918:
603:'s marble quarries was imported by Albion Stone and applied to the extraction of Portland stone. This new technology eliminated the need for blasting, significantly improved the quarries' environmental performance and removed the potential for any possible damage to the stone being quarried through shock. Full account of the local jointing pattern is made when deciding the position and orientation of cuts. Once the quarry faces have been cut, the stone is gently displaced hydraulically. This is done using "hydro-bags", which are thin, flat, steel bags or envelopes that when inflated with water under moderate pressure, are capable of producing the forces necessary to loosen the stone to the point where it can be easily removed using large wheeled
408:" or "ooliths" (from the Greek for "egg-shaped" or "egg-stone"), became partially cemented together (or lithified) by more calcite, to form the oolitic limestone that is called Portland stone. The degree of cementation in Portland stone is such that the stone is sufficiently well cemented to allow it to resist weathering, but not so well cemented that it cannot be readily worked (cut and carved) by masons. This is one of the reasons why Portland stone is so favoured as a monumental and architectural stone. Geoff Townson conducted three years doctoral research on the Portlandian, being the first to describe the patch-reef facies and Dorset-wide sedimentation details. Ian West of the School of Ocean and Earth Sciences at
1735:
687:
826:
291:
668:
592:, where a series of short, small diameter (typically 30 mm) holes are drilled in a line where a cut is to be made. One plug and two feathers were inserted into each hole and each plug is hit in turn with a sledgehammer until the stone yields to the extreme tensile stresses produced. Most stone is many times weaker in tension than in compression, plugs and feathers utilize this fact. It is also worth noting that stone tends to split much more easily parallel to
620:
446:
499:
649:
120:
432:'s choice of Portland for the new St Paul's Cathedral was a great boost for the quarries and established Portland as London's choice of building stone. The island was connected by railway to the rest of the country from 1865. Albion Stone PLC has been quarrying and mining Portland stone since 1984. Portland Stone Firms Ltd have been quarrying Portland stone since 1994.
640:
back without placing any stress on the resulting blocks. This method of extraction is significantly more expensive than blasting, but results in a higher yield thereby saving valuable reserves for future generations. The environmental benefits are substantial as mining significantly reduces the impact on wildlife and the local community with reduced noise and dust.
550:, located near Southwell has been open cast quarried over the last 80 years and is one of three privately owned quarries by Portland Stone Firms Ltd, the largest landholder on the island. The quarry is nearing the end of its life and will be regenerated as a holiday caravan park to boost local tourism on the island.
639:
method. The mine is advanced by extracting the stone using an abrasive tool chain cutter mounted on a machine. Slots are cut into the top, bottom, sides and middle of the stone. A flat steel pillow is inserted into the middle cut and slowly inflated with water. The stones are gently broken off at the
403:
The calcite gradually accumulated (by accretion) around the fragments of shell in concentric layers, forming small balls (of less than 0.5 mm diameter). This process is similar to the way in which a snowball grows in size as it is rolled around in the snow. Over time, countless billions of these
781:
All of the stone used by Wren was transported by sailing barge from
Portland to the centre of London via the sea and then up the Thames. Wren's widespread use of Portland stone firmly established it as London's "local stone" and as one of the best-loved British building stones. Other famous London
556:
is found towards the middle of the island and being actively open cast quarried. There are over 20 years of reserves left which is privately owned by
Portland Stone Firms. Open cast quarrying provides quicker extraction of raw block dimension stone whilst maintaining its integrity. The majority of
532:
has been operational since the late 18th century. It has been leased from The Crown Estate since 1979, and in 2002 it became the site of the first
Portland stone mine by Albion Stone PLC. Extraction from this site is now completely underground, with the original Bowers Mine in the extreme southern
720:
at Church Ope Cove, Portland. The original structure was probably built around 1080, rebuilt around 1259 and rebuilt yet again around 1450, which is the likely date of the walls seen today. The first known
Portland stone quarries were situated on the northeastern coast of the Isle, close to Rufus
543:
Independent Quarry and
Admiralty Quarry are both owned by The Crown Estate and have been leased since 1982. These quarries have been worked since the mid-19th century with the final dimension stones coming out of Independent in 2006, although some stocks of Portland stone block still remain.
