1707:
randomized controlled trials are needed in this field to determine the effectiveness of fortification. It is unclear if fortification of breast milk improves outcomes in preterm babies, though it may speed growth. Supplementing human milk with extra protein may increase short-term growth but the longer-term effects on body composition, growth and brain development are uncertain. Higher protein formula (between 3 and 4 grams of protein per kilo of body weight) may be more effective than low protein formula (less than 3 grams per kilo per day) for weight gain in formula-fed low-birth-weight infants. There is insufficient evidence about the effect on preterm babies' growth of supplementing human milk with carbohydrate, fat, and branched-chain amino acids. Conversely, there is some indication that preterm babies who cannot breastfeed may do better if they are fed only with diluted formula compared to full strength formula but the clinical trial evidence remains uncertain.
2480:, brain stem, and various white matter tracts, as well as specific positive associations with the cerebellum and thalamus. Several structural brain alterations have been linked back to cognitive and behavioural outcome measures. For example, total brain tissue volume explained between 20 and 40% of the IQ and educational outcome differences between extremely preterm born adolescents and control adolescents. In another study, a 25% quartile decrease in white matter values in middle temporal gyrus was associated with a 60% increase in the risk of cognitive impairment. Nosarti and colleagues previously hypothesised that maturational patterns in preterm brains were consistent with the age-related stages typically observed in younger subjects. Their most recent study suggests, however, that their trajectory may not only be delayed but also fundamentally distinctive. Since both smaller and larger regional volumes were found in very preterm individuals compared to controls.
1070:
statistically significant relative risks of maternal anemia, intrapartum fever, unknown bleeding, renal disease, placental previa, hydramnios, placenta abruption, and pregnancy-induced hypertension with the absence of prenatal care. All these prenatal risks were controlled for other high-risk conditions, maternal age, gravidity, marital status, and maternal education. The absence of prenatal care prior to and during the pregnancy is primarily a function of socioeconomic factors (low family income and education), access to medical consultations (large distance from the place of residence to the healthcare unit and transportation costs), quality of healthcare, and social support. Efforts to decrease rates of preterm birth should aim to increase the deficits posed by the aforementioned barriers and to increase access to prenatal care.
1756:
approach is meant to mimic conditions of normal bodily functions involved with feeding and allow for a cyclic pattern in the release of gastrointestinal tract hormones to promote development of the gastrointestinal system. In certain cases, continuous nasogastric feeding is sometimes preferred. There is low to very low certainty evidence to suggest that low birth weight babies who receive continuous nasogastic feeding may reach the benchmark of tolerating full enteral feeding later than babies fed intermittently and it is not clear if continuous feeding has any effect on weight gain or the number of interruptions in feedings. Continuous feeding may have little to no effect on length of body growth or head circumference and the effects of continuous feeding on the risk of developing necrotising enterocolitis is not clear.
1825:, monitoring the volume and colour of gastric residuals, the milk and gastrointestinal secretions that remain in the stomach after a set amount of time, is common standard of care practice. Gastric residual often contains gastric acid, hormones, enzymes, and other substances that may help improve digestion and mobility of the gastrointestinal tract. Analysis of gastric residuals may help guide timing of feeds. Increased gastric residual may indicate feeding intolerance or it may be an early sign of necrotizing enterocolitis. Increased gastric residual may be caused by an underdeveloped gastrointestinal system that leads to slower gastric emptying or movement of the milk in the intestinal tract, reduced hormone or enzyme secretions from the gastrointestinal tract, duodenogastric
1854:
they are screened, diagnosed, and receiving intervention for a hearing loss. However, for very premature babies, it might not be possible to complete a hearing screen at one month of age due to several factors. Once the baby is stable, an audiologic evaluation should be performed. For premature babies in the NICU, auditory brainstem response (ABR) testing is recommended. If the infant does not pass the screen, they should be referred for an audiologic evaluation by an audiologist. If the infant is on aminoglycosides such as gentamicin for less than five days they should be monitored and have a follow-up 6–7 months of being discharged from the hospital to ensure there is no late onset hearing loss due to the medication.
2108:
755:
1224:
factors). Reducing physical activity during pregnancy has not been shown to reduce the risk of a preterm birth. Healthy eating can be instituted at any stage of the pregnancy including nutritional adjustments and consuming suggested vitamin supplements. Calcium supplementation in women who have low dietary calcium may reduce the number of negative outcomes including preterm birth, pre-eclampsia, and maternal death. The World Health
Organization (WHO) suggests 1.5–2 g of calcium supplements daily, for pregnant women who have low levels of calcium in their diet. Supplemental intake of C and E vitamins have not been found to reduce preterm birth rates.
1845:) are common in babies born preterm. Hypernatraemia (sodium levels in the serum of more than 145-150 mmol/L) is common early on in preterm babies and the risk of hyponatraemia (sodium levels of less than 135 nmol/L) increases after about a week of birth if left untreated and prevention approaches are not used. Preventing complications associated with sodium imbalances is part of standard of care for preterm infants and includes careful monitoring of water and sodium given to the infant. The optimal sodium dose given immediately after birth (first day) is not clear and further research is needed to understand the idea management approach.
820:
outcomes, even at a time when
Finland provided free maternity care. A study in Quebec of 720,586 births from 1990 to 1997 revealed less risk of preterm birth for infants with legally married mothers compared with those with common-law wed or unwed parents. A study conducted in Malaysia in 2015 showed a similar trend, with marital status being significantly associated with preterm birth. However, the result of a study conducted in the US showed that between 1989 to 2006, marriage became less protective of preterm births which was attributed to the changing social norms and behaviors surrounding marriage.
394:
pre-term and in the United States 12.3% of all births are before 37 weeks gestation. Approximately 0.5% of births are extremely early periviable births (20–25 weeks of gestation), and these account for most of the deaths. In many countries, rates of premature births have increased between the 1990s and 2010s. Complications from preterm births resulted globally in 0.81 million deaths in 2015, down from 1.57 million in 1990. The chance of survival at 22 weeks is about 6%, while at 23 weeks it is 26%, 24 weeks 55% and 25 weeks about 72%. The chances of survival without any long-term difficulties are lower.
1021:
in full-term pregnancies, reduced the risk of infection of the lining of the womb after delivery (endometritis), and rates of gonococcal infection. However, the women without bacterial vaginosis did not have any reduction in preterm births or pre-labor preterm waters breaking. Much of the research included in this review lost participants during follow-up so did not report the long-term effects of the antibiotics on mothers or babies. More research in this area is needed to find the full effects of giving antibiotics throughout the second and third trimesters of pregnancy.
2390:, a drastic drop in the rate of premature births has been reported in many countries, ranging from a 20% reduction to a 90% drop in the starkest cases. Studies in Ireland and Denmark first noticed the phenomenon, and it has been confirmed elsewhere. There is no universally accepted explanation for this drop as of August 2020. Hypotheses include additional rest and support for expectant mothers staying at home, less air pollution due to shutdowns and reduced car fumes, and reduced likelihood of catching other diseases and viruses in general due to the lockdowns.
