421:
348:
340:
Wales. Porius himself not only has Roman, Brythonic, ancestors but an ancestor who was an aboriginal giant as well as relatives amongst the Forest people. Porius gains maturity, and with it personal freedom, through a number of significant experiences, including especially this encounter with the aboriginal giants of Wales, as well as the profound influence of the magician, prophet, and possibly the god
Chronos/Saturn, Myrddin, who reinforces the values, and develops on, the teachings of Porius's earlier teacher, the Christian heretic
401:, Wales' highest mountain. A scene where, according to Powys scholar C. A. Coates, Porius saves "the good magician" by resisting "the temptation of the bad fairy". However, the ending is ambiguous, and "Merlin's stature at the end of the novel is such to preclude any sense that his is not in fact the ultimate power". Powys provides invaluable commentary on Nineue in his "The Characters of the Book". However, by freeing Myrddin Porius makes possible Myrddin's return in two thousand years to re-establish the Saturnian
639:
248:
711:. Scholars have suggested that there are essentially two Taliessin's: one a professional court poet from the 6th century and the other a mythological figure "associated with other mythological figures, with folklore, and with the idea of “metaphysical, transformational” poetry". The first "a professional poet serving the courts of Welsh princes in the North during the latter part of the sixth century". This Taliesin is briefly mentioned in
1150:, the creative power of the imagination and the human will the course of our evolution in the face of political and religious tyrannies". Powys's "emphasis is upon individual rights that permit a plurality of choice independent of moralistic constraints," and "the sanctity of the individual imagination". Associated with these themes is Powys's favourable presentation of the ideas of the Christian heretic
315:. They, however, "refused to consider it, unless it was reduced by one third". This he did, reducing a typescript of 1589 pages to 999; however, Bodley Head made such "an insultingly small offer" that Powys rejected it. Finally Eric Harvey of Macdonald and Co. came to his rescue, but it was the abridged version that was published in 1951. More recently two new editions of
1114:, and names Myrddin, Brochvael, Morfydd, Taliessin, and Einion, in addition to its eponymous hero. This polyphony of voices creates an "intricate work" with "a welter of accessory action, little of which is trivial or unimportant" and its "loose narrative forms" are unified "when viewed in relation to the novel's theme". C. A. Coates also notes, in
29:
1268:
Powys suggests, through the protagonist's
Pelagianism, an alternative to the authoritarian direction that, he believes, Christianity actually took. Furthermore Porius soon after the novel opens comes under the influence of Myrddin: "a living, almost divine embodiment of the teaching of Pelagius." At
1317:
As we contemplate the historic background to ... the last year of the fifth century , it is impossible not to think of the background of human life from which we watch the first half of the twentieth century dissolve into the second half. As the old gods were departing then, so the old gods are
1222:
characters also represent
Britain's latest conquerors. Porius himself has ancestors who were Romans, Brythons, Cewri or giants, and the Forest people, and the novel highlights how the multi-cultural nature of Britain, and the varied religious beliefs of different ethnic groups, is shaping history.
339:
The main plot follows the various experiences of Porius, the heir to the throne of
Edeyrnion, the novel's eponymous protagonist, and his struggle to gain freedom from the influence of his parents. This in particular involves resolving his divided loyalties between Rome and the indigenous peoples of
393:
into a young girl. Another important episode occurs when
Morfydd, and Euronwy, Porius's mother, unite "to aid the endangered House of Cunedda". This involves Morfydd "sacrificing her love for Rhun" by agreeing to a political marriage with Porius, "in order to create harmony between the Roman and
335:
on behalf of Rome. Prince Einion, ruler of
Edeyrnion, owes allegiance to the Emperor Arthur, who rules Britain for Rome. While historians tells us that Rome withdrew its army from Britain around 410 AD, Roman influence is still strong in Powys's late 5th century. But in the autumn of 499 AD the
1105:
concerned with "the sentimental education of" Porius, and early in the novel we learn that Porius has reached "the first great turning point of his life". Porius's education includes a wide variety of experience, but his encounters with
Myrddin, Nineue, and the giantess Creiddylad have the
1283:
takes place during the week of "October 18, to
October 25, A.D. 499", a time Powys claims when "There appears to be an absolute blank, as far as documentary evidence goes, with regard to the history of Britain". Making a claim similar to that of other historians and historical novelists
1131:
Powys filled his "Romance of the Dark Ages", with a sense of elementalism far surpassing that of other novels. Every aspect of the novel is drawn with reference to the elemental world – human thought, speech, action, contemplation, are all viewed as coordinative with other parts of
394:
aboriginal peoples". Then there is the scene which involves
Brochvael, Morfydd's scholarly father, who represents classical Roman culture, confronting the aboriginal worlds of Sibylla and the Druids, which dramatizes the novel's central political conflict in yet another way.
739:. There are another fifteen poems which are associated with the "legendary" Taliesin; these texts refer to a wide-ranging time trans-shifting shape-shifting all-knowing mythological being, who is described as both timeless and eternal. Another important Taliesin text is the
1364:(1964), finds that "the detailed historical knowledge is so dense that it clogs the action" and sees a problem in the way the reader expects "historical excitement where the author has no intention of providing them". For Harald Fawkner, a prolific writer on Powys from the
1296:
influence was still strong in
Britain, although the Roman army left in 410 AD and the Saxons had established settlements in England. Powys deliberate chose a point of major transition in the history of Britain, with on the one hand the replacing of Roman traditions with
1110:, comments that "The structural and thematic unity of the novel is obscured if we read it as mainly being the personal biography of its protagonist". American Powys scholar Denis Lane goes as far as to suggest that there are "no less than half a dozen spokesmen" in
344:. A major climax in the novel comes when Porius mates with the young giantess, he names Creiddylad, one of two surviving Cewri, or giants, the true aboriginals of Britain. This is immediately followed by the violent deaths of Creiddyladd and her father.
