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Kennedy meets with march leaders. Left to Right – Willard Wirtz, Matthew Ahmann, Martin Luther King Jr., John Lewis, Rabbi
Joachin Prinz, Eugene Carson Blake, A. Philip Randolph, President John F. Kennedy, Vice President Lyndon Johnson, Walter Reuther, Whitney Young, Floyd McKissick, Roy Wilkins (not
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and gained fame for his oratory and incisive antislavery writings. Accordingly, he was described by abolitionists in his time as a living counterexample to claims by supporters of slavery that enslaved people lacked the intellectual capacity to function as independent
American citizens.
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introducing legislation in every legislative session from 1968 to 1983. In 1979 a vote was held on legislation that would have created a holiday on the third Monday in
January, but it failed to receive two-thirds support and was later rescinded following an amendment changing its date.
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at the time found it hard to believe that such a great orator had once been enslaved. It was in response to this disbelief that
Douglass wrote his first autobiography. (
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restored and protected voting rights by authorizing federal oversight of registration and elections in areas with historic under-representation of minority voters. The
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in the South. Over the following century, various efforts were made by
African Americans to secure their legal and civil rights, such as the civil rights movements of
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Prior to 1983 there had been multiple attempts following the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. to have a holiday created in his honor with
Representative
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during the late 19th century and had its modern roots in the 1940s. After years of direct actions and grassroots protests, the movement made its largest
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struck down the underpinnings of laws that had allowed racial segregation and discrimination to be legal in the United States as unconstitutional. The
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Rosa Parks being fingerprinted by Deputy
Sheriff D.H. Lackey after being arrested on February 22, 1956, during the Montgomery bus boycott. (from
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to achieve the passage of several significant pieces of federal legislation that authorized oversight and enforcement of civil rights laws. The
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Additional image of Civil Rights protestors executing a sit-in at a
Woolworth's in Durham, North Carolina on February 10th of 1960. (from
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adopted a commemoration day in 1969, and made it a paid holiday also in 1973. Other states continued to adopt state holidays up through
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Fannie Lou Hamer founded
Freedom Farm Cooperative, an operation meant to alleviate Black sharecropper poverty in the South. (from
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512:) with 5 members voting present or abstaining, while the final vote in the Senate on October 19, 1983, was 78–22 (41–4 in the
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Leaders of the March on
Washington speak to the news media after meeting with President Kennedy at the White House. (from
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Rosa Parks being fingerprinted by Deputy Sheriff D.H. Lackey after her arrest for boycotting public transportation (from
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explicitly banned all discrimination based on race, including racial segregation in schools, businesses, and in
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with a federal holiday was enacted by the 98th United States Congress and signed into law by President
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Juvenile African-American convicts working in the fields in a chain gang, photo taken c. 1903 (from
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A diagram showing where Rosa Parks sat in the unreserved section at the time of her arrest (from
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African American women participate in Civil Rights protest in Tallahassee, Florida, 1963 (from
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Close up of some leaders of the March on Washington walking along Constitution Avenue. (from
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Poster from Office of War Information. Domestic Operations Branch. News Bureau, 1943 (from
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The following are images from various civil rights movement-related articles on Knowledge.
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prevalent in the Southern states. In the 1960s, moderates in the movement worked with the
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Leaders arrived late and linked arms in front of marchers on Constitution Avenue. (from
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50th Anniversary of the Civil Rights March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom (from
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Montgomery Improvement Association poster announcing desegrated seating on buses (
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At the culmination of a legal strategy pursued by African Americans, in 1954 the
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made a series of landmark rulings against racist discrimination, including the
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Leaders of the march in front of the statue of Abraham Lincoln: (sitting L-R)
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of schools in the United States was a plot devised in Moscow to "mongrelize"
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Women marching for equal rights, integrated schools and decent housing (from
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was the first black college student to be murdered for participating in the
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While attempts were made to have a federally recognized holiday, numerous
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was the first African-American woman to be elected mayor in the state of
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Joseph S. Clark's and Robert F. Kennedy's tour of the Mississippi Delta
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granted emancipation and constitutional rights of citizenship to all
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traveling exhibition "381 Days: The Montgomery Bus Boycott" at the
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392:. The rulings played a crucial role in bringing an end to the
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Knowledge portal for content related to Civil rights movement
1915:
February 14, 1818 – February 20, 1895) was an American
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was a social movement and campaign from 1954 to 1968 in the
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following highly publicized events such as the lynching of
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Strom Thurmond filibuster of the Civil Rights Act of 1957
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Bishop Henry McNeal Turner, AME leader in Georgia. (from
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Strom Thurmond filibuster of the Civil Rights Act of 1957
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A United States federal statute honoring the birthday of
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banned discrimination in the sale or rental of housing. (
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User:Mitchumch/Movement templates#Civil Rights Movement
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Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam
4275:"Woke Up This Morning (With My Mind Stayed On Freedom)"
1583:
March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom program (from
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African American founding fathers of the United States
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Chicago Freedom Movement/Chicago open housing movement
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John F. Kennedy's speech to the nation on Civil Rights
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Tagging all relevant articles with project template.
