 3741:

songs. She made her debut in 1959 with a version of "I Loves You, Porgy", which became a

3362: 3166: 2907: 2656: 2640:, an unusual choice for this Gershwin opera, conducted a recording of an almost complete 2599: 2576: 2530: 2096: 2016:

featured a predominantly white cast. While the opera was presented in the context of the

1982: 1934: 1475: 1202: 1035: 921: 878: 830: 702: 652: 5553: 3395: 2505:: the company recorded a 3-LP album of what was then the standard performing version of 2083:. Cowell's key contribution, however, may have been to suggest that Gershwin study with 8243: 7465: 7335: 6730: 6670: 6461: 6272: 5884: 5801: 5731:

A Descriptive Discography of Horn Music Based on the Curtiss Blake Collection, Volume 3

5432: 5376: 5189: 5085: 5000: 4741: 4401: 4330: 4180:"The most exciting, the most spectacular production in the show history of New Zealand" 4149: 4122: 3884: 3760: 3619: 2867: 2778: 2710:

after a disagreement with the producer. Mamoulian urged making the film on location in

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in December 2011 and officially opened on January 12, 2012. The original cast included

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and the first time an American theater group had been to the Soviet capital since the

8454: 8347: 8275: 8267: 7833: 7696: 7647: 7577: 7437: 7395: 7013: 6943: 6824: 6779: 6174: 6157: 6136: 6122: 6094: 6054: 6037: 6003: 5984: 5978: 5960: 5954: 5939: 5917: 5747: 5460: 5126: 5116: 4949: 4932: 4832: 4736: 4207:, photograph from the dress rehearsal, and some comment on the show's Australian tour 3851: 2979: 2915: 2727: 2553: 2510: 2076: 1961:, several South African theater companies planned to put on all-white productions of 1860: 1827: 1214: 1102:

magazine ranked the show as its number two choice among theater productions in 2011.

886: 882: 805: 801: 734: 665: 624: 54: 6147:

The Strange Career of Porgy and Bess: Race, Culture, and America's Most Famous Opera

4800: 2847:, not to be confused with his later production, was greatly expanded scenically and 2686: 8462: 8395: 7943: 7937: 7710: 7287: 6996: 6723: 6281: 5931: 5332: 5328: 5264: 3754: 3705: 3456: 3212: 3065: 2526: 2522: 2431: 2288: 2092: 1697: 1418: 1162: 1146: 1081: 1043: 1003: 960: 721:. This version was very influential in turning the tide of opinion about the work. 691: 595: 583: 500: 382: 362: 196: 130: 58: 5055:

to Europe—The only opera company in South Africa is on the road to Britain with a

4415: 4264: 2758:, the film's only Oscar. An associated soundtrack recording was released on LP by 1909:

Gershwin's all-black opera was also unpopular with some celebrated black artists.

484:

arranged for Crawford to bring her production to Broadway. The show opened at the

8596: 8339: 8163: 7931: 7675: 7668: 7458: 7311: 7188: 6700: 6693: 6409: 6394: 6166: 6033: 5829: 5715: 5168: 5032: 4635: 4583: 4558: 4356: 4318: 4287:

https://www.deseret.com/1995/1/29/19156009/porgy-and-bess-to-launch-10-stop-tour/

3871: 3441: 3330: 3314: 3252: 3185: 3181: 3072: 3047: 2956: 2832: 2774: 2739: 2735: 2715: 2649: 2645: 2630: 2489: 2485: 2443: 2412: 2400: 2392: 2353: 2349: 2162: 1970: 1910: 1336: 1158: 1154: 1098: 1023: 952: 909: 897: 854:, who became the first African American to direct a professional U.S. staging of 839: 797: 567:

operatic form, though not all of the recitatives were retained. In this version,

469: 453: 402: 333: 252: 174: 158: 40: 5779: 4241: 2751: 2052:, praying songs, street cries, work songs, and spirituals and blended them with 550: 210:

tells the story of Porgy, a disabled black street beggar living in the slums of

8411: 8363: 8315: 8307: 8259: 8179: 7920: 7854: 7787: 7682: 7605: 7319: 6817: 6404: 6249: 5711:"Earl Wild: Virtuoso pianist whose work sparked a revival of interest in Liszt" 5351: 5324: 5021: 4899: 4486: 3724: 3668: 3652: 3507: 3475: 3433: 3402: 3341: 3162: 3148: 3137: 3133: 3125: 2987: 2952: 2911: 2861: 2719: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2592: 2584: 2427: 2250: 2154: 2072: 2068: 1942: 1918: 1914: 1835: 1831: 1400: 1318: 1142: 1085: 1073: 1061: 975: 579: 433: 263: 166: 70: 7996: 5535: 5025: 3037:

each arranged an orchestral suite, premiering in 1956 and 1966, respectively.

2556:: A version of the opera more heavily oriented toward jazz than the original. 2329:

Also in 1940, baritone Bruce Foote released a 78-RPM album of selections from

8515: 8379: 8291: 8187: 8136: 8120: 7745: 7451: 6896: 6786: 6338: 6046: 5909: 4701: 4094: 3728: 3709: 3694: 3675: 3664: 3640: 3529: 3449: 3445: 3423: 3391: 3279: 3174: 3170: 3034: 2983: 2919: 2896: 2824: 2755: 2723: 2588: 2572: 2565: 2442:. None of the other singers from that production appeared on that album, but 2404: 2344:

released a 78-RPM jazz album of excerpts from the opera on an obscure label.

2317: 2238: 2222: 2182: 2158: 2100: 1579: 1485: 1274: 1206: 1194: 1190: 1092:

as Jake. All of the major roles are played by the same cast as in Cambridge.

1019: 1007: 967: 948: 928:. In October 2010, its planned tour of the opera to Israel was criticized by 793: 738: 647: 572: 563: 465: 437: 345: 242: 185: 90: 7980: 2998:

Gershwin prepared an orchestral suite containing music from the opera after

8505: 8096: 7925: 7654: 7521: 6708: 6697: 6399: 6343: 5372: 4089: 3983: 3682: 3437: 3379: 3306: 3223: 3105: 3051: 3030: 3026: 2801: 2789: 2767: 2763: 2747: 2743: 2731: 2625: 2580: 2561: 2518: 2478: 2470: 2462: 2420: 2396: 2337: 2299:, recorded highlights of the opera in a New York sound studio, released as 2292: 2202: 2146: 2095:

heard a similarity between the melody of "It Ain't Necessarily So" and the

2088: 2080: 1966: 1926: 1913:

declined to play Porgy in the late 1950s film version, so the role went to

1899: 1769: 1700:, whom he will force to testify against Crown. Serena laments her loss in " 1629: 1089: 999: 979: 929: 866: 809: 789: 754: 714: 650:

traveled with the cast and crew, and wrote an account included in his book

591: 587: 248: 179: 170: 6256: 5751: 3129: 2557: 8128: 7472: 6370: 5974: 5453: 5180: 5037: 4929:

DuBose Heyward: A Charleston Gentleman and the World of "Porgy and Bess."

4137: 3777: 3767: 3750: 3734: 3716: 3539: 3490: 3375: 3287: 3283: 3248: 3241: 3237: 3202: 3194:(Verve, released 1958). Featuring an orchestra arranged and conducted by 3141: 3093: 3008: 2975: 2892: 2454: 2388: 2361: 2309: 2230: 2170: 1855:, was canceled because actors were displeased with what they viewed as a 1642: 1561: 1501: 1459: 1279: 1137:

from July 17 to August 23. Cast members included Rufus Bonds Jr (Porgy),

1124: 1106: 985: 851: 847: 843: 815: 785: 742: 718: 710: 620: 481: 429: 374: 365:, who had previously directed the Broadway productions of Heyward's play 5914:

The Life and Times of 'Porgy and Bess': The Story of an American Classic

4996:"Sidney Poitier, Who Paved the Way for Black Actors in Film, Dies at 94" 2970:

has been broadcast by the Metropolitan Opera three times as part of the

2041:

community, which he felt had preserved some African musical traditions.

195:

was first performed in Boston on September 30, 1935, before it moved to

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Porgy and Bess to Launch 10-stop Tour. Deseret News. January 29, 1995.

3686: 3416: 3355: 3334: 3318: 3310: 3269: 3233: 3158: 3097: 3076: 2855:

studio without an audience. This first Nunn production was also called

2852: 2466: 2458: 2439: 2313: 2210: 2057: 1845: 1748: 1693: 1620: 1297: 1253: 1198: 1077: 1056: 1031: 956: 935: 750: 540: 489: 474: 398: 378: 349: 6692: 6189:(The Ohio State University; 1994) 183 pages; In-depth analysis of how 6119:

Dubose Heyward: A Charleston Gentleman and the World of Porgy and Bess

5625:

An American in Paris ; Suite from Porgy and Bess (Music LP, 1956)

4300:

https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1995-03-05-ca-39028-story.html

3415:(Pablo Records, released 1976). Duet recordings with Peterson playing 3215:, released 1959). Features a jazz orchestra arranged and conducted by 3002:

closed early on Broadway. Though it was originally titled "Suite from

1628:

With the exception of a few speaking roles, all of the characters are

1038:

and Christopher Jahnke created new orchestrations for the production.

8443: 8251: 7780: 6206: 5063: 4969:, November–December 2002, University of Minnesota Alumni Association. 4963:"The Way Spaces Were Allocated: African Americans on Campus, Part II" 4509: 3701: 3486: 3322: 3232:(RCA Camden, released in 1959). Most tracks featuring a septet, with 3216: 2960: 2848: 2828: 2655:

2014: EuroArts Music International: DVD and Blu-ray recorded live by

2341: 2234: 2218: 2194: 2111: 2045: 2003: 1675: 1413: 1368: 1307: 1150: 846:, Terry Cook, Larry Marshall, and Stacey Robinson; musical conductor 823: 544: 532: 504: 441: 406: 405:

created the role of Sportin' Life; the role of Serena was created by

318: 6287:

Portrait of the opera in the online opera guide www.opera-inside.com

6267: 1042:

to a contemporary audience. In response, esteemed Broadway composer

818:

first tackled the work in an acclaimed 1986 production at England's

536: 8144: 6758: 6751: 6233:

Opera guide to Porgy and Bess (Comments, Video Links, History etc.)

6227: 6194: 4631:, Regent's Park Open Air Theatre, review: Gloriously sung Gershwin" 4588: 4365: 3945: 3774:

both recorded instrumental versions of "Bess, You is My Woman Now".

3720: 3406: 3387: 3302: 3262: 3086: 2613:

also based on the complete original score, without Gershwin's cuts.

2474: 2369: 2178: 2150: 1313: 639: 635: 496: 460:, for three very successful seasons. The last of these closed with 314: 162: 7157: 3918: 3804:

was proclaimed the official opera of the state of South Carolina.

1839:

completely the opposite. His telegram to the producer read: "Your

329: 8088: 6291: 4312:"Cape Town Opera's Tour To Israel, Press release: 27 October 2010 3326: 2934: 2843:

In 1993, Trevor Nunn's Glyndebourne Festival stage production of

2699: 2214: 2190: 2174: 2166: 2138: 1973:'s production, set in 1970s South Africa and inspired by life in 1680: 1292: 5171:, I.L. Peretz Community Jewish School; Retrieved January 2, 2005 4782:"Cabbage Row – Catfish Row – Carolina Antique Maps & Prints" 3811:

recording with members of the original cast was included by the

3628:"There's a Boat Dat's Leavin' Soon for New York", act 3, scene 2 3064:, though his vocal performances were not released on the film's 2379:

released a soundtrack album of Samuel Goldwyn's film version of

2360:

in which they sang and scatted Gershwin's tunes. The next year,

2308:

Members of the original cast were not recorded until 1940, when

2267:

The 1976 and 1977 recordings of the opera won Grammy Awards for

5511:"Review/Television; Two Law Series Return, With Some Revisions" 4770:"Grammy Awards Winners & Nominees for Best Opera Recording" 3698: 2206: 2038: 1974: 1856: 1786:

woman has a man, maybe she's got him for keeps, but if she has

1641:

Place: Catfish Row, a fictitious large black tenement based on

528: 48: 6574:

The Modern Jazz Quartet Plays George Gershwin's Porgy and Bess

5278:"Gershwin: Porgy & Bess With Members of the Original Cast" 4085:

Castmember Maya Angelou Reflects on Production's Significance"

3847:

Poitier Revisited: Reconsidering a Black Icon in the Obama Age

3639:

Some of the more celebrated renditions of these songs include

3368:

The Modern Jazz Quartet Plays George Gershwin's Porgy and Bess

2033:

In the summer of 1934, George Gershwin worked on the opera in

523:

On March 27, 1943, the opera had its European premiere at the

221:

was adapted for smaller-scale performances. It was adapted as

6704: 3534:, consisting entirely of their interpretations of songs from 3278:(Capitol, released 1959). Featuring a jazz quartet including 2900: 2488:

conducted an album of excerpts from the opera, released on a

2275:

the only opera to win this award over two consecutive years.