1255:
In 499 AD, various ethnic cultures and their differing religious beliefs are involved in a conflict from which Christianity will eventually triumph. At this time, however, even within Christianity there is the conflict between the doctrines of
1471:
part of Hardy's mythical Wessex. Richard Maxwell describes these four novels "as remarkably successful with the reading public of his time". "Two Canons: On the Meaning of Powys's Relation to Scott and his Turn to Historical Fiction",
1145:
Equally important as Powys's concern with elementalism is his concern with individual freedom: "The central issue is the autonomy of individual human choice and vision over every creed and pressure from without", Its "central message
852:
of the Forest People, who is described by Powys as possessing "an extremely cynical, detached and scientific mind", and as being a practitioner of both black and white magic. A druid was a member of the priestly class among the
1247:
is concerned with the idea of possible alternative histories that might have arisen from this significant transitional age, if a different religion than Christianity (or different version of Christianity) had triumphed. In
178:
are central themes. Due to the demands of publishers and a paper shortage in Britain, Powys was forced to excise more than 500 pages from the 1951 version. It wasn't until 2007 that the full novel, as Powys intended his
1264:, to which this novel's protagonist is an adherent: "Porius owes to Pelagius the imaginative impulse that liberates him by allowing him to use his imagination to create the future through the soul's inmost desire". In
593:
Brochvael, the brother of Prince Einion, is used by Powys to anchor the novel in the real world of the late 5th-century, because he is associated with a number of historical figures. For example, he had encountered in
1387:, has a different opinion of the newly restored novel of 1995, which he describes as "one of the supreme works of twentieth-century literature". Editors Morine KrissdĂłttir and Judith Bond, in their "Foreword" to
1125:, is "the pluralist sensationalism that Powys has been attempting to describe for so long", Powys's "elementalism", what Porius calls cavoseniargizing. American literary critic Denis Lane claims, that
1054:. Creiddylad in the novel is Porius's giantess great-grandmother and as well it is the name Porius gives to the young giantess that he encounters. In Arthurian literature Creiddylad is the daughter of
1344:
review article "Marvels and wonders", describes the novel, as "a profound meditation on the twentieth century's abiding social sickness, and on fascism in particular, their emblematic form".
817:
and literary invention, and his historical existence is debated and disputed by modern historians. The sparse historical background of Arthur is gleaned from various sources, including the
389:
However, this novel goes beyond Porius's experience, at times focusing on other characters. This includes the highly significant scene involving Myrddin's magical transformation of the owl
839:. In a letter to his sister Philippa Powys, dated 18 February 1943, Powys describes "going on with my 'Dark Ages' Romance ... round the year 500 A.D. the date of Arthur's victory at
319:
have been published in the attempt to reach Powys's original intention, with the use of the original manuscripts. The first, edited by Wilbur T. Albrecht, was published in 1994 by the
412:, is to be born as a result of the Saxon invasion". And Porius himself has also gained the necessary personal freedom and maturity he that will need as the future ruler of Edeyrnion.
626:, diplomat, and bishop. Sidonius has been described as "the single most important surviving author from fifth-century Gaul" by Eric Goldberg. He was one of four 5th- to 6th-century
483:. His physical strength and giant ancestry is demonstrated when "our Brythonic Hercules" picks up a "dead man by the heels" and uses the body as a weapon to drive off twenty Saxons.
275:. However, Boethius never even appears and it was not completed until seven years later, in February, 1949. Between 1942 and 1951 Powys, however, published five non-fiction works:
408:
At the end of the novel Ederynion remains free from Saxon domination, a freedom that it will retain and which will shape the subsequent history of the Welsh: "The new nation, the
1318:
departing now. And as the future was dark with the terrifying possibilities of human disaster then, so, today, are we confronted by the possibility of catastrophic world events.
1252:, his wartime propaganda work of 1942, Powys suggests that the multi-racial mixture of contemporary Britains will help in the fight against the more racially pure Germans.
489:
or Merlin the Wild, is the Emperor Arthur's counsellor. A legendary figure associated, in some sources, with events in the 6th century, Myrddin is a figure in medieval
1178:
in the 20th century. The period he represents is one in which "he racial mingling throws up a froth of religious and philosophical controversy". Michael Ballin calls
927:
was Porius's giantess great-grandmother and the name that he invents for the young Cawres with whom he mates. In Arthurian literature Creiddylad is the daughter of
208:, near where Hardy had lived, after Powys had returned from the USA, with his lover, Phyllis Playter, in 1934. However, in July, 1935 they moved to the village of
1376:
are more often inadvertent parodies of their counterparts in the major romances they are no more mystical (and no more interesting) than an electrical bill".
1210:. In addition there are individuals from further races, including a Jewish family, Rhun's Greek father, while it is suggested that Myrddin may have come from
465:, “Porius here lies buried. He was a Christian man”. Porius has the blood of the ancient aboriginal giants, the Cewri in his veins from his great-grandmother
323:
Press. This edition was, however, heavily criticized, and in 2007 Judith Bond and Morine KrissdĂłttir edited another version, published by Overlook Duckworth.
1301:
rule, along with the coming of Christianity. There are parallels with contemporary history: "The Dark Ages and the 1930s are the periods of what Powys, in
731:, or Llyfr Taliesin, contains about sixty Welsh poems, of which twelve are ascribed to the “historical,” Taliesin, a bard, who created praise poems for
1269:
the end of the first half of the 20th century Powys was witnessing the demise of Christianity and the rise of the new religions of the 20th century.
572:, who bears her name as "Mabon ap Modron" ("Mabon, Son of Modron"), and who was stolen away from her when he was three days-old and later rescued by
1884:
2738:
2106:
1328:: "the period that formed the immediate background to this tale—1400–1416—saw the beginning of one of the most momentous and startling epochs of
1170:
Powys's presentation of Britain in 499 AD as a multi-racial society provides him with the opportunity to comment on themes related to the rise of
2037:
cannot be dated precisely: it describes 6th-century events and contains 9th- or 10th-century spelling, but the surviving copy is 13th-century.
336:
Saxons, under their leader Colgrim, are advancing on Edeyrnion and the Forest people have joined with them against their Brythonic rulers.
1912:
441:
Porius is the thirty-year-old son of Prince Einion and Princess Euronwy and the hero of this historical romance. Poet and literary critic
2138:
1485:
Issued 24 January 1941 in the USA and 6 February 1942 in the UK (not published in 1940 and 1941 as shown in the texts). Dante Thomas,
2906:
Sims-Williams, Patrick (1991), "The Early Welsh Arthurian Poems", in Bromwich, Rachel; Jarman, A. O. H.; Roberts, Brynley F. (eds.),
2211:", pp. 383–4. Re the idea of a polyphony of narrative points-of-view see Charles Lock, "Polyphonic Powys: Dostoevsky, Bakhtin, and
420:
1309:
when Powys began writing Porius in 1942. In prefatory comments, probably written around 1949, at the time of the beginning of the
397:
The novel's final climax comes with Porius's "rescue" of Myrddin from his entombment by the enchantress Nineue on the summit of
2969:
2753:
Charles-Edwards, Thomas M. (1991), "The Arthur of History", in Bromwich, Rachel; Jarman, A. O. H.; Roberts, Brynley F. (eds.),
240:. This move to the land of his ancestors led Powys to writing the first of two historical novels set in this region of Wales,
2915:
2792:
2762:
2512:
2440:
1681:
331:
The setting is the Kingdom of Edeyrnion in North Wales, where the indigenous Forest people have been ruled by the Brythonic
1412:
311:(1941). But they rejected it as "indecypherable and overwritten". He had also sent a typescript to his English publisher,
2964:
630:
aristocrats whose letters survive in quantity. Brochvael also owns a manuscript of the Comedies of the Greek dramatist
2959:
351:
Europe in the late 5th century. Most names shown are the Latin names of 5th-century peoples, with the exceptions of
1515:
Powys is writing a work of fiction and plays freely with dates. John Cowper Powys, "The Characters of the Novel".