513:
and purchased the northern part of the site in 2006. The majority of the southern reserves lie under the grounds of the local cricket club. To avoid disturbing the site at surface level, the company has applied and received permission to extract the stone using mining rather than quarrying
367:
Portland stone formed in a marine environment, on the floor of a shallow, warm, sub-tropical sea probably near land (as evidenced by fossilized driftwood, which is not uncommon). When seawater is warmed by the sun, its capacity to hold dissolved gas is reduced; consequently, dissolved
571:
Once quarries have been worked they are then restored. The
Portland Sculpture and Quarry Trust was formed in 1983 and is dedicated to preserving a knowledge and understanding of stone and the landscape from which it comes. The main non-working quarry remains
533:
end of the quarry and the High Wall
Extraction on the eastern and south east boundaries. High Wall Extraction is a series of small mines that extract otherwise wasted stone that sits between the final faces of the quarry and the actual boundary of the site.
396:) which covered the sea floor. Small particles of sand or organic detritus, such as shell fragments, formed a nucleus, which became coated with layers of calcite as they were rolled around in the muddy micrite. Portland stone measures 3.5 on the
563:
is located on the eastern side of the island and is a part of the open cast quarries used for St Paul's
Cathedral. Privately owned by Portland Stone Firms Limited there are over 20 years of reserves left and still being actively quarried.
388:) as a precipitate. The process of limescale build up in a kettle in hard-water areas is similar. Calcium carbonate is the principal constituent of most limestones. Billions of minute crystals of precipitated calcium carbonate (called
567:
The coastal strip toward the southern tip of the island has permission to be worked by
Portland Stone Firms and will provide in excess of 30 years of reserves. Permission has been granted for this to be open cast quarried.
539:
is the first completely new mine on
Portland (not a mine as an extension from an existing quarry). Albion Stone Plc began the process to open this mine in 2015 and reserves are estimated to last for 50 years (2066).
1100:
Architects and Planning Consultants, it was completed in 2007 at a cost of over ยฃ6 million and bears the names of over 16,000 service personnel of the British Armed Forces killed since the Second World War.
526:(SSSI). Albion Stone PLC now extract all their stone through mining which dramatically reduces the impact on the environment and local residents. Jordan's Mine is currently the biggest mine on Portland.
952:, based in Keppel Street, has a Portland stone faรงade to complete its stripped Classical design. After the Second World War (1939โ1945), the bombed out centres of many English towns and cities, such as
744:, also constructed during the 14th Century, are built of Portland stone. Its superb characteristics have ensured a popularity amongst masons and architects that has endured ever since. The East side of
509:
is part of the Inmosthay Quarry in the centre of the island, which also includes Fancy Beach. The quarry has been worked since the late 19th century. Albion Stone leases the southern section from
420:
Stone has been quarried on Portland since Roman times and was being shipped to London in the 14th century. Extraction as an industry began in the early 17th century, with shipments to London for
588:, chosen because of its relative non-shattering properties. When fired the gunpowder produced a "heave" which dislodged the rock from its natural bed, hopefully undamaged. Stone was cut using
522:
to shape the blocks. This process avoids the use of dusty and noisy blasting as the primary extraction method, thereby protecting the surrounding environment, which has been designated as a
721:
Castle, where huge landslips made the stone more easily accessible, and the proximity of the sea allowed the quarried stone blocks to be moved over relatively large distances by barge.
576:
in which the trust is based, where a workshop is held every year. Tout Quarry has been donated to the Portland Sculpture and Quarry Trust by Portland Stone Firms Limited.
713:(stone coffins and matching lids, hewn from single large blocks of Portland stone) that have been unearthed locally over the years, testify to the skill of their makers.