2246: 2242: 2049: 1671: 1331: 154: 36: 8500: 8230: 4532:"Review Roundup: Norm Lewis, Audra McDonald, et al. Open in 3432:(Verve). A collection of small-group performances featuring 3157:(Interlude, released 1959). Performed by a sextet featuring 1894:

of the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s. As these movements advanced,

1791:

exclaims to Bess, "You've got a man now. You've got Porgy!"

139: 7841:

Ella Fitzgerald Sings the George and Ira Gershwin Song Book

6615:

Selections from George Gershwin's Folk Opera Porgy and Bess

4828:

The American Musical and the Formation of National Identity

3904: 2598:

1977: RCA Victor: A complete recording of the opera by the

2587:

in the U.S., in time for the U.S. Bicentennial. It starred

2323:

Selections from George Gershwin's Folk Opera Porgy and Bess

2186: 2142: 2053: 1167:

but used a new arrangement of the score by David Shrubsole.

145: 4881: 3793:

recognized the opera's cultural significance by issuing a

3510:

commissioned Luther Henderson to create an arrangement of

3350:(Verve, released 1959). Performed by Peterson's trio with 2438:, recorded their own album of excerpts from the opera for 1226:. A live cast album, released on December 17, 2019, won a 5067:, London, October 16, 2009, Retrieved on October 21, 2009 4098: 3966: 2930: 2884: 2880: 2606: 757:

for Best Opera Recording. The conductor was John DeMain.

599: 142: 6093:

Coral Gables, Florida: Opera Journeys Publishing, 2000,

3029:, for whom the arrangement was made). In addition, both 2387:

with an all-black cast. However, according to the album

336:

as Sportin' Life in the original Broadway production of

200: 5959:(Second ed.). Garden City, New Jersey: Doubleday. 3489:

prepared a virtuoso piano arrangement in the manner of

3305:

performance arranged and conducted by Potts, featuring

2925:

In 2009 the San Francisco Opera debuted the Gershwins'

1105:

The production was nominated for 10 awards in the 2012

348:, in the fall of 1935. He chose as his choral director 272:

article, Gershwin explained his motivation for calling

5734:. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin. p. 432. 5139: 4909: 3844:

Strachan, Ian Gregory; Mask, Mia (November 27, 2014).

3390:

performance of material from the opera with Louiss on

2411:

was the singing voice of Clara (portrayed onscreen by

681: 183:, itself an adaptation of DuBose Heyward's 1925 novel 8489: 5874:, Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2006. 4972: 4456:"Stephen Sondheim Takes Issue With Plan for Revamped 2399:

substituted his own vocals of Sportin' Life's songs.

1180: 8612:

United States National Recording Registry recordings

4798: 2963:. They performed several selections from the opera. 1742:

Scene 3: Catfish Row, a week later, just before dawn

717:

on September 25, 1976, and was recorded complete by

659: 309: 136: 6193:was used by Eisenhower's Administration during the 5765:"When People Were Shorter and Lived Near the Water" 3060:(Decca, 1959). Davis appeared and sang in the 1959 2419:the singing voice of Serena (portrayed onscreen by 1713:

