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1540:. A 2020 study inspired by this discovery found that of 27 identified burials with hunter gatherers of a known sex who were also buried with hunting tools, 11 were female hunter gatherers, while 16 were male hunter gatherers. Combined with uncertainties, these findings suggest that anywhere from 30 to 50 percent of big game hunters were female. A 2023 study that looked at studies of contemporary hunter gatherer societies from the 1800s to the present day found that women hunted in 79 percent of hunter gatherer societies. However, an attempted verification of this study found "that multiple methodological failures all bias their results in the same direction...their analysis does not contradict the wide body of empirical evidence for gendered divisions of labor in foraging societies".
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looked at 102 time-allocation studies, and the second one analyzed 207 energy-expenditure studies. Sackett found that adults in foraging and horticultural societies work on average, about 6.5 hours a day, whereas people in agricultural and industrial societies work on average 8.8 hours a day. Sahlins' theory has been criticized for only including time spent hunting and gathering while omitting time spent on collecting firewood, food preparation, etc. Other scholars also assert that hunter-gatherer societies were not "affluent" but suffered from extremely high infant mortality, frequent disease, and perennial warfare.
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1499:(residence/domestic group) membership. Postmarital residence among hunter-gatherers tends to be matrilocal, at least initially. Young mothers can enjoy childcare support from their own mothers, who continue living nearby in the same camp. The systems of kinship and descent among human hunter-gatherers were relatively flexible, although there is evidence that early human kinship in general tended to be
1682:, the importance of plant food decreases and the importance of aquatic food increases. In cold and heavily forested environments, edible plant foods and large game are less abundant and hunter-gatherers may turn to aquatic resources to compensate. Hunter-gatherers in cold climates also rely more on stored food than those in warm climates. However, aquatic resources tend to be costly, requiring
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1791:, which may still be exploited, if necessary, when environmental change causes extreme food stress for agriculturalists. In fact, it is sometimes difficult to draw a clear line between agricultural and hunter-gatherer societies, especially since the widespread adoption of agriculture and resulting cultural diffusion that has occurred in the last 10,000 years.
1641:
as them than poorer members of their community and indeed hunter-gatherer societies demonstrate an understanding of social stratification. Thus while the researchers agreed that hunter-gatherers were more egalitarian than modern societies, prior characterisations of them living in a state of egalitarian primitive communism were inaccurate and misleading.
1178:, a method still practiced by some hunter-gatherer groups in modern times, was likely the driving evolutionary force leading to the evolution of certain human characteristics. This hypothesis does not necessarily contradict the scavenging hypothesis: both subsistence strategies may have been in use sequentially, alternately or even simultaneously.
1392:, lived in particularly rich environments that allowed them to be sedentary or semi-sedentary. Amongst the earliest example of permanent settlements is the Osipovka culture (14–10.3 thousand years ago), which lived in a fish-rich environment that allowed them to be able to stay at the same place all year. One group, the
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have suggested that the term Hunter-gatherer is reductive because it implies that Native
Americans never stayed in one place long enough to affect the environment around them. However, many of the landscapes in the Americas today are due to the way the Natives of that area originally tended the land.
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Most cross-cultural research aims to understand shared traits among hunter-gatherers and how and why they vary. Here we look at the conclusions of cross-cultural studies that ask: What are recent hunter-gatherers generally like? How do they differ from food producers? How and why do hunter-gatherers
1575:
was one of several central characteristics of nomadic hunting and gathering societies because mobility requires minimization of material possessions throughout a population. Therefore, no surplus of resources can be accumulated by any single member. Other characteristics Lee and DeVore proposed were
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climate and the disappearance of the last megafauna. The majority of population groups at this time were still highly mobile hunter-gatherers. Individual groups started to focus on resources available to them locally, however, and thus archaeologists have identified a pattern of increasing regional
1764:
results suggest that environments with extreme temperatures pose a threat to hunter-gatherer systems significant enough to warrant increased variability of tools. These results support
Torrence's (1989) theory that the risk of failure is indeed the most important factor in determining the structure
1743:
couple on a hunting and gathering trip in the llanos of
Venezuela. The man carries a bow, three steel-tipped arrows, and a hat that resembles the head of a jabiru stork as camouflage to approach near enough to deer for a shot. The woman carries a steel-tipped digging stick and a carrying basket for
1640:
amongst hunter-gatherers was 0.25, equivalent to the country of
Denmark in 2007. In addition, wealth transmission across generations was also a feature of hunter-gatherers, meaning that "wealthy" hunter-gatherers, within the context of their communities, were more likely to have children as wealthy
1523:
down quarry. In the
Australian Martu, both women and men participate in hunting but with a different style of gendered division; while men are willing to take more risks to hunt bigger animals such as kangaroo for political gain as a form of "competitive magnanimity", women target smaller game such
1644:
This study, however, exclusively examined modern hunter-gatherer communities, offering limited insight into the exact nature of social structures that existed prior to the
Neolithic Revolution. Alain Testart and others have said that anthropologists should be careful when using research on current
1603:
than typical members of industrial society, and they still ate well. Their "affluence" came from the idea that they were satisfied with very little in the material sense. Later, in 1996, Ross
Sackett performed two distinct meta-analyses to empirically test Sahlin's view. The first of these studies
1506:
The conventional assumption has been that women did most of the gathering, while men concentrated on big game hunting. An illustrative account is Megan
Biesele's study of the southern African Ju/'hoan, 'Women Like Meat'. A recent study suggests that the sexual division of labor was the fundamental
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In addition to men, a single study found that women engage in hunting in 79% of modern hunter-gatherer societies. However, an attempted verification of this study found "that multiple methodological failures all bias their results in the same direction...their analysis does not contradict the wide
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groups in most parts of the world. Across
Western Eurasia, it was not until approximately 4,000 BC that farming and metallurgical societies completely replaced hunter-gatherers. These technologically advanced societies expanded faster in areas with less forest, pushing hunter-gatherers into denser
2172:
California
Indians view the idea of wilderness in a negative light. They believe that wilderness is the result of humans losing their knowledge of the natural world and how to care for it. When the earth turns back to wilderness after the connection with humans is lost then the plants and animals
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era, emphasising cross-cultural influences, progress and development that such societies have undergone in the past 10,000 years. As such, the combined anthropological and archaeological evidence to date continues to favour previous understandings of early hunter-gatherers as largely egalitarian.
1969:
There are nevertheless a number of contemporary hunter-gatherer peoples who, after contact with other societies, continue their ways of life with very little external influence or with modifications that perpetuate the viability of hunting and gathering in the 21st century. One such group is the
1768:
One way to divide hunter-gatherer groups is by their return systems. James Woodburn uses the categories "immediate return" hunter-gatherers for egalitarianism and "delayed return" for nonegalitarian. Immediate return foragers consume their food within a day or two after they procure it. Delayed
1251:
Many groups continued their hunter-gatherer ways of life, although their numbers have continually declined, partly as a result of pressure from growing agricultural and pastoral communities. Many of them reside in the developing world, either in arid regions or tropical forests. Areas that were
1945:
Lee and Guenther have rejected most of the arguments put forward by Wilmsen. Doron Shultziner and others have argued that we can learn a lot about the life-styles of prehistoric hunter-gatherers from studies of contemporary hunter-gatherers—especially their impressive levels of egalitarianism.
1728:. For example, tropical hunter-gatherers may have an excess of protein but be deficient in carbohydrates, and conversely tropical horticulturalists may have a surplus of carbohydrates but inadequate protein. Trading may thus be the most cost-effective means of acquiring carbohydrate resources.
1607:
Researchers Gurven and Kaplan have estimated that around 57% of hunter-gatherers reach the age of 15. Of those that reach 15 years of age, 64% continue to live to or past the age of 45. This places the life expectancy between 21 and 37 years. They further estimate that 70% of deaths are due to
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Anderson specifically looks at California Natives and the practices they utilized to tame their land. Some of these practices included pruning, weeding, sowing, burning, and selective harvesting. These practices allowed them to take from the environment in a sustainable manner for centuries.
2002:
of Venezuela also live in an area that is inhospitable to large scale economic exploitation and maintain their subsistence based on hunting and gathering, as well as incorporating a small amount of manioc horticulture that supplements, but is not replacing, reliance on foraged foods.
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period, some 80,000 to 70,000 years ago, some hunter-gatherer bands began to specialize, concentrating on hunting a smaller selection of (often larger) game and gathering a smaller selection of food. This specialization of work also involved creating specialized tools such as
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The Upper Paleolithic inhabitants of the European region spanned by France, Czechoslovakia, and the Ukraine led a hunting life resembling that of the people of Mal'ta and Buret' and built similar dwellings of matching construction from the bones of extinct large
1252:
formerly available to hunter-gatherers were—and continue to be—encroached upon by the settlements of agriculturalists. In the resulting competition for land use, hunter-gatherer societies either adopted these practices or moved to other areas. In addition,
1776:, but the observation of current-day hunters and gatherers does not necessarily reflect Paleolithic societies; the hunter-gatherer cultures examined today have had much contact with modern civilization and do not represent "pristine" conditions found in
2610:
Stephens, Lucas; Fuller, Dorian; Boivin, Nicole; Rick, Torben; Gauthier, Nicolas; Kay, Andrea; Marwick, Ben; Armstrong, Chelsey Geralda; Barton, C. Michael (2019-08-30). "Archaeological assessment reveals Earth's early transformation through land use".
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A 1986 study found most hunter-gatherers have a symbolically structured sexual division of labor. However, it is true that in a small minority of cases, women hunted the same kind of quarry as men, sometimes doing so alongside men. Among the
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or that had died of natural causes. Scientists have demonstrated that the evidence for early human behaviors for hunting versus carcass scavenging vary based on the ecology, including the types of predators that existed and the environment.
1704:
is important in assessing the quality of game among hunter-gatherers, to the point that lean animals are often considered secondary resources or even starvation food. Consuming too much lean meat leads to adverse health effects like
1162:, which allowed them to collect seafood, eggs, nuts, and fruits besides scavenging. Rather than killing large animals for meat, according to this view, they used carcasses of such animals that had either been killed by
2092:. American hunter-gatherers were spread over a wide geographical area, thus there were regional variations in lifestyles. However, all the individual groups shared a common style of stone tool production, making
1635:
A 2010 paper argued that while hunter-gatherers may have lower levels of inequality than modern, industrialised societies, that does not mean inequality does not exist. The researchers estimated that the average
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as lizards to feed their children and promote working relationships with other women, preferring a more constant supply of sustenance. In 2018, 9000-year-old remains of a female hunter along with a toolkit of
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Our results suggest that the mortality due to violence was low and spatio-temporally highly restricted in the Jomon period, which implies that violence including warfare in prehistoric Japan was not common.
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As the number and size of agricultural societies increased, they expanded into lands traditionally used by hunter-gatherers. This process of agriculture-driven expansion led to the development of the first
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or semi-nomadic and live in temporary settlements. Mobile communities typically construct shelters using impermanent building materials, or they may use natural rock shelters, where they are available.
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Mutual exchange and sharing of resources (i.e., meat gained from hunting) are important in the economic systems of hunter-gatherer societies. Therefore, these societies can be described as based on a "
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Dolitsky, Alexander B.; Ackerman, Robert E.; Aigner, Jean S.; Bryan, Alan L.; Dennell, Robin; Guthrie, R. Dale; Hoffecker, John F.; Hopkins, David M.; Lanata, José Luis; Workman, William B. (1985).
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of the so-called mixed-economies or dual economies which imply a combination of food procurement (gathering and hunting) and food production or when foragers have trade relations with farmers.
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woodlands. Only the middle-late Bronze Age and Iron Age societies were able to fully replace hunter-gatherers in their final stronghold located in the most densely forested areas. Unlike their
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Sackett, Ross. 1996. "Time, energy, and the indolent savage. A quantitative cross-cultural test of the primitive affluence hypothesis". Ph.D. diss., University of California, Los Angeles. via
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Kramer, Karen L.; Greaves, Russell D. (2016). "Diversify or replace: what happens when cultigens are introduced into hunter-gatherer diets.". In Codding, Brian F.; Kramer, Karen L. (eds.).
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results in the body using the protein as energy, possibly leading to protein deficiency. Lean meat especially becomes a problem when animals go through a lean season that requires them to
1052:. Prehistoric hunter-gatherers lived in groups that consisted of several families resulting in a size of a few dozen people. It remained the only mode of subsistence until the end of the
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or "Bushmen" of southern Africa have social customs that strongly discourage hoarding and displays of authority, and encourage economic equality via sharing of food and material goods.
1961:
in 1939. According to Peterson (1998), the island population was isolated for 6,000 years until the 18th century. In 1929, three-quarters of the population supported themselves on
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Gavashelishvili, A; et al. (2023), "The time and place of origin of South Caucasian languages: insights into past human societies, ecosystems and human population genetics",
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The egalitarianism typical of human hunters and gatherers is never total but is striking when viewed in an evolutionary context. One of humanity's two closest primate relatives,
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technology, and this may have impeded their intensive use in prehistory. Marine food probably did not start becoming prominent in the diet until relatively recently, during the
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Most anthropologists believe that hunter-gatherers do not have permanent leaders; instead, the person taking the initiative at any one time depends on the task being performed.
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As a result of the now near-universal human reliance upon agriculture, the few contemporary hunter-gatherer cultures usually live in areas unsuitable for agricultural use.