871:
to resist the harsh industrial environment. Portland stone was mostly used in Manchester during the 1930s. Manchester buildings with Portland stone exterior include
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1763:
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1879:
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921:
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1813:
1743:
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2515:
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Portland stone has also been used across the world. Examples include the UN building in New York, the Casino Kursaal in Belgium and the
2255:
1994:
1768:
1355:
1035:
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in London's Whitehall. Erected in 1920, The Cenotaph commemorates the millions of people killed in this and subsequent conflicts. The
1734:
1379:
2391:
584:
Traditionally small diameter holes (35 mm) were drilled horizontally under each rock and charged with a small quantity of
1874:
1614:
1577:
1547:
1270:
1793:
1483:
412:
completed a detailed geological survey of Withies Croft Quarry before the Portland Beds were quarried by Albion Stone plc.
1109:
Portland stone is recognised to be of a high quality, but is somewhat expensive. In the case of the refurbishment of the
937:
932:, completed in 1929, is also built with Portland stone, as are the public buildings in Cardiff's civic centre. Architect
611:
is arduous work and so wire-saws have been introduced into the quarries, replacing much of the plug and feather cutting.
523:
2812:
1869:
1758:
1078:
2324:
1518:
485:
1595:
2560:
1963:
1823:
1607:
2550:
2540:
2535:
1778:
880:
463:
2545:
2448:
2314:
2158:
1987:
1833:
1236:
1039:
467:
397:
557:
buildings in London today use Portland which has been quarried using the same methods over the last 60 years.
2714:
1689:
1031:
in London, which won the "New Build (Modern Non-Load-bearing Stone) Award" in the 2006 Natural Stone Awards.
980:
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1818:
1097:
1021:
997:
20:
917:
2505:
1828:
1798:
1659:
1059:
1017:
876:
872:
829:
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commemorates the 55,573 crew members of the RAF's Bomber Command who were killed between 1939 and 1945.
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2555:
2530:
2484:
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2305:
2194:
1864:
1854:
1803:
1753:
1427:
1161:
1009:
907:
884:
690:
1315:
2792:
2510:
2077:
1980:
1859:
1193:
1156:
845:
803:
753:
1000:. Most of the important civic and administrative buildings which survive from 18th and 19th century
2807:
2756:
2479:
2386:
2329:
2295:
2133:
1947:
1808:
1669:
1644:
1401:
929:
819:
150:
2802:
2797:
2719:
2637:
2525:
2224:
1630:
1055:
853:
771:
456:
294:
188:
2469:
2438:
2275:
2143:
1849:
1724:
1714:
1704:
1699:
652:
409:
348:
686:
2709:
2607:
2489:
2396:
2376:
2153:
2148:
1904:
1694:
1674:
1089:
799:
752:, including the balcony, was faced with Portland stone, first in 1854 and again in 1913. The
725:
1359:
2735:
2581:
2381:
2280:
2037:
1074:
1004:, Ireland, known then as "the second city of the Empire", are of Portland stone, including
775:
312:
140:
8:
2632:
2520:
2422:
2345:
2285:
2229:
2189:
2163:
2113:
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1147:
and presenting a material which he hoped looked like the famous Portland building stone.
972:
948:. The 1929 steel framed building (one of the first erected in the United Kingdom) of the
911:
864:
741:
702:
936:
significantly used the stone in his major commissions of the 1920s and 1930s, including
825:
2787:
2678:
2673:
2627:
2474:
2412:
2265:
2209:
2087:
2017:
1922:
1917:
1773:
1664:
1428:"Firm to hack rare stone from Dorset's protected coastline with permit granted in 1951"
1028:
968:
945:
924:, Keppel Street. Opened in 1929, the image shows the building's Portland stone facade .