Scene 1: Catfish Row, a month later, in the morning

672: 578:This production's original cast featured Americans 575:where the opera continued until February 10, 1953. 133: 3898: 3579:"It Take a Long Pull to Get There", act 2, scene 1 3462:Toskhiko Akiyoshi plays Gerswhin's "Porgy and Bess 1115:Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Musical 765:Another Broadway production was staged in 1983 at 424:In 1938, many of the original cast reunited for a 225:in 1959. Some of the songs in the opera, such as " 7904:Rosemary Clooney Sings the Lyrics of Ira Gershwin 7890:Oscar Peterson Plays the George Gershwin Songbook 6091:Porgy and Bess (Opera Journeys Mini Guide Series) 3526:When People Were Shorter and Lived Near the Water 2287:with an all-black cast, two white opera singers, 1993:"I think we've got a little jaded in the US with 1952: 1068:The production began previews on Broadway at the 321:as Serena in the original Broadway production of 8513: 6104:Hamm, Charles: "The Theatre Guild Production of 5953:Jablonski, Edward; Stewart, Lawrence D. (1973). 5952: 5428:: Gershwins' Opera Gets Film Update (Exclusive)" 4390: 4388: 3924: 3671:in his own transcriptions for violin and piano. 3465:(Studio Songs, released 2016). Recorded in 2015. 8026: 6026:Europäische Einflüsse im amerikanischen Musical 5980:Goldwyn: A Biography of the Man Behind the Myth 5612:performance details, January 27, 1990, matinée" 5594:performance details, February 8, 1986, matinée" 4871:"The Gershwins' Porgy And Bess: Theater Review" 4361:"Broadway Producer Edgar Freitag Is Dead at 80" 4056:New York: Simon and Schuster, 1968, pp. 326–328 2125:The duration of the work is about 180 minutes. 1096:unfocused and the settings to lack atmosphere. 753:—the only opera ever to receive one—and a 1978 5261:(Selections): Act 2: "It Ain't Necessarily So" 4556:Zoglin, Richard. "The Best of 2011: Theater", 4490:. Vol. LXXXVII, no. 29. p. 110. 4068:The Opera Companion to Twentieth Century Opera 3244:and others. Recorded in July and October 1958. 741:alternated performances in the role of Porgy. 8216: 8012: 7985: 7173: 6678: 6307: 6111:Journal of the American Musicological Society 6072:on the Concert Stage: Gershwin's 1936 Suite ( 5614:. Metropolitan Opera Association. CID 299230. 5596:. Metropolitan Opera Association. CID 283370. 5578:. Metropolitan Opera Association. CID 279980. 5576:performance details, March 23, 1985, matinée" 5162:"The Jewish Roots in George Gershwin's Music" 4385: 3615:"I Wants to Stay Here", act 2, scene 3 – Bess 3569:"A Woman Is a Sometime Thing", act 1, scene 1 5902: 5505: 5472:Porterfield, Christopher (October 4, 1993). 5026:"George Gershwin and African American Music" 4440:. American Repertory Theater. Archived from 3843: 3371:(Atlantic, 1965). Recorded in 1964 and 1965. 3104:(RCA Victor). Featuring an orchestra led by 2434:, who had starred in the 1952 world tour of 2407:the singing voice of Bess. The white singer 2221:, African drums, an unspecified small drum, 2037:. He drew inspiration from the James Island 1763:Scene 4: Serena's Room, dawn of the next day 1670:") as the working men prepare for a game of 1088:as Crown, Nikki Renee Daniels as Clara, and 966:This original cast of this version included 6506:(Ella Fitzgerald and Louis Armstrong album) 5471: 5320:Great Scenes from Gershwin's Porgy and Bess 5185:"History of a Nation in Its Song to Itself" 4417:The Gershwins' Porgy and Bess 4210: 4136: 4027:Standifer, James (November–December 1997). 3901:"The true origins of Gershwin's Summertime" 3715:Even seemingly unlikely performers such as 3480:Fantasy on George Gershwin's Porgy and Bess 1687:Scene 2: Serena's Room, the following night 1220:The production was hailed as "splendid" by 1213:, Frederick Ballentine, Alfred Walker, and 1189:in Fall 2019. It featured a cast including 480:Having seen the performance, theater owner 8223: 8209: 8019: 8005: 7956: 7180: 7166: 6685: 6671: 6314: 6300: 5885:"2003 National Recording Registry choices" 5501: 5499: 3631:"Bess, O Where's My Bess?", act 3, scene 3 1018:. The Broadway production was produced by 558: 47: 6246:"Jazzbo: Why we still listen to Gershwin" 6205:Black Diva of the Thirties – The Life of 6036:, Marburg, Germany: Tectum Verlag, 2013. 5930: 5157: 4070:. New York: Dodd, Mead. pp. 389–396. 4026: 3899:Stephen Raskauskas (September 20, 2018). 3495:Grand Fantasy on Airs from Porgy and Bess 2974:. The 1985 broadcast performance starred 2091:in Gershwin's opera. Gershwin biographer 2048:which the composer knew about; jubilees, 1157:(Serena). The production was directed by 760: 217:In the years following Gershwin's death, 8232:Tony Award for Best Revival of a Musical 7204:Gershwin Plays Gershwin: The Piano Rolls 6522:(Sammy Davis Jr. and Carmen McRae album) 6121:, University Press of Mississippi, 2000 5217: 4931:University of Mississippi Press (2000), 4355: 4349: 4263:. The Metropolitan Opera. Archived from 3870: 3609:"What You Want Wid Bess", act 2, scene 2 3589:"Buzzard Keep on Flyin'", act 2, scene 1 3500: 2879:production was subsequently released on 2685: 2583:in 1976 for Decca Records in the UK and 2161:in B-flat (doubling fourth clarinet and 2012:A 2017/2018 staging of the opera by the 1795:Scene 2: Catfish Row, the next afternoon 549: 447: 328: 313: 7961:List of compositions by George Gershwin 7897:Red Hot + Rhapsody: The Gershwin Groove 6210:, University Press of Mississippi, 2004 6173:, New York: W. W. Norton; 3rd edition, 6171:The Music of Black Americans: A History 5997: 5496: 5145: 4915: 4887: 4177: 4109: 4107: 3634:"O Lawd, I'm on My Way", act 3, scene 3 3337:, and others. Recorded in January 1959. 2990:sang the leads in the third broadcast. 1830:attracted controversy from the outset. 1826:Nevertheless, the opera's depiction of 611:After a tour of Europe financed by the 456:produced professional stock theater in 8514: 7662:The Real American Folk Song (is a Rag) 6537:(Harry Belafonte and Lena Horne album) 5938:. Garden City, New Jersey: Doubleday. 5908: 5669:. p. 16. Retrieved July 28, 2021. 5421: 5208:(Brandeis University Press, 1999), 63. 4990: 4978: 4952:on HistoryLink.org, November 10, 2002. 4394: 4065: 3850:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 102. 3599:"Oh, I Can't Sit Down," act 2, scene 1 3198:. Recorded in August and October 1957. 2754:'s adaptation of the score won him an 2495: 2099:, while others hear similarities with 1886:was racist gained strength during the 1730:Scene 2: Kittiwah Island, that evening 1662:Scene 1: Catfish Row, a summer evening 947:premiered on November 9, 2006, at the 304: 292: 8204: 8000: 7984: 7161: 6666: 6528:Oscar Peterson Plays Porgy & Bess 6295: 5649:. p. 8. Retrieved July 28, 2021. 5160:, cited in Benaroya, Adam (May 2000) 5121:. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. p. 4824: 4538:. Theatermania.com. September 2, 2011 4508:. 2011 Porgy and Bess. Archived from 4178:Heikell, Vicki-Anne (June 12, 2020). 4142:"Premiere In Paris For 'Blues Opera'" 3813:National Recording Preservation Board 3347:Oscar Peterson Plays Porgy & Bess 3040: 2602:based on the complete original score. 2189:; a percussion section that includes 2153:in B-flat (second and third doubling 1812: 1228:Grammy Award for Best Opera Recording 1141:(Bess), Cedric Neal (Sportin' Life), 800:. The Met production was directed by 539:, Switzerland, in 1945 and 1950, and 518: 468:. In refashioning it in the style of 381:. Brown was a 20-year-old student at 8567:Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients 6086:94:1–2 (Spring–Summer 2011), 93–155. 5973: 5627:. WorldCat. Retrieved July 28, 2021. 5409: 5280:. March 22, 1992 – via Amazon. 5206:In Search of American Jewish Culture 5111: 5081:With a White Cast Stirs Controversy" 4906:, November–December 1935. pp. 16–17. 4700: 4577:Will Conclude Broadway Run Sept. 23" 4130: 4104: 4022: 4020: 4018: 4016: 4014: 3625:"A Red-Haired Woman", act 2, scene 4 3557:Some of the most popular songs are: 2403:was the singing voice of Porgy, and 2283:Days after the Broadway premiere of 1925:, admittedly loathed the piece, and 1781:Scene 1: Catfish Row, the next night 1161:, and also used the book adapted by 634:was presented for the first time at 615:, the production came to Broadway's 527:in Copenhagen. Performed during the 8602:Race-related controversies in opera 7187: 6583:(Oscar Peterson and Joe Pass album) 6378:Porgy and Bess: A Symphonic Picture 5292:"Porgy and Bess – 1940 Bruce Foote" 5100:The Home Book of 20th Century Music 4476: 4005:: "Today in History, September 2", 3795:commemorative 29-cent postage stamp 3691:Big Brother and the Holding Company 3657:Ella Fitzgerald and Louis Armstrong 3301:(United Artists, released 1959). A 3022:Porgy and Bess: A Symphonic Picture 2110:The score makes use of a series of 2028: 773:, based on the Houston production. 682:1976 Houston Grand Opera production 373:. The leading roles were played by 13: 7571:Liza (All the Clouds'll Roll Away) 6321: 6131:Kimball, Robert and Alfred Simon: 6017: 6002:. University of California Press. 5777: 4853:"The Column Online by John Garcia" 4395:Healey, Patrick (August 5, 2011). 4167:. Ohio State University Libraries. 3612:"Oh, Doctor Jesus", act 2, scene 3 3566:", act 1, scene 1 – Clara and Jake 3474:In 1951, Australian-born composer 2128: 1804:Scene 3: Catfish Row, a week later 1181:2019 Metropolitan Opera production 686:During the 1960s and early 1970s, 14: 8628: 7767:They Can't Take That Away from Me 6253:article by Claudia Roth Pierpoint 6214: 4799:Suzannah Smith Miles (May 2014). 4011: 3959:"Anne Brown: She Put The Bess In 3261:(Warner Bros., released 1959). A 2972:Met's live radio broadcast series 2770:performing songs from the opera. 1977:, toured Britain, opening at the 1258:Premiere cast, September 30, 1935 1244:Roles, voice types, premiere cast 1046:wrote a blistering letter to the 850:; and director and choreographer 660:1965 New Zealand Opera production 613:United States Department of State 310:1935 original Broadway production 8499: 7966: 7965: 7955: 7827:Brian Wilson Reimagines Gershwin 7508:How Long Has This Been Going On? 6282:Porgy and Bess Poster Collection 6076:) and the 1942 Gershwin–Bennett 5728:Dodson-Webster, Rebecca (1997). 4710:of its time that speaks to ours" 4126:. January 30, 1955. p. 240. 3938:"Anne Brown, Bess in Gershwin's 3784: 3524:In 1991, experimental rock band 3112: 2982:. In 1986 Bumbry was heard with 2857:The Gershwins' 'Porgy and Bess' 2690:Poster for the 1959 film version 875:Tennessee Performing Arts Center 673:1965 Volksoper Vienna production 129: 8592:Operas set in the United States 7382:Aren't You Kind of Glad We Did? 6238:Hypertext edition of the novel 6199:Weaver, David E: "The Birth of 6156:New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1973, 6051:The Muses Are Heard: An Account 5877: 5872:The South Carolina Encyclopedia 5864: 5839: 5815: 5794: 5771: 5757: 5737: 5722: 5704: 5688: 5681:The Jazz Soul of Porgy and Bess 5672: 5663:"FM's Spotlight London Phase 4" 5652: 5630: 5618: 5600: 5582: 5564: 5546: 5528: 5465: 5447: 5415: 5382: 5361: 5338: 5312: 5298: 5284: 5270: 5251: 5226: 5211: 5196: 5174: 5151: 5105: 5092: 5070: 5059:set in the depths of apartheid" 5044: 5015: 4984: 4955: 4942: 4921: 4893: 4863: 4845: 4818: 4792: 4774: 4763: 4759:(3-CD) – The Metropolitan Opera 4748: 4722: 4694: 4664: 4642: 4620: 4595: 4565: 4550: 4524: 4494: 4470: 4448: 4426: 4409: 4323: 4304: 4291: 4279: 4253: 4235: 4194: 4188:National Library of New Zealand 4171: 4157: 4074: 4059: 4047: 3622:", act 2, scene 3 – Bess, Porgy 3518: 3444:, and guest soloists including 3299:The Jazz Soul of Porgy and Bess 3219:. Recorded in July/August 1958. 