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Erdal, David; Whiten, Andrew; Boehm, Christopher; Knauft, Bruce (April 1994). "On Human Egalitarianism: An Evolutionary Product of Machiavellian Status Escalation?" (
3332:
1942:(or even agricultural) contact began, nothing meaningful can be learned about prehistoric hunter-gatherers from studies of modern ones (Kelly, 24–29; see Wilmsen)
2050:), that existed between 47,000 and 14,000 years ago. Around 18,500–15,500 years ago, these hunter-gatherers are believed to have followed herds of now-extinct
1760:(2005) found temperature to be the only statistically significant factor to impact hunter-gatherer tool kits. Using temperature as a proxy for risk, Collard
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tool adaptations have been found across the Americas, utilized by highly mobile bands consisting of approximately 25 to 50 members of an extended family.
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1756:, available technology, and societal structure. Archaeologists examine hunter-gatherer tool kits to measure variability across different groups. Collard
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5421:"New evidence for Southeast Asian Pleistocene foraging economies: faunal remains from the early levels of Lang Rongrien rockshelter, Krabi, Thailand"
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5047:. Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation. Tennessee Historical Society. Online Edition provided by: The University of Tennessee Press
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Bird, Rebecca Bliege; Bird, Douglas W. (2008-08-01). "Why women hunt: risk and contemporary foraging in a Western Desert aboriginal community".
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Erdal, D. & Whiten, A. (1996) "Egalitarianism and Machiavellian Intelligence in Human Evolution" in Mellars, P. & Gibadfson, K. (eds)
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Gintis, Herbert, Carel van Schaik, and Christopher Boehm. 2019. “Zoon Politikon: The Evolutionary Origins of Human Socio-Political Systems.”
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species. Major extinctions were incurred in Australia beginning approximately 50,000 years ago and in the Americas about 15,000 years ago.
2763:"Female foragers sometimes hunt, yet gendered divisions of labor are real: a comment on Anderson et al. (2023) The Myth of Man the Hunter"
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Some of the theorists who advocate this "revisionist" critique imply that, because the "pure hunter-gatherer" disappeared not long after
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1396:, had the highest recorded population density of any known hunter and gatherer society with an estimated 21.6 persons per square mile.
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Erdal, D. and A. Whiten 1996. "Egalitarianism and Machiavellian intelligence in human evolution". In, P. Mellars and K. Gibson (eds),
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counterparts, Neolithic societies could not establish themselves in dense forests, and Copper Age societies had only limited success.
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had put it in 1651. According to Sahlins, ethnographic data indicated that hunter-gatherers worked far fewer hours and enjoyed more
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5470:"Violence in the prehistoric period of Japan: the spatio-temporal pattern of skeletal evidence for violence in the Jomon period"
2018:
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3136:"Conceptual Premises in Experimental Design and Their Bearing on the Use of Analogy: An Example from Experiments on Cut Marks"
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traditions. These regional adaptations would become the norm, with reliance less on hunting and gathering, with a more mixed
5000:"Mitochondrial DNA Studies of Native Americans: Conceptions and Misconceptions of the Population Prehistory of the Americas"
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social ethos, although settled hunter-gatherers (for example, those inhabiting the Northwest Coast of North America and the
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and to date have maintained their independent existence, repelling attempts to engage with and contact them. The Savanna
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body of empirical evidence for gendered divisions of labor in foraging societies". Only a few contemporary societies of
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1595:", in which he challenged the popular view of hunter-gatherers lives as "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short", as
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Erdal, D.; Whiten, A. (1994). "On human egalitarianism: an evolutionary product of Machiavellian status escalation?".
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Nakao, Hisashi; Tamura, Kohei; Arimatsu, Yui; Nakagawa, Tomomi; Matsumoto, Naoko; Matsugi, Takehiko (30 March 2016).
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Smith; Alden, Eric; Hill, Kim; Marlowe, Frank W.; Nolin, David; Wiessner, Polly; Gurven, Michael; Bowles, Samuel;
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Knight, C. 2008. "Early human kinship was matrilineal". In N. J. Allen, H. Callan, R. Dunbar and W. James (eds.),
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4885:. Santa Fe; Albuquerque: School for Advanced Research Press and University of New Mexico Press. pp. 15–42.
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Archaeologists can use evidence such as stone tool use to track hunter-gatherer activities, including mobility.
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In areas where plant and fish resources are scarce, hunter-gatherers may trade meat with horticulturalists for
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diseases of some kind, 20% of deaths come from violence or accidents and 10% are due to degenerative diseases.
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involves gathering of food (and sometimes other materials) in the context of an urban or suburban environment.
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Greaves, Russell D.; et al. (2016). "Economic activities of twenty-first century foraging populations".
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4755:"The causes and scope of political egalitarianism during the Last Glacial: A multi-disciplinary perspective"
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Torrence, Robin (1989). "Retooling: Towards a behavioral theory of stone tools". In Torrence, Robin (ed.).
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the edge over the Neanderthals, allowing our ancestors to migrate from Africa and spread across the globe.
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for food production, although the boundaries between the two ways of living are not completely distinct.
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A wiki dedicated to the scientific study of the diversity of foraging societies without recreating myths
2832:. Santa Fe; Albuquerque: School for Advanced Research, University of New Mexico Press. pp. 241–62.
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Koch, Paul L.; Barnosky, Anthony D. (2006-01-01). "Late Quaternary Extinctions: State of the Debate".
2883:"Siberian Paleolithic Archaeology: Approaches and Analytic Methods [and Comments and Replies]"
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4247:"Some Major Problems in the Social Anthropology of Hunter-Gatherers [and Comments and Reply]"
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5587:"Ethnological videos clips. Living or recently extinct traditional tribal groups and their origins"
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1443:, are anything but egalitarian, forming themselves into hierarchies that are often dominated by an
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is not necessarily a one-way process. It has been argued that hunting and gathering represents an
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is the field of study whereby food plants of various peoples and tribes worldwide are documented.
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The Association of Foragers: An international association for teachers of hunter-gatherer skills.
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Lee, Richard B.; Guenther, Mathias (1995). "Errors Corrected or Compounded? A Reply to Wilmsen".
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Fladmark, K. R. (January 1979). "Alternate Migration Corridors for Early Man in North America".
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was also being used as a food production system in various parts of the world over this period.
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period some 10,000 years ago, and after this was replaced only gradually with the spread of the
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period is chiefly defined by the unprecedented development of nascent agricultural practices.
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5287:. Santa Fe, Albuquerque: School for Advanced Research Press, University of New Mexico Press.
3974:"Ju/'Hoan Women's Tracking Knowledge And Its Contribution To Their Husbands' Hunting Success"
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A global map illustrating the decline of foraging/fishing/hunting/gathering around the world.
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Lee, Richard B. (1992). "Art, Science, or Politics? The Crisis in Hunter-Gatherer Studies".
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Hawkes, K.; O'Connell, J. F.; Jones, N. G. Blurton; Alvarez, H. P.; Charnov, E. L. (1998).
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Sandom, Christopher; Faurby, Søren; Sandel, Brody; Svenning, Jens-Christian (4 June 2014).
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are still classified as hunter-gatherers, and many supplement their foraging activity with
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Essai sur les fondements de la division sexuelle du travail chez les chasseurs-cueilleurs.
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that resistance to being dominated was a key factor driving the evolutionary emergence of
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has blamed a decline in the availability of wild foods, particularly animal resources. In
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4373:"Causes of Toolkit Variation Among Hunter-Gatherers: A Test of Four Competing Hypotheses"
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Limited Wants, Unlimited Means: A Reader on Hunter-Gatherer Economics and the Environment
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The Evolution of Complex Hunter-Gatherers: Archaeological Evidence from the North Pacific
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involves the gathering of food that traditional farmers have left behind in their fields.
2501:, which strives for the abolishment of civilization and the return to a life in the wild.
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Hunter-gatherers would eventually flourish all over the Americas, primarily based in the
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2807:. Santa Fe; Albuquerque: School for Advanced Research, University of New Mexico Press.
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has proved unsuitable for European agriculture (and even pastoralism). Another are the
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4237:; Legros, Dominique; Linkenbach, Antje; Morton, John; Peterson, Nicolas; Raju, D. R.;
3906:"Men are hunters, women are gatherers. That was the assumption. A new study upends it"
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76:, that is, by gathering food from local naturally occurring sources, especially wild
5457:
5023:
4778:
4282:
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3600:
3175:
3079:
2519:, which strives to achieve a diet similar to that of ancient hunter-gatherer groups.
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3815:
3768:
3644:
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3524:
3241:
3147:
3104:
3067:
3012:
2963:
2955:
2942:"Global late Quaternary megafauna extinctions linked to humans, not climate change"
2894:
2782:
2705:
2697:
2636:
2628:
2516:
2291:
2205:
2125:
2097:
1637:
1588:
1447:. So great is the contrast with human hunter-gatherers that it is widely argued by
1444:
1305:
1301:
1269:
1245:
1127:
hunter-gatherers entered North America from the North Asian mammoth steppe via the
818:
753:
738:
690:
680:
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632:
403:
366:
124:
31:
6921:
6877:
4794:"Demographic transition in a hunter-gatherer population: the Tiwi case, 1929–1996"
4712:
3528:
3333:"Cooking secrets of the Neolithic era revealed in groundbreaking scientific tests"
2445:
7607:
7564:
7310:
7280:
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6165:
5736:
5474:
5390:
5369:
5345:
5324:
5303:
5212:
5191:
5066:"Blame North America Megafauna Extinction On Climate Change, Not Human Ancestors"
4394:
4061:
3648:
3361:
2400:
2251:
1987:
1288:
942:
867:
763:
723:
718:
685:
531:
511:
501:
491:
476:
456:
391:
277:
202:
41:
2679:
153:, hunter-gatherers who did not change were displaced or conquered by farming or
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7419:
7346:
7168:
7133:
7064:
6953:
6825:
6533:
6118:
6108:
5929:
5910:
4242:
4238:
4230:
3800:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
3356:
2701:
2585:
Richard B. Lee & Richard Daly, “Introduction: Foragers & Others,” in:
2425:
2129:
2081:
1691:
1572:
1560:
1500:
1393:
1219:
1112:
1048:
927:
743:
637:
481:
5264:
The Other Side Of Eden: hunter-gatherers, farmers and the shaping of the world
4859:
4770:
4539:
4476:
3151:
1040:
strategy employed by human societies beginning some 1.8 million years ago, by
7596:
7305:
7290:
7236:
7214:
7111:
7099:
7015:
6884:
6766:
6727:
6715:
6703:
6415:
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6255:
5996:
5939:
5917:
5826:
5758:
5753:
5731:
5483:
4836:
4226:
4045:
R.B. Lee and I. DeVore (New York: Aldine Publishing Company) pp. 85–89.
4012:
3924:
Women Like Meat. The folklore and foraging ideology of the Kalahari Ju/'hoan.
3536:
3202:
3159:
2906:
2650:
2475:
2470:
2460:
2420:
2256:
2147:
2043:
2032:
2012:
1999:
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1714:
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1533:
1516:
1452:
1358:
1354:
1261:
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1135:
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748:
733:
713:
642:
486:
408:
319:
282:
272:
262:
146:
89:
77:
5846:
4931:
4604:
3515:
Cashdan, Elizabeth A. (1980). "Egalitarianism among Hunters and Gatherers".
3093:
Binford, Louis (1986). "Human ancestors: Changing views of their behavior".
3017:
2992:
2632:
2365:
2196:
1491:
Within a particular tribe or people, hunter-gatherers are connected by both
1264:, for example, most large mammal species had gone extinct by the end of the
7549:
7224:
7180:
7161:
7116:
6916:
6840:
6597:
6592:
6548:
6175:
6057:
6021:
6001:
5853:
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5509:
5491:
5364:
4818:
In the Forest: Visual and Material Worlds of Andamanese History (1858–2006)
4623:
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4020:
3820:
3026:
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2719:
2658:
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2222:
2152:
2073:
1991:
1749:
1725:
1665:
1612:
1568:
1496:
1139:
1095:
as well as the extinction of all other human species. Humans spread to the
1042:
852:
728:
592:
587:
582:
567:
521:
496:
471:
466:
413:
267:
175:
138:
Hunting and gathering was humanity's original and most enduring successful
93:
37:
7273:
5439:
3839:
3626:
Gintis, Herbert. 2013. “The Evolutionary Roots of Human Hyper-Cognition.”
2734:"The Theory That Men Evolved to Hunt and Women Evolved to Gather Is Wrong"
1772:
Hunting-gathering was the common human mode of subsistence throughout the
1063:
30:"Plant gathering" redirects here. For the hobby or academic activity, see
7524:
7263:
7253:
7209:
7204:
7156:
7094:
7057:
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6776:
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6036:
5873:
5748:
5605:
2435:
2350:
2281:
2089:
2051:
1962:
1939:
1784:
1773:
1748:
Hunter-gatherer societies manifest significant variability, depending on
1646:
1645:
hunter-gatherer societies to determine the structure of societies in the
1623:
1431:
1405:
1333:
1265:
1227:
1215:
1211:
1199:
1037:
917:
872:
835:
813:
808:
421:
396:
179:
154:
105:
45:
4804:. Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies.