783:
604:
547:
178:
1649:
2683:
2668:
2576:
2371:
2219:
2184:
2072:
2062:
1719:
1679:
1573:
1553:
1543:
1514:
1374:
1276:
1266:
1185:
1136:
1005:
849:
745:
560:
553:
381:
352:
290:
1511:
In: Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Fifth completely revised edition
786:(1753) with the new WCEC extension in Portland Roach which was short-listed for the
2057:
2003:
1013:
990:
841:
767:
737:
660:
624:
589:
510:
429:
425:
355:. Portland stone is also exported to many countries, being used for example at the
332:
263:
129:
1113:'s central court, the planned Portland stone was controversially substituted with
2751:
2693:
2612:
2417:
2350:
2270:
2128:
1927:
1884:
1684:
1455:
1126:
903:
811:
795:
729:
671:
636:
536:
162:
2617:
2443:
2214:
2138:
2092:
2032:
1341:
1110:
1085:
1077:
killed in the First and Second World Wars were made out of Portland stone. The
933:
892:
791:
787:
369:
167:
2771:
2663:
2647:
2319:
2260:
2168:
2108:
2052:
1557:
1132:
1093:
1051:
833:
733:
679:
667:
593:
529:
515:
344:
339:, England. The quarries are cut in beds of white-grey limestone separated by
324:
71:
36:
1280:
502:
The tramway incline from the Admiralty Quarry seen from Castletown, Portland
2355:
2300:
2199:
2118:
2042:
1899:
1144:
1054:
used Portland stone (quarried from the bottom of Wakeham) to construct the
807:
717:
706:
506:
1599:
1217:
2688:
2597:
2234:
2123:
1912:
941:
815:
814:). Portland stone was used in 1923 to build the supporting pillar of the
759:
749:
599:
In 1999, Italian stone cutting equipment, originally designed for use in
573:
421:
46:
863:
despite the historical preferred use of hard-wearing materials, such as
380:
and bicarbonate ions within the water are then able to combine, to form
2602:
1932:
1909:
1788:
1709:
1070:
1063:
860:
710:
675:
608:
470: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
91:
56:
716:
The earliest known building to be constructed using Portland stone is
343:
beds. It has been used extensively as a building stone throughout the
2204:
1942:
1894:
1889:
1432:
868:
763:
694:
585:
320:
309:
298:
225:
221:
211:
96:
1117:
stone from France, another similar (but cheaper) oolitic limestone.
964:
and London were reconstructed using vast facades of Portland stone.
619:
445:
2642:
2027:
2022:
1972:
1569:
1460:
961:
953:
519:
498:
273:
86:
81:
66:
61:
51:
648:
2082:
2067:
1081:
use Portland Limestone supplier Albion Stone's Portland Basebed.
957:
888:
600:
514:
techniques. The reserves to the north will be quarried using the
393:
389:
377:
240:
119:
101:
76:
1297:
1259:
Stone Quarry Landscapes: The Industrial Archaeology of Quarrying
762:(1573โ1652) used Portland stone to build the Banqueting Hall in
1262:
1001:
986:
656:
628:
596:(called graining) than perpendicular to them (called cutting).
336:
328:
125:
979:
Building, the Chemistry and Engineering buildings and the new
1952:
1509:
Gerhartz, W., ed. (1986). "Cement and concrete: see p. 492".
1218:"Withies Croft Wall - Isle of Portland - Geology by Ian West"
993:
has been refurbished using a large amount of Portland stone.
340:
705:
has almost certainly been used as a building material since
1140:
989:
typically uses oolitic limestone in its buildings, and the
405:
16:
Limestone quarried on the Isle of Portland, Dorset, England
840:
Recently, Portland stone has been used in the building of
1025:
160:
Dorset: Portland Chert Member, Portland Freestone Member
347:, notably in major public buildings in London such as
1375:"Building stone - National buildings and memorials"
910:, are clad in Portland stone which surrounds their
165:: Tisbury Member, Wockley Member, Chilmark Member
1484:"The Great Portico Fiasco: A most inferior oolite"
1356:"London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine"
2769:
950:London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine
922:London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine
967:Many of the buildings surrounding the flagship
2240:Weymouth and Portland National Sailing Academy
1139:created by burning a mixture of limestone and
770:used nearly one million cubic feet to rebuild
1988:
1615:
1212:
1210:
1164: โ Limestone deposits listed by location
810:is partly clad in Portland stone (along with
1425:
1180:
1178:
794:(1792), the General Post Office (1829), the
782:buildings constructed of Portland stone are
376:) is released into the atmosphere as a gas.