2903:Award for Best Video Lighting. 2060:from European opera tradition. 1981:in Cardiff and going on to the 725:Cheryl Crawford revival or the 477:were reduced to spoken dialog. 241:is DuBose Heyward's 1925 novel 21:Porgy and Bess (disambiguation) 7557:Let's Call the Whole Thing Off 7494:'The Half of It, Dearie' Blues 7417:Boy! What Love Has Done to Me! 6608:Highlights from Porgy and Bess 6114:, Fall 1987, pp. 495–532. 6053:New York: Random House, 1956, 5701:, australianmusiccentre.com.au 5695:"Fantasy on George Gershwin's 5422:McNary, Dave (April 5, 2013). 4831:. Princeton University Press. 4397:"It Ain't Necessarily 'Porgy'" 3990: 3972: 3952: 3930: 3892: 3864: 3837: 3124:(Bethlehem Records). Features 2795: 2671: 2513:was eager to bring as much of 2364:recorded what some consider a 2302:Highlights from Porgy and Bess 2122:" is stated four times alone. 1953:Adaptations in other countries 1135:Regent's Park Open Air Theatre 904:abroad, most notably with the 726: 1: 8547:All-Black cast Broadway shows 7480:For You, For Me, For Evermore 6647:The Gershwins' Porgy and Bess 5398:San Francisco Classical Voice 5377:No. 1 Studio, Abbey Road 5369:London Philharmonic Orchestra 5193:. Retrieved February 21, 2006 4786:www.carolinaantiqueprints.com 4757:The Gershwins' Porgy and Bess 4706:"Review – Met Opera offers a 4575:The Gershwins' Porgy and Bess 4534:The Gershwins' Porgy and Bess 4436:The Gershwins' Porgy and Bess 4337:. BBC News. November 11, 2006 3826: 3689:version of "Summertime" with 2986:as Porgy. In 1990, Estes and 2838: 2718:dubbed the singing voice for 2591:singing his first Porgy, and 2256: 1923:The Harlem School of the Arts 1619:The Eva Jessye Choir, led by 1127:The Gershwins' Porgy and Bess 996:The Gershwins' Porgy and Bess 988:The Gershwins' Porgy and Bess 945:The Gershwins' Porgy and Bess 938:The Gershwins' Porgy and Bess 464:, which she co-produced with 7599:Love Is Sweeping the Country 6258:Porgy and Bess 6154:Gershwin: His Life and Music 6135:, New York: Atheneum, 1973, 5809:www.summertime-connection.nl 5802:"Summertime Collection list" 4243:Porgy and Bess 4201:"New Zealand Opera Company: 3925:Jablonski & Stewart 1973 3831: 3791:United States Postal Service 2804:film biography of Gershwin, 2762:. For the soundtrack album, 2760:Columbia Masterworks Records 2681: 2377:Columbia Masterworks Records 1921:. Betty Allen, president of 1510:a stevedore who hauls cotton 1345:an inhabitant of Catfish Row 452:Noted director and producer 232: 102:September 30, 1935 7: 8607:Tony Award-winning musicals 8028:Tony Award for Best Revival 7883:Nice Work If You Can Get It 7634:Nice Work If You Can Get It 7126:Nice Work If You Can Get It 6496:The Complete Porgy and Bess 5847:"29c Porgy and Bess single" 5832:", Nina Simone version, on 5782:. The Summertime Connection 5780:"The Summertime Connection" 5661:staff (November 12, 1966). 5308:– via castalbums.org. 5294:– via castalbums.org. 4733:Opens the Met Opera Season" 4652:. Society of London Theatre 4222:www.masterworksbroadway.com 3821:National Recording Registry 3358:. Recorded in October 1959. 3121:The Complete Porgy and Bess 2465:. It featured the organ of 2278: 2133:The work is scored for two 1635: 1133:This production ran at the 669:New Zealand opera singers. 299:Folly Beach, South Carolina 10: 8633: 7389:(I've Got) Beginner's Luck 6904:Morris Gest Midnight Whirl 6559:Porgy & Bess Revisited 6263:Internet Broadway Database 5474:"Conjuring Up Catfish Row" 5167:December 14, 2005, at the 4562:, December 19, 2011, p. 77 4422:Internet Broadway Database 4249:Internet Broadway Database 3258:Porgy & Bess Revisited 2993: 2823:featured a scene in which 2453:In, 1976, for RCA Victor, 2368:of the opera arranged for 2263:Porgy and Bess discography 2260: 2035:Charleston, South Carolina 2022:Tams-Witmark Music Library 2007:, London, October 16, 2009 1987:Edinburgh Festival Theatre 1647:Charleston, South Carolina 1012:American Repertory Theater 994:Another production titled 926:Edinburgh Festival Theatre 881:had a revival directed by 780:presented a production of 733:was accepted as an opera. 709:with musical direction by 177:and DuBose Heyward's play 18: 8587:Operas by George Gershwin 8577:Operas adapted into films 8572:Gullah in popular culture 8542:African-American musicals 8404:Hedwig and the Angry Inch 8238: 8155: 8064: 8034: 7994: 7952: 7913: 7818: 7373: 7346: 7279: 7252: 7213: 7195: 7080: 7031:Where Do We Go from Here? 7024:The Firebrand of Florence 6953: 6888: 6876:The Shocking Miss Pilgrim 6715: 6642:(1989 Glyndebourne album) 6599: 6487: 6471: 6448:Bess, You Is My Woman Now 6418: 6387: 6352: 6331: 6032:October 29, 2013, at the 5903:General and cited sources 5218:Gershwin, George (1935). 4950:"Negro Repertory Company" 4841:– via Google Books. 4029:"The Complicated Life of 3594:Bess, You Is My Woman Now 3118:1956 – Various Artists – 2698:, produced in 70 mm 1959:apartheid in South Africa 1724:Bess, You Is My Woman Now 1618: 1232:63rd Annual Grammy Awards 1111:Best Revival of a Musical 900:has frequently performed 865:, under the direction of 369:. The music director was 153:) is an English-language 113:Colonial Theatre (Boston) 97: 84: 76: 66: 46: 35: 30: 7971:Category:George Gershwin 7704:Someone to Watch Over Me 7048:The Barkleys of Broadway 6990:Ziegfeld Follies of 1936 6962:Two Little Girls in Blue 6224:(in English and Italian) 5998:Pollack, Howard (2006). 5367:Music was played by the 5051:"Cape Town Opera brings 4054:Victor Book of the Opera 3546: 3469: 3177:. Recorded in July 1957. 3085:(RCA Victor). Featuring 3006:", Ira later renamed it 2940: 1775: 1707: 1679:cheap whiskey and some " 1656: 1237: 1169:It was nominated at the 1016:Cambridge, Massachusetts 664:This 1965 production by 16:Opera by George Gershwin 8557:English-language operas 8081:The Pirates of Penzance 7809:You've Got What Gets Me 7690:Somebody from Somewhere 7536:I've Got a Crush on You 7515:I Can't Be Bothered Now 7229:Gershwin Piano Concerto 6911:George White's Scandals 6455:It Ain't Necessarily So 6441:I Got Plenty o' Nuttin' 6117:Hutchisson, James, M.: 6101:, overview of the opera 5746:(musical score, 1989). 5639:staff (June 11, 1966). 4825:Knapp, Raymond (2006). 4066:Martin, George (1979). 3678:song in popular music. 3647:" and the versions of " 3645:It Ain't Necessarily So 3604:It Ain't Necessarily So 3584:I Got Plenty o' Nuttin' 3144:. Recorded in May 1956. 2891:was nominated for four 2676: 2089:Jewish liturgical music 1979:Wales Millennium Centre 1872:University of Minnesota 1853:Federal Theatre Project 1736:It Ain't Necessarily So 1645:, on the waterfront of 1409:keeper of the cook-shop 1070:Richard Rodgers Theatre 1010:, was presented by the 918:Wales Millennium Centre 833:launched a new tour of 559:1952 touring production 428:revival that played in 8582:Operas based on novels 7620:My Cousin in Milwaukee 7564:Let's Kiss and Make Up 7501:He Loves and She Loves 6913:(1920–1924, including 6618:(1940 and 1942 albums) 6569:(Buddy Collette album) 5335:conducting; Amazon.com 5083:by Alexandra Ivanoff, 5031:July 28, 2005, at the 4875:The Hollywood Reporter 4650:"Olivier Winners 2015" 4480:(September 26, 2011). 3789:On July 14, 1993, the 3017:Robert Russell Bennett 2784:National Film Registry 2691: 2618:recording of the opera 2611:The Glyndebourne album 2366:seminal interpretation 2295:, both members of the 2205:, suspended and crash 2010: 1939: 1877:Minneapolis–Saint Paul 1866:Another production of 1652:Time: The early 1920s. 1121:on Broadway thus far. 978:as Sportin' Life, and 761:Subsequent productions 598:" in the popular 1951 555: 554:Leontyne Price as Bess 341: 326: 290: 173:. It was adapted from 8471:Merrily We Roll Along 7869:The Glory of Gershwin 7774:Things Are Looking Up 7529:I Was Doing All Right 6592:(Joe Henderson album) 6183:Taylor, John Harper. 6083:The Musical Quarterly 6065:production in Moscow) 5936:Gershwin: A Biography 5887:. Library of Congress 5203:Whitfield, Stephen J. 4927:Hutchisson, James M. 4582:June 3, 2013, at the 4317:June 5, 2012, at the 4184:National Library blog 4165:Robert Breen Papers, 4140:(September 3, 1954). 4043:on February 11, 2005. 3981:, Millington, Barry, 3979:"Anne Brown Obituary" 3501:Brass quintet version 3307:Harry 'Sweets' Edison 3290:. Recorded late 1958. 3161:(playing accordion), 2689: 2018:Syrian migrant crisis 2014:Hungarian State Opera 1991: 1945:stated in 2004 that " 1931: 1888:civil rights movement 1006:and music adapted by 1002:with book adapted by 820:Glyndebourne Festival 767:Radio City Music Hall 705:in 1976, directed by 553: 458:Maplewood, New Jersey 448:1942 Broadway revival 332: 317: 288:becomes a folk opera. 278: 258:George Gershwin read 249:play by the same name 247:. Heyward produced a 157:by American composer 7753:That Certain Feeling 7718:Stairway to Paradise 7592:Love Is Here to Stay 7304:An American in Paris 7222:An American in Paris 7143:A Damsel in Distress 7133:An American in Paris 7099:An American in Paris 6856:A Damsel in Distress 6554:(Mundell Lowe album) 6068:Ferencz, George J. " 5744:Porgy and Bess Suite 5713:by Michael Carlson, 5685:, jazzmessengers.com 5358:, et al., amazon.com 5102:, Arco, 1956, p. 138 4745:, September 24, 2019 4729:"Review: A Splendid 4512:on November 30, 2011 4267:on February 18, 2010 4115:"Porgy' Goes Abroad" 3874:(October 20, 1935). 3807:The 1940/1942 Decca 3697:'s version became a 3089:orchestral settings. 2948:The Magic Key of RCA 2638:Nikolaus Harnoncourt 2503:Columbia Masterworks 2269:Best Opera Recording 1892:Black Power movement 1175:Best Musical Revival 914:Deutsche Oper Berlin 906:Welsh National Opera 808:. The conductor was 701:was produced by the 644:Bolshevik Revolution 525:Royal Danish Theatre 19:For other uses, see 8436:Once on This Island 8172:Fiddler on the Roof 8105:Death of a Salesman 7876:Ira, George and Joe 7848:Ella Sings Gershwin 7550:Just Another Rhumba 7363:French Ballet Class 6983:Life Begins at 8:40 6866:The Goldwyn Follies 6600:Operatic treatments 6514:(Miles Davis album) 6203:", pp. 80–98, 6152:Schwartz, Charles: 6061:(story of the 1955 5851:postalmuseum.si.edu 5719:, February 16, 2010 5509:(October 6, 1993). 5394:on DVD and Blu-Ray" 5183:(January 29, 1997) 4994:(January 7, 2022). 4890:, pp. 597–598. 4857:thecolumnonline.com 4805:Charleston Magazine 4715:The Washington Post 4682:on October 10, 2019 4482:"A Man and a Woman" 4007:Library of Congress 3927:, pp. 227–229. 3817:Library of Congress 3772:Julian Lloyd Webber 3528:released the album 3386:(Riviera, 1971). A 3363:Modern Jazz Quartet 3128:and his orchestra, 3062:Porgy and Bess film 2908:New York City Opera 2831:sequence. Director 2667:in the title roles. 