949:, plus many other adverse outcomes for the mother and baby. This ought not be confused with massage therapy conducted by a fully trained and certified/licensed massage therapist or by significant others trained to provide massage during pregnancy, which—in a study involving pregnant females with prenatal depression—has been shown to have numerous positive results during pregnancy, including the reduction of preterm birth, less depression, lower cortisol, and reduced anxiety. In healthy women, however, no effects have been demonstrated in a controlled study.
1698:(NEC). In the absence of evidence from randomised controlled trials about the effects of feeding preterm infants with formula compared with mother's own breast milk, data collected from other types of studies suggest that mother's own breast milk is likely to have advantages over formula in terms of the baby's growth and development. A recent (2019) large review of evidence suggests that feeding preterm infants with formula rather than donor breast milk is associated with faster rates of growth, but with a near‐doubling of the risk of developing NEC.
1040:. A review into giving antibiotics in pregnancy for asymptomatic bacteriuria (urine infection with no symptoms) found the research was of very low quality but that it did suggest that taking antibiotics reduced the numbers of preterm births and babies with low birth weight. Another review found that one dose of antibiotics did not seem as effective as a course of antibiotics but fewer women reported side effects from one dose. This review recommended that more research is needed to discover the best way of treating asymptomatic bacteriuria.
403:
1563:
1390:
53:
1863:
1678:
feeding, quantity of milk, continuous or intermittent feeding, and managing gastric residuals are all considered by the neonatal care team when optimizing care. The evidence in the form of high quality randomized trials is generally fairly weak in this area, and for this reason different neonatal intensive care units may have different practices and this results in a fairly large variation in practice. The care of preterm infants also varies in different countries and depends on resources that are available.
1160:
1261:, and bacterial vaginosis did not reduce the rate of preterm birth. Routine ultrasound examination of the length of the cervix may identify women at risk of preterm labour and tentative evidence suggests ultrasound measurement of the length of the cervix in those with preterm labor can help adjust management and results in the extension of pregnancy by about four days. Screening for the presence of fibronectin in vaginal secretions is not recommended at this time in women at low risk of preterm birth.
1648:(CPAP) or nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NPPV). For extremely preterm babies (born before 28 weeks' gestation), targeting a higher versus a lower oxygen saturation range makes little or no difference overall to the risk of death or major disability. Babies born before 32 weeks have been shown to have a lower risk of death from bronchopulmonary dysplasia if they have CPAP immediately after being born, compared to receiving either supportive care or assisted ventilation.
2210:(< 2,500 grams), which occurred in 16.5% of births in less developed regions in 2000. It is estimated that one third of these low birth weight deliveries are due to preterm delivery. Weight generally correlates to gestational age; however, infants may be underweight for other reasons than a preterm delivery. Neonates of low birth weight (LBW) have a birth weight of less than 2,500 g (5 lb 8 oz) and are mostly but not exclusively preterm babies as they also include
12989:
16513:
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1735:. The milk volume is usually gradually increased over the following weeks. Research into the ideal timing of enteral feeding and whether delaying enteral feeding or gradually introducing enteral feeds is beneficial at improving growth for preterm infants or low birth weight infants is needed. In addition, the ideal timing of enteral feeds to prevent side effects such as necrotising enterocolitis or mortality in preterm infants who require a packed
1207:
night-shift work and to provide them with time for prenatal visits and paid pregnancy-leave. The EUROPOP study showed that preterm birth is not related to type of employment, but to prolonged work (over 42 hours per week) or prolonged standing (over 6 hours per day). Also, night work has been linked to preterm birth. Health policies that take these findings into account can be expected to reduce the rate of preterm birth. Preconceptional intake of
1113:(fFN) has become an important biomarker—the presence of this glycoprotein in the cervical or vaginal secretions indicates that the border between the chorion and decidua has been disrupted. A positive test indicates an increased risk of preterm birth, and a negative test has a high predictive value. It has been shown that only 1% of women in questionable cases of preterm labor delivered within the next week when the test was negative.
1829:, formula, medications, and/or illness. The clinical decision to discard the gastric residuals (versus re-feeding) is often individualized based on the quantity and quality of the residual. Some experts also suggest replacing the fresh milk or curded milk and bile-stained aspirates, but not replacing haemorrhagic residual. Evidence to support or refute the practice of re-feeding preterm infants with gastric residuals is lacking.
14156:
2067:. Standard intelligence tests showed that 41% of children born between 22 and 25 weeks had moderate or severe learning disabilities when compared to the test scores of a group of similar classmates who were born at full term. It is also shown that higher levels of education were less likely to be obtained with decreasing gestational age at birth. People born prematurely may be more susceptible to developing
14144:
2087:, demonstrate qualitative anomalies of brain structure and grey matter deficits within temporal lobe structures and the cerebellum that persist into adolescence. Throughout life they are more likely to require services provided by physical therapists, occupational therapists, or speech therapists. They are more likely to develop type 1 diabetes (roughly 1.2 times the rate) and type 2 diabetes (1.5 times).
1813:") who are critically ill and cannot tolerate milk, there is some weak evidence that the infant may benefit from including amino acids and fats in the intravenous nutrition at a later time point (72 hours or longer from hospital admission) versus early (less than 72 hours from admission to hospital), however further research is required to understand the ideal timing of starting intravenous nutrition.
433:. Also, vaginal bleeding in the third trimester, heavy pressure in the pelvis, or abdominal or back pain could be indicators that a preterm birth is about to occur. A watery discharge from the vagina may indicate premature rupture of the membranes that surround the baby. While the rupture of the membranes may not be followed by labor, usually delivery is indicated as infection (
1356:—relax the uterine musculature, maintain cervical length, and possess anti-inflammatory properties; all of which invoke physiological and anatomical changes considered to be beneficial in reducing preterm birth. Two meta-analyses demonstrated a reduction in the risk of preterm birth in women with recurrent preterm birth by 40–55%.
2270:, Texas, U.S., became the youngest premature baby in the world. She was born at 21 weeks 4 days and weighed 410 grams (less than a pound). Kaashif Ahmad resuscitated the baby after she was born. As of November 2018, Lyla was attending preschool. She had a slight delay in speech, but no other known medical issues or disabilities.
816:
been a big factor into why
Filipinos have a high risk of premature birth as the Filipinos have a large prevalence of mutations that help them be predisposed to premature births. An intra- and transgenerational increase in the risk of preterm delivery has been demonstrated. No single gene has been identified.
