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194:, fish, and a wide variety of plants. These people were likely characterized by highly mobile bands of 20 or 50 members of an extended family that moved from place to place as resources were depleted and additional supplies needed. Paleoindian groups were efficient hunters and created and carried a variety of tools, some highly specialized, for hunting, butchering and hide processing. The earliest habitation of Paleo-Indians in the American Southwest dates to about 10,000 to 12,000 years ago, and evidence from this tradition ranges from 10,500 BCE to 7500 BCE. These paleolithic people used habitat near water sources, including rivers, swamps and marshes, which had abundant fish, and drew birds and game animals. Big game, including
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1994:
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characterized older and younger generations, and subgroups within a given generation. Some cultural differences may be based on linear traditions, on teaching from one generation or âschoolâ to another. Other variants in style may distinguish arbitrary groups within a culture, perhaps defining social status, gender, clan or guild affiliation, religious belief or cultural alliances. Variations may also simply reflect the available resources in given time or area.
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this time the people of the southwest developed a variety of subsistence strategies, all using their own specific techniques. The nutritive value of weed and grass seeds was discovered and flat rocks were used to grind flour to produce gruels and breads. This use of grinding slabs in about 7500 BCE marks the beginning of the
Archaic tradition. Small bands of people traveled throughout the area, gathering plants such as
544:
solely on data available at the time of each analysis and publication. They are subject to change, not only on the basis of newly discovered information, but also as attitudes and perspectives change within the scientific community. It cannot be assumed that an archaeological division corresponds to a particular language group or to any social or political entity, such as a tribe.
573:, can be significant barriers for human communities, likely reducing the frequency of contact with other groups. Current opinion holds that the closer cultural similarity between the Mogollon and Ancestral Pueblo peoples and their greater differences from the Hohokam and Patayan is due to both the geography and the variety of climate zones in the American Southwest.
276:, probably introduced into the region from central Mexico, was planted near camps with permanent water access. Distinct types of corn have been identified in the more well-watered highlands and the desert areas, which may imply local mutation or successive introduction of differing species. Emerging domesticated crops also included
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therefore be understood as "clinal", "increasing gradually as the distance separating groups also increases." Departures from the expected pattern may occur because of unidentified social or political situations or because of geographic barriers. In the
Southwest, mountain ranges, rivers and, most obviously, the
563:
Cultural variants: The modern term âstyleâ has a bearing on how material items such as pottery or architecture should be interpreted. Subsets of a larger group can adopt different means to accomplish the same end. For example, in modern
Western cultures, there are alternative styles of clothing that
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Artifact based: Archaeological research focuses on enduring evidence, items left behind during people's activities. Scientists are able to examine fragments of pottery vessels, human remains, stone tools or evidence left from the construction of buildings and shelters. However, other aspects of the
376:
area. Their distinctive pottery and dwelling construction styles emerged in the area around 750 CE, though the origins of their hallmark material culture characteristics can be found within the
Basketmaker II Period (1500 BCEâ400 CE). Ancestral Pueblo peoples are renowned for the construction of and
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The
Archaic time frame is defined culturally as a transition from a hunting/gathering lifestyle to one involving agriculture and permanent, if only seasonally occupied, settlements. In the Southwest, the Archaic is generally dated from 8000 years ago to approximately 1800 to 2000 years ago. During
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About 3,500 years ago, climate change led to changing patterns in water sources, leading to dramatically decreased populations. However, family-based groups took shelter in south facing caves and rock overhangs within canyon walls. Occasionally, these people lived in small semi-sedentary hamlets in
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to denote cultural traditions within the prehistoric
American Southwest. It is important to understand that culture names and divisions are assigned by individuals separated from the actual cultures by both time and space. This means that cultural divisions are by nature arbitrary, and are based
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Cultural divisions: cultural identifiers are tools of the modern scientist, and so should not be considered similar to divisions or any social relationships the ancient residents may have recognized. Modern cultures in this region, many of whom claim some of these ancient people as ancestors,
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Sharply defining cultural groups tends to create an image of group territories separated by clear-cut boundaries, similar to modern nation states. These simply did not exist. Prehistoric people traded, worshiped and collaborated most often with other nearby groups. Cultural differences should
416:, is believed to have emerged in approximately 200 CE. These people lived in smaller settlement clusters than their neighbors, and built extensive irrigation canals for a wide range of agricultural crops. There is evidence the Hohokam had far-reaching trade routes with ancient
217:
As populations of larger game began to diminish, possibly as a result of intense hunting and rapid environmental changes, Late
Paleoindian groups would come to rely more on other facets of their subsistence pattern, including increased hunting of
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in northern Mexico, has seen successive prehistoric cultural traditions for at least of 12,000 years. An often-quoted statement from Erik Reed (1964) defined the
Greater Southwest culture area as extending north to south from
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culture inhabited parts of modern-day
Arizona, California and Baja California, including areas near the Colorado River Valley, nearby uplands, and north to the vicinity of the Grand Canyon. The
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open areas. Evidence of significant occupation has been found in the northern part of the
Southwest range, from Utah to Colorado, especially in the vicinity of modern Durango, Colorado.