3432:
Continent of Hunter-Gatherers: New Perspectives in Australian Prehistory
3232:
Blades, B (2003). "End scraper reduction and hunter-gatherer mobility".
3167:
3135:
3041:"Genetic Analysis Reveals Previously Unknown Group of Ancient Siberians"
2641:
2027:
7503:
7407:
7300:
7258:
7074:
7037:
7000:
6896:
6483:
6395:
6222:
6123:
6096:
6016:
5814:
5768:
5679:
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5448:
5015:
4274:
4246:
4234:
3253:
2914:
2882:
2504:
2455:
2405:
2340:
2241:
1971:
1852: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1788:
1718:
1709:, and can in extreme cases lead to death. Additionally, a diet high in
1581:
1417:
1284:
1143:
1053:
247:
215:
159:
142:
5574:
5569:
4976:
4721:
3796:"Grandmothering, Menopause, and the Evolution of Human Life-Histories"
3544:
2390:
1949:
7559:
7472:
7315:
7084:
7069:
6667:
6652:
6577:
6560:
6478:
6363:
6304:
6294:
6289:
6212:
6091:
5979:
5905:
5672:
5662:
2141:
2054:
2036:
1753:
1548:
1421:
1207:
1163:
937:
461:
426:
361:
225:
220:
121:
117:
5579:
5570:
History of the Conference on Hunting and Gathering Societies (CHAGS)
3873:"Prehistoric female hunter discovery upends gender role assumptions"
3277:"Prehistoric female hunter discovery upends gender role assumptions"
3245:
2218:
2065:
ice sheets. Another route proposed is that, either on foot or using
1827:
7089:
7025:
6872:
6830:
6565:
6473:
6348:
6170:
6133:
6113:
4968:
4677:
4447:
4266:
4194:
4004:
3772:
3592:
3308:
Climate Changes in the Holocene : Impacts and Human Adaptation
2898:
2510:
2370:
2093:
2076:
of the United States and Canada, with offshoots as far east as the
2066:
2047:
1811:
1456:
1237:
1181:
1159:
1128:
1071:
people in the Baikal region of Siberia lived in dwellings built of
314:
163:
113:
101:
73:
4932:"The peopling of the Americas: Genetic ancestry influences health"
4754:
3962:
Paris: Éditions de l'École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales.
1218:, and also independently originated in many other areas including
7151:
6943:
6889:
6835:
6657:
6463:
6373:
6227:
6128:
6086:
5949:
5868:
5821:
5809:
2185:
2133:
2096:
styles and progress identifiable. This early Paleo-Indian period
1806:
1710:
1687:
1679:
1627:
1600:
1492:
1460:
1413:
1350:
1203:
1147:
1116:
1072:
670:
446:
109:
97:
16:
Peoples who forage or hunt for most or all of their food and life
5347:
Forager-traders in South and Southeast Asia: long term histories
4998:
Eshleman, Jason A.; Malhi, Ripan S.; Smith, David Glenn (2003).
7219:
6756:
6734:
6587:
6523:
6468:
5858:
5836:
5804:
5778:
5590:
5553:
3793:
2236:
1409:
1389:
1223:
1155:
1092:
992:
798:
81:
5285:
Why forage?: hunters and gatherers in the twenty-first century
4041:
Sahlins, M. (1968). "Notes on the Original Affluent Society",
3759:
Marlowe, Frank W. (2004). "Marital residence among foragers".
64:
living in a community, or according to an ancestrally derived
7539:
7285:
7005:
6739:
6693:
6555:
6410:
6358:
5934:
5900:
4883:
Why Forage? Hunters and Gatherers in the Twenty-First Century
4425:
The Foraging Spectrum: Diversity in Hunter-Gatherer Life ways
2830:
Why Forage? Hunters and Gatherers in the Twenty-First Century
2805:
Why Forage? Hunters and Gatherers in the Twenty-first Century
2385:
2301:
2085:
1662:
1631:
ceremony (bear sending). Japanese scroll painting, circa 1870
1529:
1377:
1313:
1231:
112:). This is a common practice among most vertebrates that are
85:
61:
4496:
4300:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 45–46.
3469:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 4–5, 242.
19:"Hunting and gathering" redirects here. For other uses, see
7231:
7192:
6672:
6528:
6458:
6378:
6250:
5763:
5467:
5343:
5122:
The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas
4640:
Land Filled With Flies: A Political Economy of the Kalahari
4179:"Wealth transmission and inequality among hunter-gatherers"
2993:"Body size downgrading of mammals over the late Quaternary"
2880:
2306:
2181:
2137:
2108:
2046:
from Asia (Eurasia) into North America over a land bridge (
1683:
1577:
1537:
128:
69:
5565:
International Society for Hunter Gatherer Research (ISHGR)
5235:
A Cooperative Species: Human Reciprocity and Its Evolution
2939:
1736:
6543:
6309:
6267:
5193:
Hunter-gatherers in history, archaeology and anthropology
4225:
2069:, they migrated down the Pacific coast to South America.
1794:
Nowadays, some scholars speak about the existence within
1701:
1291:
in South Africa. Many San still live as hunter-gatherers.
5597:
5326:
First peoples in a new world: colonizing ice age America
5214:
Hunter-gatherers: archaeological and evolutionary theory
4909:. National Geographic Society. 1996–2008. Archived from
4371:
Collard, Mark; Kemery, Michael; Banks, Samantha (2005).
4350:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 75.
4325:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 74.
4101:
War Before Civilization: The Myth of the Peaceful Savage
3938:"Sex-Based Roles Gave Modern Humans an Edge, Study Says"
2609:
2042:
Evidence suggests big-game hunter-gatherers crossed the
2019:
Aboriginal peoples in Canada § Paleo-Indians period
1528:
and animal processing implements were discovered at the
4348:
The Lifeways of Hunter-Gatherers: The Foraging Spectrum
4323:
The Lifeways of Hunter-Gatherers: The Foraging Spectrum
4298:
The Lifeways of Hunter-Gatherers: The Foraging Spectrum
1272:
by humans, one of several explanations offered for the
145:
in the natural world, occupying at least 90 percent of
4448:
Portera, Claire C.; Marlowe, Frank W. (January 2007).
1801:
5564:
4172:
2587:
The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Hunters & Gatherers
1906:. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are
1099:
and the Americas for the first time, coincident with
5010:. University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign: 7–18.
4907:"Atlas of the Human Journey-The Genographic Project"
4565:"The Persistence of Hunting and Gathering Economies"
4522:
Hayes-Bohanan, Pamela (2010). Birx, H. James (ed.).
3060:
Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics
2151:
Indigenous people at a Brazilian farm plantation in
2057:
along ice-free corridors that stretched between the
1046:, and from its appearance some 200,000 years ago by
4499:
The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Hunters and Gatherers
4427:. Washington: Smithsonian Institution. p. 31.
3965:
2107:saw a changing environment featuring a warmer more
5371:Hunter-gatherers: an interdisciplinary perspective
5283:Codding, Brian F.; Kramer, Karen L., eds. (2016).
5261:
5118:
4997:
4860:"North Sentinel Island: A Glimpse Into Prehistory"
4370:
4097:
4070:"Hunter-Gatherers and the Mythology of the Market"
3735:Lecture 8 Subsistence, Ecology and Food production
2803:Codding, Brian F.; Kramer, Karen L., eds. (2016).
2605:
2603:
1416:) are an exception to this rule. For example, the
3133:
3122:The Last Rain Forests: A World Conservation Atlas
2381:Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast
1386:indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast
7594:
5419:Mudar, Karen; Anderson, Douglas D. (Fall 2007).
5210:
3375:
2991:Smith, Felisa A.; et al. (April 20, 2018).
2333:
1399:
5388:
4562:
4528:21st Century Anthropology: A Reference Handbook
4138:
4074:Cambridge Encyclopedia of Hunters and Gatherers
2732:Ocobock, Cara; Lacy, Sarah (November 1, 2023).
2673:
2600:
1818:of Wyoming, photographed by Percy Jackson, 1870
1214:originated as early as 12,000 years ago in the
5368:; R. H. Layton; P. Rowley-Conwy, eds. (2001).
5189:
4791:
4399:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 57–66.
3971:
7488:
5621:
5598:Hunter-gatherer bibliographic site (HGCOSMOS)
5418:
5302:Lee, Richard B.; DeVore, Irven, eds. (1968).
5282:
4880:
4742:. Smithsonian Institution Press. p. 247.
4588:"The evolution of lethal intergroup violence"
4521:
4497:Lee, Richard B.; Daly, Richard, eds. (1999).
3972:Biesele, Megan; Barclay, Steve (March 2001).
3382:Widlok, Thomas; Tadesse, Wolde Gossa (2006).
3381:
2802:
1783:The transition from hunting and gathering to
1017:
5344:Morrison, K. D.; L. L. Junker, eds. (2002).
5231:
4821:. University Press of America. p. 357.
4139:Guenevere, Michael; Kaplan, Hillard (2007).
3057:
2760:
5159:. Univ of California Press. pp. 1–10.
5092:. Cambridge University Press. p. 151.
4739:Ethnicity, Hunter-Gatherers and the 'Other'
4663:
4552:– via Gale Virtual Reference Library.
3641:Behavioural Processes, Behavioral Evolution
3578:
2731:
1384:Some hunter-gatherer cultures, such as the
7495:
7481:
5635:
5628:
5614:
5119:Stuart B. Schwartz, Frank Salomon (1999).
4808:
4752:
4055:"Managing abundance, not chasing scarcity"
3435:. Cambridge University Press. p. 24.
2852:
1024:
1010:
185:
5499:
5447:
5301:
5036:
4720:
4613:
4603:
4490:
4202:
3829:
3819:
3724:
3722:
3617:Cambridge: McDonald Institute Monographs.
3428:
3422:
3419:). Current Anthropology. 35 (2): 175–183.
3274:
3016:
2967:
2761:Venkataraman, et al. (May 7, 2024).
2709:
2640:
1926:Learn how and when to remove this message
1868:Learn how and when to remove this message
1371:
1339:
1185:Hunter-gatherers (yellow) 4,000 years ago
1036:Hunting and gathering was presumably the
5232:Bowles, Samuel; Gintis, Herbert (2011).
5154:
4954:
4899:
4792:Peterson, Nicolas; Taylor, John (1998).
4785:
4392:
4104:. Oxford University Press. p. 272.
3990:
3903:
3870:
3716:. Cambridge MacDonald Monograph Series.
3685:
3679:
3462:
3456:
3072:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.34.011802.132415
2217:
2195:
2180:
2146:
2026:
1948:
1902:Relevant discussion may be found on the
1805:
1769:return foragers store the surplus food.
1735:
1657:
1617:
1580:in territorial boundaries as well as in
1542:
1472:
1430:
1349:
1278:
1236:
1180:
1062:
36:
5322:
5042:
4735:
4636:
4630:
4241:; Smith, Eric Alden; Walter, M. Susan;
4035:
3935:
3758:
3514:
3508:
3349:
3304:
3201:
3195:
3092:
2855:"Prehistoric Hunter-Gatherer Societies"
2827:
2173:will retreat and hide from the humans.
1189:Starting at the transition between the
7595:
7502:
5584:
5329:. Berkeley: University of California.
5085:
5079:
4814:
4692:
4657:
3728:
3719:
3557:Scott, John; Marshall, Gordon (2007).
3231:
3096:Journal of Anthropological Archaeology
1593:Notes on the Original Affluent Society
1424:defined this socio-economic system as
7603:Anthropological categories of peoples
7476:
6799:
6438:
5704:
5609:
5589:. Andaman Association. Archived from
5259:
5150:
5148:
4585:
4579:
4419:
4413:
4345:
4320:
4295:
4087:Semantic Scholar Corpus ID: 146347757
3899:
3897:
3866:
3864:
3862:
3660:
3654:
2990:
2536:
1300:in agricultural centers, such as the
1206:. The transition into the subsequent
1119:, bison and woolly rhinoceroses. The
96:, or anything safe to eat, and/or by
6800:
4450:"How marginal are forager habitats?"
4141:"Longevity amongst Hunter-gatherers"
3936:Lovgren, Stefan (December 7, 2006).
3737:. Harvard University. Archived from
2853:Groeneveld, Emma (9 December 2016).
2798:
2796:
2756:
2754:
2589:(Cambridge University Press, 1999),
2558:
1879:
1850:adding citations to reliable sources
1821:
1507:organizational innovation that gave
4698:
4177:; Hertz, Tom; Bell, Adrian (2010).
3124:by David Attenborough, Mark Collins
2492:
1802:Modern and revisionist perspectives
1115:of Siberia and survived by hunting
1111:lived in extreme conditions of the
1083:The Late Pleistocene witnessed the
127:, which rely mainly on cultivating
13:
5177:
5145:
4563:Svizzero, S.; Tisdell, C. (2015).
3894:
3859:
3350:Pringle, Heather (22 April 2015).
3134:DomĂnguez-Rodrigo, Manuel (2008).
2947:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
2787:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2024.04.014
2225:hunter-gatherers in Tanzania, 2022
1519:people of Namibia, women help men
1268:—according to Diamond, because of
14:
7644:
6752:Megalithic architectural elements
5546:
5519:
4457:Journal of Archaeological Science
4148:Population and Development Review
3904:Aizenman, Nurith (July 1, 2023).