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Monuments and memorials of the civil rights movement
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in the country. The movement had its origins in the
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Emmett Till and Mamie Till-Mobley National Monument
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African-American women in the civil rights movement
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African-American women in the civil rights movement
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African-American women in the civil rights movement
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African-American women in the civil rights movement
1143:"A Man Was Lynched Yesterday" flag, hanging at the
1074:(1856–1915) is seated, second from the left. (from
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African-American women in the civil rights movement
260:. The social movement's span of time is called the
152:
2276:, the store closed its counter to prevent further
1937:in 1838, Douglass became a national leader of the
465:
1020:Kathleen Cleaver delivering a speech, 1971 (from
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3105:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
2140:
1270:First Colored Senator and Representatives: Sen.
248:campaigns eventually secured new protections in
240:gains in the 1960s. The social movement's major
3095:Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
3028:Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights
2914:Green v. County School Board of New Kent County
1247:on the 50th anniversary, August 28, 2013 (from
5559:sister projects provide more on this subject:
5283:WikiProject Civil Rights Movement participants
5141:People involved with the civil rights movement
4574:Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home National Monument
5522:Hebrew Benevolent Congregation Temple bombing
4775:
4482:List of lynching victims in the United States
2815:Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States
2327:
702:Report to the American People on Civil Rights
375:Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States
1438:performing at the March on Washington (from
504:on August 2, 1983, was 338–90 (242–4 in the
182:
5516:(image of actual strike) •
2949:Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights
727:Florida Legislative Investigation Committee
687:Amendments to the Voting Rights Act of 1965
390:all state laws banning interracial marriage
388:and public accommodations, and struck down
197:participants and leaders marching from the
168:participants and leaders marching from the
5324:Here are some tasks awaiting attention:
5269:WikiProject Civil Rights Movement articles
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2998:Council for United Civil Rights Leadership
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2320:
667:Woman's club movement in the United States
295:, and African Americans were subjected to
5486:Youth March for Integrated Schools (1959)
5482:Youth March for Integrated Schools (1958)
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4554:Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument
612:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
592:Murders of Chaney, Goodman, and Schwerner
456:Refresh with new selections below (purge)
5174:Civil rights movement in popular culture
4589:King Center for Nonviolent Social Change
2624:University of Georgia desegregation riot
2175:March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom
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1643:March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom
1586:March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom
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1441:March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom
1358:March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom
1331:March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom
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1219:March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom
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1000:March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom
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910:March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom
887:March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom
829:March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom
805:March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom
159:
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5534:Mansfield school desegregation incident
5349:(North Carolina) (currently a redirect)
4503:Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence
4240:"If You Miss Me at the Back of the Bus"
4235:"Ain't Gonna Let Nobody Turn Me 'Round"
2177:in Washington, D.C., on 28 August 1963.
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134:update the maintenance information here
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5504:(image of wade-ins) •
4417:African-American women in the movement
2864:White House Conference on Civil Rights
2695:"Segregation now, segregation forever"
1461:Black people in Memphis under attack,
802:Vocalists Peter, Paul, and Mary (from
539:recognized holidays in honor of King.