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Preterm birth is a significant cost factor in healthcare, not even considering the expenses of long-term care for individuals with disabilities due to preterm birth. A 2003 study in the U.S. determined neonatal costs to be $ 224,400 for a newborn at 500–700 g versus $ 1,000 at over 3,000 g. The costs
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Meeting the appropriate nutritional needs of preterm infants is important for long-term health. Optimal care may require a balance of meeting nutritional needs and preventing complications related to feeding. The ideal growth rate is not known, however, preterm infants usually require a higher energy
1336:
While antibiotics can get rid of bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy, this does not appear to change the risk of preterm birth. It has been suggested that chronic chorioamnionitis is not sufficiently treated by antibiotics alone (and therefore they cannot ameliorate the need for preterm delivery in this
1235:
has also been shown to reduce the risk. The use of personal at home uterine monitoring devices to detect contractions and possible preterm births in women at higher risk of having a preterm baby have been suggested. These home monitors may not reduce the number of preterm births, however, using these
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A different review found that preterm births happened less for pregnant women who had routine testing for low genital tract infections than for women who only had testing when they showed symptoms of low genital tract infections. The women being routinely tested also gave birth to fewer babies with a
2054:
As survival has improved, the focus of interventions directed at the newborn has shifted to reduce long-term disabilities, particularly those related to brain injury. Some of the complications related to prematurity may not be apparent until years after the birth. A long-term study demonstrated that
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For infants who would benefit from intermittent bolus feeding, some infants may be fed using the "push feed" method using a syringe to gently push the milk or formula into the stomach of the infant. Others may be fed using a gravity feeding system where the syringe is attached directly to a tube and
1722:. Fortifier derived from humans is available, however, the evidence from clinical trials is uncertain and it is not clear if there are any differences between human-derived fortifier and bovine-derived fortifier in terms of neonatal weight gain, feeding intolerance, infections, or the risk of death.
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including infection, and may reduce the length of time the infant requires specialized care in the hospital. Different strategies can be used to optimize feeding for preterm infants. The type of milk/formula and fortifiers, route of administration (by mouth, tube feeding, venous catheter), timing of
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is a surgical intervention that places a suture around the cervix to prevent its shortening and widening. Numerous studies have been performed to assess the value of cervical cerclage and the procedure appears helpful primarily for women with a short cervix and a history of preterm birth. Instead of
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Technologies under research and development to facilitate earlier diagnosis of preterm births include sanitary pads that identify biomarkers such as fFN and PAMG-1 and others, when placed into the vagina. These devices then calculate a risk of preterm birth and send the findings to a smartphone. The
1020:
A review into prophylactic antibiotics (given to prevent infection) in the second and third trimester of pregnancy (13–42 weeks of pregnancy) found a reduction in the number of preterm births in women with bacterial vaginosis. These antibiotics also reduced the number of waters breaking before labor
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As the condition is more prevalent in black women in the U.S. and the UK, it has been suggested to be an explanation for the higher rate of preterm birth in these populations. It is opined that bacterial vaginosis before or during pregnancy may affect the decidual inflammatory response that leads to
2467:
on average. The cause of these inconsistencies are unknown. Additionally, reductions in cortical surface area/cortical thickness were found in the temporal lobes bilaterally and in left frontal and parietal areas. Thicker cortex was found bilaterally in the medial inferior and anterior parts of the
2410:
of prematurity". The number of preterms that receive special education is doubled compared to the general population. School marks are lower and so are verbal learning, executive function, language skills, and memory performance scores, as well as IQ scores. Behaviourally, adolescents who were born
2300:
The record for the smallest premature baby to survive was held for a considerable amount of time by
Madeline Mann, who was born in 1989 at 26 weeks, weighing 280.0 g (9.875 oz) and measuring 24 cm (9.5 in) long. This record was broken in September 2004 by Rumaisa Rahman, who was
1784:
feeds of fortified or non-fortified human breast milk or formula may improve weight gain while the pre-term infant is hospitalized, however, there is insufficient evidence to determine if this approach improves growth of the neonate and other clinical outcomes including length of hospital stay. The
1755:
For infants who weigh less than 1500 grams, tube feeding is usually necessary. Most often, neonatal specialists feed preterm babies intermittently with a prescribed amount of milk over a short period of time. For example, a feed could last 10–20 minutes and be given every 3 hours. This intermittent
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may lead to difficulties in meeting this high nutritional demand and many preterm infants have nutritional deficits that may result in growth restrictions. In addition, very small preterm infants cannot coordinate sucking, swallowing, and breathing. Tolerating a full enteral feeding (the prescribed
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In cases where premature birth is imminent, a second "rescue" course of steroids may be administered 12 to 24 hours before the anticipated birth. There are still some concerns about the efficacy and side effects of a second course of steroids, but the consequences of RDS are so severe that a second
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Historically efforts have been primarily aimed to improve survival and health of preterm infants (tertiary intervention). Such efforts, however, have not reduced the incidence of preterm birth. Increasingly primary interventions that are directed at all women, and secondary intervention that reduce
785:
does not directly lead to preterm birth; however, it is associated with diabetes and hypertension which are risk factors by themselves. To some degree those individuals may have underlying conditions (i.e., uterine malformation, hypertension, diabetes) that persist. Couples who have tried more than
2050:
Some children will adjust well during childhood and adolescence, although disability is more likely nearer the limits of viability. A large study followed children born between 22 and 25 weeks until the age of 6 years old. Of these children, 46% had moderate to severe disabilities such as cerebral
1853:
The Joint
Committee on Infant Hearing (JCIH) state that for preterm infants who are in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) for a prolonged time should have a diagnostic audiologic evaluation before they are discharged from the hospital. Well babies follow a 1-2-3-month benchmark timeline where
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milk feeds in infants born with very low birth weight may lead to better short-term weight gain and growth but the evidence is uncertain for longer term outcomes and for the risk of serious illness and death. This includes targeted fortification (adjusting the level of nutrients in response to the
1223:
Self-care methods to reduce the risk of preterm birth include proper nutrition, avoiding stress, seeking appropriate medical care, avoiding infections, and the control of preterm birth risk factors (e.g. working long hours while standing on feet, carbon monoxide exposure, domestic abuse, and other
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being the eighth-highest ranking in the world for preterm births, the only non-African country in the top 10. This discrepancy is not seen in comparison to other Asian groups or
Hispanic immigrants and remains unexplained. Genetic make-up is a factor in the causality of preterm birth. Genetics has
393:
Preterm birth is the most common cause of death among infants worldwide. About 15 million babies are preterm each year (5% to 18% of all deliveries). Late preterm birth accounts for 75% of all preterm births. This rate is inconsistent across countries. In the United