1629:
1131:The term, "Portland cement", was coined by
643:
2256:Admiralty Underwater Weapons Establishment
1995:
1981:
1622:
1608:
1207:
1036:International Union of Geological Sciences
1034:Portland stone has been designated by the
975:are clad in Portland stone, including the
118:
1513:. Vol. A5. VCH Publisher, New York.
1372:
1175:
1024:(1818). More recent projects include the
486:Learn how and when to remove this message
1542:. Monkton Farleigh, Wilts: Folly Books.
1540:Stone to Build London: Portland's Legacy
1508:
916:
824:
774:and many other minor churches after the
685:
666:
647:
618:
497:
289:
1594:Mark Godden's feature in Geology Today
1537:
1476:
1426:de Bruxelles, Simon (12 January 2009).
1380:Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand
1298:"Stone Carving & Sculpture Courses"
1256:
392:) accumulated forming lime mud (called
198:up to 38 metres (120 ft) in Dorset
2770:
1335:
1292:
1290:
635:Mining in Portland is done by using a
1976:
1603:
1419:
1143:, resembling the previously existing
724:Portland stone was used to build the
435:
301:, London, is made from Portland stone
2002:
756:(unveiled 1911) is also made of it.
579:
468:adding citations to reliable sources
439:
1456:"Queen unveils new forces memorial"
1406:IUGS Subcommission: Heritage Stones
1287:
1234:
1050:Following the First World War, Sir
748:, the official London residence of
709:times. The many well crafted Roman
524:Site of Special Scientific Interest
13:
2778:Architecture in the United Kingdom
2291:Ministry of Defence Magnetic Range
1531:
1265:: Tempus Press. pp. 100โ109.
1079:Commonwealth War Graves Commission
14:
2824:
2516:Church of Our Lady and St. Andrew
2325:Verne Heavy Anti-Aircraft Battery
2210:King Barrow Quarry Nature Reserve
1583:
1135:who in 1824 patented a hydraulic
518:cutting machines, hydro bags and
415:
2220:Perryfield Quarry Nature Reserve
2185:Broadcroft Quarry Nature Reserve
1733:
1566:Portland, an Illustrated History
444:
44:
1502:
1448:
1394:
1373:Nathan, Simon; Hayward, Bruce.
1338:Liverpool: City of Architecture
1316:"Building Stones of Manchester"
1237:"The Mohs Stone Hardness Scale"
1190:BGS Lexicon of Named Rock Units
1104:
859:Portland stone is prevalent in
455:needs additional citations for
2392:Portland Breakwater Lighthouse
1366:
1348:
1329:
1308:
1250:
1228:
1040:Global Heritage Stone Resource
398:Mohs scale of mineral hardness
1:
2365:Lighthouses, daymarks and NCI
1590:Geology of the Jurassic Coast
1168:
623:Portland stone quarry on the
2657:Working and disused quarries
2102:Beaches and coastal features
1045:
998:Auckland War Memorial Museum
732:in 1349 and the first stone
7:
2449:Governor's Community Garden
1150:
1060:RAF Bomber Command Memorial
830:United Nations Headquarters
357:United Nations headquarters
10:
2829:
2556:Underhill Methodist Church
2531:Southwell Methodist Chapel
2235:Tout Quarry Sculpture Park
2195:Culverwell Mesolithic Site
1186:"Portland Stone Formation"
1162:List of types of limestone
1124:
908:Port of Liverpool Building
885:Manchester Central Library
691:Port of Liverpool Building
362:
18:
2813:Jurassic System of Europe
2744:
2728:
2702:
2656:
2590:
2569:
2511:Avalanche Memorial Church
2498:
2462:
2431:
2405:
2364:
2338:
2248:
2177:
2101:
2010:
1961:
1842:
1814:National Trust properties
1742:
1731:
1637:
1194:British Geological Survey
1157:List of decorative stones
1120:
846:University College London
844:, Wilkins Terrace at UCL
614:
607:. Splitting stone, using
281:Thickness at type section
280:
269:
259:
254:
246:
236:
231:
217:
207:
202:
194:
184:
174:
156:
146:
136:
117:
35:
30:
2757:Great Southwell Landslip
2387:Portland Bill Lighthouse
2330:Verne High Angle Battery
2296:Portland Breakwater Fort
1948:English landscape garden
1336:Hughes, Quentin (1999).