3729:Kiefer, Thomas M. (Spring 2002).
3692:. London: Yale University Press.
3489:
3388:. Berghahn Books. pp. ix–x.
3275:Verdolivo, Matthew (2020-11-04).
2793:
2751:
2112:generalization, as seen with the
1404:Hunter-gatherers tend to have an
1075:bones, similar to those found in
998:Business and economics portal
6439:
5552:
4160:10.1111/j.1728-4457.2007.00171.x
3926:Witwatersrand: University Press.
1884:
1826:
991:
7371:Evolutionary origin of religion
5112:
5058:
4991:
4948:
4924:
4874:
4843:
4746:
4729:
4643:. University of Chicago Press.
4586:Kelly, Raymond (October 2005).
4556:
4515:
4441:
4386:
4380:Canadian Journal of Archaeology
4364:
4339:
4314:
4289:
4219:
4166:
4132:
4118:
4091:
4079:
4068:, No. 2, 2008, and John Gowdy,
3984:
3952:
3929:
3916:
3856:. Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 61–82.
3846:
3787:
3752:
3706:
3633:
3620:
3615:Modelling the early human mind.
3607:
3572:
3561:. US: Oxford University Press.
3551:
3483:
3409:
3343:
3325:
3298:
3268:
3225:
3182:
3127:
3115:
3086:
3051:
3033:
2984:
2933:
2874:
2846:
2396:Jarawa people (Andaman Islands)
1837:needs additional citations for
5374:. Cambridge University Press.
5350:. Cambridge University Press.
5238:. Princeton University Press.
5125:. Cambridge University Press.
4569:Social Evolution & History
4501:. Cambridge University Press.
3714:Modelling the Early Human Mind
3192:, pp. 169–81. Scott, Foresman.
2821:
2725:
2579:
2552:
2530:
2105:Archaic period in the Americas
1731:
1563:" conference, anthropologists
1174:, long-distance running as in
120:stand in contrast to the more
1:
6984:Art of the Middle Paleolithic
6514:British megalith architecture
5522:"Hunter Gatherers (Foragers)"
4798:Australian Aboriginal Studies
4713:10.1525/aa.1992.94.1.02a00030
3871:Wei-Hass, Maya (2020-11-04).
3529:10.1525/aa.1980.82.1.02a00100
2565:. London: The Penguin Press.
2539:"Hunter-Gatherers (Foragers)"
2537:Ember, Carol R. (June 2020).
2523:
2334:Modern hunter-gatherer groups
2209:
2155:
1765:of hunter-gatherer toolkits.
1669:
1591:presented a paper entitled, "
1482:
1400:Social and economic structure
1362:
893:Commons-based peer production
613:Socialism of the 21st century
21:Hunting and Gathering (novel)
6979:Art of the Upper Paleolithic
6519:Nordic megalith architecture
5528:. Human Relations Area Files
5190:Barnard, A. J., ed. (2004).
4396:Time, Energy and Stone Tools
4072:, in Lee, Richard B (2005).
3649:10.1016/j.beproc.2018.01.007
3305:Chiotis, Eustathios (2018).
3109:10.1016/0278-4165(84)90003-5
2767:Evolution and Human Behavior
2023:Lithic period in Mesoamerica
1172:endurance running hypothesis
25:Hunting and Gathering (film)
7:
5045:"Paleoindians in Tennessee"
4259:University of Chicago Press
4126:"Hunter-gatherer mortality"
4098:Lawrence H. Keeley (1996).
2176:
2144:and harvested plant foods.
2006:
1694:in southern Africa and the
1678:As one moves away from the
1274:Quaternary extinction event
10:
7649:
7127:British Isles and Brittany
7048:Gwion Gwion rock paintings
5323:Meltzer, David J. (2009).
5089:Prehistory of the Americas
5086:Fiedel, Stuart J. (1992).
4815:Pandya, Vishvajit (2009).
4753:Shultziner, Doron (2010).
4736:Marlowe, Frank W. (2002).
4524:"42: Prehistoric Cultures"
4175:Borgerhoff Mulder, Monique
4053:. See also: Jerome Lewis,
3686:Dahlberg, Frances (1975).
3665:. St Louis: Island Press.
2860:World History Encyclopedia
2702:10.1038/s41598-023-45500-w
2192:) in the Philippines, 1595
2016:
2010:
1376:Most hunter-gatherers are
1357:under the wolf-skin mask,
1343:
1121:settlement of the Americas
1103:of numerous predominantly
29:
18:
7510:
7329:
7142:
6969:
6816:
6812:
6795:
6681:
6645:
6494:
6451:
6447:
6434:
6241:
6072:
6045:
5970:
5896:
5887:
5792:
5717:
5713:
5705:
5700:
5643:
5211:Bettinger, R. L. (1991).
5004:Evolutionary Anthropology
4771:10.1007/s10539-010-9196-4
4540:10.4135/9781412979283.n42
4477:10.1016/j.jas.2006.03.014
4346:Kelly, Robert L. (2013).
4321:Kelly, Robert L. (2013).
4296:Kelly, Robert L. (2013).
3559:A Dictionary of Sociology
3429:Lourandos, Harry (1997).
3321:– via Google Books.
3152:10.1080/00438240701843629
2312:Caucasian Hunter-Gatherer
1532:site of Wilamaya Patjxa,
387:Socialist-oriented market
5526:Explaining Human Culture
5389:Turnbull, Colin (1987).
3978:African Study Monographs
3942:National Geographic News
1587:At the same conference,
151:invention of agriculture
44:hunter-gatherers in the
7359:Evolutionary musicology
6762:Oldest extant buildings
6689:Archaeological features
6208:Prepared-core technique
5463:(subscription required)
4701:American Anthropologist
4637:Wilmsen, Edwin (1989).
4605:10.1073/pnas.0505955102
3661:Gowdy, John M. (1998).
3628:Journal of Bioeconomics
3517:American Anthropologist
3018:10.1126/science.aao5987
2633:10.1126/science.aax1192
2559:Wade, Nicholas (2006).
1744:collecting wild tubers.
1653:
1109:Ancient North Eurasians
186:Archaeological evidence
68:, in which most or all
7321:Unchambered long cairn
7169:Mound Builders culture
6502:Neolithic architecture
5637:Prehistoric technology
5492:10.1098/rsbl.2016.0028
5486:publishing: 20160028.
5155:Anderson, Kat (2013).
5043:Broster, John (2002).
4759:Biology and Philosophy
3821:10.1073/pnas.95.3.1336
3643:, 161 (April): 17–30.
3463:Fitzhugh, Ben (2003).
3360:. Tula Foundation and
3352:"The Brine Revolution"
2960:10.1098/rspb.2013.3254
2226:
2215:
2193:
2161:
2084:, and as far south as
2039:
1966:
1955:Aboriginal Australians
1819:
1745:
1675:
1632:
1556:
1488:
1436:
1435:Mbendjele meat sharing
1372:Habitat and population
1368:
1340:Common characteristics
1292:
1242:
1186:
1150:. Early humans in the
1080:
125:agricultural societies
100:game (pursuing and/or
49:
7555:Agricultural/Agrarian
6996:List of Stone Age art
6198:Microblade technology
6146:Langdale axe industry
5744:Ard / plough
5585:Balmer, Yves (2013).
5440:10.1353/asi.2007.0013
5308:. Aldine de Gruyter.
5268:. North Point Press.
4486:on February 27, 2008.
4060:May 13, 2013, at the
3948:on December 10, 2006.
3385:Property and Equality
3208:Guns, Germs and Steel
2221:
2199:
2184:
2150:
2030:
1996:North Sentinel Island
1980:Great Victoria Desert
1974:(Spinifex people) of
1952:
1809:
1739:
1661:
1621:
1553:Indigenous Australian
1546:
1476:
1434:
1353:
1344:Further information:
1282:
1240:
1184:
1066:
40:
7403:Prehistoric medicine
7398:Prehistoric counting
7381:Prehistoric religion
7376:Paleolithic religion
7354:Behavioral modernity
6711:Causewayed enclosure
6603:Abri de la Madeleine
5727:Neolithic Revolution
5593:on January 11, 2014.
5561:at Wikimedia Commons
5260:Brody, Hugh (2001).
5068:. ScienceDaily. 2001
4870:– via YouTube.
4666:Current Anthropology
4251:Current Anthropology
4183:Current Anthropology
4066:Radical Anthropology
3993:Current Anthropology
3958:Testart, A. (1986).
3922:Biesele, M. (1993).
3883:on February 17, 2021
3761:Current Anthropology
3581:Current Anthropology
2887:Current Anthropology
2476:Yaruro (Pumé) people
2317:Comb Ceramic culture
2272:Neolithic Revolution
1978:, whose land in the
1895:factual accuracy is
1846:improve this article
1816:Wind River Mountains
1449:paleoanthropologists
1097:Australian continent
1058:Neolithic Revolution
923:Newly industrialized
666:Collective ownership
527:Vertical archipelago
133:domesticated animals
7442:Prehistoric warfare
6188:Magdalenian culture
6151:Levallois technique
6082:Earliest toolmaking
5253:The Montreal Review
4936:Scientific American
4862:. 15 September 2013
4469:2007JArSc..34...59P
4128:. 28 February 2007.
3980:. Suppl. 26: 67–84.
3877:National Geographic
3854:Early Human Kinship
3812:1998PNAS...95.1336H
3731:"Anthropology E-20"
3287:on November 4, 2020
3281:National Geographic
3211:. London: Vintage.
3190:People of the Earth
3009:2018Sci...360..310S
2779:2024EHumB..4506586V
2738:Scientific American
2694:2023NatSR..1321133G
2625:2019Sci...365..897S
2499:Anarcho-primitivism
2327:Uncontacted peoples
2322:Pitted Ware culture
1778:uncontacted peoples
1565:Richard Borshay Lee
1465:social organization
1453:human consciousness
1426:primitive communism
1298:forms of government
1176:persistence hunting
908:Inclusive Democracy
7504:Types of societies
7393:Origin of language
7386:Spiritual drug use
7296:Rectangular dolmen
7198:Dartmoor kistvaens
7011:Carved stone balls
6723:Circular enclosure
6682:Other architecture
6625:Alp pile dwellings
6213:Solutrean industry
6124:Gravettian culture
5774:Secondary products
5428:Asian Perspectives
5016:10.1002/evan.10048
4957:American Antiquity
3689:Woman the Gatherer
3492:"Beyond the !Kung"
3234:American Antiquity
3188:Fagan, B. (1989).
2954:(1787): 20133254.
2682:Scientific Reports
2466:Sentinelese people
2277:Origins of society
2262:Indigenous peoples
2227:
2216:
2194:
2162:
2040:
1967:
1820:
1814:encampment in the
1796:cultural evolution
1746:
1676:
1633:
1557:
1489:
1437:
1369:
1346:Cultural universal
1318:Sub-Saharan Africa
1293:
1243:
1202:, hooks, and bone
1187:
1142:obtained food via
1134:During the 1970s,
1081:
846:Material balancing
328:Buddhist economics
172:uncontacted people
116:. Hunter-gatherer
50:
7590:
7589:
7470:
7469:
7466:
7465:
7462:
7461:
7415:Prehistoric music
7364:music archaeology
7021:Cup and ring mark
6846:Clothing/textiles
6791:
6790:
6787:
6786:
6430:
6429:
6426:
6425:
6233:Yubetsu technique
6218:Striking platform
6183:Lithic technology
6068:
6067:
6053:Game drive system
5972:Projectile points
5864:Mortar and pestle
5557:Media related to
5392:The Forest People
4245:(February 1988).
3337:siberiantimes.com
3140:World Archaeology
3003:(6386): 310–313.
2619:(6456): 897–902.
2346:Andamanese people
2297:Stateless society
2287:Prehistoric music
2247:Homo floresiensis
1976:Western Australia
1936:
1935:
1928:
1878:
1877:
1870:
1789:adaptive strategy
1713:and low in other
1707:protein poisoning
1696:Upper Paleolithic
1526:projectile points
1195:Upper Paleolithic
1170:According to the
1152:Lower Paleolithic
1077:Upper Paleolithic
1034:
1033:
544:By regional model
338:Sabbath economics
7640:
7628:Economic systems
7618:Hunter-gatherers
7572:Proto-Industrial
7497:
7490:
7483:
7474:
7473:
7430:Divje Babe flute
7337:Archaeoastronomy
7080:Petrosomatoglyph
6814:
6813:
6797:
6796:
6646:Water management
6449:
6448:
6436:
6435:
6339:Denticulate tool
6161:Lithic reduction
5894:
5893:
5715:
5714:
5702:
5701:
5630:
5623:
5616:
5607:
5606:
5594:
5559:Hunter-gatherers
5556:
5541:
5535:
5533:
5520:Ember, Carol R.
5516:
5503:
5464:
5461:
5451:
5425:
5406:
5385:
5366:Panter-Brick, C.
5361:
5340:
5319:
5298:
5279:
5267:
5249:
5228:
5217:. Plenum Press.