Kingdom 7.9% of babies are born
2046:
The chance of survival at 22 weeks is about 6%, while at 23 weeks it is 26%, 24 weeks 55% and 25 weeks about 72% as of 2016. With extensive treatment up to 30% of those who survive birth at 22 weeks survive longer term as of 2019. The chances of survival without long-term difficulties is less. Of
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Regarding the timing of starting fortified milk, preterm infants are often started on fortified milk/formula once they are fed 100 mL/kg of their body weight. Other some neonatal specialists feel that starting to feed a preterm infant fortified milk earlier is beneficial to improve intake of
1401:
and ultrasonography improves the diagnostic accuracy and reduces false-positive diagnosis. While treatments to arrest early labor where there is progressive cervical dilatation and effacement will not be effective to gain sufficient time to allow the fetus to grow and mature further, it may defer
1206:
Adoption of specific professional policies can immediately reduce risk of preterm birth as the experience in assisted reproduction has shown when the number of embryos during embryo transfer was limited. Many countries have established specific programs to protect pregnant women from hazardous or
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There is believed to be a maternal genetic component in preterm birth. Estimated heritability of timing-of-birth in women was 34%. However, the occurrence of preterm birth in families does not follow a clear inheritance pattern, thus supporting the idea that preterm birth is a non-Mendelian trait
819:
Marital status has long been associated with risks for preterm birth. A 2005 study of 25,373 pregnancies in
Finland revealed that unmarried mothers had more preterm deliveries than married mothers (P=0.001). Pregnancy outside of marriage was associated overall with a 20% increase in total adverse
1460:
A Cochrane review from 2020 recommends the use of a single course of antenatal corticosteroids to accelerate fetal lung maturation in women at risk of preterm birth. Treatment with antenatal corticosteroids reduces the risk of perinatal death, neonatal death and respiratory distress syndrome and
1327:
is based on the observation that populations who have a high intake of such agents are at low risk for preterm birth, presumably as these agents inhibit production of proinflammatory cytokines. A randomized trial showed a significant decline in preterm birth rates, and further studies are in the
1248:
Screening for asymptomatic bacteriuria followed by appropriate treatment reduces pyelonephritis and reduces the risk of preterm birth. Extensive studies have been carried out to determine if other forms of screening in low-risk women followed by appropriate intervention are beneficial, including
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of 37 complete weeks. In the normal human fetus, several organ systems mature between 34 and 37 weeks, and the fetus reaches adequate maturity by the end of this period. One of the main organs greatly affected by premature birth is the lungs. The lungs are one of the last organs to mature in the
805:
women have preterm birth rates of 15–18%, more than double than that of the white population. Many Black women have higher preterm birth rates due to multiple factors but the most common is high amounts of chronic stress, which can eventually lead to premature birth. Adult chronic disease is not
2090:
Despite the neurosensory, mental and educational problems studied in school age and adolescent children born extremely preterm, the majority of preterm survivors born during the early years of neonatal intensive care are found to do well and to live fairly normal lives in young adulthood. Young
461:
The exact cause of spontaneous preterm birth is difficult to determine and it may be caused by many different factors at the same time as labor is a complex process. The research available is limited with regard to the cervix and therefore is limited in discerning what is or is not normal. Four
1706:
Breast milk or formula alone may not be sufficient to meet the nutritional needs of some preterm infants. Fortification of breast milk or formula by adding extra nutrients is an approach often taken for feeding preterm infants, with the goal of meeting the high nutritional demand. High quality
1730:
For very preterm infants, most neonatal care centres start milk feeds gradually, rather than starting with a full enteral feeding right away, however, is not clear if starting full enteral feeding early effects the risk of necrotising enterocolitis. In these cases, the preterm infant would be
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When membranes rupture prematurely, obstetrical management looks for development of labor and signs of infection. Prophylactic antibiotic administration has been shown to prolong pregnancy and reduced neonatal morbidity with rupture of membranes at less than 34 weeks. Because of concern about
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Concerns about adverse effects of prenatal corticosteroids include increased risk for maternal infection, difficulty with diabetic control, and possible long-term effects on neurodevelopmental outcomes for the infants. There is ongoing discussion about when steroids should be given (i.e. only
1197:
are effective in decreasing preterm births. Different strategies are used in the administration of prenatal care, and future studies need to determine if the focus can be on screening for high-risk women, or widened support for low-risk women, or to what degree these approaches can be merged.
1359:
Progestogen supplementation also reduces the frequency of preterm birth in pregnancies where there is a short cervix. A short cervix is one that is less than 25mm, as detected during a transvaginal cervical length assessment in the midtrimester. However, progestogens are not effective in all
1269:
Women are identified to be at increased risk for preterm birth on the basis of their past obstetrical history or the presence of known risk factors. Preconception intervention can be helpful in selected patients in a number of ways. Patients with certain uterine anomalies may have a surgical
1759:
Since preterm infants with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease do not have a fully developed antireflux mechanism, deciding on the most effective approach for nutrition is important. It is not clear if continuous bolus intragastric tube feeding is more effective compared to intermittent bolus
1525:
rarely delays delivery beyond 24–48 hours. This delay, however, may be sufficient to allow the pregnant woman to be transferred to a center specialized for management of preterm deliveries and give administered corticosteroids to reduce neonatal organ immaturity. Meta-analyses indicate that
1322:
Reduction in activity by the mother—pelvic rest, limited work, bed rest—may be recommended although there is no evidence it is useful with some concerns it is harmful. Increasing medical care by more frequent visits and more education has not been shown to reduce preterm birth rates. Use of
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Nikolova T, Bayev O, Nikolova N, Di Renzo GC. Comparison of a novel test for placental alpha microglobulin-1 with fetal fibronectin and cervical length measurement for the prediction of imminent spontaneous preterm delivery in patients with threatened preterm labor. J Perinat Med. 2015 Jan
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Air pollution: Living in an area with a high concentration of air pollution is a major risk factor for preterm labor, including living near major roadways or highways where vehicle emissions are high from traffic congestion or are a route for diesel trucks that tend to emit more pollution.
2301:
born in the same hospital, Loyola
University Medical Center in Maywood, Illinois. at 25 weeks' gestation. At birth, she was 20 cm (8 in) long and weighed 261 g (9.2 oz). Her twin sister was also a small baby, weighing 563 g (1 lb 3.9 oz) at birth. During
1069:
The absence of prenatal care has been associated with higher rates of preterm births. Analysis of 15,627,407 live births in the United States in 1995–1998 concluded that the absence of prenatal care carried a 2.9 (95%CI 2.8, 3.0) times higher risk of preterm births. This same study found
1955:, the latter affecting 25% of babies born preterm, usually before 32 weeks of pregnancy. Mild brain bleeds usually leave no or few lasting complications, but severe bleeds often result in brain damage or even death. Neurodevelopmental problems have been linked to lack of maternal
1747:
nutrients. The risks of feeding intolerance and necrotising enterocolitis related to early versus later fortification of human milk are not clear. Once the infant is able to go home from the hospital there is limited evidence to support prescribing a preterm (fortified) formula.