2659:in June 2009, with 2657:San Francisco Opera 2600:Houston Grand Opera 2577:Cleveland Orchestra 2531:New York City Opera 2496:Complete recordings 2473:and guitar work of 1983:Royal Festival Hall 1870:, this time at the 1592:Alexander Campbell 1476:J. Rosamond Johnson 1246: 1203:Elizabeth Llewellyn 1129:(London production) 1036:William David Brohn 990:(Paulus adaptation) 922:Royal Festival Hall 879:New York City Opera 871:concert performance 831:Houston Grand Opera 703:Houston Grand Opera 653:The Muses Are Heard 547:, Sweden, in 1948. 305:Performance history 293:Composition history 201:Houston Grand Opera 8450:No Award (2020/21) 8372:La Cage aux Folles 8332:La Cage aux Folles 8284:Annie Get Your Gun 8073:Morning's at Seven 7732:Strike Up the Band 7466:Fascinating Rhythm 7347:Piano compositions 7328:Strike Up the Band 6976:That's a Good Girl 6937:Sweet Little Devil 6766:Strike Up the Band 6546:(Hank Jones album) 6462:I Loves You, Porgy 6089:Fisher, Burton D. 5956:The Gershwin Years 5828:2006-08-23 at the 5823:I Loves You, Porgy 5515:The New York Times 5263:(1998 remastered) 5190:The New York Times 5089:, January 30, 2018 5086:The New York Times 5001:The New York Times 4742:The New York Times 4466:. August 10, 2011. 4464:The New York Times 4402:The New York Times 4373:on January 5, 2013 4150:The New York Times 4123:The New York Times 3936:Simonson, Robert. 3885:The New York Times 3761:Christina Aguilera 3620:I Loves You, Porgy 3041:Pop music versions 2918:and was hosted by 2895:, and won for its 2868:The New York Times 2779:network television 2692: 2636:2010: RCA Victor: 2622:Nashville Symphony 2547:Alexander Smallens 2409:Loulie Jean Norman 2297:Metropolitan Opera 2085:Joseph Schillinger 1957:During the era of 1820:Metropolitan Opera 1813:Racial controversy 1754:I Loves You, Porgy 1262:Alexander Smallens 1242: 1223:The New York Times 1084:as Sportin' Life, 863:Nashville Symphony 796:, Gregg Baker and 778:Metropolitan Opera 771:C. William Harwood 630:During this tour, 556: 519:European premieres 513:Alfred Wallenstein 371:Alexander Smallens 342: 327: 284:in operatic form, 165:written by author 8552:Broadway musicals 8487: 8486: 8481: 8480: 8198: 8197: 7978: 7977: 7697:Somebody Loves Me 7648:Oh, Lady Be Good! 7578:Looking for a Boy 7155: 7154: 7148: 7138: 7114: 7104: 7094: 7073: 7063: 7053: 7036: 7019: 7009: 6944:Song of the Flame 6881: 6871: 6861: 6851: 6825:Pardon My English 6813: 6660: 6659: 6656: 6655: 6434:My Man's Gone Now 6078:Symphonic Picture 6042:978-3-8288-3209-1 6009:978-0-520-24864-9 5932:Jablonski, Edward 5778:Klaver, Wilfred. 5641:"D'Amato in N.Y." 5507:O'Connor, John J. 5371:and conducted by 5118:The Rest Is Noise 4937:978-1-57806-250-8 4877:. April 29, 2014. 4737:Anthony Tommasini 4444:on April 4, 2012. 4310:Cape Town Opera, 3965:, Mondello, Bob; 3737:recorded several 3606:", act 2, scene 2 3596:", act 2, scene 1 3586:", act 2, scene 1 3576:", act 1, scene 2 3574:My Man's Gone Now 3165:(playing organ), 2980:Roberta Alexander 2916:Tazewell Thompson 2728:Dorothy Dandridge 2696:1959 film version 2554:Bethlehem Records 2511:Goddard Lieberson 2469:, the trumpet of 2145:(second doubling 2137:(second doubling 2097:Haftarah blessing 2077:Charles Hambitzer 1861:Pacific Northwest 1828:African Americans 1702:My Man's Gone Now 1626: 1625: 1495:Strawberry woman 1270:a disabled beggar 1215:Ryan Speedo Green 940:(Nunn adaptation) 887:Los Angeles Opera 883:Tazewell Thompson 802:Nathaniel Merrill 735:Donnie Ray Albert 727:1959 film version 697:A new staging of 666:New Zealand Opera 625:Cairo Opera House 120: 119: 8624: 8504: 8503: 8495: 8420:The Color Purple 8225: 8218: 8211: 8202: 8201: 8021: 8014: 8007: 7998: 7997: 7982: 7981: 7969: 7968: 7959: 7958: 7944:Gershwin Theatre 7938:Frances Gershwin 7914:Related articles 7862:Gershwin's World 7760:They All Laughed 7543:Isn't It a Pity? 7288:Rhapsody in Blue 7280:Orchestral works 7182: 7175: 7168: 7159: 7158: 7146: 7136: 7112: 7102: 7092: 7089:Rhapsody in Blue 7071: 7068:The Country Girl 7061: 7051: 7034: 7017: 7007: 6997:Lady in the Dark 6879: 6869: 6859: 6849: 6832:Let 'Em Eat Cake 6811: 6724:A Dangerous Maid 6687: 6680: 6673: 6664: 6663: 6589:Porgy & Bess 6566:Porgy & Bess 6551:Porgy & Bess 6485: 6484: 6316: 6309: 6302: 6293: 6292: 6268:Ovrtur.com Entry 6225: 6167:Southern, Eileen 6013: 5994: 5983:. 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Archived from 5469: 5463: 5457:(in development) 5451: 5445: 5444: 5442: 5440: 5419: 5413: 5407: 5401: 5386: 5380: 5365: 5359: 5342: 5336: 5333:Skitch Henderson 5329:William Warfield 5316: 5310: 5309: 5302: 5296: 5295: 5288: 5282: 5281: 5274: 5268: 5265:Lawrence Tibbett 5255: 5249: 5248: 5246: 5244: 5230: 5224: 5223: 5215: 5209: 5200: 5194: 5178: 5172: 5155: 5149: 5143: 5137: 5136: 5109: 5103: 5096: 5090: 5074: 5068: 5048: 5042: 5019: 5013: 5012: 5010: 5008: 4988: 4982: 4976: 4970: 4959: 4953: 4948:Becker, Paula. " 4946: 4940: 4925: 4919: 4913: 4907: 4897: 4891: 4885: 4879: 4878: 4867: 4861: 4860: 4849: 4843: 4842: 4822: 4816: 4815: 4813: 4811: 4801:"The Real Porgy" 4796: 4790: 4789: 4778: 4772: 4767: 4761: 4752: 4746: 4726: 4720: 4719: 4698: 4692: 4691: 4689: 4687: 4678:. Archived from 4676:www.metopera.org 4672:"Porgy and Bess" 4668: 4662: 4661: 4659: 4657: 4646: 4640: 4633:by Paul Taylor, 4624: 4618: 4617: 4615: 4613: 4599: 4593: 4569: 4563: 4554: 4548: 4547: 4545: 4543: 4528: 4522: 4521: 4519: 4517: 4498: 4492: 4491: 4474: 4468: 4467: 4452: 4446: 4445: 4430: 4424: 4413: 4407: 4406: 4392: 4383: 4382: 4380: 4378: 4369:. Archived from 4359:(May 31, 2012). 4357:Simonson, Robert 4353: 4347: 4346: 4344: 4342: 4327: 4321: 4308: 4302: 4295: 4289: 4283: 4277: 4276: 4274: 4272: 4257: 4251: 4239: 4233: 4232: 4230: 4228: 4214: 4208: 4198: 4192: 4191: 4175: 4169: 4168: 4161: 4155: 4154: 4146: 4134: 4128: 4127: 4119: 4111: 4102: 4078: 4072: 4071: 4063: 4057: 4051: 4045: 4044: 4039:. Archived from 4024: 4009: 3994: 3988: 3987:, March 23, 2009 3976: 3970: 3969:, March 18, 2009 3956: 3950: 3949:, March 18, 2009 3934: 3928: 3922: 3916: 3915: 3913: 3911: 3896: 3890: 3889: 3872:Gershwin, George 3868: 3862: 3861: 3841: 3770:and the cellist 3757:" album in 1976. 3755:Second Childhood 3708:hit in 1966 for 3457:Toshiko Akiyoshi 3429:Porgy & Bess 3396:André Ceccarelli 3229:Porgy & Bess 3213:Columbia Records 3154:Porgy & Bess 3102:Porgy & Bess 3066:Columbia Records 2899:. It also won a 2807:Rhapsody in Blue 2722:'s Porgy as did 2665:Laquita Mitchell 2560:sings Porgy and 2529:, both from the 2527:Camilla Williams 2523:Lawrence Winters 2432:William Warfield 2358:an album in 1957 2289:Lawrence Tibbett 2093:Edward Jablonski 2029:Musical elements 2008: 1882:The belief that 1698:material witness 1614:George Carleton 1603:Burton McEvilly 1468:a black "lawyer" 1419:Georgette Harvey 1247: 1245: 1241: 1168: 1163:Suzan-Lori Parks 1147:Sharon D. Clarke 1082:David Alan Grier 1044:Stephen Sondheim 1004:Suzan-Lori Parks 961:Gareth Valentine 804:and designed by 692:Vienna Volksoper 617:Ziegfeld Theatre 584:William Warfield 501:Eloise C. Uggams 486:Majestic Theatre 419:National Theatre 363:Rouben Mamoulian 354:Colonial Theatre 206:The libretto of 152: 151: 148: 147: 144: 141: 138: 135: 109: 107: 88:Heyward's novel 51: 28: 27: 8632: 8631: 8627: 8626: 8625: 8623: 8622: 8621: 8512: 8511: 8510: 8498: 8490: 8488: 8483: 8482: 8477: 8340:The Pajama Game 8234: 8229: 8199: 8194: 8151: 8060: 8057:No Award (1979) 8030: 8025: 7990: 7979: 7974: 7948: 7932:Arthur Gershwin 7909: 7814: 7795:Walking the Dog 7725:Stiff Upper Lip 7676:Sam and Delilah 7627:My One and Only 7459:Embraceable You 7369: 7342: 7336:Hoctor's Ballet 7312:Second Rhapsody 7275: 7248: 7209: 7191: 7189:George Gershwin 7186: 7156: 7151: 7109:My One and Only 7076: 6949: 6884: 6711: 6691: 6661: 6652: 6595: 6488:Jazz treatments 6483: 6467: 6414: 6410:Dorothy Heyward 6395:George Gershwin 6383: 6365:Film adaptation 6348: 6327: 6320: 6223: 6217: 6145:Noonan, Ellen. 6034:Wayback Machine 6023:Bauch, Marc A. 6020: 6018:Further reading 6010: 6000:George Gershwin 5991: 5967: 5946: 5924: 5905: 5900: 5890: 5888: 5883: 5882: 5878: 5870:Edger, Walter. 5869: 5865: 5855: 5853: 5845: 5844: 5840: 5830:Wayback Machine 5820: 5816: 5804: 5800: 5799: 5795: 5785: 5783: 5776: 5772: 5763: 5762: 5758: 5742: 5738: 5727: 5723: 5716:The Independent 5709: 5705: 5693: 5689: 5677: 5673: 5657: 5653: 5635: 5631: 5623: 5619: 5606: 5605: 5601: 5588: 5587: 5583: 5570: 5569: 5565: 5552: 5551: 5547: 5534: 5533: 5529: 5519: 5517: 5504: 5497: 5487: 5485: 5470: 5466: 5452: 5448: 5438: 5436: 5420: 5416: 5408: 5404: 5388:Janos Gereben, 5387: 5383: 5366: 5362: 5343: 5339: 5317: 5313: 5304: 5303: 5299: 5290: 5289: 5285: 5276: 5275: 5271: 5256: 5252: 5242: 5240: 5232: 5231: 5227: 5216: 5212: 5201: 5197: 5179: 5175: 5169:Wayback Machine 5156: 5152: 5144: 5140: 5133: 5110: 5106: 5097: 5093: 5075: 5071: 5049: 5045: 5033:Wayback Machine 5022:Peress, Maurice 5020: 5016: 5006: 5004: 4992:Grimes, William 4989: 4985: 4977: 4973: 4960: 4956: 4947: 4943: 4926: 4922: 4914: 4910: 4900:Thomson, Virgil 4898: 4894: 4886: 4882: 4869: 4868: 4864: 4851: 4850: 4846: 4839: 4823: 4819: 4809: 4807: 4797: 4793: 4780: 4779: 4775: 4768: 4764: 4753: 4749: 4727: 4723: 4699: 4695: 4685: 4683: 4670: 4669: 4665: 4655: 4653: 4648: 4647: 4643: 4639:, July 31, 2014 4636:The Independent 4625: 4621: 4611: 4609: 4601: 4600: 4596: 4592:, July 18, 2012 4584:Wayback Machine 4571:Hetrick, Adam. 4570: 4566: 4555: 4551: 4541: 4539: 4530: 4529: 4525: 4515: 4513: 4500: 4499: 4495: 4475: 4471: 4454: 4453: 4449: 4434:"Your Guide to 4432: 4431: 4427: 4414: 4410: 4393: 4386: 4376: 4374: 4354: 4350: 4340: 4338: 4329: 4328: 4324: 4319:Wayback Machine 4309: 4305: 4296: 4292: 4284: 4280: 4270: 4268: 4259: 4258: 4254: 4240: 4236: 4226: 4224: 4216: 4215: 4211: 4199: 4195: 4176: 4172: 4163: 4162: 4158: 4144: 4135: 4131: 4117: 4113: 4112: 4105: 4101:, April 1, 2020 4079: 4075: 4064: 4060: 4052: 4048: 4025: 4012: 4003:American Memory 3995: 3991: 3977: 3973: 3957: 3953: 3935: 3931: 3923: 3919: 3909: 3907: 3897: 3893: 3869: 3865: 3858: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3829: 3787: 3637: 3549: 3521: 3503: 3472: 3442:Jack DeJohnette 3331:Jimmy Cleveland 3315:Charlie Shavers 3253:Cootie Williams 3186:Louis Armstrong 3182:Ella Fitzgerald 3115: 3073:Harry Belafonte 3048:Sammy Davis Jr. 3043: 2996: 2957:John W. Bubbles 2943: 2841: 2833:Taylor Hackford 2798: 2740:Sammy Davis Jr. 2736:Diahann Carroll 2716:Robert McFerrin 2684: 2679: 2674: 2650:Isabelle Kabatu 2646:Jonathan Lemalu 2631:Marquita Lister 2616:2006: Decca: A 2498: 2490:Philips Records 2486:Leonard Slatkin 2444:John W. Bubbles 2413:Diahann Carroll 2401:Robert McFerrin 2393:Sammy Davis Jr. 2354:Ella Fitzgerald 2350:Louis Armstrong 2281: 2265: 2259: 2177:in B-flat, one 2163:tenor saxophone 2155:alto saxophones 2131: 2129:Instrumentation 2031: 2009: 2001: 1971:Cape Town Opera 1955: 1911:Harry Belafonte 1815: 1778: 1710: 1659: 1638: 1385:Edward Matthews 1337:John W. Bubbles 1325:Sportin' Life, 1259: 1243: 1240: 1187:David Robertson 1183: 1166: 1159:Timothy Sheader 1155:Golda Rosheuvel 1131: 1024:Barbara Freitag 992: 980:Cornell S. John 953:musical theater 942: 910:NorrlandsOperan 898:Cape