5207:
5171:
5170:
5157:Tending the Wild
5152:
5143:
5142:
5140:
5139:
5116:
5110:
5109:
5107:
5106:
5083:
5077:
5076:
5074:
5073:
5062:
5056:
5055:
5053:
5052:
5040:
5034:
5033:
5031:
5030:
4995:
4989:
4988:
4952:
4946:
4945:
4943:
4942:
4928:
4922:
4921:
4919:
4918:
4903:
4897:
4896:
4878:
4872:
4871:
4869:
4867:
4847:
4841:
4840:
4812:
4806:
4805:
4789:
4783:
4782:
4750:
4744:
4743:
4733:
4727:
4726:
4724:
4696:
4690:
4689:
4661:
4655:
4654:
4634:
4628:
4627:
4617:
4607:
4598:(43): 15294–98.
4583:
4577:
4576:
4560:
4554:
4553:
4519:
4513:
4512:
4494:
4488:
4487:
4485:
4479:. Archived from
4454:
4445:
4439:
4438:
4421:Kelly, Robert L.
4417:
4411:
4410:
4390:
4384:
4383:
4377:
4368:
4362:
4361:
4343:
4337:
4336:
4318:
4312:
4311:
4293:
4287:
4286:
4223:
4217:
4216:
4206:
4170:
4164:
4163:
4145:
4136:
4130:
4129:
4122:
4116:
4115:
4095:
4089:
4083:
4077:
4039:
4033:
4032:
3988:
3982:
3981:
3969:
3963:
3956:
3950:
3949:
3944:. Archived from
3933:
3927:
3920:
3914:
3913:
3901:
3892:
3891:
3889:
3888:
3879:. Archived from
3868:
3857:
3850:
3844:
3843:
3833:
3823:
3791:
3785:
3784:
3756:
3750:
3749:
3747:
3746:
3726:
3717:
3710:
3704:
3703:
3683:
3677:
3676:
3658:
3652:
3637:
3631:
3624:
3618:
3611:
3605:
3604:
3576:
3570:
3555:
3549:
3548:
3512:
3506:
3505:
3503:
3502:
3487:
3481:
3480:
3460:
3454:
3453:
3451:
3449:
3426:
3420:
3413:
3407:
3406:
3404:
3402:
3379:
3373:
3372:
3370:
3368:
3347:
3341:
3340:
3329:
3323:
3322:
3302:
3296:
3295:
3293:
3292:
3283:. Archived from
3272:
3266:
3265:
3229:
3223:
3222:
3199:
3193:
3186:
3180:
3179:
3131:
3125:
3119:
3113:
3112:
3090:
3084:
3083:
3055:
3049:
3048:
3037:
3031:
3030:
3020:
2988:
2982:
2981:
2971:
2937:
2931:
2930:
2878:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2867:
2850:
2844:
2843:
2825:
2819:
2818:
2800:
2791:
2790:
2758:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2744:
2729:
2723:
2722:
2713:
2688:(21133): 21133,
2677:
2671:
2670:
2644:
2607:
2598:
2583:
2577:
2576:
2556:
2550:
2549:
2547:
2545:
2534:
2517:Paleolithic diet
2493:Social movements
2356:Awá-Guajá people
2292:Primitive skills
2214:
2211:
2206:Tierra del Fuego
2160:
2157:
2098:lithic reduction
2031:Illustration of
1931:
1924:
1920:
1917:
1911:
1908:reliably sourced
1888:
1887:
1880:
1873:
1866:
1862:
1859:
1853:
1830:
1822:
1674:
1671:
1638:Gini coefficient
1589:Marshall Sahlins
1487:
1484:
1367:
1364:
1302:Fertile Crescent
1270:overexploitation
1246:Forest gardening
1079:Western Eurasia.
1026:
1019:
1012:
996:
995:
754:Municipalization
739:Financialization
709:Collectivization
691:Social ownership
681:Private property
675:Common ownership
633:Common ownership
447:Closed (autarky)
404:State capitalism
382:Socialist market
367:Market socialist
203:Economic systems
190:
189:
149:. Following the
32:Plant collecting
7648:
7647:
7643:
7642:
7641:
7639:
7638:
7637:
7623:Human evolution
7593:
7592:
7591:
7586:
7582:Post-industrial
7520:Hunter-gatherer
7506:
7501:
7471:
7458:
7325:
7311:Stone box grave
7281:Megalithic tomb
7186:Cotswold-Severn
7138:
7043:Guardian stones
6971:Prehistoric art
6965:
6808:
6783:
6772:Timber trackway
6677:
6641:
6637:Wattle and daub
6490:
6469:Standing stones
6443:
6422:
6237:
6064:
6041:
5966:
5883:
5793:Food processing
5788:
5737:New World crops
5709:
5696:
5639:
5634:
5603:
5549:
5544:
5531:
5529:
5475:Biology Letters
5462:
5423:
5409:
5403:
5382:
5358:
5337:
5316:
5295:
5276:
5246:
5225:
5204:
5180:
5178:Further reading
5175:
5174:
5167:
5153:
5146:
5137:
5135:
5133:
5117:
5113:
5104:
5102:
5100:
5084:
5080:
5071:
5069:
5064:
5063:
5059:
5050:
5048:
5041:
5037:
5028:
5026:
4996:
4992:
4953:
4949:
4940:
4938:
4930:
4929:
4925:
4916:
4914:
4905:
4904:
4900:
4893:
4879:
4875:
4865:
4863:
4858:
4855:Wayback Machine
4848:
4844:
4829:
4813:
4809:
4790:
4786:
4751:
4747:
4734:
4730:
4697:
4693:
4662:
4658:
4651:
4635:
4631:
4584:
4580:
4561:
4557:
4550:
4520:
4516:
4509:
4495:
4491:
4483:
4452:
4446:
4442:
4435:
4418:
4414:
4407:
4391:
4387:
4375:
4369:
4365:
4358:
4344:
4340:
4333:
4319:
4315:
4308:
4294:
4290:
4243:Zvelebil, Marek
4239:Schrire, Carmel
4231:Arcand, Bernard
4224:
4220:
4171:
4167:
4143:
4137:
4133:
4124:
4123:
4119:
4112:
4096:
4092:
4084:
4080:
4062:Wayback Machine
4043:Man the Hunter.
4040:
4036:
3989:
3985:
3970:
3966:
3957:
3953:
3934:
3930:
3921:
3917:
3902:
3895:
3886:
3884:
3869:
3860:
3851:
3847:
3792:
3788:
3757:
3753:
3744:
3742:
3727:
3720:
3711:
3707:
3700:
3684:
3680:
3673:
3659:
3655:
3638:
3634:
3625:
3621:
3612:
3608:
3577:
3573:
3556:
3552:
3513:
3509:
3500:
3498:
3490:Singh, Manvir.
3488:
3484:
3477:
3461:
3457:
3447:
3445:
3443:
3427:
3423:
3414:
3410:
3400:
3398:
3396:
3380:
3376:
3366:
3364:
3362:Hakai Institute
3348:
3344:
3331:
3330:
3326:
3319:
3303:
3299:
3290:
3288:
3273:
3269:
3246:10.2307/3557037
3230:
3226:
3219:
3200:
3196:
3187:
3183:
3132:
3128:
3120:
3116:
3091:
3087:
3056:
3052:
3039:
3038:
3034:
2989:
2985:
2938:
2934:
2879:
2875:
2865:
2863:
2851:
2847:
2840:
2826:
2822:
2815:
2801:
2794:
2759:
2752:
2742:
2740:
2730:
2726:
2678:
2674:
2608:
2601:
2584:
2580:
2573:
2562:Before the Dawn
2557:
2553:
2543:
2541:
2535:
2531:
2526:
2495:
2490:
2481:Ye'kuana people
2401:Kawahiva people
2336:
2331:
2252:Human migration
2212:
2179:
2158:
2142:wild vegetables
2136:of small game,
2078:Gaspé Peninsula
2067:primitive boats
2025:
2015:
2009:
1988:Andaman Islands
1959:Bathurst Island
1932:
1921:
1915:
1912:
1901:
1893:This section's
1889:
1885:
1874:
1863:
1857:
1854:
1843:
1831:
1804:
1734:
1672:
1656:
1571:suggested that
1547:A 19th century
1485:
1402:
1374:
1365:
1348:
1342:
1289:Kalahari Desert
1138:suggested that
1113:mammoth steppes
1030:
990:
983:
982:
948:Post-industrial
943:Post-capitalist
903:Hunter-gatherer
888:
880:
879:
794:
786:
785:
764:Nationalization
724:Demutualization
719:Corporatization
704:
696:
695:
686:State ownership
661:
653:
652:
628:
620:
619:
545:
537:
536:
507:Robinson Crusoe
442:
441:By coordination
434:
433:
418:Traditionalist
278:Neomercantilist
238:
230:
211:
188:
72:is obtained by
54:hunter-gatherer
35:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7646:
7636:
7635:
7630:
7625:
7620:
7615:
7610:
7605:
7588:
7587:
7585:
7584:
7579:
7574:
7569:
7568:
7567:
7562:
7557:
7552:
7547:
7542:
7537:
7532:
7527:
7522:
7515:Pre-industrial
7511:
7508:
7507:
7500:
7499:
7492:
7485:
7477:
7468:
7467:
7464:
7463:
7460:
7459:
7457:
7456:
7455:
7454:
7444:
7439:
7438:
7437:
7432:
7427:
7422:
7420:Alligator drum
7412:
7411:
7410:
7400:
7395:
7390:
7389:
7388:
7383:
7378:
7368:
7367:
7366:
7356:
7351:
7350:
7349:
7347:lunar calendar
7344:
7333:
7331:
7330:Other cultural
7327:
7326:
7324:
7323:
7318:
7313:
7308:
7303:
7298:
7293:
7288:
7283:
7278:
7277:
7276:
7271:
7261:
7256:
7251:
7250:
7249:
7244:
7234:
7229:
7228:
7227:
7217:
7212:
7207:
7202:
7201:
7200:
7190:
7189:
7188:
7178:
7177:
7176:
7166:
7165:
7164:
7159:
7148:
7146:
7140:
7139:
7137:
7136:
7134:Venus figurine
7131:
7130:
7129:
7124:
7114:
7109:
7104:
7103:
7102:
7097:
7087:
7082:
7077:
7072:
7067:
7065:Megalithic art
7062:
7061:
7060:
7055:
7045:
7040:
7035:
7034:
7033:
7023:
7018:
7016:Cave paintings
7013:
7008:
7003:
6998:
6993:
6992:
6991:
6981:
6975:
6973:
6967:
6966:
6964:
6963:
6962:
6961:
6956:
6946:
6941:
6936:
6935:
6934:
6929:
6924:
6919:
6914:
6909:
6899:
6894:
6893:
6892:
6882:
6881:
6880:
6875:
6865:
6860:
6855:
6854:
6853:
6843:
6838:
6833:
6828:
6822:
6820:
6818:Material goods
6810:
6809:
6793:
6792:
6789:
6788:
6785:
6784:
6782:
6781:
6780:
6779:
6769:
6764:
6759:
6754:
6749:
6748:
6747:
6737:
6732:
6731:
6730:
6720:
6719:
6718:
6708:
6707:
6706:
6696:
6691:
6685:
6683:
6679:
6678:
6676:
6675:
6670:
6665:
6660:
6655:
6649:
6647:
6643:
6642:
6640:
6639:
6634:
6629:
6628:
6627:
6617:
6612:
6611:
6610:
6605:
6600:
6590:
6585:
6580:
6575:
6574:
6573:
6563:
6558:
6553:
6552:
6551:
6541:
6536:
6534:Cliff dwelling
6531:
6526:
6521:
6516:
6511:
6510:
6509:
6498:
6496:
6492:
6491:
6489:
6488:
6487:
6486:
6481:
6476:
6466:
6461:
6455:
6453:
6445:
6444:
6432:
6431:
6428:
6427:
6424:
6423:
6421:
6420:
6419:
6418:
6408:
6403:
6398:
6393:
6392:
6391:
6381:
6376:
6371:
6366:
6361:
6356:
6351:
6346:
6341:
6336:
6331:
6330:
6329:
6319:
6318:
6317:
6312:
6302:
6297:
6292:
6287:
6286:
6285:
6275:
6270:
6265:
6264:
6263:
6253:
6247:
6245:
6239:
6238:
6236:
6235:
6230:
6225:
6220:
6215:
6210:
6205:
6200:
6195:
6190:
6185:
6180:
6179:
6178:
6173:
6168:
6158:
6153:
6148:
6143:
6142:
6141:
6131:
6126:
6121:
6119:Fire hardening
6116:
6111:
6109:Clovis culture
6106:
6101:
6100:
6099:
6094:
6089:
6078:
6076:
6070:
6069:
6066:
6065:
6063:
6062:
6061:
6060:
6049:
6047:
6043:
6042:
6040:
6039:
6034:
6032:Manis Mastodon
6029:
6024:
6019:
6014:
6009:
6004:
5999:
5994:
5989:
5988:
5987:
5976:
5974:
5968:
5967:
5965:
5964:
5963:
5962:
5957:
5952:
5947:
5942:
5932:
5927:
5926:
5925:
5915:
5914:
5913:
5911:throwing stick
5903:
5897:
5891:
5885:
5884:
5882:
5881:
5876:
5871:
5866:
5861:
5856:
5851:
5850:
5849:
5844:
5834:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5818:
5817:
5807:
5802:
5796:
5794:
5790:
5789:
5787:
5786:
5781:
5776:
5771:
5766:
5761:
5756:
5751:
5746:
5741:
5740:
5739:
5734:
5723:
5721:
5711:
5710:
5698:
5697:
5695:
5694:
5689:
5688:
5687:
5677:
5676:
5675:
5670:
5665:
5660:
5655:
5644:
5641:
5640:
5633:
5632:
5625:
5618:
5610:
5601:
5600:
5595:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5548:
5547:External links
5545:
5543:
5542:
5517:
5465:
5434:(2): 298–334.