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display a striking range of diversity in lifestyles, language and religious beliefs. This suggests the ancient people were also more diverse than their material remains may suggest.
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In addition, three distinct minor cultures inhabited the eastern, western, and northern extremes of the area. From 1200 CE into the historic era a people collectively known as the
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Breitburg, Emanual; John B. Broster; Arthur L. Reesman; Richard G. Strearns (1996). "Coats-Hines Site: Tennessee's First Paleoindian Mastodon Association".
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lived in the southwest from approximately 200 CE until sometime between 1450 and 1540 CE. Archaeological sites attributed to the Mogollon are found in the
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definitions of cultural divisions, in the Southwest or other areas, it is important to understand three specific limitations in the current conventions.
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500:. Several Spanish explorers described this culture which was related to or derivative from the Jornada Mogollon. Between 700 and 1550 CE, the
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Miller, Myles R. and Kenmotsu, Nancy A. "Prehistory of the Mogollon and Eastern Trans-Pecos Regions of West Texas." in Perttula, Timothy K.
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cultures to the south, and show cultural influences from these southerners. A defining moment of the Classic Hohokam is the emergence of
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Kelly, Robert L.; Lawrence C. Todd (1988). "Coming into the Country: Early Paleoindian Hunting and Mobility".
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culture inhabited sites in what is now Utah and parts of Nevada, Idaho and Colorado from c.1 CE to c.1300 CE.
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and bisonâinto North America. The traveling groups also collected and used a wide variety of smaller
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culture of prehistoric peoples, such as language, beliefs and behavior patterns, are not tangible.
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A map showing the extent of three major cultures within the American Southwest and Northern Mexico
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Many contemporary cultural traditions exist within the Greater Southwest, including
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Migrants and Mounds: Classic Period Archaeology of the Lower San Pedro Valley
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and western Canada, entered the Southwest prior to European contact.
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and Northern Mexico. These cultures, sometimes referred to as
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and Northwestern Mexico. This region was first occupied by
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peoples of Southern Arizona and northern Sonora, and the
105:. Differently areas of this region are also known as the
828:
College Station: TX A & M Press, 2004, pp. 205â265
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and annually establishing camps at collection points.
757:, p. 34. St. Remy Press and Smithsonian Institution.
710:
460:
580:
520:
Examples of Pueblo pottery, American Folk Art Series
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archaic culture eventually evolved into three major
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peoples of Arizona and New Mexico. In addition, the
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627:Indigenous peoples of the North American Southwest
60:This area, identified with the current states of
2360:
412:drainage areas, and extending into the southern
80:in the western United States, and the states of
907:
2379:History of indigenous peoples of North America
1976:
893:
775:Matson, R (2006). "What is Basketmaker II?".
662:, 3rd edition. Left Coast Press, Walnut Creek
658:Cordell, Linda S. and Maxine E. McBrinn 2012
654:
652:
2085:Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact theories
839:Archaeology in the Great Basin and Southwest
854:, p. 72. Thames and Hudson, London, England
428:with an influx of migrating Kayenta Anasazi
18:Prehistoric Southwestern cultural divisions
1983:
1969:
900:
886:
809:
649:
152:peoples, whose ancestral roots lie in the
2424:History of the Southwestern United States
1408:Hopewell Culture National Historical Park
852:Ancient Peoples of the American Southwest
814:. Tucson, Arizona: Archaeology Southwest.
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515:
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810:Clark, Jeffery; Lyons, Patrick (2012).
