927:
learned, fundamental, deep-founded, unconscious beliefs and values that are taken as self-evident universals and inform an agent's actions and thoughts within a particular field. An example is the belief that a year must have 365 days or that days must be 24 hours long. The field represents a structured social space with its own rules, schemes of domination, legitimate opinions. Bourdieu uses the concept of field instead of analyzing societies solely in terms of classes. For example, fields in modern societies include arts, education, politics, law and economy. Cultural capital is also part of practice theory and is directly related to strategy. It is the intangible assets that enable actors to mobilize cultural authority/power as part of strategy e.g., e.g., competencies, education, intellect, style of speech, dress, social networks,. This is important in terms of an individual's strategy. A later addition to practice theory is structuration, coined by
Anthony Giddens.
892:
and the cognitive and motivating structures which they produce and which tend to reproduce them". What is perceived and experienced as culture is the result of dynamic interaction of internal and external structures, individual performance (practice), and strategy (strategy is based on existing structures, but it exists from the actions of individuals seeking to pursue their own interests). Bourdieu describes structure as the "products of historical practices and are constantly reproduced and transformed by historical practices whose productive principle is itself the product of the structures which it consequently tends to reproduce." According to practice theory, social actors are not just shaped by their social world, they shape it as well. Since
Bourdieu's formulation, practice theory has been expanded by sociologists, anthropologists, international relation scholars, and feminist scholars, among others.
1032:. Practices make up people's 'horizon of intelligibility.' Schatzki defines practices as 'open-ended spatial-temporal manifolds of actions' (Schatzki, 2005, p. 471) and also as 'sets of hierarchically organized doings/sayings, tasks and projects'. Such practices consist of four main elements: (1) practical understanding – "knowing how to X, knowing how to identify X-ings, and knowing how to prompt as well as respond to X-ings" (idem, p. 77); (2) rules – "explicit formulations, principles, precepts, and instructions that enjoin, direct or remonstrate people to perform specific actions" (idem, p. 79); (3) teleo-affective structure – "a range of normativized and hierarchically ordered ends, projects and tasks, to varying degrees allied with normativized emotions and even mood" (idem, p. 80); and (4) general understanding.
907:, Bourdieu uses the term habitus to refer to patterns of thought and behavior which are deeply internalized structures. Habitus is composed of social conventions, rules, values, etc., that guide our everyday practices. These mental structures are representations of the external social structures people are interact with on a daily basis. They inform our practice and give meaning to the world and are what drives us to behave in accordance with social and cultural conventions. Habitus is also influenced by external individual forces, such as confronting a new social norm, or a new way of doing things. Like structure, habitus is also the product of historical events.
940:
engagement with practice theory focuses on how agents "react to, cope with, or actively appropriate" external structures. These responses of agents are bound or enabled by the cultural schemas which are often rooted in the contradictions of society's structure and habitus of the agent. Agents create broader social narratives practices unique to their specific culture from multiple schemas. The many available to agents schemas woven to a social narrative help to "give society its distinctiveness and coherence" Ortner's agent is "loosely structured", their practice is constituted of how they respond to the schemas.
955:, the idea that the agency of social actors and structure are inseparable and co-create one another. Agency, according to Giddens, is neither free will or the intentionality of actions, but the capacity of the agent to act. The agency of individuals is constrained and enabled by structure. In turn, structure is created, transformed, and reproduced through the actions of agents. These reinforcing and transformative capacities of agents are Giddens identified two forms of consciousness that inform the knowledgeable agent's actions: practical consciousness and discursive consciousness.
975:(1990) and "Performative Acts and Gender Constitution" (1988), Butler advances their concept of gender performativity. They argue that all gender and sexual identities are constructs. These identities are not real or innately natural and they do not express any inner reality. Instead, gender and sexuality are constituted by performance, meaning the everyday repetition of acts that reaffirm these identities. The individual performs gender and then that identity is validated by society.
875:. The original goal of this work was to understand Algerian culture and its internal rules and laws in an effort to understand the conflict. Bourdieu later rejected the idea that culture and social life can be reduced to the acting-out of rules and the primacy of social structures over the individual. Instead, Bourdieu argues, culture and society are better understood as the product of dynamic interactions between social actors and structure.