Town Opera 896:South Africa's 840:Marquita Lister 798:Florence Quivar 769:with conductor 763: 684: 675: 662: 561: 521: 509:Edward Matthews 470:musical theater 454:Cheryl Crawford 450: 403:John W. Bubbles 397:." Influential 334:John W. Bubbles 312: 307: 295: 253:Dorothy Heyward 235: 175:Dorothy Heyward 159:George Gershwin 132: 128: 116: 115: 110: 105: 103: 62: 41:George Gershwin 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8630: 8620: 8619: 8617:Verismo operas 8614: 8609: 8604: 8599: 8594: 8589: 8584: 8579: 8574: 8569: 8564: 8559: 8554: 8549: 8544: 8539: 8534: 8529: 8524: 8522:Porgy and Bess 8509: 8508: 8485: 8484: 8479: 8478: 8476: 8475: 8467: 8459: 8451: 8448: 8440: 8432: 8424: 8416: 8412:The King and I 8408: 8400: 8392: 8388:Porgy and Bess 8384: 8376: 8368: 8360: 8352: 8344: 8336: 8328: 8320: 8312: 8308:Into the Woods 8304: 8296: 8288: 8280: 8272: 8264: 8260:The King and I 8256: 8248: 8239: 8236: 8235: 8228: 8227: 8220: 8213: 8205: 8196: 8195: 8193: 8192: 8184: 8180:Guys and Dolls 8176: 8168: 8159: 8157: 8153: 8152: 8150: 8149: 8141: 8133: 8125: 8117: 8109: 8101: 8093: 8085: 8077: 8068: 8066: 8062: 8061: 8059: 8058: 8055: 8047: 8043:Porgy and Bess 8038: 8036: 8032: 8031: 8024: 8023: 8016: 8009: 8001: 7995: 7992: 7991: 7988:Porgy and Bess 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and Bess 5687: 5671: 5651: 5629: 5617: 5610:Porgy and Bess 5599: 5592:Porgy and Bess 5581: 5574:Porgy and Bess 5563: 5554:"BAFTA Awards" 5545: 5538:Porgy and Bess 5527: 5495: 5464: 5455:Porgy and Bess 5446: 5426:Porgy and Bess 5414: 5402: 5392:Porgy and Bess 5381: 5360: 5352:Duke Ellington 5346:Porgy and Bess 5337: 5325:Leontyne Price 5311: 5297: 5283: 5269: 5259:Porgy and Bess 5250: 5225: 5220:Porgy and Bess 5210: 5195: 5173: 5158:Jablonski 1987 5150: 5148:, p. 127. 5138: 5132:978-0374249397 5131: 5104: 5091: 5079:Porgy and Bess 5069: 5057:Porgy and Bess 5053:Porgy and Bess 5043: 5041:, July 8, 2005 5014: 4983: 4981:, p. 298. 4971: 4954: 4941: 4920: 4918:, p. 167. 4908: 4892: 4880: 4862: 4844: 4838:978-0691126135 4837: 4817: 4791: 4773: 4762: 4747: 4731:Porgy and Bess 4721: 4702:Midgette, Anne 4693: 4663: 4641: 4629:Porgy and Bess 4619: 4607:Broadway World 4594: 4573:"Tony-Winning 4564: 4549: 4523: 4504:Porgy and Bess 4493: 4487:The New Yorker 4469: 4458:Porgy and Bess 4447: 4425: 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Bess 3372: 3359: 3342:Oscar Peterson 3338: 3291: 3275:Porgy and Bess 3266: 3245: 3220: 3208:Porgy and Bess 3199: 3196:Russell Garcia 3191:Porgy and Bess 3178: 3163:Gerald Wiggins 3149:Buddy Collette 3145: 3138:Frank Rosolino 3134:Johnny Hartman 3126:Duke Ellington 3114: 3111: 3110: 3109: 3090: 3082:Porgy and Bess 3069: 3068:soundtrack LP. 3057:Porgy and Bess 3042: 3039: 3004:Porgy and Bess 3000:Porgy and Bess 2995: 2992: 2988:Leona Mitchell 2968:Porgy and Bess 2953:Hollywood Bowl 2942: 2939: 2927:Porgy and Bess 2912:Lincoln Center 2889:Porgy and Bess 2877:Porgy and Bess 2862:Cynthia Haymon 2845:Porgy and Bess 2840: 2837: 2817:The 1985 film 2812:Porgy and Bess 2797: 2794: 2734:'s Serena and 2720:Sidney Poitier 2712:South Carolina 2708:Otto Preminger 2704:Samuel Goldwyn 2683: 2680: 2678: 2675: 2673: 2670: 2669: 2668: 2653: 2642:Porgy and Bess 2634: 2614: 2603: 2596: 2593:Leona Mitchell 2585:London Records 2569: 2550: 2543:Porgy and Bess 2539: 2535:Porgy and Bess 2521:, and starred 2515:Porgy and Bess 2507:Porgy and Bess 2497: 2494: 2448:Porgy and Bess 2436:Porgy and Bess 2428:Leontyne Price 2385:Porgy and Bess 2381:Porgy and Bess 2331:Porgy and Bess 2285:Porgy and Bess 2280: 2277: 2273:Porgy and Bess 2261:Main article: 2258: 2255: 2130: 2127: 2105:Porgy and Bess 2101:Torah blessing 2073:Rubin Goldmark 2069:Edward Kilenyi 2065:Porgy and Bess 2030: 2027: 1999: 1995:Porgy and Bess 1985:in London and 1963:Porgy and Bess 1954: 1951: 1947:Porgy and Bess 1943:Maurice Peress 1919:Samuel Goldwyn 1915:Sidney Poitier 1896:Porgy and Bess 1884:Porgy and Bess 1868:Porgy and Bess 1841:Porgy and Bess 1836:Duke Ellington 1832:Virgil Thomson 1814: 1811: 1777: 1774: 1709: 1706: 1658: 1655: 1654: 1653: 1650: 1637: 1634: 1624: 1623: 1616: 1615: 1612: 1609: 1605: 1604: 1601: 1598: 1594: 1593: 1590: 1587: 1583: 1582: 1577: 1574: 1572:a white lawyer 1570:Mr. Archdale, 1567: 1566: 1564: 1559: 1552: 1551: 1548: 1545: 1541: 1540: 1537: 1534: 1530: 1529: 1526: 1523: 1519: 1518: 1515: 1512: 1505: 1504: 1499: 1498:mezzo-soprano 1496: 1492: 1491: 1488: 1483: 1479: 1478: 1473: 1470: 1463: 1462: 1457: 1454: 1447: 1446: 1443: 1440: 1433: 1432: 1429: 1426: 1422: 1421: 1416: 1411: 1404: 1403: 1401:Abbie Mitchell 1398: 1395: 1388: 1387: 1382: 1379: 1372: 1371: 1366: 1363: 1356: 1355: 1350: 1347: 1340: 1339: 1334: 1329: 1327:a dope peddler 1322: 1321: 1319:Warren Coleman 1316: 1311: 1301: 1300: 1295: 1290: 1283: 1282: 1277: 1272: 1265: 1264: 1256: 1251: 1239: 1236: 1182: 1179: 1171:Olivier Awards 1143:Phillip Boykin 1130: 1123: 1119:Porgy and Bess 1086:Phillip Boykin 1074:Audra McDonald 1062:The New Yorker 1048:New York Times 998:, directed by 991: 984: 976:O. T. Fagbenle 941: 934: 902:Porgy and Bess 891:Porgy and Bess 856:Porgy and Bess 835:Porgy and Bess 806:Robert O'Hearn 782:Porgy and Bess 762: 759: 747:Larry Marshall 731:Porgy and Bess 699:Porgy and Bess 688:Porgy and Bess 683: 680: 674: 671: 661: 658: 632:Porgy and Bess 586:as Porgy, and 580:Leontyne Price 569:Porgy and Bess 560: 557: 520: 517: 495:Radio station 462:Porgy and Bess 449: 446: 434:Curran Theatre 395:Porgy and Bess 338:Porgy and Bess 323:Porgy and Bess 311: 308: 306: 303: 294: 291: 286:Porgy and Bess 281:Porgy and Bess 276:a folk opera: 274:Porgy and Bess 269:New York Times 264:South Carolina 239:Porgy and Bess 237:The origin of 234: 231: 219:Porgy and Bess 208:Porgy and Bess 193:Porgy and Bess 167:DuBose Heyward 124:Porgy and Bess 118: 117: 111: 101: 99: 95: 94: 86: 82: 81: 78: 74: 73: 71:DuBose Heyward 68: 64: 63: 52: 44: 43: 33: 32: 31:Porgy and Bess 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8629: 8618: 8615: 8613: 8610: 8608: 8605: 8603: 8600: 8598: 8595: 8593: 8590: 8588: 8585: 8583: 8580: 8578: 8575: 8573: 8570: 8568: 8565: 8563: 8560: 8558: 8555: 8553: 8550: 8548: 8545: 8543: 8540: 8538: 8535: 8533: 8532:1935 musicals 8530: 8528: 8527:1935 in music 8525: 8523: 8520: 8519: 8517: 8507: 8502: 8497: 8496: 8493: 8473: 8472: 8468: 8465: 8464: 8460: 8457: 8456: 8452: 8449: 8446: 8445: 8441: 8438: 8437: 8433: 8430: 8429: 8428:Hello, Dolly! 8425: 8422: 8421: 8417: 8414: 8413: 8409: 8406: 8405: 8401: 8398: 8397: 8393: 8390: 8389: 8385: 8382: 8381: 8380:Anything Goes 8377: 8374: 8373: 8369: 8366: 8365: 8361: 8358: 8357: 8356:South Pacific 8353: 8350: 8349: 8345: 8342: 8341: 8337: 8334: 8333: 8329: 8326: 8325: 8321: 8318: 8317: 8313: 8310: 8309: 8305: 8302: 8301: 8297: 8294: 8293: 8292:Kiss Me, Kate 8289: 8286: 8285: 8281: 8278: 8277: 8273: 8270: 8269: 8265: 8262: 8261: 8257: 8254: 8253: 8249: 8246: 8245: 8241: 8240: 8237: 8233: 8226: 8221: 8219: 8214: 8212: 8207: 8206: 8203: 8190: 8189: 8188:Anna Christie 8185: 8182: 8181: 8177: 8174: 8173: 8169: 8166: 8165: 8161: 8160: 8158: 8154: 8147: 8146: 8142: 8139: 8138: 8137:Anything Goes 8134: 8131: 8130: 8126: 8123: 8122: 8121:Sweet Charity 8118: 8115: 8114: 8110: 8107: 8106: 8102: 8099: 8098: 8094: 8091: 8090: 8086: 8083: 8082: 8078: 8075: 8074: 8070: 8069: 8067: 8063: 8056: 8053: 8052: 8048: 8045: 8044: 8040: 8039: 8037: 8033: 8029: 8022: 8017: 8015: 8010: 8008: 8003: 8002: 7999: 7993: 7989: 7983: 7973: 7972: 7963: 7962: 7951: 7945: 7942: 7939: 7936: 7933: 7930: 7927: 7924: 7922: 7919: 7918: 7916: 7912: 7906: 7905: 7901: 7899: 7898: 7894: 7892: 7891: 7887: 7885: 7884: 7880: 7878: 7877: 7873: 7871: 7870: 7866: 7864: 7863: 7859: 7857: 7856: 7852: 7850: 7849: 7845: 7843: 7842: 7838: 7836: 7835: 7831: 7829: 7828: 7824: 7823: 7821: 7817: 7810: 7806: 7803: 7799: 7796: 7792: 7789: 7785: 7782: 7778: 7775: 7771: 7768: 7764: 7761: 7757: 7754: 7750: 7747: 7743: 7740: 7736: 7733: 7729: 7726: 7722: 7719: 7715: 7712: 7708: 7705: 7701: 7698: 7694: 7691: 7687: 7684: 7680: 7677: 7673: 7670: 7666: 7663: 7659: 7656: 7652: 7649: 7645: 7642: 7638: 7635: 7631: 7628: 7624: 7621: 7617: 7614: 7610: 7607: 7603: 7600: 7596: 7593: 7589: 7586: 7582: 7579: 7575: 7572: 7568: 7565: 7561: 7558: 7554: 7551: 7547: 7544: 7540: 7537: 7533: 7530: 7526: 7523: 7519: 7516: 7512: 7509: 7505: 7502: 7498: 7495: 7491: 7488: 7484: 7481: 7477: 7474: 7470: 7467: 7463: 7460: 7456: 7453: 7449: 7446: 7442: 7439: 7435: 7432: 7428: 7425: 7421: 7418: 7414: 7411: 7407: 7404: 7400: 7397: 7393: 7390: 7386: 7383: 7379: 7378: 7376: 7372: 7365: 7364: 7360: 7357: 7356: 7352: 7351: 7349: 7345: 7338: 7337: 7333: 7330: 7329: 7325: 7322: 7321: 7317: 7314: 7313: 7309: 7306: 7305: 7301: 7298: 7297: 7296:Concerto in F 7293: 7290: 7289: 7285: 7284: 7282: 7278: 7271: 7270: 7266: 7263: 7262: 7258: 7257: 7255: 7251: 7245: 7244: 7240: 7238: 7237: 7233: 7231: 7230: 7226: 7224: 7223: 7219: 7218: 7216: 7212: 7206: 7205: 7201: 7200: 7198: 7194: 7190: 7183: 7178: 7176: 7171: 7169: 7164: 7163: 7160: 7145: 7144: 7140: 7135: 7134: 7130: 7128: 7127: 7123: 7121: 7120: 7119:Crazy for You 7116: 7111: 7110: 7106: 7101: 7100: 7096: 7091: 7090: 7086: 7085: 7083: 7079: 7070: 7069: 7065: 7060: 7059: 7055: 7050: 7049: 7045: 7043: 7042: 7038: 7033: 7032: 7028: 7026: 7025: 7021: 7016: 7015: 7011: 7006: 7005: 7001: 6999: 6998: 6994: 6992: 6991: 6987: 6985: 6984: 6980: 6978: 6977: 6973: 6971: 6970: 6966: 6964: 6963: 6959: 6958: 6956: 6952: 6946: 6945: 6941: 6939: 6938: 6934: 6932: 6931: 6927: 6925: 6924: 6920: 6918: 6916: 6912: 6908: 6906: 6905: 6901: 6899: 6898: 6897:La La Lucille 6894: 6893: 6891: 6887: 6878: 6877: 6873: 6868: 6867: 6863: 6858: 6857: 6853: 6848: 6847: 6843: 6841: 6840: 6836: 6834: 6833: 6829: 6827: 6826: 6822: 6820: 6819: 6815: 6810: 6809: 6805: 6803: 6802: 6798: 6796: 6795: 6791: 6789: 6788: 6787:Treasure Girl 6784: 6782: 6781: 6777: 6775: 6774: 6770: 6768: 6767: 6763: 6761: 6760: 6756: 6754: 6753: 6749: 6747: 6746: 6742: 6740: 6739: 6735: 6733: 6732: 6728: 6726: 6725: 6721: 6720: 6718: 6714: 6710: 6706: 6702: 6699: 6695: 6688: 6683: 6681: 6676: 6674: 6669: 6668: 6665: 6649: 6648: 6644: 6641: 6640: 6636: 6633: 6632: 6628: 6625: 6624: 6620: 6617: 6616: 6612: 6610: 6609: 6605: 6604: 6602: 6598: 6591: 6590: 6586: 6584: 6582: 6578: 6576: 6575: 6571: 6568: 6567: 6563: 6561: 6560: 6556: 6553: 6552: 6548: 6545: 6544: 6540: 6538: 6536: 6532: 6530: 6529: 6525: 6523: 6521: 6517: 6515: 6513: 6509: 6507: 6505: 6501: 6498: 6497: 6493: 6492: 6490: 6486: 6480: 6477: 6476: 6474: 6470: 6463: 6459: 6456: 6452: 6449: 6445: 6442: 6438: 6435: 6431: 6428: 6424: 6423: 6421: 6417: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6392: 6390: 6386: 6380: 6379: 6375: 6373: 6372: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6357: 6355: 6351: 6345: 6342: 6340: 6337: 6336: 6334: 6330: 6326: 6325: 6317: 6312: 6310: 6305: 6303: 6298: 6297: 6294: 6288: 6285: 6283: 6280: 6278: 6276: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6260: 6259: 6255: 6252: 6251: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6241: 6236: 6234: 6231: 6229: 6222: 6219: 6218: 6209: 6208: 6202: 6198: 6196: 6192: 6188: 6187: 6182: 6180: 6179:0-393-97141-4 