5496:(image of bombing) •
5163:Works about the civil rights movement
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2853:Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections
2315:
2095:John Warren Davis (college president)
5048:Murders of Harry and Harriette Moore
4626:St. Augustine Foot Soldiers Monument
3090:Regional Council of Negro Leadership
3038:Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party
2984:Committee on Appeal for Human Rights
2456:Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company
2381:Murders of Harry and Harriette Moore
1909:Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey
907:Leaders gather for a portrait (from
311:. The movement was characterized by
92:
5218:Civil rights movement organizations
5185:Events of the civil rights movement
3033:Lowndes County Freedom Organization
2969:Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters
2634:Robert F. Kennedy's Law Day Address
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5494:16th Street Baptist Church bombing
5108:
4801:Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC)
4477:African-American churches attacked
3043:Montgomery Improvement Association
3018:Georgia Council on Human Relations
3003:Council of Federated Organizations
2974:Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
2727:16th Street Baptist Church bombing
2685:Meredith enrollment, Ole Miss riot
2491:1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom
2395:McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents
2158:
1711:
1514:voting in New Orleans, 1867 (from
597:16th Street Baptist Church bombing
343:, a series of protests during the
128:when editing, especially if using
14:
6013:
5427:Cambridge movement (civil rights)
5335:All redlinked articles listed at
5258:WikiProject Civil Rights Movement
4549:Birmingham Civil Rights Institute
4422:Jews in the civil rights movement
1858:WikiProject Civil Rights Movement
1517:Civil rights movement (1865–1896)
1491:Civil rights movement (1896–1954)
1468:Civil rights movement (1865–1896)
1301:Civil rights movement (1865–1896)
1173:Civil rights movement (1896–1954)
1150:Civil rights movement (1896–1954)
1100:Civil rights movement (1865–1896)
1077:Civil rights movement (1896–1954)
774:
444:Civil rights movement (1896–1954)
437:Civil rights movement (1865–1896)
5411:And the Walls Came Tumbling Down
5315:
5103:
5081:Civil rights movement portal
5074:
4748:Civil rights movement portal
4741:
4584:Freedom Riders National Monument
4326:The Kingdom of God Is Within You
2927:1968 Olympics Black Power salute
2833:1965 Selma to Montgomery marches
2792:1964 Monson Motor Lodge protests
2679:Second Emancipation Proclamation
2286:a white supremacist organization
2264:with hundreds of activists at a
2196:
1828:
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762:1968 Olympics Black Power salute
722:1964 Monson Motor Lodge protests
637:Women's poll tax repeal movement
384:(1967) which banned segregation
154:The civil rights movement portal
96:
5301:
4611:Mississippi Civil Rights Museum
4599:Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial
3075:National Council of Negro Women
3013:Deacons for Defense and Justice
2216:... that civil rights activist
1850:
1383:Washington State History Museum
747:Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial
5229:Civil rights movement protests
2486:Mansfield school desegregation
1068:National Negro Business League
642:The Autobiography of Malcolm X
496:on November 2, 1983, creating
1:
5478:Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom
5246:Select to view subcategories
5207:Civil rights movement museums
5118:Select to view subcategories
4621:National Voting Rights Museum
4564:Civil Rights Movement Archive
4363:Lynching in the United States
4250:"Keep Your Eyes on the Prize"
2700:Stand in the Schoolhouse Door
2673:University of Chicago sit-ins
2440:Davis v. Prince Edward County
2247:, US for standing up against
1912:
120:by an editor, and are needed.
5992:Civil Rights Movement portal
5276:Civil Rights Movement portal
4616:National Civil Rights Museum
4472:March on Washington Movement
4457:Dexter Avenue Baptist Church
2921:Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co.
2080:James Bradley (former slave)
1969:List of selected biographies
518:Senate Republican Conference
7:
5236:Civil rights movement stubs
4260:"This Little Light of Mine"
3008:Dallas County Voters League
2954:Atlanta Negro Voters League
2712:Letter from Birmingham Jail
2419:Brown v. Board of Education
2239:was brutally beaten at the
1239:John Lewis speaking in the
1066:Executive Committee of the
732:Southern Poverty Law Center
627:Brown v. Board of Education
587:Selma to Montgomery marches
510:House Republican Conference
369:Brown v. Board of Education
364:separate but equal doctrine
10:
6018:
5600:Free textbooks and manuals
5383:, and upgrade to GA status
4631:Olympic Black Power Statue
4594:Martin Luther King Jr. Day
4462:Holt Street Baptist Church
4432:16th Street Baptist Church
3416:Annie Bell Robinson Devine
3060:Nashville Student Movement
2990:An Appeal for Human Rights
737:16th Street Baptist Church
498:Martin Luther King Jr. Day
299:and sustained violence by
281:United States Constitution
130:automated editing software
105:Portal maintenance status:
5730:Discover Knowledge using
5514:Memphis sanitation strike
5063:
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4061:Modjeska Monteith Simkins
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3125:Women's Political Council
3120:Wednesdays in Mississippi
3115:United Auto Workers (UAW)
3100:Southern Regional Council
3070:Northern Student Movement
2979:Committee for Freedom Now
2939:
2881:Memphis sanitation strike
2847:Voting Rights Act of 1965
2769:
2590:Savannah Protest Movement
2552:
2410:
2371:Journey of Reconciliation
2363:
2350:
2305:
1868:WikiProject United States
622:Voting Rights Act of 1965
566:List of selected articles
413:Voting Rights Act of 1965
291:, often under the racist
277:Reconstruction Amendments
149:
5720:Dictionary and thesaurus
5660:Collection of quotations
5538:Bloody Monday (Danville)
2959:Atlanta Student Movement
2903:Civil Rights Act of 1968
2828:1964–1965 Scripto strike
2809:Civil Rights Act of 1964
2707:1963 Birmingham campaign
2600:Civil Rights Act of 1960
2524:Civil Rights Act of 1957
2260:led an anti-segregation
1863:WikiProject Human rights
1070:, c. 1910. NNBL founder
717:Freedom Farm Cooperative
602:Civil Rights Act of 1964
514:Senate Democratic Caucus
502:House of Representatives
500:. The final vote in the
417:Fair Housing Act of 1968
405:Civil Rights Act of 1964
5526:Baton Rouge bus boycott
5506:Tallahassee bus boycott
5490:Birmingham riot of 1963
5357:Delano Herman Middleton
4947:Delano Herman Middleton
4511:Voter Education Project
4265:"We Shall Not Be Moved"
3926:Adam Clayton Powell Jr.