482:
have been suggested as an approach to identify those at higher risk, however, there is no strong research in this area so it is unclear whether the use of risk scoring systems for identifying mothers would prolong pregnancy and reduce the numbers of preterm births or not.
2347:
Richard
Hutchinson was born at Children's Hospitals and Clinics of Minnesota in Minneapolis, Minnesota, on June 5, 2020, at 21 weeks 2 days gestation. At birth he weighed 340 g (12 oz). He remained hospitalized until November 2020, when he was then discharged.
1180:. Therefore, a significant overlap exists between preterm birth and prematurity. Generally, preterm babies are premature and term babies are mature. Preterm babies born near 37 weeks often have no problems relating to prematurity if their lungs have developed adequate
1402:
delivery sufficiently to allow the mother to be brought to a specialized center that is equipped and staffed to handle preterm deliveries. In a hospital setting women are hydrated via intravenous infusion (as dehydration can lead to premature uterine contractions).
1098:, the test for PAMG-1 (commercially known as the PartoSure test) has been reported to be the single best predictor of imminent spontaneous delivery within 7 days of a patient presenting with signs, symptoms, or complaints of preterm labor. Specifically, the PPV, or
2227:
About 75% of nearly a million deaths due to preterm delivery would survive if provided warmth, breastfeeding, treatments for infection, and breathing support. Complications from preterm births resulted in 740,000 deaths in 2013, down from 1.57 million in 1990.
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fertilization) rather than the date of her mother's last menstrual period, making her appear 2 weeks younger than if gestation was calculated by the more common method. At birth, she was 23 cm (9 in) long and weighed 280 g (10 oz). She had
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1888:
and other causes of neonatal death have been markedly reduced, prematurity is the leading cause of neonatal mortality at 25%. Prematurely born infants are also at greater risk for having subsequent serious chronic health problems as discussed below.
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antenatally or postnatally too) and for how long (i.e. single course or repeated administration). Despite these unknowns, there is a consensus that the benefits of a single course of prenatal glucocorticosteroids vastly outweigh the potential risks.
3327:
Ecker JL, Kaimal A, Mercer BM, Blackwell SC, deRegnier RA, Farrell RM, et al. (American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists; Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine) (October 2017). "Obstetric Care consensus No. 6: Periviable Birth".
2313:. The larger twin left the hospital at the end of December, while the smaller remained there until 10 February 2005 by which time her weight had increased to 1.18 kg (2 lb 10 oz). Generally healthy, the twins had to undergo
1900:. As NICU care has improved over the last 40 years, the limit of viability has reduced to approximately 24 weeks. Most newborns who die, and 40% of older infants who die, were born between 20 and 25.9 weeks (gestational age), during the
810:
are also at high risk of premature birth, and it is believed that nearly 11–15% of Filipinos born in the U.S. (compared to other Asians at 7.6% and whites at 7.8%) are premature. Filipinos being a big risk factor is evidenced with the
1240:. Support from medical professionals, friends, and family during pregnancy may be beneficial at reducing caesarean birth and may reduce prenatal hospital admissions, however, these social supports alone may not prevent preterm birth.
2418:
studies found consistent reductions in whole brain volume. The extensive list of particular regions with smaller volumes compared to controls includes many cortical areas (temporal, frontal, parietal, occipital and cingulate), the
362:. It is estimated that at least 75% of preterm infants would survive with appropriate treatment, and the survival rate is highest among the infants born the latest in gestation. In women who might deliver between 24 and 37 weeks,
3126:
10929:
Böhm B, Katz-Salamon M, Institute K, Smedler AC, Lagercrantz H, Forssberg H (August 2002). "Developmental risks and protective factors for influencing cognitive outcome at 5 1/2 years of age in very-low-birthweight children".
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enclosed in plastic with climate control equipment designed to keep them warm and limit their exposure to germs. Modern neonatal intensive care involves sophisticated measurement of temperature, respiration, cardiac function,
1360:
populations, as a study involving twin gestations failed to see any benefit. Despite extensive research related to progestogen effectiveness, uncertainties remain concerning types of progesterone and routes of administration.
1184:, which allows the lungs to remain expanded between breaths. Sequelae of prematurity can be reduced to a small extent by using drugs to accelerate maturation of the fetus, and to a greater extent by preventing preterm birth.
1009:
can be a serious risk factor for preterm labor; several previous studies failed to acknowledge the difference between aerobic vaginitis and bacterial vaginosis, which may explain some of the contradiction in the results.
8949:
Meta-analyses of 4 randomized clinical trials performed over the period 1983 to 2005 support the conclusion that feeding preterm infants human milk is associated with a significant reduction (58%) in the incidence of
2198:
Preterm birth complicates 5–18% of births worldwide. In Europe and many developed countries the preterm birth rate is generally 5–9%, while in the U.S. from 2007 to 2022 the rate fluctuated from 9.6 to 10.5 per cent.
2263:, Ontario, Canada) was the earliest premature baby in the world, until that record was broken in 2004. He was 128 days premature, 21 weeks 5 days gestation, and weighed 624 g (1 lb 6 oz). He survived.
16552:
2451:. Brain volume reduction seems to be present throughout the whole brain. In contrast, larger volumes were found in some of the same areas including medial/anterior frontal, parietal and temporal cortex, cerebellum,
1425:, also called hyaline membrane disease, in the neonate. To try to reduce the risk of this outcome, pregnant mothers with threatened premature delivery prior to 34 weeks are often administered at least one course of
370:, may delay delivery so that a mother can be moved to where more medical care is available and the corticosteroids have a greater chance to work. Once the baby is born, care includes keeping the baby warm through
1051:
has been shown repeatedly to be linked to preterm birth. In contrast, viral infections, unless accompanied by a significant febrile response, are considered not to be a major factor in relation to preterm birth.
15821:
12874:
12855:
858:
Certain medical conditions in the pregnant mother may also increase the risk of preterm birth. Some women have anatomical problems that prevent the baby from being carried to term. These include a weak or short
473:
Identifying women at high risk of giving birth early would enable the health services to provide specialized care for these women and their babies, for example a hospital with a special care baby unit such as a
2094:
Beyond the neurodevelopmental consequences of prematurity, infants born preterm have a greater risk for many other health problems. For instance, children born prematurely have an increased risk for developing
6700:
Johnston M, Landers S, Noble L, Szucs K, Viehmann L, et al. (Section on Breastfeeding) (August 2021). "Prediction and Prevention of Spontaneous Preterm Birth: ACOG Practice Bulletin Summary, Number 234".
3645:
Vintzileos AM, Ananth CV, Smulian JC, Scorza WE, Knuppel RA (November 2002). "The impact of prenatal care in the United States on preterm births in the presence and absence of antenatal high-risk conditions".
2051:
palsy, vision or hearing loss and learning disabilities, 34% had mild disabilities, and 20% had no disabilities; 12% had disabling cerebral palsy. Up to 15% of premature infants have significant hearing loss.