1336:, "the present is perceived through the spectacles of the past". Likewise distinguished American literary scholar
2949:
1285:
1118:
that "The novel contains more Powys-personae than any other", and adds Cadawg and the dead Pelagius to the list.
749:, which contains Welsh prose and poetry, about and, claiming to be, by Taliessin. Taliessin is also mentioned in
461:
of 24 December , as "the only authentic Historical Document of the Date", i.e. 499 AD. The Porius Stone reads:
885:(a Welsh tale about a hero connected with Arthur and his warriors), giants feature as antagonists throughout.
2669:
1964:
872:
770:
267:, subtitled "a Romance of the Dark Ages" in January 1942. This, initially, was to have been about the Roman,
1138:
Canadian literary scholar John Brebner, in his essay "The Anarchy of the Imagination", also concludes that "
913:
is buried in the hill fort, Mynydd-y-Gaer, where Porius lives. The Cewri are seen as living on the mountain
2974:
2939:
445:
draws attention to the similarity between the names Porius and Powys. Powys has taken Porius's name from a
909:. The last two survivors of these original inhabitants of Britain die in the novel. Their legendary ruler
2944:
1881:
806:
2866:
_______ . "Two Canons: On the Meaning of Powys's Relation to Scott and His Turn to Historical Fiction".
1162:, and the implied condemnation of Christianity's subsequent development into "an authoritarian system".
1121:
What is important to these Powysian personae, and which provides one of the central organizing theme of
493:, known as a prophet and a madman. He is the most important prototype for the modern composite image of
2954:
2113:
2102:
1107:
1015:
131:
2074:
1078:, based on the possibly mythic Welsh poet of that name and the Henog, Powys's fictional author of the
2979:
2934:
713:
1026:, parts of which contain Arthurian stories; furthermore it includes both giants and magic. However,
2690:
1899:"The Characters of the Book", p. 16. See also "Historic Background to the Year of Grace A.D. 499",
1380:
1147:
429:
590:
Euronwy is Porius's mother, cousin of the Emperor Arthur, and daughter of Porius Manlius, a Roman.
1498:"Jerome McGann notes that "Powys was learned in Arthurian romance". "Marvels and Wonders: Powys,
1365:
1203:
868:
175:
1836:, in the external links below, p. 39, for details of the controversy surrounding this tombstone.
1599:
Michael Ballin, "A Certain Combination of Realism and Magic: Notes on the Publishing History of
194:(1872–1963) initially established his literary reputation on the basis of four long novels, his
1391:, comment that in fifty years "readers who have been initiated into the wonders and marvels of
1324:
241:
97:
2213:
1426:
1419:
1082:. The novel's eponymous protagonist Porius, is the son of Prince Einion, "reigning Prince of
965:
690:
200:
1372:, although Powys is "one of the great mystic writers of all time", the "occult passages in
1035:
952:
802:
727:
619:
8:
2681:
2538:
2252:
p. 390 and "it represents the clearest fictive rendering of his elemental creed", p. 382.
1923:
Ralph W. Mathisen, "Epistolography, Literary Circles and Family Ties in Late Roman Gaul"
1171:
1142:
is in many ways Powys's most comprehensive and successful statement of his life-vision".
1067:
998:
940:
902:
805:
leader of the late 5th and early 6th centuries, who, according to medieval histories and
611:
300:
1182:"both a diagnosis and a criticism of Western contemporary culture." Among the different
813:
invaders in the early 6th century. The details of Arthur's story are mainly composed of
1913:
The Fall of the Roman Empire Revisited: Sidonius Apollinaris and His Crisis of Identity
1306:
1260:, along whose theological lines it subsequently developed, and the competing heresy of
1257:
1175:
825:
530:
506:
320:
205:
60:
1870:
2911:
2788:
2758:
2508:
2436:
2132:
1677:
1019:
881:
757:
347:
191:
127:
42:
2724:, ed. Alan Lane. Cranbury, NJ: Associated Universities Press, 1990, pp. 214–35.
2664:
1489:, unpublished Ph.D thesis (State University of New York at Albany, 1971), pp. 54–6.
1357:
1031:
876:
819:
741:
725:
are to only two early Welsh poets whose work has survived. An important manuscript
666:
576:. Powys has an invaluable discussion of Nineue in his "The Characters of the Book".
565:
525:
498:
368:
237:
147:
123:
602:"; the philosopher lived from c. 480–524 or 525 AD. He also corresponded with the
2830:
_______ . "Impossible Fiction; or, The Importance of Being John Cowper Powys" in
1888:
1195:
972:
For more information on the above, as well as details for other characters, see:
956:
569:
535:
490:
312:
244:, which was completed in 1939, published in the USA in 1941 and Britain in 1942.
155:
138:, with the adventures of the eponymous protagonist Porius, heir to the throne of
682:
Morfydd is the daughter of Brochvael, and both cousin and future wife of Porius.
2675:
2148:
1433:
1190:
which originated in Africa), the Gwyddylaid (Goidels or Irish Celts), Ffichti (
948:
854:
841:
736:
458:
229:
28:
2341:
and the Cauldron of Rebirth", p. 234. See also Ballin's, "John Cowper Powys's
2185:, ed. Alan Lane. Cranbury, NJ: Associated Universities Press, 1990, pp. 214–35
1186:
groups are the Romans, the Forest People (the "true Welsh aboriginals", a non-
2928:
2902:, ed. Judith Bond and Morine KrissdĂłttir. New York: Overlook Duckworth, 2007.
1392:
1337:
1102:
1063:
1042:
only has a minor role. There are other Arthurian figures, including Medrawd (
1027:
936:
918:
561:
486:
442:
151:
135:
2604:, ed. Denis Lane. Cranbury, NJ: Associated University Presses, 1990, p. 216.
2164:
Michael Ballin, "John Cowper Powys's Porius and the Dialectic of History".
1460:
1293:
1159:
1071:
944:
751:
732:
708:
694:
638:
631:
603:
373:
213:
1305:
phrase calls 'appalling transition' ". There was the clear possibility of
707:
or Head Bard of the Isles of Britain. Powys compares him to American poet
303:
his American publishers, publisher of all his previous major novels, from
1440:
1289:
1261:
1232:
1224:
1039:
947:. Powys is also aware of the idea that Creiddylad can be identified with
914:
910:
898:
790:
674:
662:
658:
650:
627:
607:
573:
553:
450:
425:
402:
358:
217:
143:
2265:, ed. Belinda Humfrey. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1972, p. 274.