5415:
5414:
5410:
5408:
5407:
5402:978-0671640996
5401:
5395:. Touchstone.
5386:
5380:
5362:
5356:
5341:
5336:978-0520250529
5335:
5320:
5314:
5305:Man the hunter
5299:
5294:978-0826356963
5293:
5280:
5274:
5257:
5245:978-0691151250
5244:
5229:
5223:
5208:
5202:
5186:
5185:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5173:
5172:
5166:978-0520280434
5165:
5144:
5132:978-0521630757
5131:
5111:
5099:978-0521425445
5098:
5078:
5057:
5035:
4990:
4969:10.2307/279189
4947:
4923:
4898:
4892:978-0826356963
4891:
4873:
4842:
4828:978-0761842729
4827:
4807:
4784:
4745:
4728:
4691:
4678:10.1086/204361
4672:(2): 298–305.
4656:
4649:
4629:
4578:
4555:
4549:978-1452266305
4548:
4514:
4507:
4489:
4440:
4433:
4412:
4406:978-0521253505
4405:
4385:
4363:
4356:
4338:
4331:
4313:
4306:
4288:
4267:10.1086/203612
4227:Testart, Alain
4218:
4195:10.1086/648530
4165:
4131:
4117:
4110:
4090:
4078:
4034:
4005:10.1086/587700
3983:
3964:
3951:
3928:
3915:
3893:
3858:
3845:
3806:(3): 1336–39.
3786:
3773:10.1086/382256
3751:
3718:
3705:
3698:
3678:
3671:
3653:
3632:
3630:15 (1): 83–89.
3619:
3606:
3593:10.1086/204255
3571:
3567:978-0198609872
3550:
3507:
3482:
3476:978-0306478536
3475:
3455:
3442:978-0521359467
3441:
3421:
3408:
3395:978-1845452131
3394:
3374:
3357:Hakai Magazine
3342:
3324:
3318:978-1351260237
3317:
3297:
3267:
3224:
3217:
3203:Diamond, Jared
3194:
3181:
3126:
3114:
3085:
3066:(1): 215–250.
3050:
3047:. 7 June 2019.
3032:
2983:
2932:
2899:10.1086/203280
2893:(3): 361–378.
2873:
2845:
2839:978-0826356963
2838:
2820:
2814:978-0826356963
2813:
2792:
2750:
2724:
2672:
2599:
2578:
2571:
2551:
2528:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2521:
2520:
2514:
2508:
2502:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2426:Moriori people
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2228:
2178:
2175:
2164:Scholars like
2082:Atlantic coast
2011:Main article:
2008:
2005:
1994:, who live on
1934:
1933:
1892:
1890:
1883:
1876:
1875:
1834:
1832:
1825:
1803:
1800:
1733:
1730:
1721:fat deposits.
1715:macronutrients
1692:Late Stone Age
1655:
1652:
1573:egalitarianism
1561:Man the Hunter
1401:
1398:
1373:
1370:
1341:
1338:
1220:Southeast Asia
1101:the extinction
1032:
1031:
1029:
1028:
1021:
1014:
1006:
1003:
1002:
1001:
1000:
985:
984:
981:
980:
975:
970:
965:
960:
958:Resource-based
955:
950:
945:
940:
935:
930:
925:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
889:
886:
885:
882:
881:
878:
877:
876:
875:
870:
865:
855:
850:
849:
848:
843:
838:
833:
823:
822:
821:
816:
811:
801:
795:
792:
791:
788:
787:
784:
783:
782:
781:
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
746:
744:Liberalization
741:
736:
731:
726:
721:
716:
711:
705:
702:
701:
698:
697:
694:
693:
688:
683:
678:
668:
662:
660:Property types
659:
658:
655:
654:
651:
650:
645:
640:
635:
629:
626:
625:
622:
621:
618:
617:
616:
615:
609:Latin America
607:
606:
605:
600:
595:
590:
585:
580:
572:
571:
570:
565:
560:
555:
546:
543:
542:
539:
538:
535:
534:
529:
524:
519:
514:
509:
504:
499:
494:
489:
484:
479:
474:
469:
464:
459:
454:
449:
443:
440:
439:
436:
435:
432:
431:
430:
429:
424:
416:
411:
406:
401:
400:
399:
394:
389:
384:
379:
374:
369:
364:
359:
349:
348:
347:
342:
341:
340:
330:
322:
317:
312:
307:
302:
297:
296:
295:
290:
285:
280:
275:
270:
265:
260:
255:
245:
239:
236:
235:
232:
231:
229:
228:
223:
218:
212:
209:
206:
205:
199:
198:
187:
184:
48:in August 2014
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7645:
7634:
7631:
7629:
7626:
7624:
7621:
7619:
7616:
7614:
7611:
7609:
7606:
7604:
7601:
7600:
7598:
7583:
7580:
7578:
7575:
7573:
7570:
7566:
7563:
7561:
7558:
7556:
7553:
7551:
7550:Horticultural
7548:
7546:
7543:
7541:
7538:
7536:
7533:
7531:
7528:
7526:
7523:
7521:
7518:
7517:
7516:
7513:
7512:
7509:
7505:
7498:
7493:
7491:
7486:
7484:
7479:
7478:
7475:
7453:
7450:
7449:
7448:
7445:
7443:
7440:
7436:
7433:
7431:
7428:
7426:
7423:
7421:
7418:
7417:
7416:
7413:
7409:
7406:
7405:
7404:
7401:
7399:
7396:
7394:
7391:
7387:
7384:
7382:
7379:
7377:
7374:
7373:
7372:
7369:
7365:
7362:
7361:
7360:
7357:
7355:
7352:
7348:
7345:
7343:
7340:
7339:
7338:
7335:
7334:
7332:
7328:
7322:
7319:
7317:
7314:
7312:
7309:
7307:
7306:Simple dolmen
7304:
7302:
7299:
7297:
7294:
7292:
7291:Passage grave
7289:
7287:
7284:
7282:
7279:
7275:
7272:
7270:
7267:
7266:
7265:
7262:
7260:
7257:
7255:
7252:
7248:
7245:
7243:
7240:
7239:
7238:
7237:Gallery grave
7235:
7233:
7230:
7226:
7223:
7222:
7221:
7218:
7216:
7213:
7211:
7208:
7206:
7203:
7199:
7196:
7195:
7194:
7191:
7187:
7184:
7183:
7182:
7179:
7175:
7172:
7171:
7170:
7167:
7163:
7160:
7158:
7155:
7154:
7153:
7152:Burial mounds
7150:
7149:
7147:
7145:
7141:
7135:
7132:
7128:
7125:
7123:
7120:
7119:
7118:
7115:
7113:
7112:Statue menhir
7110:
7108:
7105:
7101:
7100:Stone carving
7098:
7096:
7093:
7092:
7091:
7088:
7086:
7083:
7081:
7078:
7076:
7073:
7071:
7068:
7066:
7063:
7059:
7056:
7054:
7051:
7050:
7049:
7046:
7044:
7041:
7039:
7036:
7032:
7029:
7028:
7027:
7024:
7022:
7019:
7017:
7014:
7012:
7009:
7007:
7004:
7002:
6999:
6997:
6994:
6990:
6987:
6986:
6985:
6982:
6980:
6977:
6976:
6974:
6972:
6968:
6960:
6957:
6955:
6952:
6951:
6950:
6947:
6945:
6942:
6940:
6939:Sewing needle
6937:
6933:
6930:
6928:
6925:
6923:
6920:
6918:
6915:
6913:
6910:
6908:
6905:
6904:
6903:
6900:
6898:
6895:
6891:
6888:
6887:
6886:
6883:
6879:
6876:
6874:
6871:
6870:
6869:
6866:
6864:
6861:
6859:
6856:
6852:
6849:
6848:
6847:
6844:
6842:
6839:
6837:
6834:
6832:
6829:
6827:
6824:
6823:
6821:
6819:
6815:
6811:
6807:
6803:
6798:
6794:
6778:
6775:
6774:
6773:
6770:
6768:
6767:Timber circle
6765:
6763:
6760:
6758:
6755:
6753:
6750:
6746:
6743:
6742:
6741:
6738:
6736:
6733:
6729:
6726:
6725:
6724:
6721:
6717:
6716:Tor enclosure
6714:
6713:
6712:
6709:
6705:
6704:fulacht fiadh
6702:
6701:
6700:
6697:
6695:
6692:
6690:
6687:
6686:
6684:
6680:
6674:
6671:
6669:
6666:
6664:
6661:
6659:
6656:
6654:
6651:
6650:
6648:
6644:
6638:
6635:
6633:
6630:
6626:
6623:
6622:
6621:
6618:
6616:
6613:
6609:
6606:
6604:
6601:
6599:
6596:
6595:
6594:
6591:
6589:
6586:
6584:
6581:
6579:
6576:
6572:
6569:
6568:
6567:
6564:
6562:
6559:
6557:
6554:
6550:
6547:
6546:
6545:
6542:
6540:
6537:
6535:
6532:
6530:
6527:
6525:
6522:
6520:
6517:
6515:
6512:
6508:
6505:
6504:
6503:
6500:
6499:
6497:
6493:
6485:
6482:
6480:
6477:
6475:
6472:
6471:
6470:
6467:
6465:
6462:
6460:
6457:
6456:
6454:
6450:
6446:
6442:
6437:
6433:
6417:
6414:
6413:
6412:
6409:
6407:
6404:
6402:
6399:
6397:
6394:
6390:
6387:
6386:
6385:
6382:
6380:
6377:
6375:
6372:
6370:
6367:
6365:
6362:
6360:
6357:
6355:
6352:
6350:
6347:
6345:
6342:
6340:
6337:
6335:
6332:
6328:
6325:
6324:
6323:
6320:
6316:
6313:
6311:
6308:
6307:
6306:
6303:
6301:
6298:
6296:
6293:
6291:
6288:
6284:
6281:
6280:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6262:
6259:
6258:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6249:
6248:
6246:
6244:
6240:
6234:
6231:
6229:
6226:
6224:
6221:
6219:
6216:
6214:
6211:
6209:
6206:
6204:
6201:
6199:
6196:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6181:
6177:
6174:
6172:
6169:
6167:
6164:
6163:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6144:
6140:
6137:
6136:
6135:
6132:
6130:
6127:
6125:
6122:
6120:
6117:
6115:
6112:
6110:
6107:
6105:
6102:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6084:
6083:
6080:
6079:
6077:
6075:
6071:
6059:
6056:
6055:
6054:
6051:
6050:
6048:
6044:
6038:
6035:
6033:
6030:
6028:
6025:
6023:
6020:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6000:
5998:
5995:
5993:
5990:
5986:
5983:
5982:
5981:
5978:
5977:
5975:
5973:
5969:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5940:spear-thrower
5938:
5937:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5928:
5924:
5921:
5920:
5919:
5918:Bow and arrow
5916:
5912:
5909:
5908:
5907:
5904:
5902:
5899:
5898:
5895:
5892:
5890:
5886:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5852:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5839:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5827:Grinding slab
5825:
5823:
5820:
5816:
5813:
5812:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5797:
5795:
5791:
5785:
5782:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5772:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5759:Domestication
5757:
5755:
5754:Digging stick
5752:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5732:Founder crops
5730:
5729:
5728:
5725:
5724:
5722:
5720:
5716:
5712:
5708:
5703:
5699:
5693:
5690:
5686:
5683:
5682:
5681:
5678:
5674:
5673:New Stone Age
5671:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5650:
5649:
5646:
5645:
5642:
5638:
5631:
5626:
5624:
5619:
5617:
5612:
5611:
5608:
5604:
5599:
5596:
5592:
5588:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5560:
5555:
5551:
5550:
5540:
5527:
5523:
5518:
5515:
5511:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5493:
5489:
5485:
5484:Royal Society
5481:
5477:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5459:
5455:
5450:
5445:
5441:
5437:
5433:
5429:
5422:
5417:
5416:
5412:
5411:
5404:
5398:
5394:
5393:
5387:
5383:
5377:
5373:
5372:
5367:
5363:
5359:
5353:
5349:
5348:
5342:
5338:
5332:
5328:
5327:
5321:
5317:
5311:
5307:
5306:
5300:
5296:
5290:
5286:
5281:
5277:
5271:
5266:
5265:
5258:
5255:
5254:
5250:(Reviewed in
5247:
5241:
5237:
5236:
5230:
5226:
5220:
5216:
5215:
5209:
5205:
5199:
5195:
5194:
5188:
5187:
5183:
5182:
5168:
5162:
5158:
5151:
5149:
5134:
5128:
5124:
5123:
5115:
5101:
5095:
5091:
5090:
5082:
5067:
5061:
5046:
5039:
5025:
5021:
5017:
5013:
5009:
5005:
5001:
4994:
4986:
4982:
4978:
4974:
4970:
4966:
4962:
4958:
4951:
4937:
4933:
4927:
4913:on 2011-05-01
4912:
4908:
4902:
4894:
4888:
4884:
4877:
4861:
4856:
4852:
4846:
4838:
4834:
4830:
4824:
4820:
4819:
4811:
4803:
4799:
4795:
4788:
4780:
4776:
4772:
4768:
4765:(3): 319–46.