327:Post-Archaic cultures and civilizations
14:
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2399:Native American history of New Mexico
1964:
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637:Native Americans in the United States
291:Archaic cultural traditions include:
182:initially followed herds of big gameâ
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241:
2389:Native American history of Colorado
1879:Norse colonization of North America
674:Current Research in the Pleistocene
24:
2384:Native American history of Arizona
404:tradition, centered on the middle
25:
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2394:Native American history of Nevada
861:
128:-speaking peoples inhabiting the
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1992:
611:
597:
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377:cultural achievement present at
2404:Native American history of Utah
2369:Archaic period in North America
1899:Southeastern Ceremonial Complex
873:People of the Colorado Plateau
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476:, along the Upper Gila river,
234:were used to hunt water fowl,
13:
1:
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492:lived at the junction of the
296:ArchaicâEarly Basketmaker Era
156:-speaking peoples in eastern
2414:Pre-Columbian cultural areas
1864:Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing
1814:Eastern Agricultural Complex
837:Janetski and Talbot 2014 in
660:Archaeology of the Southwest
632:Indigenous peoples of Mexico
527:use cultural labels such as
272:Late in the Archaic Period,
7:
2374:Archaeology in the Americas
2271:Archaeology of the Americas
1248:Bandelier National Monument
1122:List of Mississippian sites
909:Pre-Columbian North America
576:
10:
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1668:West Oak Forest Earthlodge
1273:The Bluff Point Stoneworks
982:Ancestral Pueblo (Anasazi)
547:When making use of modern
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39:Southwestern United States
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789:10.1179/kiv.2006.72.2.002
753:Cordell, Linda S. (1994)
214:and other small mammals.
132:valley, the uplands, and
2281:North American timelines
1448:Lehner Mammoth-Kill Site
1007:Buttermilk Creek complex
826:The Prehistory of Texas.
533:Ancestral Pueblo peoples
370:Ancestral Pueblo peoples
316:(before 5000 BCEâ200 CE)
97:, and east to west from
31:Southwestern archaeology
2276:North America by period
2115:Portuguese colonization
1999:History of the Americas
1648:Town Creek Indian Mound
1618:Sierra de San Francisco
1473:Meadowcroft Rockshelter
868:Patayan Map and Pottery
2230:Pre-Columbian cultures
1303:Coso Rock Art District
1190:Santa Rosa-Swift Creek
1093:List of Hopewell sites
755:Ancient Pueblo Peoples
521:
424:, likely a product of
342:
164:Paleo-Indian tradition
2419:Oasisamerica cultures
2286:Mesoamerica by period
2100:European colonization
2080:Indigenous population
1711:Arlington Springs Man
1553:Portsmouth Earthworks
850:Plog, Stephen (1997)
519:
512:Cultural distinctions
356:culture areas in the
340:
103:Las Vegas, New Mexico
2291:Mesoamerica timeline
2204:Indigenous languages
2120:British colonization
2105:Spanish colonization
2090:Christopher Columbus
2045:Andean South America
1919:Transoceanic contact
1809:Container Revolution
1383:Gila Cliff Dwellings
1348:Etowah Indian Mounds
474:Mimbres River Valley
109:, North Mexico, and
2333:Classical Antiquity
2110:French colonization
1839:Green Corn Ceremony
1653:Turkey River Mounds
1443:Lake Jackson Mounds
1263:Blue Spring Shelter
381:and other sites in
47:Ancestral Puebloans
37:concerned with the
2235:Indigenous peoples
2127:Columbian Exchange
2075:Indigenous peoples
1924:Underwater panther
1598:Rosenstock Village
1468:Marmes Rockshelter
1453:L'Anse aux Meadows
713:American Antiquity
522:
358:American Southwest
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302:San DieguitoâPinto
174:According to most
107:American Southwest
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2328:Pre-Columbian era
2153:Pre-Columbian era
1958:
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1950:Pre-Columbian era
1751:Spirit Cave mummy
1548:Plum Bayou Mounds
1458:Lynch Quarry Site
977:Ancient Beringian
692:"Kincaid Shelter"
619:New Mexico portal
322:(6000 BCEâ250 CE)
310:(5500 BCEâ600 CE)
304:(6500 BCEâ200 CE)
248:Archaic Southwest
242:Archaic tradition
99:Las Vegas, Nevada
95:Durango, Colorado
27:Branch of science
16:(Redirected from
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2318:Three-age system
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1333:El Fin del Mundo
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1874:N.A.G.P.R.A.