6176: 6172: 6168: 6165: 6163: 6162:0-306-80096-9 6159: 6155: 6151: 6148: 6144: 6142: 6141:0-689-10569-X 6138: 6134: 6133:The Gershwins 6130: 6128: 6127:1-57806-250-0 6124: 6120: 6116: 6113: 6112: 6107: 6103: 6100: 6099:1-930841-19-1 6096: 6092: 6088: 6085: 6084: 6079: 6075: 6071: 6067: 6064: 6060: 6059:0-394-43732-2 6056: 6052: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6039: 6035: 6031: 6028: 6027: 6022: 6021: 6011: 6005: 6001: 5996: 5992: 5990:0-393-07497-8 5986: 5982: 5981: 5976: 5972: 5968: 5966:0-306-80739-4 5962: 5958: 5957: 5951: 5947: 5945:0-7924-2164-7 5941: 5937: 5933: 5929: 5925: 5919: 5915: 5911: 5907: 5906: 5886: 5880: 5873: 5867: 5852: 5848: 5842: 5835: 5831: 5827: 5824: 5818: 5810: 5803: 5797: 5781: 5774: 5766: 5760: 5753: 5749: 5745: 5740: 5733: 5732: 5725: 5718: 5717: 5712: 5707: 5700: 5698: 5691: 5684: 5682: 5679:"Bill Potts: 5675: 5668: 5664: 5660: 5655: 5648: 5647: 5642: 5638: 5633: 5626: 5621: 5613: 5611: 5603: 5595: 5593: 5585: 5577: 5575: 5567: 5559: 5555: 5549: 5541: 5539: 5531: 5516: 5512: 5508: 5502: 5500: 5483: 5479: 5475: 5468: 5462: 5458: 5456: 5450: 5435: 5434: 5429: 5427: 5418: 5411: 5406: 5399: 5395: 5393: 5385: 5378: 5374: 5370: 5364: 5357: 5353: 5349: 5347: 5341: 5334: 5330: 5326: 5322: 5321: 5315: 5307: 5301: 5293: 5287: 5279: 5273: 5266: 5262: 5260: 5254: 5239: 5235: 5229: 5221: 5214: 5207: 5204: 5199: 5192: 5191: 5186: 5182: 5177: 5170: 5166: 5163: 5159: 5154: 5147: 5142: 5134: 5128: 5124: 5120: 5119: 5114: 5108: 5101: 5098:Ewen, David, 5095: 5088: 5087: 5082: 5080: 5073: 5066: 5065: 5060: 5058: 5054: 5047: 5040: 5039: 5034: 5030: 5027: 5023: 5018: 5003: 5002: 4997: 4993: 4987: 4980: 4975: 4968: 4964: 4958: 4951: 4945: 4938: 4934: 4930: 4924: 4917: 4912: 4905: 4901: 4896: 4889: 4884: 4876: 4872: 4866: 4858: 4854: 4848: 4840: 4834: 4830: 4829: 4821: 4806: 4802: 4795: 4787: 4783: 4777: 4771: 4766: 4760: 4758: 4751: 4744: 4743: 4738: 4734: 4732: 4725: 4717: 4716: 4711: 4709: 4703: 4697: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4667: 4651: 4645: 4638: 4637: 4632: 4630: 4623: 4608: 4604: 4598: 4591: 4590: 4585: 4581: 4578: 4576: 4568: 4561: 4560: 4553: 4537: 4535: 4527: 4511: 4507: 4505: 4497: 4489: 4488: 4483: 4479: 4473: 4465: 4461: 4459: 4451: 4443: 4439: 4437: 4429: 4423: 4419: 4418: 4412: 4404: 4403: 4398: 4391: 4389: 4372: 4368: 4367: 4362: 4358: 4352: 4336: 4334: 4326: 4320: 4316: 4313: 4307: 4301: 4294: 4288: 4282: 4266: 4262: 4261:"Met History" 4256: 4250: 4246: 4244: 4238: 4223: 4219: 4218:"Clamma Dale" 4213: 4206: 4204: 4197: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4174: 4166: 4160: 4153:. p. 13. 4152: 4151: 4143: 4139: 4133: 4125: 4124: 4116: 4110: 4108: 4100: 4096: 4095:Michel Martin 4093:interview by 4092: 4091: 4086: 4084: 4077: 4069: 4062: 4055: 4050: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4032: 4023: 4021: 4019: 4017: 4015: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3999: 3993: 3986: 3985: 3980: 3975: 3968: 3964: 3962: 3955: 3948: 3947: 3943: 3942:, Dies at 96" 3941: 3933: 3926: 3921: 3910:September 30, 3906: 3902: 3895: 3888:. p. X1. 3887: 3886: 3881: 3879: 3873: 3867: 3859: 3853: 3849: 3848: 3840: 3836: 3824: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3805: 3803: 3798: 3796: 3792: 3785:Commendations 3779: 3776: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3762: 3759: 3756: 3752: 3749: 3746: 3745: 3740: 3736: 3733: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3711: 3710:Chess Records 3707: 3703: 3700: 3696: 3695:Billy Stewart 3692: 3688: 3684: 3681: 3680: 3679: 3677: 3672: 3670: 3666: 3665:John Coltrane 3662: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3641:Sarah Vaughan 3633: 3630: 3627: 3624: 3621: 3617: 3614: 3611: 3608: 3605: 3601: 3598: 3595: 3591: 3588: 3585: 3581: 3578: 3575: 3571: 3568: 3565: 3561: 3560: 3558: 3555: 3553: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3532: 3527: 3523: 3522: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3504: 3498: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3483: 3481: 3477: 3464: 3463: 3458: 3454: 3451: 3450:Conrad Herwig 3447: 3446:John Scofield 3443: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3430: 3425: 3424:Joe Henderson 3421: 3418: 3414: 3413: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3397: 3393: 3392:Hammond organ 3389: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3370: 3369: 3364: 3360: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3348: 3343: 3339: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3280:Kenny Burrell 3277: 3276: 3271: 3267: 3264: 3260: 3259: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3230: 3225: 3221: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3209: 3204: 3200: 3197: 3193: 3192: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3176: 3175:Louis Bellson 3172: 3171:Red Callender 3168: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3155: 3150: 3146: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3122: 3117: 3116: 3113:Jazz versions 3107: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3088: 3084: 3083: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3058: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3044: 3038: 3036: 3035:Robert Farnon 3032: 3028: 3024: 3023: 3018: 3013: 3011: 3010: 3005: 3001: 2991: 2989: 2985: 2984:Robert Mosley 2981: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2966:The complete 2964: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2949: 2938: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2923: 2921: 2920:Beverly Sills 2917: 2913: 2909: 2906:In 2002, the 2904: 2902: 2898: 2897:art direction 2894: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2873: 2870: 2869: 2863: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2836: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2825:Gregory Hines 2822: 2821: 2815: 2813: 2809: 2808: 2803: 2793: 2791: 2787: 2785: 2780: 2776: 2771: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2756:Academy Award 2753: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2724:Adele Addison 2721: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2688: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2632: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2601: 2597: 2594: 2590: 2589:Willard White 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2573:Decca Records 2570: 2567: 2566:Rhino Records 2563: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2499: 2493: 2491: 2487: 2482: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2451: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2424: 2422: 2418: 2417:Inez Matthews 2414: 2410: 2406: 2405:Adele Addison 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2373: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2345: 2343: 2339: 2334: 2332: 2327: 2325: 2324: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2306: 2304: 2303: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2276: 2274: 2270: 2264: 2254: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2239:train whistle 2236: 2232: 2231:temple blocks 2228: 2224: 2223:tubular bells 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2183:bass trombone 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2159:bass clarinet 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2126: 2123: 2121: 2117: 2116:Leitsektionen 2113: 2108: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2061: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2042: 2040: 2036: 2026: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2006: 2005: 1998: 1996: 1990: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1950: 1948: 1944: 1938: 1936: 1930: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1907: 1903: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1880: 1878: 1873: 1869: 1864: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1849: 1847: 1842: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1824: 1821: 1810: 1806: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1796: 1792: 1789: 1783: 1782: 1773: 1771: 1765: 1764: 1760: 1757: 1755: 1750: 1744: 1743: 1739: 1737: 1732: 1731: 1727: 1725: 1719: 1715: 1714: 1705: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1689: 1688: 1684: 1682: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1664: 1663: 1651: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1639: 1633: 1631: 1622: 1617: 1613: 1610: 1607: 1606: 1602: 1599: 1596: 1595: 1591: 1588: 1585: 1584: 1581: 1580:George Lessey 1578: 1575: 1573: 1569: 1568: 1565: 1563: 1560: 1558: 1554: 1553: 1549: 1546: 1543: 1542: 1538: 1535: 1532: 1531: 1527: 1524: 1521: 1520: 1516: 1513: 1511: 1507: 1506: 1503: 1500: 1497: 1494: 1493: 1489: 1487: 1486:mezzo-soprano 1484: 1481: 1480: 1477: 1474: 1471: 1469: 1465: 1464: 1461: 1458: 1455: 1453: 1449: 1448: 1444: 1441: 1439: 1435: 1434: 1431:Ford L. Buck 1430: 1427: 1424: 1423: 1420: 1417: 1415: 1412: 1410: 1406: 1405: 1402: 1399: 1396: 1394: 1390: 1389: 1386: 1383: 1380: 1378: 1374: 1373: 1370: 1367: 1364: 1362: 1361:Robbins' wife 1358: 1357: 1354: 1351: 1348: 1346: 1342: 1341: 1338: 1335: 1333: 1330: 1328: 1324: 1323: 1320: 1317: 1315: 1312: 1310: 1309: 1303: 1302: 1299: 1296: 1294: 1291: 1289: 1285: 1284: 1281: 1278: 1276: 1275:bass-baritone 1273: 1271: 1267: 1266: 1263: 1257: 1255: 1252: 1249: 1248: 1235: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1224: 1218: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1207:Denyce Graves 1204: 1200: 1196: 1195:Latonia Moore 1192: 1191:Golda Schultz 1188: 1178: 1176: 1172: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1139:Nicola Hughes 1136: 1128: 1122: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1103: 1101: 1100: 1093: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1066: 1064: 1063: 1059:countered in 1058: 1054: 1049: 1045: 1039: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1020:Buddy Freitag 1017: 1013: 1009: 1008:Diedre Murray 1005: 1001: 997: 989: 983: 981: 977: 973: 972:Nicola Hughes 969: 968:Clarke Peters 964: 962: 958: 954: 950: 949:Savoy Theatre 946: 939: 933: 931: 927: 923: 919: 915: 911: 907: 903: 899: 894: 892: 888: 884: 880: 876: 872: 868: 864: 859: 857: 853: 849: 845: 841: 836: 832: 829:In 1995, the 827: 825: 821: 817: 813: 811: 807: 803: 799: 795: 794:Bruce Hubbard 791: 787: 783: 779: 774: 772: 768: 758: 756: 752: 748: 744: 740: 739:Robert Mosley 736: 732: 728: 722: 720: 716: 712: 708: 704: 700: 695: 693: 689: 679: 670: 667: 657: 655: 654: 649: 648:Truman Capote 645: 641: 637: 633: 628: 626: 622: 618: 614: 609: 607: 606: 601: 597: 596:Ol' Man River 593: 589: 585: 581: 576: 574: 573:Stoll Theatre 570: 565: 564:Blevins Davis 552: 548: 546: 542: 538: 534: 530: 526: 516: 514: 510: 506: 502: 498: 493: 491: 487: 483: 478: 476: 471: 467: 466:John Wildberg 463: 459: 455: 445: 443: 439: 438:San Francisco 435: 431: 427: 422: 420: 416: 410: 408: 404: 400: 396: 392: 388: 384: 380: 376: 372: 368: 364: 359: 358:Alvin Theatre 355: 351: 347: 346:Carnegie Hall 339: 335: 331: 324: 320: 316: 302: 300: 289: 287: 282: 277: 275: 271: 270: 265: 261: 256: 254: 250: 246: 245: 240: 230: 228: 224: 220: 215: 213: 209: 204: 202: 198: 194: 190: 188: 187: 