4764:
4760:
4756:
4749:
4741:
4740:
4732:
4723:
4718:
4714:
4710:
4706:
4702:
4695:
4687:
4683:
4679:
4675:
4671:
4667:
4660:
4652:
4646:
4642:
4641:
4633:
4625:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4597:
4593:
4589:
4582:
4574:
4570:
4566:
4559:
4551:
4545:
4541:
4537:
4533:
4529:
4525:
4518:
4510:
4504:
4500:
4493:
4482:
4478:
4474:
4470:
4466:
4462:
4458:
4451:
4444:
4436:
4430:
4426:
4422:
4416:
4408:
4402:
4398:
4397:
4389:
4381:
4374:
4367:
4359:
4357:9781139176132
4353:
4349:
4342:
4334:
4332:9781139176132
4328:
4324:
4317:
4309:
4307:9781139176132
4303:
4299:
4292:
4284:
4280:
4276:
4272:
4268:
4264:
4260:
4256:
4252:
4248:
4244:
4240:
4236:
4232:
4228:
4222:
4214:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4196:
4192:
4188:
4184:
4180:
4176:
4169:
4161:
4157:
4153:
4149:
4142:
4135:
4127:
4121:
4113:
4111:9780195119121
4107:
4103:
4102:
4094:
4088:
4082:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4059:
4056:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4038:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4006:
4002:
3999:(4): 655–93.
3998:
3994:
3987:
3979:
3975:
3968:
3961:
3955:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3932:
3925:
3919:
3911:
3907:
3900:
3898:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3867:
3865:
3863:
3855:
3849:
3841:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3790:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3770:
3767:(2): 277–84.
3766:
3762:
3755:
3741:on 2008-04-10
3740:
3736:
3732:
3725:
3723:
3715:
3709:
3701:
3695:
3691:
3690:
3682:
3674:
3668:
3664:
3657:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3636:
3629:
3623:
3616:
3610:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3587:(2): 175–83.
3586:
3582:
3575:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3554:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3523:(1): 116–20.
3522:
3518:
3511:
3497:
3493:
3486:
3478:
3472:
3468:
3467:
3459:
3444:
3438:
3434:
3433:
3425:
3418:
3412:
3397:
3391:
3387:
3386:
3378:
3363:
3359:
3358:
3353:
3346:
3338:
3334:
3328:
3320:
3314:
3311:. CRC Press.
3310:
3309:
3301:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3271:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3240:(1): 141–56.
3239:
3235:
3228:
3220:
3214:
3210:
3209:
3204:
3198:
3191:
3185:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3130:
3123:
3118:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3097:
3089:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3054:
3046:
3042:
3036:
3028:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2987:
2979:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2948:
2943:
2936:
2929:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2877:
2862:
2861:
2856:
2849:
2841:
2835:
2831:
2824:
2816:
2810:
2806:
2799:
2797:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2757:
2755:
2739:
2735:
2728:
2721:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2676:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2606:
2604:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2582:
2574:
2568:
2564:
2563:
2555:
2540:
2533:
2529:
2518:
2515:
2512:
2509:
2506:
2503:
2500:
2497:
2496:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2471:Tjimba people
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2461:Semang people
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2446:PirahĂŁ people
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2421:Mlabri people
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2338:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2257:Human history
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2224:
2220:
2207:
2203:
2198:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2174:
2170:
2167:
2154:
2149:
2145:
2143:
2140:, seasonally
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2122:Poverty Point
2119:
2115:
2110:
2106:
2101:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2070:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2044:Bering Strait
2038:
2034:
2033:Paleo-Indians
2029:
2024:
2020:
2014:
2013:Paleo-Indians
2004:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1941:
1930:
1927:
1919:
1909:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1891:
1882:
1881:
1872:
1869:
1861:
1851:
1847:
1841:
1840:
1835:This section
1833:
1829:
1824:
1823:
1817:
1813:
1808:
1799:
1797:
1792:
1790:
1786:
1781:
1779:
1775:
1770:
1766:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1742:
1738:
1729:
1727:
1726:carbohydrates
1722:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1703:
1699:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1667:
1664:
1660:
1651:
1648:
1642:
1639:
1630:
1629:
1625:
1620:
1616:
1614:
1609:
1605:
1602:
1598:
1597:Thomas Hobbes
1594:
1590:
1585:
1584:composition.
1583:
1579:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1559:At the 1966 "
1554:
1550:
1545:
1541:
1539:
1535:
1534:Puno District
1531:
1527:
1522:
1518:
1512:
1510:
1504:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1480:
1475:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1433:
1429:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1397:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1382:
1379:
1360:
1359:George Catlin
1356:
1352:
1347:
1337:
1335:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1310:Ancient China
1307:
1306:Ancient India
1303:
1299:
1290:
1286:
1281:
1277:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1262:South America
1259:
1255:
1254:Jared Diamond
1249:
1247:
1239:
1235:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1196:
1192:
1183:
1179:
1177:
1173:
1168:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1136:Lewis Binford
1132:
1131:land bridge.
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1089:modern humans
1086:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1069:Mal'ta-Buret'
1065:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1050:
1045:
1044:
1039:
1027:
1022:
1020:
1015:
1013:
1008:
1007:
1005:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
988:
987:
986:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
954:
953:Post-scarcity
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
898:Expeditionary
896:
894:
891:
890:
884:
883:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
860:
859:
856:
854:
851:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
828:
827:
824:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
806:
805:
802:
800:
797:
796:
790:
789:
780:
777:
776:
775:
774:Socialization
772:
770:
769:Privatization
767:
765:
762:
760:
759:Mutualization
757:
755:
752:
750:
749:Marketization
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
734:Expropriation
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
714:Communization
712:
710:
707:
706:
700:
699:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
676:
672:
669:
667:
664:
663:
657:
656:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
630:
624:
623:
614:
611:
610:
608:
604:
601:
599:
596:
594:
591:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
576:
575:
573:
569:
566:
564:
561:
559:
556:
554:
551:
550:
548:
547:
541:
540:
533:
530:
528:
525:
523:
520:
518:
515:
513:
510:
508:
505:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
455:
453:
452:Decentralized
450:
448:
445:
444:
438:
437:
428:
425:
423:
420:
419:
417:
415:
412:
410:
409:Social credit
407:
405:
402:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
377:Participatory
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
354:
353:
350:
346:
343:
339:
336:
335:
334:
331:
329:
326:
325:
323:
321:
318:
316:
313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
301:
298:
294:
291:
289:
288:Social market
286:
284:
283:Protectionist
281:
279:
276:
274:
271:
269:
266:
264:
263:Laissez-faire
261:
259:
256:
254:
251:
250:
249:
246:
244:
241:
240:
234:
233:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
213:
208:
207:
204:
201:
200:
196:
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156:
152:
148:
147:human history
144:
141:
136:
134:
130:
126:
123:
119:
115:
111:
110:catching fish
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
78:edible plants
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
47:
43:
39:
33:
26:
22:
7519:
7247:wedge-shaped
7232:Funeral pyre
7225:Great dolmen
7181:Chamber tomb
7162:Round barrow
7117:Stone circle
6989:Blombos Cave
6917:Grooved ware
6841:Chalcolithic
6745:Thornborough
6663:Flush toilet
6598:Blombos Cave
6593:Rock shelter
6549:Quiggly hole
6441:Architecture
6416:illustration
6058:Buffalo jump
5879:Storage pits
5842:Aşıklı Höyük
5832:Ground stone
5668:Subdivisions
5602:
5591:the original
5537:
5530:. Retrieved
5525:
5513:
5479:
5473:
5431:
5427:
5391:
5370:
5346:
5325:
5304:
5284:
5263:
5251:
5234:
5213:
5192:
5156:
5136:. Retrieved
5121:
5114:
5103:. Retrieved
5088:
5081:
5070:. Retrieved
5060:
5049:. Retrieved
5038:
5027:. Retrieved
5007:
5003:
4993:
4963:(1): 55–69.
4960:
4956:
4950:
4939:. Retrieved
4935:
4926:
4915:. Retrieved
4911:the original
4901:
4882:
4876:
4864:. Retrieved
4851:Ghostarchive
4849:Archived at
4845:
4817:
4810:
4801:
4797:
4787:
4762:
4758:
4748:
4738:
4731:
4704:
4700:
4694:
4669:
4665:
4659:
4639:
4632:
4595:
4591:
4581:
4572:
4568:
4558:
4531:
4527:
4517:
4498:
4492:
4481:the original
4463:(1): 59–68.
4460:
4456:
4443:
4424:
4415:
4395:
4388:
4379:
4366:
4347:
4341:
4322:
4316:
4297:
4291:
4254:
4250:
4221:
4189:(1): 19–34.
4186:
4182:
4168:
4151:
4147:
4134:
4120:
4100:
4093:
4081:
4073:
4065:
4042:
4037:
3996:
3992:
3986:
3977:
3967:
3959:
3954:
3946:the original
3941:
3931:
3923:
3918:
3909:
3885:. Retrieved
3881:the original
3876:
3853:
3848:
3803:
3799:
3789:
3764:
3760:
3754:
3743:. Retrieved
3739:the original
3734:
3713:
3708:
3688:
3681:
3662:
3656:
3640:
3635:
3627:
3622:
3614:
3609:
3584:
3580:
3574:
3558:
3553:
3520:
3516:
3510:
3499:. Retrieved
3495:
3485:
3465:
3458:
3446:. Retrieved
3431:
3424:
3411:
3399:. Retrieved
3384:
3377:
3365:. Retrieved
3355:
3345:
3336:
3327:
3307:
3300:
3289:. Retrieved
3285:the original
3280:
3270:
3237:
3233:
3227:
3207:
3197:
3189:
3184:
3146:(1): 67–82.
3143:
3139:
3129:
3121:
3117:
3100:
3094:
3088:
3063:
3059:
3053:
3044:
3035:
3000:
2996:
2986:
2951:
2945:
2935:
2926:
2890:
2886:
2876:
2864:. Retrieved
2858:
2848:
2829:
2823:
2804:
2770:
2766:
2743:February 23,
2741:. Retrieved
2737:
2727:
2685:
2681:
2675:
2642:10150/634688
2616:
2612:
2586:
2581:
2561:
2554:
2544:14 September
2542:. Retrieved
2532:
2486:Yupik people
2451:Raute people
2441:Penan people
2431:Nukak people
2416:Mbuti people
2411:Maniq people
2376:Hadza people
2361:Batek people
2267:Neanderthals
2232:Beachcombing
2189:
2171:
2166:Kat Anderson
2163:
2153:Minas Gerais
2102:
2074:Great Plains
2071:
2041:
1992:Indian Ocean
1968:
1944:
1937:
1922:
1913:
1894:
1864:
1855:
1844:Please help
1839:verification
1836:
1793:
1782:
1771:
1767:
1761:
1757:
1750:climate zone
1747:
1741:Savanna Pumé
1723:
1700:
1677:
1666:seal hunters
1643:
1634:
1626:
1613:gift economy
1610:
1606:
1586:
1569:Irven DeVore
1558:
1513:
1509:Homo sapiens
1508:
1505:
1490:
1469:
1438:
1403:
1383:
1375:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1294:
1250:
1244:
1200:fishing nets
1188:
1169:
1140:early humans
1133:
1082:
1049:Homo sapiens
1047:
1043:Homo erectus
1041:
1035:
902:
863:Peer-to-peer
858:Self-managed
793:Coordination
729:Deregulation
414:Distributist
268:Mercantilist
176:horticulture
168:
137:
131:and raising
108:, including
106:wild animals
104:and killing
57:
53:
51:
7530:Circumpolar
7269:unchambered
7264:Long barrow
7254:Grave goods
7210:Court cairn
7205:Clava cairn
7157:Bowl barrow
7095:Rock cupule
7038:Golden hats
7031:Hill figure
6932:Unstan ware
6912:Cord-marked
6777:Sweet Track
6699:Burnt mound
6620:Stilt house
6608:Sibudu Cave
6401:Tally stick
6369:Quern-stone
6354:Hammerstone
6344:Fire plough
6315:Pesse canoe
6273:Bannerstone
6243:Other tools
6156:Lithic core
6104:Aurignacian
5992:Bare Island
5874:Quern-stone
5532:22 February
5449:10125/17269
4382:(29): 1–19.
4235:Ingold, Tim
2597:, pp. 1–20.
2436:Onge people
2351:Angu people
2282:Paleolithic
2213: 1915
2159: 1824
2090:Monte Verde
2063:Cordilleran
2052:Pleistocene
1984:Sentinelese
1963:bush tucker
1785:agriculture
1774:Paleolithic
1732:Variability
1698:in Europe.
1673: 1821
1647:paleolithic
1582:demographic
1555:encampment.