930:Nottingham Council House
644:Portland stone buildings
317:Portland Stone Formation
31:Portland Stone Formation
19:Not to be confused with
2720:Portland Branch Railway
2638:Southwell Business Park
2526:Easton Methodist Church
1631:Architecture of England
1257:Stanier, Peter (2000).
1096:, England. Designed by
854:Green Park tube station
189:Portland Sand Formation
170:: No formal subdivision
2561:United Reformed Church
2439:Chiswell Walled Garden
2276:East Weare Rifle Range
1700:Strawberry Hill Gothic
1538:Hackman, Gill (2014).
925:
837:
698:
683:
664:
632:
503:
410:Southampton University
302:
2608:Folly Pier Waterworks
2397:Trinity House Obelisk
2377:Old Higher Lighthouse
2154:Portland Raised Beach
2011:Settlements and areas
1402:"Designation of GHSR"
1302:www.learningstone.org
1115:Anstrude Roche Claire
1090:Armed Forces Memorial
920:
828:
820:Lord's Cricket Ground
726:Palace of Westminster
689:
670:
651:
622:
501:
293:
2736:Portland United F.C.
2582:Royal Naval Cemetery
2463:Buildings and houses
2382:Old Lower Lighthouse
2315:Royal Naval Hospital
1794:Renaissance theatres
1774:Round-tower churches
1568:The Dovecote Press,
1564:Stuart Morris, 2016
1010:Houses of Parliament
848:, St James's Market
776:Great Fire of London
772:St. Paul's Cathedral
464:improve this article
315:(formally named the
313:geological formation
141:Geological formation
2715:The Old Engine Shed
2470:The Captain's House
2423:HM Prison The Verne
2346:Pennsylvania Castle
2306:RNAS Portland (HMS
2286:Inner Pierhead Fort
2230:Royal Manor Theatre
2200:Fancy's Family Farm
2190:Chiswell Earthworks
1764:Medieval cathedrals
1759:Abbeys and priories
1488:Geoscientist Online
1022:General Post Office
973:University of Leeds
912:reinforced concrete
898:Two of Liverpool's
881:St. James Buildings
742:Christchurch Priory
653:St Paul's Cathedral
349:St Paul's Cathedral
37:Stratigraphic range
21:Portland brownstone
2710:Merchant's Railway
2679:King Barrow Quarry
2674:Coombefield Quarry
2628:Portland Windmills
2551:St. Peter's Church
2541:St George's Church
2536:St Andrew's Church
2490:St George's Centre
2475:The Cove House Inn
2413:HM Prison Portland
2266:East Weare Battery
1923:Dartmoor longhouse
1918:Wealden hall house
1362:on 17 August 2016.
1029:Broadcasting House
969:Parkinson Building
946:London Underground
944:, the home of the
926:
838:
784:The British Museum
699:
684:
665:
633:
590:plugs and feathers
548:Coombefield Quarry
504:
436:Quarries and mines
359:in New York City.