3361:Josephine Dobbs Clement
2782:Chester school protests
2777:Twenty-fourth Amendment
2739:Detroit Walk to Freedom
2481:Tallahassee bus boycott
2402:Baton Rouge bus boycott
2035:Septima Poinsette Clark
1688:New York Public Library
1379:Smithsonian Institution
506:House Democratic Caucus
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5359:(currently a redirect)
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5152:Martin Luther King Jr.
5114:
4917:Martin Luther King Jr.
4729:Movement photographers
3966:Bernice Johnson Reagon
3686:Martin Luther King Sr.
3681:Martin Luther King Jr.
3251:William Holmes Borders
3023:Highlander Folk School
2908:Poor People's Campaign
2761:St. Augustine movement
2611:Gomillion v. Lightfoot
2534:Katz Drug Store sit-in
2505:Royal Ice Cream sit-in
2467:Montgomery bus boycott
2167:Dr. Martin Luther King
2163:
1980:Martin Luther King Jr.
1899:
1693:Montgomery bus boycott
1563:Montgomery bus boycott
1388:Montgomery bus boycott
1322:Martin Luther King Jr.
967:Martin Luther King Jr.
852:Montgomery bus boycott
757:A Change Is Gonna Come
486:Martin Luther King Jr.
401:United States Congress
329:Montgomery bus boycott
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5580:Free media repository
5569:
5510:Tent City (Tennessee)
5498:Bloody Tuesday (1964)
5130:Civil rights movement
5112:
5068:Civil Rights Movement
5054:Mississippi Cold Case
4791:Civil Rights Memorial
4559:Civil Rights Memorial
4447:Bethel Baptist Church
4096:Charles Kenzie Steele
3541:Audrey Faye Hendricks
3446:Myrlie Evers-Williams
3426:Patricia Stephens Due
3396:Abraham Lincoln Davis
3331:Colia Lafayette Clark
3085:Operation Breadbasket
3080:National Urban League
2822:Katzenbach v. McClung
2690:Atlanta's Berlin Wall
2343:Civil rights movement
2211:civil rights movement
2162:
2090:Samuel Wilbert Tucker
1939:abolitionist movement
1930:in the 19th century.
1898:
1877:Selected biography -
657:Atlanta's Berlin Wall
647:The Dream (sculpture)
490:civil rights movement
409:public accommodations
242:nonviolent resistance
220:to abolish legalized
213:civil rights movement
186:
163:
5680:Free-content library
5557:Wikimedia Foundation
5550:Associated Wikimedia
4877:Roman Ducksworth Jr.
4847:Johnnie Mae Chappell
4604:other King memorials
4579:Freedom Rides Museum
4516:1960s counterculture
4467:Edmund Pettus Bridge
4146:Walter Francis White
4051:Alexander D. Shimkin
2560:New Year's Day March
2529:Ministers' Manifesto
2376:Executive Order 9981
2173:" speech during the
2070:Walter Francis White
1933:After escaping from
1465:, 26 May 1866 (from
1072:Booker T. Washington
488:and his work in the
273:abolition of slavery
5950:WikiProject Portals
5752:List of all portals
5700:Free learning tools
5620:Free knowledge base
5536: •
5532: •
5530:Orangeburg massacre
5528: •
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5386:Black Arts Movement
5367:Henry Ezekial Smith
5362:Charles Eddie Moore
5347:Greensboro movement
5339:need to be created.
5308:Edit the tasks list
4997:Henry Ezekial Smith
4967:Mack Charles Parker
4962:William Lewis Moore
4952:Charles Eddie Moore
4942:Carol Denise McNair
4342:Mary McLeod Bethune
4303:Sermon on the Mount
4270:"We Shall Overcome"
3851:William Lewis Moore
3631:Frank Minis Johnson
3606:Richie Jean Jackson
3561:Donald L. Hollowell
3366:Charles E. Cobb Jr.
3171:Gwendolyn Armstrong
3166:William G. Anderson
3146:Victoria Gray Adams
3110:The Freedom Singers
2964:Black Panther Party
2744:March on Washington
2657:Garner v. Louisiana
2618:Boynton v. Virginia
2100:Mary McLeod Bethune
1935:slavery in Maryland
1298:(R-SC), 1872 (from
1245:Library of Congress
1145:Library of Congress
987:Eugene Carson Blake
677:Mississippi Burning
632:Birmingham campaign
466:Selected article -
349:Selma to Montgomery
347:, and a march from
345:Birmingham campaign
271:and the subsequent
199:Washington Monument
195:March on Washington
170:Washington Monument
166:March on Washington
132:. Learn how to
5963:Purge server cache
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5860:Mathematics portal
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5474:March Against Fear
5464: •
5352:Henry Hezekiah Dee
5115:
4907:Jimmie Lee Jackson
4902:Samuel Hammond Jr.