7424:
Mackenzie R, Walker M, Armson A, Hannah ME (May 2006). "Progesterone for the prevention of preterm birth among women at increased risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials".
13998:
2328:
announced that a baby nicknamed "Saybie" had been discharged almost five months after being born at 23 weeks' gestation and weighing 244 g (8.6 oz). Saybie was confirmed by Dr. Edward Bell of the
2250:
found that the 550,000 premature babies born each year in the U.S. run up about $ 26 billion in annual costs, mostly related to care in neonatal intensive care units, but the real tab may top $ 50 billion.
1660:
intake compared to babies who are born at term. The recommended amount of milk is often prescribed based on approximated nutritional requirements of a similar aged fetus who is not compromised. An immature
256:, as opposed to full-term delivery at approximately 40 weeks. Extreme preterm is less than 28 weeks, very early preterm birth is between 28 and 32 weeks, early preterm birth occurs between 32 and 34 weeks,
7089:
4464:
2778:"Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015"
1923:
Preterm infants usually show physical signs of prematurity in reverse proportion to the gestational age. As a result, they are at risk for numerous medical problems affecting different organ systems.
4044:
Berlac, Janne Foss; Hartwell, Dorthe; Skovlund, Charlotte Wessel; Langhoff-Roos, Jens; Lidegaard, Øjvind (June 2017). "Endometriosis increases the risk of obstetrical and neonatal complications".
16545:
7508:"Vaginal progesterone decreases preterm birth ≤ 34 weeks of gestation in women with a singleton pregnancy and a short cervix: an updated meta-analysis including data from the OPPTIMUM study"
3368:"Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013"
2047:
those who survive following birth at 22 weeks 33% have severe disabilities. In the developed world, overall survival is about 90% while in low-income countries survival rates are about 10%.
1768:
the milk or formula drips into the infant's stomach. It is not clear from medical studies which approach to intermittent bolus feeding is more effective or reduces adverse effects such as
15814:
781:
Studies on type of work and physical activity have given conflicting results, but it is opined that stressful conditions, hard labor, and long hours are probably linked to preterm birth.
3118:
10463:
7013:
Romero R, Oyarzun E, Mazor M, Sirtori M, Hobbins JC, Bracken M (April 1989). "Meta-analysis of the relationship between asymptomatic bacteriuria and preterm delivery/low birth weight".
441:
and mother. In some cases, the cervix dilates prematurely without pain or perceived contractions, so that the mother may not have warning signs until very late in the birthing process.
4442:
863:(the strongest predictor of premature birth). Women with vaginal bleeding during pregnancy are at higher risk for preterm birth. While bleeding in the third trimester may be a sign of
1739:
is not clear. Potential disadvantages of a more gradual approach to feeding preterm infants associated with less milk in the gut and include slower GI tract secretion of hormones and
1044:
low birth weight. Even though these results look promising, the review was only based on one study so more research is needed into routine screening for low genital tract infections.
966:
Infectious microorganisms can be ascending, hematogenous, iatrogenic by a procedure, or retrograde through the fallopian tubes. From the deciduae they may reach the space between the
6471:
Been JV, Nurmatov UB, Cox B, Nawrot TS, van Schayck CP, Sheikh A (May 2014). "Effect of smoke-free legislation on perinatal and child health: a systematic review and meta-analysis".
16538:
5906:
Lee SE, Park JS, Norwitz ER, Kim KW, Park HS, Jun JK (March 2007). "Measurement of placental alpha-microglobulin-1 in cervicovaginal discharge to diagnose rupture of membranes".
15807:
6074:
Sukchaya K, Phupong V (August 2013). "A comparative study of positive rate of placental α-microglobulin-1 test in pre-term pregnant women with and without uterine contraction".
2658:
Saccone G, Berghella V, Sarno L, Maruotti GM, Cetin I, Greco L, et al. (February 2016). "Celiac disease and obstetric complications: a systematic review and metaanalysis".
1211:
is recommended to reduce birth defects. There is also some evidence that folic acid supplement preconceptionally (before becoming pregnant) may reduce premature birth. Reducing
12519:
Walther FJ, den Ouden AL, Verloove-Vanhorick SP (September 2000). "Looking back in time: outcome of a national cohort of very preterm infants born in The Netherlands in 1983".
871:—conditions that occur frequently preterm—even earlier bleeding that is not caused by these conditions is linked to a higher preterm birth rate. Women with abnormal amounts of
16518:
7641:
Berghella V, Odibo AO, To MS, Rust OA, Althuisius SM (July 2005). "Cerclage for short cervix on ultrasonography: meta-analysis of trials using individual patient-level data".
1086:
has been the subject of several investigations evaluating its ability to predict imminent spontaneous preterm birth in women with signs, symptoms, or complaints suggestive of
12055:
Tanskanen P, Valkama M, Haapea M, Barnes A, Ridler K, Miettunen J, et al. (January 2011). "Is prematurity associated with adult cognitive outcome and brain structure?".
1457:
review (updated in 2022) supports the use of repeat dose(s) of prenatal corticosteroids for women still at risk of preterm birth seven days or more after an initial course.
8042:
Kenyon SL, Taylor DJ, Tarnow-Mordi W (March 2001). "Broad-spectrum antibiotics for spontaneous preterm labour: the ORACLE II randomised trial. ORACLE Collaborative Group".
11442:
4836:"Prediction of patient-specific risk of early preterm delivery using maternal history and sonographic measurement of cervical length: a population-based prospective study"
6563:
Pompeii LA, Savitz DA, Evenson KR, Rogers B, McMahon M (December 2005). "Physical exertion at work and the risk of preterm delivery and small-for-gestational-age birth".
1310:, vitamin C and E, and calcium to reduce preeclampsia demonstrated some reduction in preterm birth only when low-dose aspirin was used. Even if agents such as calcium or
6117:
Nikolova T, Bayev O, Nikolova N, Di Renzo GC (July 2014). "Evaluation of a novel placental alpha microglobulin-1 (PAMG-1) test to predict spontaneous preterm delivery".
5773:
Kistka ZA, DeFranco EA, Ligthart L, Willemsen G, Plunkett J, Muglia LJ, Boomsma DI (July 2008). "Heritability of parturition timing: an extended twin design analysis".
4742:
Bánhidy F, Acs N, Puhó EH, Czeizel AE (2007). "Pregnancy complications and birth outcomes of pregnant women with urinary tract infections and related drug treatments".
3774:
Shah PS, Balkhair T, Ohlsson A, Beyene J, Scott F, Frick C (February 2011). "Intention to become pregnant and low birth weight and preterm birth: a systematic review".
462:
different pathways have been identified that can result in preterm birth and have considerable evidence: precocious fetal endocrine activation, uterine overdistension (
5751:
5126:
Dolan SM, Gross SJ, Merkatz IR, Faber V, Sullivan LM, Malone FD, et al. (August 2007). "The contribution of birth defects to preterm birth and low birth weight".