1223:
Amongst the beliefs existing in 5th-century Wales are Christianity, the
2895:, ed. Wilbur T. Albrecht. Hamilton, NY: Colgate University Press, 1994.
2859:
_______ . "A Game of Yes and No: Childhood and Apocalypse in Porius'",
2805:. New York: Overlook Duckworth, 2007. The most comprehensive biography.
1187:
1079:
1051:
1023:
924:
886:
835:
466:
390:
2667:, the explorer, describes it as calling "to mind novels as diverse as
1818:
Powys to Sea Eagle: The Letters of John Cowper Powys to Philippa Powys
2062:, translated by Sioned Davies. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.
1155:
1083:
1075:
960:
721:
a Welsh monk of the 9th century. The first "historical" Taliesin and
700:
615:
580:
557:
247:
221:
139:
1464:
1310:
1236:
1215:
1211:
1199:
1151:
1059:
1047:
932:
862:
814:
599:
543:
521:
517:
480:
474:
470:
382:
353:
341:
272:
268:
255:, locally known as Mynydd-y-Gaer, the hill fort where Porius lives.
685:
Rhun is Porius's cousin and foster brother. He is a worshipper of
1384:
1240:
1087:
1043:
906:
894:
794:
775:
722:
718:
686:
654:
646:
642:
584:
550:
547:
469:, and he is frequently compared, in the novel, to the Greek hero
454:
433:
398:
363:
225:
159:
2422:(1942) (London: Village Press, 1974), e.g., pp. 11, 13, 14, 237.
1659:
See for example, essays by Charles Lock and Richard Maxwell, in
1292:
ruled at the time of this "historic blank". This is a time when
657:", which may refer to the cairn thrown over the legendary giant
1468:
1369:
1228:
1183:
830:
653:
for "snow hill", while the Welsh name – Yr Wyddfa – means "the
539:
502:
494:
260:
252:
209:
195:
171:
163:
2834:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006, pp. 175–89.
649:, the highest mountain in Wales. The name Snowdon is from the
1701:
4, 1974–5. Colgate University Press, Hamilton, NY, pp. 10–11.
1487:
A Bibliography of the Principal Writings of John Cowper Powys
1302:
1298:
1288:, Powys suggests that it is "therefore highly probable" that
1219:
1207:
1191:
1055:
928:
890:
849:
810:
765:
697:
from about the 1st to 4th centuries AD. His father was Greek.
670:
446:
409:
332:
167:
2823:
and the attempt to revive romance in the age of modernism".
2017:, pp. 11–37, has a summary of the debate on this point.
1502:
and the attempt to revive romance in the age of modernism".
1332:
that the world has known". Michael Ballin discusses how, in
833:. Arthur's name also occurs in early poetic sources such as
2575:"Historic Background to the Year of Grace A.D. 499", p. 18.
858:
623:
595:
579:
Prince Einion, father of Porius and reigning Prince of the
510:
477:
134:
during a week of autumn 499 AD, this novel is, in part, a
2075:
Christopher Bruce's Arthurian Name Dictionary: Creiddylad
1586:
Judith Bond and Morine KrissdĂłttir, "Editorial Notes" to
1062:. She is considered to be the most beautiful girl in the
935:. She is considered to be the most beautiful girl in the
879:, who has never been able to fit inside any dwelling. In
2873:
Powys, John Cowper. " 'Preface' or anything you like to
1693:
John Cowper Powys, " 'Preface' or anything you like to
975:
John Cowper Powys, " 'Preface' or anything you like to
610:(c. 485 – c. 585), who served in the administration of
263:
but soon gave it up, to start his "Romance of Corwen",
2910:, Cardiff: University of Wales Press, pp. 33–71,
2837:
Maxwell, Richard, ed. "A Symposium on the new Colgate
2757:, Cardiff: University of Wales Press, pp. 15–32,
2354:
John Cowper Powys, "'Preface' or anything you like to
861:, Britain, Ireland, and possibly elsewhere during the
764:
The Henog: Powys created Sylvannus Bleheris, Henog of
457:, Wales, which he describes in a letter to his sister
259:
Then in 1940 he began a new novel set in contemporary
2490:"Historic Background to the Year of Grace A.D. 499",
2308:
2306:
1925:
Transactions of the American Philological Association
2526:
Rural Settlements and Society in Anglo-Saxon England
1106:
profoundest influence on him. Yet Michael Ballin of
951:, a legendary Queen of the Britons, as recounted by
1322:Powys makes a similar comment in the "Argument" to
524:'s Vivien. Tennyson used the name "Vivien" for the
236:(1936). Edeirnion was nominally once a part of the
2303:
1807:. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1973, p. 84.
1795:Michael Ballin, "The Cauldron of Rebirth", p. 225.
1770:. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1973, p. 127. See also
778:, as a way linking the mythological background of
428:. This is a duplicate and the original is in the
183:to be, was published both in Britain and America.
2808:Lane, Denis. "Elementalism in John Cowper Powys'
2207:Denis Lane, "Elementalism in John Cowper Powys's
1955:. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1992, p. 3.
1834:John Cowper Powys: 'Porius', A Reader's Companion
1090:", a Welsh king who lived in the 5th century AD.
1050:, and Powys also makes use of the Arthurian name
995:John Cowper Powys: 'Porius', A Reader's Companion
2926:
986:________________, "The Characters of the Book”.
901:. He is slain at the tale's close by his nephew
463:Porius hic in tumuli iacet Homo Christianus fuit
2752:
2026:
771:the Four Pre-Arthurian Branches of the Mabinogi
2845:, vol.10, no.1, Fall and Winter 1995, pp. 4–55
2689:, August 2000. Volume 286, No. 2, pp. 88–91:
2085:See Richard Maxwell, "The Lie of the Land" in
1272:
963:. Cordelia is the name of Owen Evans' wife in
797:ruler of Britain is only a minor character in
166:) as another major character. The invasion of
2905:
2739:Birns, Nicholas, "Awe-Inspiring Hideousness:
2435:. Westminster: John Knox Press, 2005 p. 128,
2030:
1856:
1854:
1757:. Totowa, NJ: Barnes and Noble, 1982, p. 154.
1676:. London: Thames & Hudson, 2012, p. 238.
1541:. New York: Overlook Duckworth, 2007, p. 323.
618:. Brochvael had in addition been a friend of
2819:McGann, Jerome."Marvels and wonders: Powys,
2507:. London: Thames & Hudson, 201, p. 238.
2474:John Cowper Powys, "Historical Background",
1718:, vol.10, no.1, Fall and Winter 1995, p. 14.
1590:. New York: Overlook Duckworth, 2007, p. 11.
1066:, and is loved by two of Arthur's warriors:
939:, and is loved by two of Arthur's warriors:
905:, while Wrnach, another giant, is killed by
2486:
2484:
2320:
2318:
2221:, vol. 35, no. 3, Spring 1986, pp. 261–281.