4872:Henry Hezekiah Dee
4664:Michael Eric Dyson
4544:In popular culture
4427:Fifth Circuit Four
4411:Loving v. Virginia
4404:Hernandez v. Texas
4383:Buchanan v. Warley
4375:Separate but equal
4369:Plessy v. Ferguson
4332:Frederick Douglass
4166:Robert F. Williams
4076:Kelly Miller Smith
4056:Fred Shuttlesworth
3981:Frederick D. Reese
3961:George Raymond Jr.
3951:A. Philip Randolph
3931:Fay Bellamy Powell
3846:Queen Mother Moore
3731:Z. Alexander Looby
3676:Coretta Scott King
3621:Barbara Rose Johns
3601:Jimmie Lee Jackson
3526:William E. Harbour
3306:Stokely Carmichael
3221:Randolph Blackwell
2886:King assassination
2875:Loving v. Virginia
2859:March Against Fear
2839:How Long, Not Long
2717:Children's Crusade
2668:Cambridge movement
2605:Ax Handle Saturday
2570:Greensboro sit-ins
2497:Give Us the Ballot
2291:racial integration
2283:... that in 1955,
2249:racial segregation
2164:
2040:Charlotte L. Brown
2025:Coretta Scott King
1904:Frederick Douglass
1900:
963:A. Philip Randolph
959:Cleveland Robinson
707:Citizens' Councils
697:Plessy v. Ferguson
692:Greensboro sit-ins
381:Loving v. Virginia
317:civil disobedience
315:mass protests and
301:White supremacists
275:in the 1860s, the
269:American Civil War
246:civil disobedience
234:Reconstruction era
230:disenfranchisement
222:racial segregation
188:
177:
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5914:Technology portal
5640:Free-content news
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5518:Americus movement
5458:Gloria Richardson
5247:
5119:
5090:
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5027:Ben Chester White
5017:Virgil Lamar Ware
4992:Michael Schwerner
4857:Addie Mae Collins
4755:
4754:
4527:Eyes on the Prize
4442:A.G. Gaston Motel
4437:Kelly Ingram Park
4397:Sweatt v. Painter
4081:Mary Louise Smith
4041:Cleveland Sellers
4026:Michael Schwerner
3991:Gloria Richardson
3771:Thurgood Marshall
3691:Bernard Lafayette
3421:John Wesley Dobbs
2935:
2934:
2649:Birmingham attack
2629:Rock Hill sit-ins
2580:Sibley Commission
2575:Nashville sit-ins
2447:Gebhart v. Belton
2433:Briggs v. Elliott
2426:Bolling v. Sharpe
2387:Sweatt v. Painter
2151:
2141:Selected image -
2128:
2127:
2085:Elizabeth Eckford
1887:
1751:Freedom of speech
1296:Robert B. Elliott
973:; (standing L-R)
872:Charlton Heston,
784:
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662:Nashville sit-ins
516:and 37–18 in the
508:and 89–77 in the
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386:in public schools
323:. These included
285:African Americans
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118:have been checked
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5450:Milton Galamison
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4694:Steven F. Lawson
4684:David Halberstam
4654:Clayborne Carson
4390:Hocutt v. Wilson
4337:W. E. B. Du Bois
4186:Sammy Younge Jr.
4171:Q. V. Williamson
4136:Wyatt Tee Walker
4001:Bernice Robinson
3946:Lincoln Ragsdale
3936:Rodney N. Powell
3831:Douglas E. Moore
3706:Sanford R. Leigh
3641:J. Charles Jones
3516:Fannie Lou Hamer
3431:Joseph Ellwanger
3391:Jonathan Daniels
3381:Claudette Colvin
3371:Annie Lee Cooper
3356:Kathleen Cleaver
3351:Eldridge Cleaver
3326:Shirley Chisholm
3216:Gloria Blackwell
2802:workers' murders
2749:"I Have a Dream"
2644:Anniston bombing
2595:Greenville Eight
2510:Little Rock Nine
2473:Browder v. Gayle
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2257:J. Charles Jones
2241:orders of police
2236:Fannie Lou Hamer
2206:Sammy Younge Jr.
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2015:W. E. B. Du Bois
1985:Fannie Lou Hamer
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742:Niagara Movement
607:Little Rock Nine
567:
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543:did so in 1973.
524:-proof margins.