1501:matrilineal
1486: 1903
1441:chimpanzees
1406:egalitarian
1366: 1832
1334:Ethnobotany
1322:Norte Chico
1287:man in the
1266:Pleistocene
1228:Mesoamerica
1222:, parts of
1216:Middle East
1212:Agriculture
1125:Paleolithic
1123:began when
1091:outside of
1038:subsistence
968:Traditional
918:Manorialism
913:Information
887:Other types
873:Open access
836:Cybernetics
578:Anglo-Saxon
563:Singaporean
522:Underground
517:Subsistence
422:Corporatist
397:Syndicalist
357:Communalist
243:Associative
237:By ideology
210:Major types
180:pastoralism
155:pastoralist
140:competitive
46:Congo Basin
7597:Categories
7577:Industrial
7408:trepanning
7301:Ring cairn
7259:Jar burial
7242:transepted
7174:U.S. sites
7075:Petroglyph
7001:Bird stone
6959:wine press
6632:Stone roof
6615:Roundhouse
6507:long house
6484:Stonehenge
6452:Ceremonial
6396:Stone tool
6223:Tool stone
6193:Metallurgy
6097:Mousterian
6074:Toolmaking
6012:Cumberland
5985:Transverse
5955:Schöningen
5847:Qesem cave
5815:Earth oven
5769:Irrigation
5680:Technology
5648:Prehistory
5381:0521776724
5357:0521016363
5315:020233032X
5275:057120502X
5224:0306436507
5203:1859738257
5138:2009-11-17
5105:2009-11-18
5072:2010-04-10
5051:2009-11-21
5029:2009-11-17
4941:2009-11-17
4917:2009-10-06
4722:1807/17933
4650:0226900150
4534:: 409–18.
4508:0521609194
4434:1560984651
4154:(2): 326.
4051:020233032X
3887:2021-06-13
3745:2008-03-11
3699:0300029896
3672:155963555X
3501:2023-06-23
3291:2020-11-19
3218:0099302780
3103:: 235–57.
2595:052157109X
2572:1594200793
2524:References
2505:Freeganism
2456:San people
2406:Ket people
2366:Efé people
2341:Aka people
2242:Cro-Magnon
2059:Laurentide
2035:hunting a
2017:See also:
1972:Pila Nguru
1719:metabolize
1517:Ju'/hoansi
1479:Andamanese
1445:alpha male
1418:San people
1355:Bison hunt
1230:, and the
1144:scavenging
1105:megafaunal
1054:Mesolithic
973:Transition
933:Plantation
841:Indicative
703:Transition
553:East Asian
324:Religious
300:Democratic
273:Neoliberal
258:Democratic
248:Capitalist
216:Capitalism
143:adaptation
7613:Stone Age
7535:Subarctic
7452:symbolism
7316:Tor cairn
7274:Grønsalen
7215:Cremation
7107:Sculpture
7085:Pictogram
7070:Petroform
6890:amber use
6858:Cosmetics
6668:Reservoir
6653:Check dam
6583:Pueblitos
6578:Pit-house
6561:Longhouse
6495:Dwellings
6364:Microlith
6295:Bow drill
6290:Bone tool
6283:prismatic
6092:Acheulean
6007:Cresswell
5980:Arrowhead
5906:Boomerang
5822:Granaries
5784:Terracing
5663:Stone Age
5482:(3). The
4985:162243347
4837:673383888
4707:: 31–54.
4686:144885091
4257:(1). The
4013:0011-3204
3781:145129698
3537:0002-7294
3262:164106990
3160:0043-8243
2923:147371671
2907:0011-3204
2667:201674203
2651:0036-8075
2190:Negrillos
2114:Southwest
2055:megafauna
2037:glyptodon
1916:June 2022
1904:talk page
1858:June 2022
1754:life zone
1549:engraving
1477:Group of
1422:Karl Marx
1208:Neolithic
1164:predators
1160:woodlands
1154:lived in
938:Plutonomy
819:Regulated
648:Voluntary
574:European
427:Feudalism
372:Mutualist
362:Communist
352:Socialist
333:Christian
253:Corporate
226:Communism
221:Socialism
122:sedentary
118:societies
114:omnivores
94:bird eggs
80:but also
66:lifestyle
7633:Foraging
7545:Pastoral
7090:Rock art
7053:painting
7026:Geoglyph
6851:timeline
6831:Beadwork
6571:Mehrgarh
6566:Mudbrick
6474:megalith
6349:Fire-saw
6171:debitage
6166:analysis
6134:Hand axe
6114:Cupstone
5692:Glossary
5653:Timeline
5510:27029838
5458:56067301
5413:Articles
5196:. Berg.
5024:17049337
4853:and the
4779:21340052
4624:16129826
4423:(1995).
4283:42136717
4261:: 1–31.
4213:21151711
4058:Archived
4029:22722107
4021:19230267
3601:53652577
3205:(1998).
3176:55311378
3168:40025314
3080:16590668
3045:Sci.News
3027:29674591
2978:24898370
2720:38036582
2711:10689496
2659:31467217
2511:Gleaning
2371:Fuegians
2202:Selk'nam
2186:Negritos
2177:See also
2094:knapping
2048:Beringia
2007:Americas
1940:colonial
1897:disputed
1812:Shoshone
1762:et al.'s
1481:hunting
1457:language
1388:and the
1204:harpoons
1129:Beringia
1117:mammoths
826:Planning
477:Informal
462:Dirigist
315:Georgist
310:Feminist
195:a series
193:Part of
164:Iron Age
102:trapping
74:foraging
7565:Complex
7540:Nomadic
7525:Montane
7447:Symbols
7058:pigment
6944:Weaving
6907:Cardium
6902:Pottery
6897:Mirrors
6885:Jewelry
6826:Baskets
6806:culture
6658:Cistern
6464:Pyramid
6406:Weapons
6384:Scraper
6374:Racloir
6334:Cleaver
6322:Chopper
6228:Uniface
6139:Grooves
6129:Hafting
6087:Oldowan
6046:Systems
5997:Cascade
5960:woomera
5950:harpoon
5923:history
5889:Hunting
5869:Pottery
5810:Cooking
5719:Farming
5685:history
5658:Outline
5501:4843228
4615:1266108
4465:Bibcode
4275:2743319
4204:2999363
3840:9448332
3808:Bibcode
3367:24 June
3254:3557037
3005:Bibcode
2997:Science
2969:4071532
2928:mammals
2915:2742734
2866:9 April
2775:Bibcode
2690:Bibcode
2621:Bibcode
2613:Science
2391:Iñupiat
2134:economy
2080:on the
1990:in the
1986:of the
1711:protein
1688:fishing
1680:equator
1628:Iomante
1601:leisure
1493:kinship
1461:kinship
1414:Florida
1394:Chumash
1378:nomadic
1276:there.
1156:forests
1148:hunting
1073:mammoth
868:Sharing
831:In kind
779:Marxist
671:Commons
638:Private
627:Sectors
598:Rhenish
568:Keralan
558:Chinese
532:Virtual
512:Sharing
502:Planned
492:Natural
457:Digital
345:Islamic
305:Fascist
293:Welfare
98:hunting
82:insects
58:forager
7608:Nomads
7560:Feudal
7425:flutes
7220:Dolmen
7144:Burial
6954:winery
6927:Linear
6757:Midden
6735:Cursus
6728:Goseck
6588:Pueblo
6539:Dugout
6524:Burdei
6203:Mining
6027:Lamoka
6022:Folsom
6002:Clovis
5859:Metate
5837:Hearth
5805:Basket
5779:Sickle
5508:
5498:
5456:
5399:
5378:
5354:
5333:
5312:
5291:
5272:
5242:
5221:
5200:
5163:
5129:
5096:
5022:
4983:
4977:279189
4975:
4889:
4866:30 May
4835:
4825:
4777:
4684:
4647:
4622:
4612:
4546:
4505:
4431:
4403:
4354:
4329:
4304:
4281:
4273:
4211:
4201:
4108:
4049:
4027:
4019:
4011:
3838:
3828:
3779:
3696:
3669:
3599:
3565:
3545:676134
3543:
3535:
3473:
3448:6 July
3439:
3401:6 July
3392:
3315:
3260:
3252:
3215:
3174:
3166:
3158:
3078:
3025:
2976:
2966:
2921:
2913:
2905:
2836:
2811:
2718:
2708:
2665:
2657:
2649:
2593:
2569:
2237:Nomads
2126:Dalton
2118:Arctic
2021:, and
1953:Three
1758:et al.
1551:of an
1530:Andean
1410:Calusa
1390:Yokuts
1224:Africa
1191:Middle
1146:, not
1093:Africa
1085:spread
928:Palace
804:Market
799:Barter
643:Public
603:Soviet
588:Nordic
583:German
549:Asian
482:Market
160:Bronze
7342:sites
7286:Mummy
7006:Cairn
6922:JĹŤmon
6873:shoes
6868:Hides
6740:Henge
6694:Broch
6556:Jacal
6411:Wheel
6359:Knife
6305:Canoe
6300:Burin
6278:Blade
6176:flake
6037:Plano
5945:baton
5935:Spear
5901:Arrow
5854:Manos
5707:Tools
5539:vary?
5454:S2CID
5424:(PDF)
5184:Books
5020:S2CID
4981:S2CID
4973:JSTOR
4959:. 1.
4775:S2CID
4682:S2CID
4484:(PDF)
4453:(PDF)
4376:(PDF)
4279:S2CID
4271:JSTOR
4144:(PDF)
4025:S2CID
3831:18762
3777:S2CID
3597:S2CID
3541:JSTOR
3258:S2CID
3250:JSTOR
3172:S2CID
3164:JSTOR
3076:S2CID
2919:S2CID
2911:JSTOR
2773:(4).
2663:S2CID
2386:Inuit
2302:Tribe
2223:Hadza
2130:Plano
2086:Chile
1684:boats
1663:Inuit
1521:track
1314:Olmec
1258:North
1232:Andes
978:World
963:Token
853:Price
593:Dutch
487:Mixed
392:State
320:Green
129:crops
90:honey
86:fungi
62:human
60:is a
42:Pygmy
7435:gudi
7193:Cist
7122:list
6949:Wine
6878:Ă–tzi
6863:Glue
6836:Beds
6804:and
6802:Arts
6673:Well
6529:Cave
6459:Kiva
6389:side
6379:Rope
6327:tool
6261:bone
6251:Adze
6017:Eden
5930:Nets
5800:Fire
5764:Goad
5749:Celt
5534:2018
5506:PMID
5397:ISBN
5376:ISBN
5352:ISBN
5331:ISBN
5310:ISBN
5289:ISBN
5270:ISBN
5240:ISBN
5219:ISBN
5198:ISBN
5161:ISBN
5127:ISBN
5094:ISBN
4887:ISBN
4868:2017
4833:OCLC
4823:ISBN
4802:1998
4645:ISBN
4620:PMID
4592:PNAS
4544:ISBN
4503:ISBN
4429:ISBN
4401:ISBN
4352:ISBN
4327:ISBN
4302:ISBN
4209:PMID
4106:ISBN
4047:ISBN
4017:PMID
4009:ISSN
3836:PMID
3694:ISBN
3667:ISBN
3563:ISBN
3533:ISSN
3496:Aeon
3471:ISBN
3450:2019
3437:ISBN
3403:2019
3390:ISBN
3369:2019
3313:ISBN
3213:ISBN
3156:ISSN
3023:PMID
2974:PMID
2903:ISSN
2868:2018
2834:ISBN
2809:ISBN
2745:2024
2716:PMID
2655:PMID
2647:ISSN
2591:ISBN
2567:ISBN
2546:2022
2307:Clan
2200:The
2138:fish
2128:and
2109:arid
2103:The
2061:and
2000:Pumé
1686:and
1654:Diet
1624:Ainu
1622:The
1578:flux
1567:and
1538:Peru
1497:band
1495:and
1463:and
1320:and
1260:and
1158:and
1067:The
814:Open
809:Free
497:Open
472:Gift
467:Dual
162:and
70:food
23:and
6544:Hut
6479:row
6310:Oar
6268:Axe
6256:Awl
5496:PMC
5488:doi
5444:hdl
5436:doi
5012:doi
4965:doi
4767:doi
4717:hdl
4709:doi
4674:doi
4610:PMC
4600:doi
4596:102
4536:doi
4473:doi
4263:doi
4199:PMC
4191:doi
4156:doi
4001:doi
3910:NPR
3826:PMC
3816:doi
3769:doi
3645:doi
3589:doi
3525:doi
3417:PDF
3242:doi
3148:doi
3105:doi
3068:doi
3013:doi
3001:360
2964:PMC
2956:doi
2952:281
2895:doi
2783:doi
2706:PMC
2698:doi
2637:hdl
2629:doi
2617:365
2204:of
1957:on
1848:by
1702:Fat
1615:".
1536:in
1412:in
1285:San
1193:to
1087:of
178:or
56:or
7599::
5536:.
5524:.
5512:.
5504:.
5494:.
5480:12
5478:.
5472:.
5452:.
5442:.
5432:46
5430:.
5426:.
5147:^
5018:.
5008:12
5006:.
5002:.
4979:.
4971:.
4961:44
4934:.
4857::
4831:.
4800:.
4796:.
4773:.
4763:25
4761:.
4757:.
4715:.
4705:94
4703:.
4680:.
4670:36
4668:.
4618:.
4608:.
4594:.
4590:.
4573:14
4571:.
4567:.
4542:.
4530:.
4526:.
4471:.
4461:34
4459:.
4455:.
4378:.
4277:.
4269:.
4255:29
4253:.
4249:.
4233:;
4229:;
4207:.
4197:.
4187:51
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