303:
276:, West Weare Cliff
179:Lulworth Formation
2783:Geology of Dorset
2765:
2764:
2684:Perryfield Quarry
2669:Broadcroft Quarry
2577:Portland Cenotaph
2546:St. John's Church
2506:All Saints Church
2372:NCI Portland Bill
1970:
1969:
1880:Brighton and Hove
1769:Former cathedrals
1720:Bristol Byzantine
1578:978-0-9955462-0-2
1549:978-0-9564405-9-4
1464:. 12 October 2007
1272:978-0-7524-1751-6
1088:was used for the
1075:British personnel
850:Haymarket, London
754:Victoria Memorial
746:Buckingham Palace
580:Quarrying methods
561:Broadcroft Quarry
554:Perryfield Quarry
496:
495:
488:
404:balls, known as "
382:calcium carbonate
353:Buckingham Palace
288:
287:
2820:
2793:Isle of Portland
2521:Conjurer's Lodge
2485:Queen Anne House
2454:Victoria Gardens
2058:Portland Harbour
2004:Isle of Portland
1997:
1990:
1983:
1974:
1973:
1809:Church monuments
1799:Listed buildings
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1182:
1018:National Gallery
1014:the Custom House
991:Ashmolean Museum
842:Chelsea Barracks
804:National Gallery
768:Christopher Wren
750:King Charles III
738:Exeter Cathedral
661:Christopher Wren
625:Isle of Portland
609:pneumatic drills
511:The Crown Estate
491:
484:
480:
477:
471:
448:
440:
426:Banqueting House
333:Isle of Portland
319:) dating to the
264:Isle of Portland
130:Isle of Portland
122:
113:
43:
28:
27:
2828:
2827:
2823:
2822:
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2808:Tithonian Stage
2768:
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2766:
2761:
2752:Easton Massacre
2740:
2724:
2698:
2694:Yeolands Quarry
2652:
2613:Grove Lime Kiln
2586:
2565:
2494:
2458:
2427:
2418:HM Prison Weare
2401:
2360:
2351:Portland Castle
2334:
2271:East Weare Camp
2244:
2225:Portland Museum
2173:
2129:Church Ope Cove
2097:
2078:Victoria Square
2006:
2001:
1971:
1966:
1957:
1928:Somerset towers
1885:Hammerbeam roof
1838:
1784:Historic houses
1745:
1738:
1729:
1685:English Baroque
1633:
1628:
1586:
1550:
1534:
1532:Further reading
1529:
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1184:
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1171:
1153:
1129:
1127:Portland cement
1123:
1107:
1048:
1020:(1864) and the
904:Cunard Building
877:Arkwright House
873:100 King Street
812:Cornish granite
796:Bank of England
730:Tower of London
672:100 King Street
646:
637:room and pillar
617:
582:
537:Stonehills Mine
492:
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475:
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2174:
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2134:Freshwater Bay
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1584:External links
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1235:Knapper, Ian.
1227:
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1125:Main article:
1122:
1119:
1111:British Museum
1106:
1103:
1047:
1044:
977:Michael Sadler
934:Charles Holden
893:Sunlight House
792:Somerset House
788:Stirling Prize
645:
642:
616:
613:
594:bedding planes
581:
578:
516:diamond bladed
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416:History of use
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370:carbon dioxide
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2648:Verne Cistern
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731:
728:in 1347, the
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453:This section
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2356:Rufus Castle
2307:
2301:RAF Portland
2144:Little Beach
2119:Chesil Beach
2043:Fortuneswell
2038:Ferry Bridge
1937:
1900:Bastle house
1779:Roman villas
1565:
1539:
1510:
1504:
1492:. Retrieved
1487:
1478:
1466:. Retrieved
1459:
1450:
1438:. Retrieved
1431:
1421:
1409:. Retrieved
1405:
1396:
1384:. Retrieved
1378:
1368:
1360:the original
1350:
1337:
1331:
1321:30 September
1319:. Retrieved
1310:
1301:
1258:
1252:
1240:. Retrieved
1230:
1221:
1197:. Retrieved
1189:
1145:Roman cement
1130:
1108:
1105:Substitution
1083:
1068:
1062:in London's
1049:
1033:
1016:(1791), the
1008:(1779), the
995:
985:
966:
938:Senate House
927:
900:Three Graces
899:
897:
889:Kendal Milne
858:
839:
808:Tower Bridge
780:
758:
723:
718:Rufus Castle
715:
700:
634:
598:
583:
570:
566:
559:
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505:
482:
473:
462:Please help
457:verification
454:
419:
402:
366:
316:
305:
304:
295:The Cenotaph
255:Type section
161:
25:
2689:Tout Quarry
2618:King's Pier
2598:Durdle Pier
2178:Attractions
2159:Pulpit Rock
2149:Mutton Cove
2124:Chesil Cove
1834:Lighthouses
1789:Hall houses
1670:Elizabethan
1650:Saxo-Norman
1645:Anglo-Saxon
1411:24 February
1386:14 December
1071:gravestones
942:55 Broadway
891:(1939) and
865:Burmantofts
816:Grace Gates
760:Inigo Jones
701:Portland's
574:Tout Quarry
422:Inigo Jones
323:age of the
2772:Categories
2603:Folly Pier
2281:HMS Osprey
2088:West Cliff
2018:Castletown
1933:Bath stone
1910:Oast house
1865:Manchester
1855:Birmingham
1746:structures
1710:Jacobethan
1690:Queen Anne
1572:, Dorset:
1169:References
1064:Green Park
861:Manchester
711:sarcophagi
676:Manchester
2788:Limestone
2633:Red Crane
2570:Memorials
2205:Jurassica
2164:Salt Pans
2114:Cave Hole
2073:Underhill
2063:Southwell
2048:The Grove
1943:Flushwork
1895:Almshouse
1890:Fan vault
1860:Liverpool
1819:Windmills
1725:Brutalist
1715:Edwardian
1705:Victorian
1558:910854593
1433:The Times
1084:Portland
1046:Memorials
1006:City Hall
983:Library.