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262:civil rights era
203:Lincoln Memorial
174:Lincoln Memorial
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5113:Category puzzle
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4982:John Earl Reese
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4704:Diane McWhorter
4689:Vincent Harding
4674:Adam Fairclough
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4487:Freedom Schools
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4212:Omaha, Nebraska
4200:
4116:Hartman Turnbow
4106:Dorothy Tillman
4066:Glenn E. Smiley
4046:Charles Sherrod
4006:Jo Ann Robinson
3881:Charles Neblett
3871:Elijah Muhammad
3836:Harriette Moore
3796:Floyd McKissick
3781:Franklin McCain
3716:Stanley Levison
3581:T. R. M. Howard
3531:Vincent Harding
3461:Walter Fauntroy
3346:Xernona Clayton
3296:John H. Calhoun
3281:Aurelia Browder
3271:Stanley Branche
3266:Raylawni Branch
3246:Joseph E. Boone
3231:Ezell Blair Jr.
3226:Unita Blackwell
3201:Harry Belafonte
3141:Ralph Abernathy
3129:
3065:Nation of Islam
2941:
2931:
2765:
2722:Birmingham riot
2663:Albany Movement
2585:Atlanta sit-ins
2565:Sit-in movement
2548:
2544:Biloxi wade-ins
2516:Cooper v. Aaron
2406:
2352:
2346:
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2308:
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2295:White Americans
2254:... that after
2219:Unita Blackwell
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2055:Harry Belafonte
2005:Ralph Abernathy
1995:Unita Blackwell
1971:
1968:
1957:Full article...
1917:social reformer
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4545:
4542:
4541:
4539:
4535:
4529:
4528:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4504:
4500:
4499:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4492:Freedom songs
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
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4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
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4428:
4425:
4423:
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4418:
4415:
4413:
4412:
4408:
4406:
4405:
4401:
4399:
4398:
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4387:
4385:
4384:
4380:
4376:
4373:
4372:
4371:
4370:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4358:Jim Crow laws
4356:
4355:
4353:
4349:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4327:
4323:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4310:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4297:
4294:
4293:
4292:
4289:
4288:
4286:
4282:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4255:"Oh, Freedom"
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4232:
4230:
4224:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4209:
4207:
4203:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4181:Whitney Young
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4161:Kale Williams
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4121:Albert Turner
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4111:A. P. Tureaud
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
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4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
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4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4016:Bayard Rustin
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
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3954:
3952:
3949:
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3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3866:William Moyer
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3801:Joseph McNeil
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3786:Charles McDew
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3776:Benjamin Mays
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3761:Vivian Malone
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3736:Joseph Lowery
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3661:Clyde Kennard
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3651:Vernon Jordan
3649:
3647:
3646:Matthew Jones
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3611:T. J. Jemison
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3596:Jesse Jackson
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
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3557:
3554:
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3544:
3542:
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3534:
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3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
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3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3486:Robert Graetz
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3476:Golden Frinks
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3436:Charles Evers
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3386:Vernon Dahmer
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3341:Septima Clark
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3261:Bruce Boynton
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3186:James Baldwin
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3156:Mathew Ahmann
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3138:
3136:
3132:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3054:
3053:Youth Council
3051:
3050:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2992:
2991:
2987:
2986:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
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2947:
2946:
2944:
2938:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2922:
2918:
2916:
2915:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2888:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2876:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2854:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2840:
2836:
2835:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2823:
2819:
2817:
2816:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2768:
2762:
2759:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2746:
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2737:
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2732:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2709:
2708:
2705:
2701:
2698:
2697:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2680:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2640:
2639:Freedom Rides
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2619:
2615:
2613:
2612:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
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2573:
2571:
2568:
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2545:
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2518:
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2513:
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2508:
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2409:
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2400:
2397:
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2392:
2389:
2388:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2368:
2366:
2364:Prior to 1954
2362:
2359:
2356:
2349:
2344:
2337:
2332:
2330:
2325:
2323:
2318:
2317:
2314:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2287:
2282:
2279:
2275:
2274:Charlotte, NC
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2258:
2253:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2237:
2232:
2228:
2225:
2221:
2220:
2215:
2212:
2208:
2207:
2202:
2201:
2197:Did you know?
2193:
2184:
2183:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2161:
2153:
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2137:
2121:
2118:
2116:
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2101:
2098:
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2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2065:Bayard Rustin
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2050:Whitney Young
2048:
2046:
2045:Jesse Jackson
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
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2003:
2001:
1998:
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1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1977:
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1974:
1966:
1965:
1961:
1959:
1958:
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1948:
1944:
1943:Massachusetts
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1926:
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1918:
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1897:
1889:
1885:
1869:
1866:
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1847:
1836:
1835:United States
1826:
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1342:
1337:
1333:
1332:
1327:
1323:
1312:
1307:
1303:
1302:
1297:
1293:
1292:Joseph Rainey
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1274:(R-MS), Rep.