1727:Michael Ballin, "Porius and the Feminine",
1395:will be in a better position to recognize
1286:who try to historicize the Arthurian legend
146:, at its centre. The novel draws from both
2771:Duncan, Ian. "Sacred monsters: re-reading
1851:
1755:John Cowper Powys in Search of a Landscape
1352:Some admirers of Powys have problems with
1116:John Cowper Powys in Search of a Landscape
1010:It is not surprising that Powys describes
583:and great-great grandson of the legendary
27:
2587:. New York: Simon & Schuster, , p. x.
2409:and the Dialectic of History", pp. 28–29.
871:or aboriginal giants. In the Mabinogi of
2528:. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.
2481:
2315:
2070:
2068:
1744:and the Comedy of the Grotesque", p. 14.
1476:, vol. LVII, no. 1, Spring 2003, p. 103.
1206:). Both the Gwyddylaid and Brythons are
1202:(or British), and the Cewri (aboriginal
669:, the mountain is linked to a legendary
637:
419:
346:
246:
2705:Ballin, Michael. "John Cowper Powys's
2685:in "An Irresistible Long-winded Bore",
1620:(2007), p. 11, and Morine KrissdĂłttir,
921:(who was a giant). See also Creiddylad.
377:(nominally last Western Roman emperor,
2927:
2870:, 57:1, Spring 2003, pp. 103–110.
2782:
2699:
2137:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2014:
1347:
2745:Hyperion: On the Future of Aesthetics
2735:, vol.6:2, Fall, 1990, pp. 4–20.
2566:and the Cauldron of Rebirth", p. 217.
2553:and the Dialectic of History", p. 24.
2456:and the Dialectic of History", p. 29.
2452:Michael Ballin, "John Cowper Powys's
2345:and the Dialectic of History", p. 24.
2194:"Elementalism in John Cowper Powys's
2065:
1360:, in his study of John Cowper Powys,
809:, led the defense of Britain against
2852:, vol. 7:2, Fall and Winter 1992. A
2785:King Arthur, Myth-Making and History
2147:, by John Cowper Powys, reviewed by
2005:"The Characters of the Book", p. 18.
1860:"The Characters of the Book", p. 17.
1820:. London: Cecil Woolf, 1996, p. 211.
1663:vol. 10, no.1, Fall and Winter 1995.
1165:
889:, chief of giants, is the father of
542:("divine mother") was a daughter of
220:, historically part of Edeirnion or
1650:vol. 10, no.1, Fall and Winter 1995
955:. She was the youngest daughter of
22:Porius: A Romance of the Dark Ages
13:
2893:Porius: A Romance of the Dark Ages
2886:Porius: A Romance of the Dark Ages
2747:, Volume V, issue 2, November 2010
2722:In the Spirit of Powys: New Essays
2602:In the Spirit of Powys: New Essays
2183:In the Spirit of Powys: New Essays
2155:, Volume V, issue 2, November 2010
1871:Tennyson's poem "Merlin and Vivien
1832:(2007), p. 576. See W. J. Keith's
1731:, vol.6, no.2, Fall, 1990, pp.6–7.
1714:and the Comedy of the Grotesque".
1058:Silver Hand, a lady living at the
931:Silver Hand, a lady living at the
917:; this translates as the chair of
622:(circa 430 – August 489 A. D.), a
449:inscription on a stone found near
295:(1948). Powys initially submitted
289:Obstinate Cymric: Essays 1935–1947
119:Porius: A Romance of the Dark Ages
14:
2991:
2877:"; "The Characters of the Book”.
2827:, December 1, 1995, pp. 4–6.
2814:Papers on Language and Literature
2720:and the Cauldron of Rebirth", in
2639:, vol.10, no.1, 1995, pp. 28, 38.
2600:and the Cauldron of Rebirth", in
2503:Sam Moorhead and David Stuttard,
2379:"Preface on anything you like to
2181:and the Cauldron of Rebirth", in
1672:Sam Moorhead and David Stuttard,
1022:as well as the Welsh classic the
520:(Nineue daughter of Afallach) is
1607:7:2, Fall and Winter 1992, p.13.
875:, Britain is ruled by the giant
665:. As well as other figures from
2655:
2642:
2625:
2616:
2607:
2590:
2578:
2569:
2556:
2543:
2537:Powys Digital History Project:
2531:
2518:
2497:
2468:
2459:
2446:
2431:Justo González, "Pelagianism",
2425:
2412:
2399:
2386:
2373:
2361:
2348:
2331:
2328:. London: Methuen, 1964, p. 77.
2294:
2281:
2268:
2255:
2246:
2237:
2224:
2219:University of Toronto Quarterly
2201:
2188:
2171:
2158:
2092:
2087:The Spirit of Powys: New Essays
2079:
2052:
2040:
2020:
2008:
1999:
1986:
1973:
1958:
1945:
1933:
1917:
1906:
1893:
1875:
1863:
1839:
1823:
1810:
1798:
1789:
1777:
1760:
1747:
1734:
1721:
1704:
1687:
1666:
1653:
1640:
1627:
1509:
1492:
893:, a beautiful maiden sought by
473:, the Roman name for the Greek
70:Macdonald & Company, London
16:1951 novel by John Cowper Powys
2816:17, no. 4 (1981), pp. 381–404.
2709:and the Dialectic of History".
2230:pp. 139–140. See also Ballin "
1610:
1593:
1580:
1568:
1556:
1544:
1531:
1479:
1453:
1018:, because it draws heavily on
1:
2970:Novels set in the 5th century
2670:One Hundred Years of Solitude
2505:The Romans who Shaped Britain
2287:Denis Lane, "Elementalism in
2143:"Awe-Inspiring Hideousness",
1674:The Romans who Shaped Britain
1525:
1379:Canadian Charles Lock of the
415:
186:
1463:and these novels are set in
501:. Powys identifies him with
176:new religion of Christianity
7:
2779:, 19, 2009, pp. 161–8.
2433:Essential Theological Terms
2276:John Cowper Powys: Novelist
2263:Essays on John Cowper Powys
1768:John Cowper Powys: Novelist
1402:
1074:. Other characters include
10:
2996:
2965:Works by John Cowper Powys
2888:. London: Macdonald, 1951.
1399:as a modern masterpiece".
1108:Wilfrid Laurier University
1030:(Merlin), and Nineue, the
1005:
990:4, 1974–5, pp. 14–21.
755:, and in the beginning of
198:novels. The last of these
2881:4, 1974–5, pp. 7–21.
2868:Western Humanities Review
2863:16, 2006, pp. 84–102
2825:Times Literary Supplement
2743:, by John Cowper Powys".
2713:19, 1986, pp. 20–35.