40:
914:'s concept of 'discipline'. Like habitus, discipline 'is structure and power that have been impressed on the body forming permanent dispositions'. In contrast to Bourdieu, though, Foucault laid particular emphasis on the violence through which modern regimes (e.g. prisons and asylums) are used as a form of
926:
Another important concept to practice theory are doxa, which are the internalized societal or field-specific presuppositions that 'go without saying' and are not up for negotiation. The doxa is a constructed vision of reality so naturalized that it appears to be the only vision of reality. It is the
891:
Practices are conceptualized as "what people do," or an individual's performance carried out in everyday life. Bourdieu's theory of practice sets up a relationship between structure and the habitus and practice of the individual agent, dealing with the "relationship between the objective structures
998:
Communities of practice center the relationship of the agent, the activity engaged in, and community, which are co-created and relational to one another. Learning and apprenticeship within practice communities are processes that place individual experience and everyday practice in active discourse
939:
defines practice theory as "a theory of history. It is a theory of how social beings, with their diverse motives and their diverse intentions, make and transform in which they live." Ortner developed what she terms "cultural schemas" to explain society's structural contradictions and agency. Her
994:
as a place of learning. Roddick and Stahl summarize communities of practice as involving "embodied action and continuously renewed relations between understanding and experience, more and less skilled practitioners, and the objects and communities with which practitioners interact."
999:
with the broader context of their society. According to Wenger and Lave, learning is "situated" through practice of novices and expert practitioners. More recent approaches extend the scope to issues such as agency, material, and interaction.
1822:
Roddick, Andrew P.; Stahl, Anne B. "Introduction: Knowledge in Motion".(2016). Knowledge in motion : constellations of learning across time and place. Ed.Andrew
Roddick and Anne P. Stahl. Tucson: The University of Arizona
902:
Along with practices, habitus is a key concept in practice theory. Bourdieu defined habitus as "a structuring structure, which organizes practices and the perception of practices" (1984: 170). First proposed by philosopher
842:, who saw human behavior and organization systems as products of innate universal structures that reflect the mental structures of humans. Structuralist theory asserted that these structures governed all human societies.
863:
827:
society and culture as the result of structure and individual agency. Practice theory emerged in the late 20th century and was first outlined in the work of the French sociologist
910:
The embodied component of the habitus is the hexis. It is manifested as an individual's gait, gesture, postures, accent etc. A closely related notion to
Bourdieu's habitus is
952:
1741:. Wiley.Giddens, Anthony (1979). Central problems in social theory: Action, structure, and contradiction in social analysis. University of California Press.
1076:
1066:
1727:
de
Certeau, Michel (1984). "Foucault and Bourdieu". In The practice of everyday life. Trans. Rendall S. F.University of California Press.
1826:
Turner, Stephen (1994). The Social Theory of
Practices: Tradition, Tacit Knowledge, and Presuppositions. University of Chicago Press.
849:. For practice theorists, the individual agent is an active participant in the formation and reproduction of their social world.
727:
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1770:
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1255:
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752:
644:
1724:
Calhoun, Craig, Edward LiPuma, and Moishe
Postone (1993). Bourdieu: critical perspectives. University of Chicago Press.
1409:
1384:
1220:
1195:
1170:
1120:
1747:
Moore, Jerry D.(2000). Visions of culture: An introduction to anthropological theories and theorists. Rowman
Altamira.
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689:
602:
308:
709:
492:
742:
732:
872:
737:
330:
1750:
Morris, Rosalind C. (1995). "All made up: Performance theory and the new anthropology of sex and gender".
1744:
Giddens, Anthony (1984). The
Constitution Of Society: Outline Of A Theory Of Structuration. Polity Press.
1718:
Bourdieu, Pierre 1977. Outline of a Theory of
Practice. Trans. Richard Nice. Cambridge University Press.
1024:(2002). His basic premise is that people do what makes sense for them to do and derives from the work of
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507:
420:
283:
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Archer, Margaret S. (2003). Structure, agency and the internal conversation. Cambridge University Press.
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50:
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in 1977), which emerged from his ethnographic field work in French-occupied Algeria among the
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23:
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Nicolini, Davide. Practice theory, work, and organization: An introduction. OUP Oxford, 2012
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112:
1562:"Professional tacit knowledge sharing in practice. Agency, boundaries, and commitment"
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Bourdieu, Pierre ( 1990). The Logic of Practice. Trans. Richard Nice. Polity Press.