869:sandstone
790:in 2017,
778:in 1666.
764:Whitehall
736:in 1350.
703:freestone
695:Liverpool
586:gunpowder
520:wire saws
476:June 2010
321:Tithonian
310:limestone
299:Whitehall
284:25 metres
260:Named for
226:Sandstone
222:Siltstone
212:Limestone
203:Lithology
195:Thickness
175:Underlies
157:Sub-units
42:Tithonian
2643:Sureline
2591:Industry
2499:Churches
2249:Military
2028:Clay Ope
2023:Chiswell
1964:Category
1829:Stadiums
1695:Georgian
1680:Carolean
1675:Jacobean
1570:Wimborne
1461:BBC News
1436:. London
1281:47830911
1151:See also
1056:Cenotaph
1012:(1767),
962:Coventry
954:Plymouth
914:frames.
906:and the
895:(1932).
887:(1934),
883:(1912),
879:(1937),
875:(1935),
802:and the
329:quarried
327:that is
274:Clay Ope
270:Location
232:Location
185:Overlies
2703:Railway
2432:Gardens
2406:Prisons
2339:Castles
2083:Wakeham
2068:Tophill
1875:Bristol
1804:Museums
1754:Castles
1494:25 July
1440:27 June
1242:17 June
1199:25 July
981:Laidlaw
971:at the
958:Bristol
605:loaders
601:Tuscany
507:Jordans
394:micrite
390:calcite
378:Calcium
363:Geology
331:on the
247:Country
241:England
208:Primary
147:Unit of
128:on the
108:↓
2745:Events
2729:Sports
2308:Osprey
2093:Weston
2033:Easton
1913:(cowl)
1850:London
1655:Norman
1638:Styles
1576:
1556:
1546:
1517:
1490:. 2012
1468:22 May
1279:
1269:
1263:Stroud
1137:binder
1121:Cement
1002:Dublin
987:Oxford
902:, the
798:, the
657:London
629:Dorset
615:Mining
337:Dorset
237:Region
126:quarry
1843:Other
1665:Tudor
1086:stone
1038:as a
707:Roman
406:ooids
384:(CaCO
341:chert
308:is a
297:, in
218:Other
1870:Bath
1574:ISBN
1554:OCLC
1544:ISBN
1515:ISBN
1496:2019
1470:2010
1442:2010
1413:2019
1388:2015
1323:2012
1277:OCLC
1267:ISBN
1244:2019
1201:2019
1141:clay
1073:for
1069:The
940:and
928:The
867:and
852:and
740:and
430:Wren
351:and
137:Type
47:Pre๊
1092:in
1026:BBC
818:at
678:by
659:by
466:by
372:(CO
335:in
2774::
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1486:.
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1177:^
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693:,
674:,
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428:.
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224:,
97:Pg
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1996:e
1989:t
1982:v
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386:3
374:2
102:N
92:K
87:J
82:T
77:P
72:C
67:D
62:S
57:O
52:๊
23:.
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