4214:
Bhattacharya S, Amalraj Raja E, Ruiz Mirazo E, Campbell DM, Lee AJ, Norman JE, Bhattacharya S (June 2010). "Inherited predisposition to spontaneous preterm delivery".
6428:
Iams JD, Romero R, Culhane JF, Goldenberg RL (January 2008). "Primary, secondary, and tertiary interventions to reduce the morbidity and mortality of preterm birth".
1381:
a prophylactic cerclage, women at risk can be monitored during pregnancy by sonography, and when shortening of the cervix is observed, the cerclage can be performed.
12554:
Zwicker JG, Harris SR (February 2008). "Quality of life of formerly preterm and very low birth weight infants from preschool age to adulthood: a systematic review".
3191:
Trilla CC, Medina MC, Ginovart G, Betancourt J, Armengol JA, Calaf J (August 2014). "Maternal risk factors and obstetric complications in late preterm prematurity".
1236:
devices may increase the number of unplanned antenatal visits and may reduce the number of babies admitted to special care when compared with women receiving normal
12695:
Skranes J, Løhaugen GC, Martinussen M, Håberg A, Brubakk AM, Dale AM (September 2013). "Cortical surface area and IQ in very-low-birth-weight (VLBW) young adults".
1595:. After delivery, plastic wraps or warm mattresses are useful to keep the infant warm on their way to the NICU. Treatments may include fluids and nutrition through
1274:), and those with certain medical problems can be helped by optimizing medical therapies prior to conception, be it for asthma, diabetes, hypertension, and others.
14003:
10061:
Joint Committee on Infant Hearing (October 2007). "Year 2007 position statement: Principles and guidelines for early hearing detection and intervention programs".
2091:
adults born preterm seem to acknowledge that they have more health problems than their peers, yet feel the same degree of satisfaction with their quality of life.
10743:
10276:
Boland RA, Davis PG, Dawson JA, Doyle LW (March 2017). "Outcomes of infants born at 22-27 weeks' gestation in Victoria according to outborn/inborn birth status".
1134:
in women at risk for premature delivery. A short cervix preterm is undesirable: A cervical length of less than 25 mm (0.98 in) at or before 24 weeks of
11202:
5998:
Lee SM, Yoon BH, Park CW, Kim SM, Park JW (2011). "Intra-amniotic inflammation in patients with a positive Amnisure test in preterm labor and intact membranes".
828:
Medications during pregnancy, living conditions, air pollution, smoking, illicit drugs or alcohol, infection, or physical trauma may also cause a preterm birth.
798:
confers a greater risk of preterm birth than spontaneous conceptions after more than one year of trying, with an adjusted odds ratio of 1.55 (95% CI 1.30–1.85).
7093:
6170:
Lu GC, Goldenberg RL, Cliver SP, Kreaden US, Andrews WW (February 2001). "Vaginal fetal fibronectin levels and spontaneous preterm birth in symptomatic women".
2716:
2355:
hospital at 21 weeks 1 day, and weighed 420 g (15 oz). He was discharged in April 2021. As of March 2023, he is the current world record holder.
4468:
3607:
Van Os M, Van Der Ven J, Kazemier B, Haak M, Pajkrt E, Mol BW, De Groot C (2013). "Individualizing the risk for preterm birth: An overview of the literature".
1644:
In terms of respiratory support, there may be little or no difference in the risk of death or chronic lung disease between high flow nasal cannulae (HFNC) and
1433:
that crosses the placental barrier and stimulates the production of surfactant in the lungs of the baby. Steroid use up to 37 weeks is also recommended by the
2920:
2633:
2277:, Florida, U.S., at 21 weeks and 6 days' gestation. This report has created some confusion as her gestation was measured from the date of conception (through
2542:
10319:
Chen F, Bajwa NM, Rimensberger PC, Posfay-Barbe KM, Pfister RE (September 2016). "Thirteen-year mortality and morbidity in preterm infants in Switzerland".
7941:
5712:
Jeffcoat MK, Geurs NC, Reddy MS, Cliver SP, Goldenberg RL, Hauth JC (July 2001). "Periodontal infection and preterm birth: results of a prospective study".
3042:
2751:
16072:
11699:
4283:
1434:
407:
1607:
support, and medications. In developing countries where advanced equipment and even electricity may not be available or reliable, simple measures such as
10017:
Diller, Natasha; Osborn, David A; Birch, Pita (12 October 2023). Cochrane Neonatal Group (ed.). "Higher versus lower sodium intake for preterm infants".
945:
Physical trauma may case a preterm birth. The Nigerian cultural method of abdominal massage has been shown to result in 19% preterm birth among women in
7592:"Evaluating progestogens for prevention of preterm birth international collaborative (EPPPIC) individual participant data (IPD) meta-analysis: protocol"
11030:
Li S, Zhang M, Tian H, Liu Z, Yin X, Xi B (October 2014). "Preterm birth and risk of type 1 and type 2 diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis".
1193:
existing risks are looked upon as measures that need to be developed and implemented to prevent the health problems of premature infants and children.
847:
of multiple embryos has been implicated as a risk factor for preterm birth. Often labor has to be induced for medical reasons; such conditions include
4934:"Prevention of spontaneous preterm birth: the role of sonographic cervical length in identifying patients who may benefit from progesterone treatment"
16414:
7915:
4090:
2321:
8012:
Schrag S, Gorwitz R, Fultz-Butts K, Schuchat A (August 2002). "Prevention of perinatal group B streptococcal disease. Revised guidelines from CDC".
4695:"The preterm prediction study: the value of new vs standard risk factors in predicting early and all spontaneous preterm births. NICHD MFMU Network"
1621:
and mortality. Kangaroo mother care (KMC) can decrease the risk of neonatal sepsis, hypothermia, hypoglycemia and increase exclusive breastfeeding.
14194:
11417:
10528:
9850:"Evidence that informs feeding practices in very low birthweight and very preterm infants in sub-Saharan Africa: an overview of systematic reviews"
4079:
2337:
11724:
10965:
10544:
Morgan MA, Goldenberg RL, Schulkin J (February 2008). "Obstetrician-gynecologists' practices regarding preterm birth at the limit of viability".
7912:"The National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Development Program: The Effect of Corticosteroids for Fetal Maturation on Perinatal Outcomes"
3537:
Behrman RE, Butler AS, et al. (Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Understanding Premature Birth and Assuring Healthy Outcomes) (2007).
2827:"Neonatal morbidity associated with late preterm and early term birth: the roles of gestational age and biological determinants of preterm birth"
9752:"Continuous versus bolus intermittent intragastric tube feeding for preterm and low birth weight infants with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease"
7766:"Part 5: Neonatal Resuscitation: 2020 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care"
11780:
11684:
11612:
11580:
7561:
343:
are not recommended before 39 weeks unless required for other medical reasons. There may be certain medical reasons for early delivery such as
3744:
2776:
Wang H, Naghavi M, Allen C, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Carter A, et al. (BD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators) (October 2016).