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Visions of culture: an introduction to anthropological theories and theorists
1113:
Visions of culture: an introduction to anthropological theories and theorists
1091:
1046:
1041:
968:
948:
936:
868:
812:
527:
522:
470:
192:
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Anthropology and social theory : culture, power, and the acting subject
1763:
Anthropology and social theory : culture, power, and the acting subject
1797:
1561:
1086:
904:
816:
435:
325:
31:
1601:"Problematising Practice, Reconceptualising Learning and Imagining Change"
971:'s work on gender and sex is based on performance and practice theory. In
607:
475:
232:
105:
72:
794:
587:
1504:
Knowledge in motion: constellations of learning across time and place
1479:
Knowledge in motion: constellations of learning across time and place
1061:
983:
820:
560:
555:
487:
1788:
Ortner, Sherry B. (2006). "Introduction: Updating Practice Theory".
883:
were also foundational to the theory in the late 1970's and 1980's.
1402:
The constitution of society: outline of the theory of structuration
1247:
978:
824:
1352:
High religion: a cultural and political history of Sherpa Buddhism
1300:
High religion: a cultural and political history of Sherpa Buddhism
597:
577:
545:
335:
1404:(1st pbk. ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press.
572:
1354:. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. p. 200.
1302:. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. p. 193.
838:
school of thought, developed by social scientists including
1739:
Organizational Knowledge: The Texture of Workplace Learning
1732:
How to Conduct a Practice-Based Study: Problems and Methods
1190:. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. p. 83.
1165:. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. p. 82.
582:
1425:
Ahearn, Laura M. (October 2001). "Language and Agency".
1323:
Ahearn, Laura M. (October 2001). "Language and Agency".
1271:
Ahearn, Laura M. (October 2001). "Language and Agency".
39:
1454:
Gender trouble: feminism and the subversion of identity
1529:
Situated Learning: Legitimate Peripheral Participation
1506:. Tucson: The University of Arizona Press. p. 7.
1481:. Tucson: The University of Arizona Press. p. 3.
857:
In 1972, French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu published
951:. Structuration is based on his previous work on the
1607:, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 1–14,
1527:Lave, Jean; Wenger, Etienne (27 September 1991).
1831:
1687:Ahearn, Laura M. (2001). "Language and Agency".
1135:
1007:
979:Communities of practice and learning as practice
930:
845:Practice theory is also built on the concept of
1215:. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.
1016:developed an alternative theory of practice in
1599:Hager, Paul; Lee, Alison; Reich, Ann (2012),
1598:
1115:(4th ed.). Lanham, Md.: AltaMira Press.
1002:
947:extended practice theory with his concept of
834:Practice theory developed in reaction to the
774:
1501:
1476:
1035:
1502:Roddick, Andrew P.; Stahl, Anne B. (2016).
1477:Roddick, Andrew P.; Stahl, Anne B. (2016).
1235:
990:draw from practice theory to conceptualize
1560:van Houten, Maarten Matheus (2023-01-01).
1559:
1526:
1140:. New York: Berghahn Books. pp. 4–5.
781:
767:
1136:Postill, John; Bräuchler, Birgit (2010).
1605:Professional and Practice-based Learning
1379:. Walnut Creek, Calif.: AltaMira Press.
1210:
1185:
1160:
1399:
1240:. In Bräuchler, B.; J. Postill (eds.).
1832:
1787:
1760:
1686:
1451:
1424:
1349:
1322:
1297:
1270:
16:Body within anthropology and sociology
1374:
1110:
859:Esquisse d'une théorie de la pratique
13:
14:
1851:
1792:. Durham: Duke University Press.
1765:. Durham: Duke University Press.
963:
38:
1701:10.1146/annurev.anthro.30.1.109
1680:
1667:
1658:
1646:
1634:
1592:
1553:
1520:
1495:
1470:
1445:
1439:10.1146/annurev.anthro.30.1.109
1418:
1393:
1368:
1343:
1337:10.1146/annurev.anthro.30.1.109
1285:10.1146/annurev.anthro.30.1.109
1213:Outline of a theory of practice
1188:Outline of a theory of practice
1163:Outline of a theory of practice
864:Outline of a Theory of Practice
1695:(1). Annual Reviews: 109–137.
1316:
1291:
1264:
1229:
1204:
1179:
1154:
1129:
1104:
728:Anthropologists by nationality
1:
1752:Annual review of anthropology
1689:Annual Review of Anthropology
1566:Journal of Workplace Learning
1427:Annual Review of Anthropology
1325:Annual Review of Anthropology
1273:Annual Review of Anthropology
1243:Theorising Media and Practice
1138:Theorising media and practice
1097:
1008:Schatzki's Theory of Practice
958:
931:In anthropology and sociology
797:, the theory of human action.
873:Algerian War of Independence
7:
1613:10.1007/978-94-007-4774-6_1
1456:. New York, NY: Routledge.