1506:, December 1, 1995, p. 5.
1504:Times Literary Supplement
1474:Western Humanities Review
1342:Times Literary Supplement
1093:
983:4, 1974–5, pp. 7–13.
714:Historia Regum Britanniae
105:
92:
84:
74:
66:
56:
48:
38:
26:
2960:Modern Arthurian fiction
2234:and the Feminine", p. 5.
1994:Celtic Studies Resources
1967:Celtic Studies Resources
1459:Powys was an admirer of
1447:
1381:University of Copenhagen
1307:another "Saxon" invasion
1214:, or be the last of the
1086:great-great-grandson of
801:. Arthur is a legendary
782:with this aspect of the
673:(water monster) and the
568:. She was the mother of
556:. She may have been the
430:National Museum of Wales
110:The Inmates (1952)
2908:The Arthur of the Welsh
2755:The Arthur of the Welsh
1366:University of Stockholm
1313:, Powys suggests that,
705:Pen Beirdd Ynys Prydein
326:
2950:British bildungsromans
2783:Higham, N. J. (2002),
1320:
829:, and the writings of
703:is the poet, known as
678:
437:
386:
281:The Art of Growing Old
256:
2801:KrissdĂłttir, Morine.
2787:, London: Routledge,
2243:C. A, Coates, p. 140.
2214:A Glastonbury Romance
1633:"Editorial Notes to
1616:"Editorial Notes" to
1420:A Glastonbury Romance
1315:
966:A Glastonbury Romance
848:Gogfran Derwydd, the
641:
606:statesman and writer
423:
350:
250:
232:, where he completed
2879:The Powys Newsletter
2687:The Atlantic Monthly
2613:Jerome McGann, p. 5.
2027:Charles-Edwards 1991
1784:The Powys Newsletter
1699:The Powys Newsletter
1539:A Descents of Memory
1537:Morine KrissdĂłttir,
1276:and the 20th century
1172:totalitarian regimes
1154:, and his belief in
1060:court of King Arthur
988:The Powys Newsletter
981:The Powys Newsletter
953:Geoffrey of Monmouth
933:court of King Arthur
789:Amherawdr (Emperor)
728:The Book of Taliesin
661:after his defeat by
620:Apollinaris Sidonius
598:"the precocious boy
371:king of Italy), and
301:Simon & Schuster
174:and the rise of the
2975:Novels set in Wales
2940:1951 British novels
2731:and the Feminine",
2700:Select bibliography
2682:Alice in Wonderland
2465:Denis Lane, p. 395.
2418:John Cowper Powys,
2312:Denis Lane, p. 385.
2101:, June 15th, 2007;
1992:"Who is Taliesin",
1965:"Who is Taliesin",
1930:(1981), pp. 95–109.
1407:John Cowper Powys:
1362:The Saturnian Quest
1348:Critical reputation
903:Goreu fab Custennin
612:Theoderic the Great
546:, derived from the
23:
2945:Anglo-Welsh novels
2803:Descents of Memory
2635:and Exteriority",
2405:Michael Ballin, "
2392:G. Wilson Knight,
2300:Denis Lane, p.384.
2047:Powys to Sea Eagle
2031:Sims-Williams 1991
1903:(2007), pp. 17–18.
1887:2013-02-16 at the
1816:Powys's capitals.
1772:Descents of Memory
1622:Descents of Memory
1575:Descents of Memory
1563:Descents of Memory
1551:Descents of Memory
1356:. Literary critic
1258:Augustine of Hippo
1176:racial nationalism
895:Culhwch fab Cilydd
873:Branwen ferch Llyr
826:Historia Brittonum
679:
531:Idylls of the King
497:, the magician of
438:
424:The Porius Stone,
387:
321:Colgate University
257:
206:Dorchester, Dorset
124:historical romance
61:Historical romance
21:
2955:Historical novels
2917:978-0-7083-1107-3
2832:The Scholar's Art
2794:978-0-415-21305-9
2764:978-0-7083-1107-3
2562:Michael Ballin, "
2549:Michael Ballin, "
2513:978-0-500-25189-8
2441:978-0-664-22810-1
2337:Michael Ballin, "
1979:Patrick K. Ford,
1951:Patrick K. Ford,
1805:John Cowper Powys
1740:Michael Ballin, "
1710:Michael Ballin, "
1682:978-0-500-25189-8
1166:Race and religion
1158:and rejection of
1020:Arthurian romance
882:Culhwch and Olwen
758:Culhwch and Olwen
693:practiced in the
192:John Cowper Powys
128:John Cowper Powys
115:
114:
85:Publication place
43:John Cowper Powys
2987:
2980:Picts in fiction
2935:Modernist novels
2920:
2797:
2767:
2711:The Powys Review
2694:
2665:Lawrence Millman
2659:
2653:
2646:
2640:
2629:
2623:
2620:
2614:
2611:
2605:
2594:
2588:
2582:
2576:
2573:
2567:
2560:
2554:
2547:
2541:
2535:
2529:
2524:Helena Hamerow,
2522:
2516:
2501:
2495:
2488:
2479:
2472:
2466:
2463:
2457:
2450:
2444:
2429:
2423:
2416:
2410:
2403:
2397:
2390:
2384:
2377:
2371:
2365:
2359:
2352:
2346:
2335:
2329:
2322:
2313:
2310:
2301:
2298:
2292:
2285:
2279:
2274:Glen Cavaliero,
2272:
2266:
2259:
2253:
2250:
2244:
2241:
2235:
2228:
2222:
2205:
2199:
2192:
2186:
2175:
2169:
2166:The Powys Review
2162:
2156:
2142:
2136:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2119:on 18 March 2014
2118:
2112:. Archived from
2111:
2096:
2090:
2083:
2077:
2072:
2063:
2056:
2050:
2044:
2038:
2024:
2018:
2012:
2006:
2003:
1997:
1990:
1984:
1981:Ystoria Taliesin
1977:
1971:
1962:
1956:
1953:Ystoria Taliesin
1949:
1943:
1942:(2007), fn p.20.
1937:
1931:
1921:
1915:
1910:
1904:
1897:
1891:
1879:
1873:
1867:
1861:
1858:
1849:
1843:
1837:
1827:
1821:
1814:
1808:
1802:
1796:
1793:
1787:
1781:
1775:
1764:
1758:
1751:
1745:
1738:
1732:
1725:
1719:
1708:
1702:
1691:
1685:
1670:
1664:
1657:
1651:
1644:
1638:
1631:
1625:
1614:
1608:
1597:
1591:
1584:
1578:
1572:
1566:
1560:
1554:
1548:
1542:
1535:
1520:
1513:
1507:
1496:
1490:
1483:
1477:
1457:
1358:G. Wilson Knight
1032:Lady of the Lake
959:, Shakespeare's
877:Bran the Blessed
820:Annales Cambriae
742:Ystoria Taliesin
717:, attributed to
691:mystery religion
667:Arthurian legend
566:Arthurian legend
526:Lady of the Lake
499:Arthurian legend
238:Kingdom of Powys
148:Arthurian legend
106:Followed by
93:Preceded by
76:Publication date
31:
24:
20:
2995:
2994:
2990:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2985:
2984:
2925:
2924:
2918:
2795:
2765:
2702:
2697:
2663:(2007), p. 12.