182: 181: 176: 172: 169:and lyricist 168: 164: 160: 156: 150: 126: 125: 114: 100: 96: 93: 92: 87: 83: 79: 75: 72: 69: 65: 60: 56: 50: 45: 42: 38: 34: 29: 26: 22: 8469: 8461: 8453: 8442: 8434: 8426: 8418: 8410: 8402: 8394: 8387: 8386: 8378: 8370: 8362: 8354: 8346: 8338: 8330: 8322: 8314: 8306: 8298: 8290: 8282: 8274: 8266: 8258: 8250: 8242: 8186: 8178: 8170: 8162: 8143: 8135: 8127: 8119: 8111: 8103: 8097:On Your Toes 8095: 8087: 8079: 8071: 8049: 8042: 8041: 7987: 7964: 7954: 7926:Ira Gershwin 7902: 7895: 7888: 7881: 7874: 7867: 7860: 7853: 7846: 7839: 7832: 7825: 7669:'S Wonderful 7655:Oh, So Nice! 7522:I Got Rhythm 7361: 7353: 7334: 7326: 7318: 7310: 7302: 7294: 7286: 7268: 7267: 7259: 7241: 7234: 7227: 7220: 7202: 7141: 7131: 7124: 7117: 7107: 7097: 7087: 7066: 7056: 7046: 7039: 7029: 7022: 7012: 7002: 6995: 6988: 6981: 6974: 6967: 6960: 6942: 6935: 6928: 6921: 6909: 6902: 6895: 6874: 6864: 6854: 6844: 6838: 6837: 6830: 6823: 6816: 6806: 6799: 6792: 6785: 6778: 6771: 6764: 6757: 6750: 6745:Tell Me More 6743: 6736: 6729: 6722: 6698:Ira Gershwin 6645: 6637: 6634:(1951 album) 6629: 6626:(1950 album) 6621: 6613: 6606: 6587: 6580: 6572: 6564: 6557: 6549: 6541: 6534: 6526: 6519: 6511: 6503: 6499:(1956 album) 6494: 6400:Ira Gershwin 6376: 6369: 6359: 6323: 6322: 6274: 6257: 6248: 6239: 6204: 6200: 6190: 6184: 6170: 6153: 6146: 6132: 6118: 6109: 6105: 6090: 6081: 6077: 6073: 6069: 6062: 6050: 6025: 5999: 5979: 5975:Marx, Arthur 5955: 5935: 5913: 5889:. Retrieved 5879: 5871: 5866: 5854:. Retrieved 5850: 5841: 5833: 5817: 5808: 5796: 5786:September 3, 5784:. Retrieved 5773: 5759: 5743: 5739: 5730: 5724: 5714: 5706: 5696: 5690: 5680: 5674: 5666: 5658: 5654: 5644: 5636: 5632: 5620: 5609: 5602: 5591: 5584: 5573: 5566: 5557: 5548: 5537: 5530: 5518:. Retrieved 5514: 5486:. Retrieved 5482:the original 5477: 5467: 5454: 5449: 5437:. Retrieved 5431: 5425: 5417: 5405: 5397: 5391: 5384: 5373:Simon Rattle 5363: 5348:– Remastered 5345: 5340: 5319: 5314: 5300: 5286: 5272: 5267:, Amazon.com 5258: 5253: 5241:. Retrieved 5237: 5228: 5219: 5213: 5205: 5198: 5188: 5181:Pareles, Jon 5176: 5153: 5146:Pollack 2006 5141: 5117: 5107: 5099: 5094: 5084: 5078: 5072: 5062: 5056: 5052: 5046: 5036: 5017: 5005:. Retrieved 4999: 4986: 4974: 4966: 4961:Brady, Tim, 4957: 4944: 4928: 4923: 4916:Pollack 2006 4911: 4904:Modern Music 4903: 4895: 4888:Pollack 2006 4883: 4874: 4865: 4856: 4847: 4827: 4820: 4808:. Retrieved 4804: 4794: 4785: 4776: 4765: 4756: 4750: 4740: 4730: 4724: 4713: 4707: 4696: 4684:. Retrieved 4680:the original 4675: 4666: 4654:. Retrieved 4644: 4634: 4628: 4622: 4610:. Retrieved 4606: 4597: 4587: 4574: 4567: 4557: 4552: 4542:September 2, 4540:. Retrieved 4533: 4526: 4516:November 18, 4514:. Retrieved 4510:the original 4506:on Broadway" 4503: 4496: 4485: 4472: 4463: 4457: 4450: 4442:the original 4435: 4428: 4416: 4411: 4400: 4375:. Retrieved 4371:the original 4364: 4351: 4339:. Retrieved 4332: 4325: 4306: 4293: 4281: 4269:. Retrieved 4265:the original 4255: 4242: 4237: 4225:. Retrieved 4221: 4212: 4202: 4196: 4183: 4173: 4164: 4159: 4148: 4132: 4121: 4090:Tell Me More 4088: 4082: 4076: 4067: 4061: 4053: 4049: 4041:the original 4036: 4030: 4006: 4002: 3997: 3992: 3984:The Guardian 3982: 3974: 3960: 3954: 3944: 3939: 3932: 3920: 3908:. Retrieved 3894: 3883: 3877: 3866: 3846: 3839: 3808: 3806: 3801: 3799: 3788: 3742: 3738: 3683:Janis Joplin 3673: 3638: 3556: 3551: 3550: 3535: 3530: 3519:Rock version 3511: 3506:In 1987 the 3494: 3485:The pianist 3484: 3479: 3473: 3460: 3438:Dave Holland 3427: 3410: 3383: 3380:Ivan Jullien 3366: 3345: 3298: 3273: 3256: 3227: 3224:Mundell Lowe 3206: 3189: 3152: 3119: 3106:Frank De Vol 3101: 3080: 3055: 3052:Carmen McRae 3031:Morton Gould 3027:Fritz Reiner 3020: 3014: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2997: 2967: 2965: 2946: 2944: 2926: 2924: 2905: 2888: 2876: 2874: 2872:recording." 2866: 2856: 2844: 2842: 2820:White Nights 2818: 2816: 2811: 2805: 2802:Warner Bros. 2799: 2790:Mike Medavoy 2788: 2772: 2768:Carmen McRae 2764:Cab Calloway 2752:André Previn 2748:Pearl Bailey 2744:Brock Peters 2732:Ruth Attaway 2693: 2641: 2626:John Mauceri 2620:made by the 2581:Lorin Maazel 2562:Frances Faye 2542: 2534: 2519:Lehman Engel 2514: 2506: 2483: 2479:Lee Ritenour 2471:Harry Edison 2463:Frank De Vol 2452: 2447: 2435: 2425: 2421:Ruth Attaway 2397:Cab Calloway 2384: 2380: 2374: 2346: 2338:Mabel Mercer 2335: 2330: 2328: 2321: 2307: 2300: 2293:Helen Jepson 2284: 2282: 2272: 2266: 2203:glockenspiel 2173:in F, three 2171:French horns 2147:English horn 2132: 2124: 2115: 2109: 2104: 2081:Henry Cowell 2064: 2062: 2043: 2032: 2011: 2002: 1994: 1992: 1967:Ira Gershwin 1962: 1956: 1946: 1940: 1932: 1927:Grace Bumbry 1908: 1904: 1900:Harold Cruse 1895: 1883: 1881: 1867: 1865: 1850: 1840: 1825: 1816: 1807: 1803: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1793: 1787: 1784: 1780: 1779: 1770:Judgment Day 1766: 1762: 1761: 1758: 1745: 1741: 1740: 1733: 1729: 1728: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1711: 1690: 1686: 1685: 1665: 1661: 1660: 1627: 1571: 1556: 1509: 1467: 1452:Peter's wife 1451: 1438:the honeyman 1437: 1408: 1392: 1376: 1360: 1344: 1326: 1305: 1288:Crown's girl 1287: 1269: 1221: 1219: 1184: 1153:(Clara) and 1132: 1126: 1118: 1104: 1097: 1094: 1090:Joshua Henry 1067: 1060: 1047: 1040: 1027: 1000:Diane Paulus 995: 993: 987: 965: 944: 943: 937: 930:Desmond Tutu 901: 895: 890: 867:John Mauceri 860: 855: 834: 828: 814: 810:James Levine 790:Grace Bumbry 781: 775: 764: 755:Grammy Award 730: 723: 715:Uris Theatre 707:Jack O'Brien 698: 696: 687: 685: 676: 663: 651: 631: 629: 610: 604: 592:Maya Angelou 588:Cab Calloway 577: 568: 562: 522: 494: 479: 461: 451: 423: 411: 394: 390: 386: 366: 343: 337: 322: 296: 285: 280: 279: 273: 267: 266:. In a 1935 259: 257: 243: 238: 236: 218: 216: 207: 205: 192: 191: 184: 178: 171:Ira Gershwin 123: 122: 121: 89: 25: 8562:Folk operas 8537:1935 operas 8300:42nd Street 8129:All My Sons 7986:Awards for 7473:A Foggy Day 7445:Do It Again 7261:Blue Monday 7041:Park Avenue 6969:Be Yourself 6930:The Rainbow 6915:Blue Monday 6479:Discography 6371:Catfish Row 6353:Adaptations 6074:Catfish Row 5891:February 4, 5520:February 4, 5488:February 4, 5412:, p. . 5400:on sfcv.org 5356:Russ Garcia 5243:January 30, 5038:NewMusicBox 4979:Alpert 1990 4686:October 14, 4656:October 10, 4478:Als, Hilton 4271:February 4, 4205:(2nd of 2)" 4138:Sam Zolotow 3778:The Marcels 3768:Isaac Stern 3751:Phoebe Snow 3735:Nina Simone 3717:The Zombies 3685:recorded a 3661:Miles Davis 3540:Shimmy Disc 3493:, entitled 3491:Franz Liszt 3376:Eddy Louiss 3288:Elvin Jones 3284:Milt Hinton 3249:Rex Stewart 3242:Don Elliott 3238:Ben Webster 3203:Miles Davis 3142:Sonny Clark 3094:Ray Charles 3009:Catfish Row 2976:Simon Estes 2893:Emmy Awards 2829:tap dancing 2796:Other films 2672:Adaptations 2455:Ray Charles 2389:liner notes 2362:Miles Davis 2310:Todd Duncan 2233:, cowbell, 2058:recitatives 1643:Cabbage Row 1562:boy soprano 1557:a small boy 1550:Ray Yeates 1539:Ray Yeates 1528:John Garth 1522:Undertaker 1502:Helen Dowdy 1490:Olive Ball 1460:Helen Dowdy 1445:Gus Simons 1393:Jake's wife 1377:a fisherman 1353:Henry Davis 1280:Todd Duncan 1260:Conductor: 1107:Tony Awards 1032:recitatives 957:recitatives 916:and at the 885:. In 2007, 852:Hope Clarke 848:John DeMain 844:Alvy Powell 816:Trevor Nunn 786:Simon Estes 743:Clamma Dale 719:RCA Records 711:John DeMain 621:Gloria Davy 482:Lee Shubert 475:recitatives 432:and at the 430:Los Angeles 415:segregation 375:Todd Duncan 57:before the 8516:Categories 7802:Who Cares? 7739:Summertime 7487:Funny Face 7452:Doin' Time 7431:By Strauss 7410:Boy Wanted 7243:Who Cares? 7081:repurposed 7014:Cover Girl 6801:Girl Crazy 6773:Funny Face 6427:Summertime 6273:"75 years 5238:GRAMMY.com 5113:Ross, Alex 5007:January 9, 4341:August 13, 4037:Humanities 3827:References 3729:Doin' Time 3687:Blues rock 3649:Summertime 3564:Summertime 3417:clavichord 3356:Ed Thigpen 3335:Bill Evans 3319:Phil Woods 3311:Art Farmer 3295:Bill Potts 3270:Hank Jones 3234:Art Farmer 3159:Pete Jolly 3098:Cleo Laine 3077:Lena Horne 2853:television 2849:videotaped 2839:Television 2661:Eric Owens 2467:Joe Sample 2459:Cleo Laine 2440:RCA Victor 2314:Anne Brown 2257:Recordings 2227:wood block 2211:snare drum 2120:Summertime 2112:leitmotifs 1846:stereotype 1749:strawberry 1694:dissection 1681:happy dust 1668:Summertime 1621:Eva Jessye 1597:Policeman 1586:Detective 1517:Jack Carr 1298:Anne Brown 1254:Voice type 1211:Eric Owens 1199:Angel Blue 1149:(Mariah), 1109:, winning 1080:as Porgy, 1078:Norm Lewis 1057:Hilton Als 1053:this link. 982:as Crown. 970:as Porgy, 751:Tony Award 541:Gothenburg 490:Etta Moten 426:West Coast 399:vaudeville 379:Anne Brown 350:Eva Jessye 227:Summertime 212:Charleston 106:1935-09-30 67:Librettist 8444:Oklahoma! 8324:Assassins 8252:Show Boat 7934:(brother) 7928:(brother) 7834:By George 7781:Tra-la-la 7147:(musical) 7137:(musical) 7113:(musical) 6808:Delicious 6794:Show Girl 6207:Ruby Elzy 5916:. Knopf. 5834:Billboard 5752:473925165 5667:Billboard 5659:Billboard 5646:Billboard 5637:Billboard 5410:Marx 1976 5234:"Winners" 5222:. Schott. 5064:The Times 4967:Minnesota 4810:April 27, 3832:Citations 3800:In 2001, 3744:Billboard 3487:Earl Wild 3398:on drums. 3352:Ray Brown 3323:Zoot Sims 3217:Gil Evans 3130:Mel Tormé 2961:Ruby Elzy 2800:The 1945 2730:'s Bess. 2682:1959 film 2558:Mel Tormé 2484:In 1990, 2426:In 1963, 2375:In 1959, 2356:recorded 2342:Cy Walter 2336:In 1942, 2271:, making 2235:sandpaper 2219:bass drum 2195:xylophone 2151:clarinets 2149:), three 2046:folk song 2004:The Times 1935:Americana 1676:stevedore 1544:Crab man 1525:baritone 1514:baritone 1472:baritone 1466:Frazier, 1414:contralto 1381:baritone 1369:Ruby Elzy 1343:Robbins, 1308:stevedore 1151:Jade Ewen 1145:(Crown), 1076:as Bess, 1014:(ART) in 974:as Bess, 893:in 1976. 869:, gave a 826:in 1998. 824:the Proms 646:. Author 605:Show Boat 582:as Bess, 545:Stockholm 533:blackface 505:Avon Long 442:Avon Long 407:Ruby Elzy 383:Juilliard 319:Ruby Elzy 233:Inception 161:, with a 8244:Carousel 8145:Our Town 7940:(sister) 6923:Our Nell 6759:Oh, Kay! 6752:Tip-Toes 6731:Primrose 6716:Together 6701:musicals 6388:Creators 6228:La Scala 6221:Libretto 6195:Cold War 6030:Archived 5977:(1976). 5934:(1987). 5912:(1990). 5856:June 26, 5826:Archived 5165:Archived 5115:(2007). 5029:Archived 4612:July 18, 4589:Playbill 4580:Archived 4377:June 17, 4366:Playbill 4315:Archived 3946:Playbill 3721:ska punk 3407:Joe Pass 3388:big band 3303:big band 3263:big-band 3167:Jim Hall 3087:big band 3015:In 1942 2633:as Bess. 2595:as Bess. 2475:Joe Pass 2370:big band 2348:appear. 2279:Excerpts 2215:tom-toms 2199:triangle 2179:trombone 2175:trumpets 2169:; three 2000:— 1636:Synopsis 1608:Coroner 1555:Scipio, 1456:soprano 1397:soprano 1365:soprano 1359:Serena, 1314:baritone 1306:a tough 640:Cold War 636:La Scala 603:film of 197:Broadway 163:libretto 98:Premiere 85:Based on 77:Language 59:Broadway 8455:Company 8348:Company 8276:Cabaret 8268:Chicago 8113:Joe Egg 8089:Othello 8051:Dracula 7585:Lorelei 7214:Ballets 6780:Rosalie 6332:Sources 6261:at the 5542:. 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