1273:
1261:
1256:
1252:
1251:
1246:
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1221:
1220:
1207:
1202:
1198:
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1125:
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1111:
1106:
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1101:
1088:
1083:
1079:
1078:
1073:
1069:
1057:
1052:
1048:
1047:
1034:
1029:
1025:
1024:
1011:
1006:
1002:
1001:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
979:Joachim Prinz
976:
975:Mathew Ahmann
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
955:Whitney Young
944:
939:
935:
934:
921:
916:
912:
911:
898:
893:
889:
888:
883:
879:
878:Marlon Brando
875:
874:James Baldwin
863:
858:
854:
853:
840:
835:
831:
830:
816:
811:
807:
806:
793:
788:
787:
783:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
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748:
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743:
740:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
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723:
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718:
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630:
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623:
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
608:
605:
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600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
582:Jim Crow laws
580:
578:
575:
574:
572:
571:
563:
562:
558:
556:
555:
550:
546:
542:
538:
533:
530:
525:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
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495:
494:Ronald Reagan
491:
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459:
457:
446:
445:
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439:
438:
434:
433:
432:
431:
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418:
414:
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398:
397:Jim Crow laws
395:
391:
387:
383:
382:
377:
376:
371:
370:
365:
361:
357:
356:Supreme Court
352:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
293:Jim Crow laws
290:
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282:
278:
274:
270:
265:
263:
259:
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247:
243:
239:
235:
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227:
223:
219:
218:United States
215:
214:
204:
200:
196:
185:
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167:
162:
148:
135:
131:
127:
119:
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95:
94:
86:
85:Random portal
83:
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68:
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48:
46:
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41:
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33:
31:
28:
26:
23:
21:
20:Portal topics
18:
17:
5968:
5960:
5959:
5729:
5554:
5442:
5441:
5430:
5423:(Halberstam)
5421:The Children
5420:
5416:Medgar Evers
5409:
5402:
5401:
5391:
5390:
5373:
5372:
5328:
5327:
5302:Things to do
5080:
5072:
5052:
4937:Viola Liuzzo
4897:Paul Guihard
4887:Medgar Evers
4852:James Chaney
4799:
4747:
4739:
4679:David Garrow
4659:John Dittmer
4525:
4452:Brown Chapel
4409:
4402:
4395:
4388:
4381:
4367:
4324:
4176:Andrew Young
4131:A. T. Walden
4126:C. T. Vivian
4086:Maxine Smith
3921:Homer Plessy
3901:James Orange
3856:Irene Morgan
3811:William Ming
3791:Ralph McGill
3726:Viola Liuzzo
3711:Jim Letherer
3696:James Lawson
3626:Vernon Johns
3616:Esau Jenkins
3571:Myles Horton
3521:Fred Hampton
3511:Prathia Hall
3501:Dick Gregory
3471:Marie Foster
3466:James Forman
3456:James Farmer
3441:Medgar Evers
3401:Angela Davis
3336:Ramsey Clark
3316:James Chaney
3311:Johnnie Carr
3291:Ralph Bunche
3286:H. Rap Brown
3276:Ruby Bridges
3236:Joanne Bland
3211:Claude Black
3191:Marion Barry
3161:Muhammad Ali
2988:
2919:
2912:
2873:
2851:
2820:
2813:
2655:
2616:
2609:
2539:Kissing Case
2514:
2471:
2454:
2445:
2438:
2431:
2424:
2417:
2393:
2385:
2289:claimed the
2284:
2255:
2234:
2231:civil rights
2217:
2204:
2180:
2169:giving his "
2148:show another
2147:
2115:Maya Angelou
2075:Viola Liuzzo
2000:Fred Hampton
1955:
1932:
1928:civil rights
1921:abolitionist
1908:
1902:
1901:
1884:show another
1883:
1851:WikiProjects
1691:
1664:
1641:
1607:
1584:
1561:
1538:
1515:
1489:
1466:
1462:
1439:
1409:
1386:
1356:
1329:
1299:
1284:Josiah Walls
1272:Hiram Revels
1248:
1217:
1194:
1171:
1148:
1121:
1098:
1075:
1044:
1021:
998:
931:
908:
885:
850:
827:
803:
781:
712:Selma (film)
682:Stanley Plan
552:
534:
529:John Conyers
526:
483:
473:show another
472:
455:
442:
435:
429:
428:
420:
379:
378:(1964), and
373:
367:
360:Warren Court
353:
327:such as the
289:civil rights
266:
261:
254:civil rights
211:
209:
117:
104:
5987:All portals
5696:Wikiversity
5393:Collaborate
5007:Emmett Till
5002:Lamar Smith
4972:Lemuel Penn
4957:Oneal Moore
4932:Herbert Lee
4832:Louis Allen
4699:Doug McAdam
4669:Chuck Fager
4291:Nonviolence
4196:James Zwerg
4191:Bob Zellner
4151:Roy Wilkins
4101:Hank Thomas
4036:Pete Seeger
4031:Bobby Seale
3896:Jack O'Dell
3891:Edgar Nixon
3821:Amzie Moore
3816:Jack Minnis
3756:Mae Mallory
3741:Clara Luper
3701:Bernard Lee
3591:Cecil Ivory
3586:Ruby Hurley
3556:Oliver Hill
3551:Aaron Henry
3451:Chuck Fager
3411:Dave Dennis
3301:Guy Carawan
3241:Julian Bond
3206:James Bevel
3196:Daisy Bates
2462:Emmett Till
2345:(1954–1968)
2278:integration
2245:Mississippi
2224:Mississippi
2020:Emmett Till
1952:Northerners
1353:Ossie Davis
971:Roy Wilkins
541:Connecticut
537:U.S. states
321:Emmett Till
250:federal law
238:legislative
109:(June 2018)
50:Mathematics
5981:Categories
5716:Wiktionary
5676:Wikisource
5381:Rosa Parks
4977:James Reeb
4642:historians
4318:Satyagraha
4284:Influences
3976:James Reeb
3911:James Peck
3906:Rosa Parks
3876:Diane Nash
3746:Danny Lyon
3721:John Lewis
3666:A. D. King
3566:James Hood
3181:Ella Baker
3151:Zev Aelony
2030:John Lewis
1990:Rosa Parks
1763:Journalism
1241:Great Hall
983:John Lewis
551:in 2000. (
366:, such as
337:Greensboro
313:nonviolent
267:After the
80:Technology
65:Philosophy
25:Activities
5656:Wikiquote
5596:Wikibooks
4296:Padayatra
4245:"Kumbaya"
4205:By region
3861:Bob Moses
3766:Bob Mants
3751:Malcolm X
3671:C.B. King
3491:Fred Gray
3134:Activists
2770:1964–1968
2553:1960–1963
2411:1954–1959
2270:Woolworth
2229:... that
2203:... that
2120:Sam Cooke
2010:Malcolm X
1436:Bob Dylan
1432:Joan Baez
430:See also:
341:Nashville
309:1896–1954
305:1865–1896
258:Americans
193:The 1963
164:The 1963
126:take care
35:Geography
5636:Wikinews
5616:Wikidata
5447: :
5407: :
5396: :
5378: :
5333: :
4816:Maya Lin
4809:Designer
4226:Movement
3656:Tom Kahn
2940:Activist
2355:timeline
2105:Tom Kahn
1947:New York
1811:Religion
1799:Politics
1690:) (from
1683:Image 33
1660:Image 32
1626:Image 31
1603:Image 30
1580:Image 29
1557:Image 28
1534:Image 27
1512:Freedmen
1508:Image 26
1485:Image 25
1458:Image 24
1428:Image 23
1405:Image 22
1375:Image 21
1348:Image 20
1318:Image 19
1290:(R-GA),
1286:(R-FL),
1282:(R-SC),
1278:(R-AL),
1267:Image 18
1236:Image 17
1213:Image 16
1190:Image 15
1167:Image 14
1140:Image 13
1117:Image 12
1094:Image 11
1063:Image 10
545:Illinois
520:), both
372:(1954),
325:boycotts
252:for the
115:subpages
70:Religion
5732:portals
5576:Commons
5375:Cleanup
5041:Related
4825:Martyrs
4351:Related
3941:Al Raby
2891:funeral
2754:Big Six
2266:counter
2233:leader
1823:Society
1243:of the
1040:Image 9
1017:Image 8
950:Image 7
927:Image 6
904:Image 5
869:Image 4
846:Image 3
822:Image 2
799:Image 1
333:sit-ins
279:to the
256:of all
201:to the
172:to the
124:Please
75:Society
45:History
30:Culture
5404:Expand
5299:
5101:
4537:Legacy
4313:Ahimsa
2942:groups
2398:(1950)
2390:(1950)
2351:Events
2306:Topics
2262:sit-in
2194:
2138:
2060:Odetta
1907:(born
1848:
1709:
1640:(from
1385:(from
1355:(from
1351:Actor
1147:(from
997:(from
993:, and
969:, and
884:(from
880:, and
411:. The
228:, and
60:People
55:Nature
40:Health
5444:Photo
4640:Noted
4228:songs
3048:NAACP
2896:riots
2268:in a
1739:1960s
1727:1950s
752:NAACP
335:" in
5296:edit
5098:edit
2191:edit
2135:edit
1945:and
1845:edit
1706:edit
1636:and
1434:and
1294:and
549:Utah
522:veto
339:and
307:and
244:and
210:The
2272:in
2243:in
1941:in
1775:Law
331:, "
5983::
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1919:,
1913:c.
1911:,
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1696:)
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1589:)
1566:)
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1520:)
1494:)
1471:)
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136:.
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