2660:
2656:
2647:
2643:
2630:
2626:
2621:
2617:
2612:
2608:
2595:
2591:
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2426:
2417:
2413:
2404:
2400:
2394:Saturnian Quest
2391:
2387:
2378:
2374:
2370:(2007), p. 110.
2366:
2362:
2353:
2349:
2336:
2332:
2326:Saturnian Quest
2324:Wilson Knight,
2323:
2316:
2311:
2304:
2299:
2295:
2286:
2282:
2273:
2269:
2260:
2256:
2251:
2247:
2242:
2238:
2229:
2225:
2206:
2202:
2193:
2189:
2176:
2172:
2168:19, 1986, p.27.
2163:
2159:
2130:
2129:
2122:
2120:
2116:
2109:
2107:"Archived copy"
2105:
2097:
2093:
2084:
2080:
2073:
2066:
2057:
2053:
2045:
2041:
2025:
2021:
2013:
2009:
2004:
2000:
1991:
1987:
1978:
1974:
1963:
1959:
1950:
1946:
1938:
1934:
1922:
1918:
1911:
1907:
1898:
1894:
1889:Wayback Machine
1880:
1876:
1868:
1864:
1859:
1852:
1848:(2007), p. 516.
1844:
1840:
1828:
1824:
1815:
1811:
1803:
1799:
1794:
1790:
1782:
1778:
1765:
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1748:
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1726:
1722:
1709:
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1692:
1688:
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1549:
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1510:
1497:
1493:
1484:
1480:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1405:
1350:
1278:
1225:Pelagian heresy
1196:Gwyddyl Ffichti
1168:
1096:
1038:characters and
1008:
774:concerned with
536:Welsh mythology
418:
329:
313:The Bodley Head
224:and an ancient
189:
77:
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2993:
2983:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
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2942:
2937:
2923:
2922:
2916:
2903:
2896:
2889:
2882:
2871:
2864:
2857:
2848:_______ , ed.
2846:
2835:
2828:
2817:
2806:
2799:
2793:
2780:
2769:
2763:
2750:
2736:
2725:
2714:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2695:
2676:Finnegans Wake
2654:
2641:
2624:
2615:
2606:
2589:
2585:Owen Glendower
2577:
2568:
2555:
2542:
2530:
2517:
2496:
2494:(2007), p. 17.
2480:
2478:(2007), p. 18.
2467:
2458:
2445:
2424:
2411:
2398:
2385:
2372:
2360:
2347:
2330:
2314:
2302:
2293:
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2267:
2254:
2245:
2236:
2223:
2200:
2187:
2170:
2157:
2149:Nicholas Birns
2091:
2078:
2064:
2060:The Mabinogion
2051:
2039:
2029:, p. 15;
2019:
2007:
1998:
1985:
1972:
1957:
1944:
1932:
1916:
1905:
1892:
1874:
1862:
1850:
1838:
1822:
1809:
1797:
1788:
1776:
1759:
1753:C. A. Coates,
1746:
1733:
1720:
1703:
1686:
1665:
1652:
1639:
1637:(2007), p. 12.
1626:
1609:
1592:
1579:
1567:
1555:
1543:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1521:
1519:(2007), p. 19.
1508:
1491:
1478:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1444:
1437:
1434:Weymouth Sands
1430:
1423:
1416:
1404:
1401:
1349:
1346:
1325:Owen Glendower
1277:
1271:
1167:
1164:
1136:
1135:
1134:
1133:
1095:
1092:
1034:are the major
1007:
1004:
1003:
1002:
1001:
1000:
991:
984:
970:
949:Queen Cordelia
922:
897:, a cousin of
866:
855:Celtic peoples
846:
842:Mons Badonicus
787:
762:
747:Hanes Taliesin
737:Owain ab Urien
698:
683:
636:
635:
614:, King of the
591:
588:
577:
514:
509:the father of
484:
417:
414:
374:(Julius) Nepos
328:
325:
309:Owen Glendower
242:Owen Glendower
230:medieval Wales
188:
185:
113:
112:
107:
103:
102:
98:Owen Glendower
94:
90:
89:
88:United Kingdom
86:
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2897:
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2862:
2861:Powys Journal
2858:
2855:
2851:
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2016:
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1995:
1989:
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1976:
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1882:"Cassiodorus"
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1064:British Isles
1061:
1057:
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1028:Myrddin Wyllt
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993:W. J. Keith,
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562:Morgan le Fay
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516:Nineue ferch
515:
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487:Myrddin Wyllt
485:
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448:
444:
443:Jeremy Hooker
440:
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384:
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361:rump state),
360:
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277:Mortal Strife
274:
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251:Caer Drewyn,
249:
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234:Maiden Castle
231:
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204:was begun in
203:
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201:Maiden Castle
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152:Welsh history
149:
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136:bildungsroman
133:
130:. Set in the
129:
125:
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33:First edition
30:
25:
19:
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2648:"On the New
2644:
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2393:
2388:
2383:, pp. 10–11.
2380:
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2160:
2152:
2144:
2121:. Retrieved
2114:the original
2098:
2094:
2089:, pp. 207–8.
2086:
2081:
2059:
2054:
2046:
2042:
2034:
2022:
2010:
2001:
1993:
1988:
1980:
1975:
1966:
1960:
1952:
1947:
1939:
1935:
1927:
1924:
1919:
1908:
1900:
1895:
1877:
1865:
1845:
1841:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1817:
1812:
1804:
1800:
1791:
1783:
1779:
1774:, pp. 386–7.