10:
1856:
1761:Ortner, Sherry B. (2006).
1350:Ortner, Sherry B. (1989).
1298:Ortner, Sherry B. (1989).
1003:Other Theories of Practice
895:
886:
852:
809:theory of social practices
792:
748:List of indigenous peoples
1400:Giddens, Anthony (1986).
1211:Bourdieu, Pierre (1977).
1186:Bourdieu, Pierre (1977).
1161:Bourdieu, Pierre (1977).
1036:Other important theorists
861:(published in English as
493:Cross-cultural comparison
1840:Sociological terminology
1578:10.1108/JWL-02-2023-0025
1537:10.1017/CBO9780511815355
1375:Moore, Jerry D. (1997).
1111:Moore, Jerry D. (2012).
935:Cultural anthropologist
793:Not to be confused with
665:Historical particularism
1664:(Nicolini, 2014, p.164)
1452:Butler, Judith (1990).
1246:. Oxford and New York:
992:communities of practice
921:
871:at the outbreak of the
498:Participant observation
1798:10.2307/j.ctv11hppcg.4
1673:(Schatzki, 2002, p.73)
1653:The Site of the Social
1022:The Site of the Social
640:Cross-cultural studies
1737:Gherardi, S. (2006).
1730:Gherardi, S. (2014).
1236:Postill, J. (2010).
953:Duality of Structure
943:British sociologist
733:Anthropology by year
670:Boasian anthropology
645:Cultural materialism
630:Actor–network theory
228:Paleoanthropological
1734:. Edward Elgar Pub.
1030:Ludwig Wittgenstein
840:Claude LĂ©vi-Strauss
685:Performance studies
578:Kinship and descent
518:Cultural relativism
168:Paleoethnobotanical
143:Ethnoarchaeological
1754:. 24 (1): 567–592.
705:Post-structuralism
464:Research framework
1807:978-0-8223-8845-6
1772:978-0-8223-8845-6
1622:978-94-007-4773-9
1257:978-1-84545-741-9
1147:978-1-84545-741-9
1014:Theodore Schatzki
881:Michel de Certeau
791:
790:
690:Political economy
513:Thick description
310:Political economy
173:Zooarchaeological
133:Bioarchaeological
1847:
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1641:Social Practices
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1152:
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1133:
1127:
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1108:
1057:Andreas Reckwitz
1052:Marshall Sahlins
1026:Martin Heidegger
1018:Social Practices
783:
776:
769:
311:
193:Anthrozoological
42:
19:
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1123:
1109:
1105:
1100:
1082:Michel Foucault
1077:Silvia Gherardi
1072:Elizabeth Shove
1067:Davide Nicolini
1038:
1012:In the 1990's,
1010:
1005:
981:
966:
961:
945:Anthony Giddens
933:
924:
912:Michel Foucault
900:
889:
877:Anthony Giddens
855:
829:Pierre Bourdieu
811:) is a body of
801:Practice theory
798:
787:
758:
757:
723:
715:
714:
695:Practice theory
635:Alliance theory
625:
617:
616:
612:Postcolonialism
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421:Anthropological
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1572:(9): 197–217.
1552:
1545:
1519:
1512:
1494:
1487:
1469:
1462:
1444:
1433:(1): 109–137.
1417:
1411:978-0520057289
1410:
1392:
1386:978-0803970977
1385:
1367:
1360:
1342:
1315:
1308:
1290:
1279:(1): 109–137.
1263:
1256:
1238:"Introduction"
1228:
1222:978-0521291644
1221:
1203:
1197:978-0521291644
1196:
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1172:978-0521291644
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1122:978-0759122185
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988:Etienne Wenger
980:
977:
973:Gender Trouble
965:
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929:
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916:social control
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106:Archaeological
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32:Anthropology
1020:(1996) and
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284:Development
223:Nutritional
198:Biocultural
123:Battlefield
1628:2024-02-27
1331:(1): 120.
1098:References
959:Influenced
805:praxeology
795:Praxeology
588:Prehistory
441:Historical
414:Linguistic
326:Historical
294:Ecological
186:Biological
88:Linguistic
78:Biological
1816:262341007
1781:262341007
1709:0084-6570
1586:1366-5626
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984:Jean Lave
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561:Evolution
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488:Ethnology
366:Political
274:Cognitive
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1834:Category
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603:Value
481:cyber
396:Urban
346:Media
341:Legal
67:Types
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1802:ISBN
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321:Food
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