1834:Folsom point
1824:Effigy mound
1804:Clovis point
1772:Aridoamerica
1673:Wickiup Hill
1628:Spiro Mounds
1608:Salmon Ruins
1603:Russell Cave
1398:Helen Blazes
1393:Grimes Point
1373:Fort Juelson
1363:Fort Ancient
1338:El Vallecito
1298:Chaco Canyon
1238:Angel Mounds
1200:Steed-Kisker
1150:Paleo-Arctic
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426:ethnogenesis
418:Mesoamerican
395:Salmon Ruins
383:Chaco Canyon
374:Four Corners
362:Oasisamerica
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333:Oasisamerica
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192:game animals
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115:Aridoamerica
111:Oasisamerica
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2338:Middle Ages
2095:Exploration
2020:Mesoamerica
1914:Thunderbird
1782:Black drink
1746:Peñon woman
1683:Winterville
1663:Velda Mound
1643:Taos Pueblo
1538:Parkin Park
1523:Orwell site
1508:Nodena site
1403:Holly Bluff
1378:Four Mounds
1368:Fort Center
1293:Casa Grande
1243:Anzick site
1135:Monongahela
1062:Fort Walton
1037:Coles Creek
1002:Belle Glade
987:Anishinaabe
482:Hueco Tanks
391:Aztec Ruins
351:prehistoric
35:archaeology
2363:Categories
2264:Chronology
2244:Conflicts
2240:Population
2068:Settlement
1859:Metallurgy
1819:Eden point
1716:Buhl Woman
1588:Rock Eagle
1578:River Styx
1503:Mummy Cave
1498:Moundville
1478:Mesa Verde
1463:Marksville
1210:Tchefuncte
1170:Plaquemine
1106:Las Palmas
1022:Calf Creek
1017:Cades Pond
697:2009-01-15
643:References
498:Rio Grande
410:Salt River
408:and lower
406:Gila River
387:Mesa Verde
154:Athabaskan
119:Chichimeca
70:New Mexico
53:, and the
2313:By region
2308:By period
2209:Epidemics
2199:Geography
2141:Societies
2030:Caribbean
1904:Stickball
1593:Rock Hawk
1423:Key Marco
1215:Troyville
1195:St. Johns
1180:Red Ocher
939:Formative
797:129704711
741:161058784
320:Chihuahua
267:pine nuts
224:mule deer
208:mule deer
184:megafauna
86:Chihuahua
2050:Genetics
1792:Chanunpa
1777:Ballgame
1756:Vero man
1706:Anzick-1
1678:Windover
1638:SunWatch
1568:Rassawek
1388:Glenwood
1278:Brewster
1130:Mogollon
1101:La Jolla
1087:Hopewell
1047:Deptford
960:cultures
577:See also
529:Mogollon
259:mesquite
257:fruits,
228:antelope
212:antelope
200:mammoths
188:mastodon
186:such as
62:Colorado
55:Mogollon
2214:Slavery
2194:Culture
2182:Related
2007:History
1941:Related
1799:Chunkey
1699:remains
1688:Wupatki
1528:Paquime
1418:HuĂĄpoca
1283:Cahokia
1253:Bastian
1160:Patayan
1082:Hohokam
1067:Fremont
1042:ComondĂș
997:Baytown
992:Avonlea
972:Alachua
944:Classic
934:Archaic
922:Periods
841:p. 118.
541:Hohokam
537:Patayan
506:Fremont
502:Patayan
478:Paquime
402:Hohokam
314:Cochise
261:beans,
138:O'odham
66:Arizona
51:Hohokam
2348:Future
2168:Muisca
1358:Folsom
1323:Cutler
1258:Benson
1145:Oneota
1077:Glades
1052:Folsom
1032:Clovis
929:Lithic
795:
761:
739:
733:281017
731:
680:: 6â8.
393:, and
308:Oshara
282:squash
265:, and
263:acorns
255:cactus
232:atlatl
158:Alaska
150:Navajo
146:Apache
142:Pueblo
82:Sonora
78:Nevada
76:, and
49:, the
2223:Lists
2158:Aztec
1889:Piasa
1697:Human
1328:Eaker
1231:sites
1165:Plano
967:Adena
793:S2CID
737:S2CID
729:JSTOR
539:, or
278:beans
236:ducks
220:bison
196:bison
126:Yuman
101:, to
93:, to
2189:Maps
2173:Inca
2163:Maya
1849:Kiva
777:Kiva
759:ISBN
496:and
480:and
400:The
345:The
280:and
274:corn
226:and
202:and
148:and
84:and
74:Utah
2304:Era
1353:Eva
785:doi
721:doi
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464:/
461:n
455:j
452:Ë
449:É
446:ÉĄ
440:m
437:/
397:.
20:)
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