1771:
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1461:Thomas Hardy
1455:
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1323:
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1279:
1273:
1265:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1179:
1169:
1160:original sin
1144:
1139:
1137:
1122:
1120:
1115:
1111:
1098:
1097:
1046:or Modred),
1011:
1009:
994:
987:
980:
976:
964:
880:
840:
834:
824:
818:
798:
783:
779:
769:
768:, author of
756:
752:Welsh triads
750:
746:
740:
735:and his son
733:Urien Rheged
726:
712:
709:Walt Whitman
704:
695:Roman Empire
632:Aristophanes
529:
491:Welsh legend
462:
407:
396:
388:
378:
372:
362:
352:
338:
330:
316:
308:
304:
296:
292:
291:(1947), and
288:
284:
280:
276:
271:philosopher
264:
258:
233:
214:Denbighshire
199:
190:
180:
118:
117:
116:
109:
100:(1941)
96:
18:
2850:Powys Notes
2843:Powys Notes
2733:Powys Notes
2716:_______ . "
2637:Powys Notes
2015:Higham 2002
1766:Cavaliero,
1729:Powys Notes
1716:Powys Notes
1661:Powys Notes
1648:Powys Notes
1605:Powys Notes
1441:Wolf Solent
1290:King Arthur
1262:Pelagianism
1233:Pythagorism
1148:voluntarism
1040:King Arthur
915:Cader Idris
911:Rhitta Gawr
675:Tylwyth Teg
663:King Arthur
659:Rhitta Gawr
651:Old English
628:Gallo-Roman
608:Cassiodorus
574:King Arthur
534:(1859). In
451:Trawsfynydd
426:Trawsfynydd
403:Age of Gold
359:Gallo-Roman
357:(king of a
305:Wolf Solent
285:Dostoievsky
218:North Wales
181:magnum opus
144:North Wales
2929:Categories
2898:_______ .
2891:_______ .
2884:_______ .
2727:_______ ."
2291:", p. 382.
2035:Y Gododdin
1526:References
1330:transition
1243:. As well
1218:. Several
1188:Aryan race
1080:Mabinogion
1052:Creiddylad
1024:Mabinogion
925:Creiddylad
887:Ysbaddaden
836:Y Gododdin
784:Mabinogion
677:(fairies).
616:Ostrogoths
467:Creiddylad
416:Characters
391:Blodeuwedd
307:(1929) to
187:Background
122:is a 1951
2278:, p. 120.
2198:, p. 387.
2049:, p. 163.
1786:4, p. 21.
1577:, p. 351.
1553:, p. 350.
1340:, in his
1229:Mithraism
1216:Coranians
1156:free will
1084:Edeyrnion
1076:Taliessin
1036:Arthurian
961:King Lear
795:Brythonic
701:Taliessin
581:Edeyrnion
558:prototype
381:ruler of
222:Edeyrnion
156:mythology
140:Edeyrnion
132:Dark Ages
67:Publisher
2856:edition.
2652:, p. 40.
2650:Porius"
2396:, p. 77.
2358:", p. 9.
2153:Hyperion
2133:cite web
2123:17 March
1885:Archived
1565:, p. 351
1465:Somerset
1403:See also
1311:Cold War
1303:Yeatsian
1237:Druidism
1212:Atlantis
1200:Brythons
1152:Pelagius
1048:Galahaut
863:Iron Age
815:folklore
807:romances
600:Boethius
544:Avallach
522:Tennyson
481:Heracles
471:Hercules
459:Philippa
383:Dalmatia
379:de facto
369:Germanic
354:Syagrius
342:Pelagius
293:Rabelais
287:(1946),
283:(1944),
279:(1942),
273:Boethius
49:Language
2661:"Porius
1983:, p. 9.
1385:Denmark
1241:Judaism
1132:nature.
1088:Cunedda
1068:Gwythyr
1044:Mordred
1016:romance
1006:Romance
941:Gwythyr
803:British
776:Pryderi
723:Aneirin
719:Nennius
687:Mithras
655:tumulus
647:Gwynedd
643:Snowdon
585:Cunedda
554:Matrona
551:goddess
548:Gaulish
528:in his
518:Avalach
455:Gwynedd
434:Cardiff
399:Snowdon
364:Odoacer
226:commote
170:by the
160:Myrddin
158:, with
52:English
2914:
2900:Porius
2875:Porius
2854:Porius
2839:Porius
2821:Porius
2810:Porius
2791:
2773:Porius
2761:
2741:Porius
2729:Porius
2718:Porius
2707:Porius
2679:, and
2633:Porius
2622:p. 77.
2598:Porius
2564:Porius
2551:Porius
2511:
2492:Porius
2476:Porius
2454:Porius
2439:
2407:Porius
2381:Porius
2368:Porius
2356:Porius
2343:Porius
2339:Porius
2289:Porius
2232:Porius
2209:Porius
2196:Porius
2179:Porius
2145:Porius
2058:Anon,
1940:Porius
1901:Porius
1846:Porius
1830:Porius
1742:Porius
1712:Porius
1695:Porius
1680:
1635:Porius
1618:Porius
1601:Porius
1588:Porius
1517:Porius
1500:Porius
1469:Dorset
1397:Porius
1389:Porius
1374:Porius
1370:Sweden
1354:Porius
1334:Porius
1281:Porius
1274:Porius
1266:Porius
1245:Porius
1239:, and
1204:giants
1184:ethnic
1180:Porius
1140:Porius
1123:Porius
1112:Porius
1099:Porius
1094:Themes
1012:Porius
977:Porius
831:Gildas
823:, the
799:Porius
791:Arthur
780:Porius
540:Modron
507:Saturn
503:Cronos
495:Merlin
475:divine
317:Porius
297:Porius
265:Porius
261:Corwen
253:Corwen
210:Corwen
196:Wessex
172:Saxons
164:Merlin
39:Author
2117:(PDF)
2110:(PDF)
1448:Notes
1299:Saxon
1294:Roman
1220:Saxon
1208:Celts
1192:Picts
1101:is a
1056:Lludd
1014:as a
929:Lludd
919:Idris
891:Olwen
869:Cewri
850:Druid
811:Saxon
766:Dyfed
671:afanc
604:Roman
570:Mabon
564:from
447:Latin
432:, in
410:Cymry
333:Celts
269:stoic
168:Wales
142:, in
57:Genre
2912:ISBN
2789:ISBN
2759:ISBN
2509:ISBN
2437:ISBN
2139:link
2125:2014
2104:and
1869:See
1678:ISBN
1646:See
1467:and
1174:and
1072:Gwyn
1070:and
957:Leir
945:Gwyn
943:and
859:Gaul
793:the
689:, a
624:poet
596:Rome
511:Zeus
478:hero
327:Plot
154:and
150:and
80:1951
2775:."
2261:In
2217:".
1928:111
1697:",
1603:".
1194:),
979:".
907:Cei
857:of
560:of
505:or
299:to
228:of
126:by
2931::
2841:.
2812:.
2673:,
2483:^
2317:^
2305:^
2151:.
2135:}}
2131:{{
2067:^
2033:.
1853:^
1383:,
1368:,
1235:,
1231:,
1227:,
1198:,
997::
845:".
745:,
645:,
538:,
453:,
405:.
385:).
216:,
212:,
2921:.
2798:.
2768:.
2749:.
2692:.
2631:"
2596:"
2540:.
2515:.
2443:.
2177:"
2141:)
2127:.
1996:.
1970:.
1684:.
969:.
865:.
786:.
761:.
634:.
587:.
513:.
436:.
367:(
162:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