15427:
10907:
10519:
9155:"Comparison of different protein concentrations of human milk fortifier for promoting growth and neurological development in preterm infants"
4438:
762:
Risk factors in the mother have been identified that are linked to a higher risk of a preterm birth. These include age (either very young or
10237:"Survival and morbidity of preterm children born at 22 through 34 weeks' gestation in France in 2011: results of the EPIPAGE-2 cohort study"
1397:
Tertiary interventions are aimed at women who are about to go into preterm labor, or rupture the membranes or bleed preterm. The use of the
16926:
14814:
12740:"Osteopathic manipulative treatment showed reduction of length of stay and costs in preterm infants: A systematic review and meta-analysis"
12217:
Bjuland KJ, Løhaugen GC, Martinussen M, Skranes J (June 2013). "Cortical thickness and cognition in very-low-birth-weight late teenagers".
8917:
Eidelman, Arthur I.; Schanler, Richard J.; Johnston, Margreete; Landers, Susan; Noble, Larry; Szucs, Kinga; Viehmann, Laura (March 2012).
5187:"Significance of (sub)clinical thyroid dysfunction and thyroid autoimmunity before conception and in early pregnancy: a systematic review"
3366:
Naghavi M, Wang H, Lozano R, Davis A, Liang X, Zhou M, et al. (GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators) (January 2015).
16941:
16931:
15396:
12978:
1871:
11873:
Benders MJ, Kersbergen KJ, de Vries LS (March 2014). "Neuroimaging of white matter injury, intraventricular and cerebellar hemorrhage".
4334:"Why do singletons conceived after assisted reproduction technology have adverse perinatal outcome? Systematic review and meta-analysis"
2411:
very preterm and/or very low birth weight have similar self-reports of quality of life, health status and self-esteem as term controls.
14623:
14054:
2055:
the risks of medical and social disabilities extend into adulthood and are higher with decreasing gestational age at birth and include
1473:
The routine administration of antibiotics to all women with threatened preterm labor reduces the risk of the baby being infected with
11347:
Gilbert WM, Nesbitt TS, Danielsen B (September 2003). "The cost of prematurity: quantification by gestational age and birth weight".
10147:"Short term outcomes after extreme preterm birth in England: comparison of two birth cohorts in 1995 and 2006 (the EPICure studies)"
14113:
11532:
6215:
1911:
controversies over the aggressiveness of the care rendered to such infants. The limit of viability has also become a factor in the
1083:
11833:
10674:
14160:
14036:
9553:"Human milk-derived fortifier versus bovine milk-derived fortifier for prevention of mortality and morbidity in preterm neonates"
8247:"Assessing the neuroprotective benefits for babies of antenatal magnesium sulphate: An individual participant data meta-analysis"
2598:
1944:
778:, unintended pregnancies, untreated or undiagnosed celiac disease, fertility difficulties, heat exposure, and genetic variables.
11754:
11438:
16921:
14074:
10780:
3942:
11492:
11389:
Richard E. Behrman, Adrienne Stith Butler, Editors, Committee on Understanding Premature Birth and Assuring Healthy Outcomes.
1554:
is controversial, and a decision concerning the route and time of delivery probably needs to be made on a case-by-case basis.
16052:
16019:
15592:
15522:
14541:
12468:
van Lunenburg A, van der Pal SM, van Dommelen P, van der Pal-de Bruin KM, Bennebroek Gravenhorst J, Verrips GH (March 2013).
11393:
1534:
does not appear to be useful to prevent preterm birth. Its use before delivery, however, does appear to decrease the risk of
806:
always the case with premature birth in Black women, which makes the main factor of premature birth challenging to identify.
15737:
7938:"The National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Development Program: Antenatal Corticosteroids Revisited: Repeat Courses"
7242:"Randomised clinical trials of fish oil supplementation in high risk pregnancies. Fish Oil Trials In Pregnancy (FOTIP) Team"
6237:
5747:
4490:
Luo ZC, Wilkins R, Kramer MS (June 2004). "Disparities in pregnancy outcomes according to marital and cohabitation status".
3688:"Celiac disease and reproductive disorders: meta-analysis of epidemiologic associations and potential pathogenic mechanisms"
16824:
15097:
14312:
14187:
11643:
9063:
Brown JV, Embleton ND, Harding JE, McGuire W (May 2016). "Multi-nutrient fortification of human milk for preterm infants".
1974:
1422:
1151:
notion that risk scoring systems are accurate in predicting preterm birth has been debated in multiple literature reviews.
8396:"Sustained versus standard inflations during neonatal resuscitation to prevent mortality and improve respiratory outcomes"
15696:
14864:
14568:
14480:
14008:
10981:"Low birthweight and preterm birth in young people with special educational needs: a magnetic resonance imaging analysis"
7557:"A randomized controlled trial of 17-hydroxyprogesterone caproate (17-OHPC) for the prevention of preterm birth in twins"
7369:"Prenatal administration of progesterone for preventing preterm birth in women considered to be at risk of preterm birth"
6657:
Lamont RF, Jaggat AN (March 2007). "Emerging drug therapies for preventing spontaneous preterm labor and preterm birth".
5172:
2352:
1645:
1506:
11325:
4787:"Maternal obesity and diabetes as risk factors for adverse pregnancy outcomes: differences among 4 racial/ethnic groups"
3958:"The Preterm Prediction Study: association between maternal body mass index and spontaneous and indicated preterm birth"
1907:
As risk of brain damage and developmental delay is significant at that threshold even if the infant survives, there are
910:
is the most commonly used drug during pregnancy and contributes significantly to low birth weight delivery. Babies with
16829:
16067:
15562:
14148:
14118:
11194:
10751:
10461:
Mathew TJ, MacDorman MF (2006). "Infant Mortality Statistics from the 2003 Period Linked Birth/Infant Death Data Set".
10369:
Saigal S, Doyle LW (January 2008). "An overview of mortality and sequelae of preterm birth from infancy to adulthood".
7197:
McCall CA, Grimes DA, Lyerly AD (June 2013). ""Therapeutic" bed rest in pregnancy: unethical and unsupported by data".
5025:
10484:"Medical staff guidelines for periviability pregnancy counseling and medical treatment of extremely premature infants"
9501:"Individualized versus standard diet fortification for growth and development in preterm infants receiving human milk"
7733:
Stan CM, Boulvain M, Pfister R, Hirsbrunner-Almagbaly P (November 2013). "Hydration for treatment of preterm labour".
1651:
There is insufficient evidence for or against placing preterm stable twins in the same cot or incubator (co-bedding).
16607:
16470:
16325:
16252:
15947:
15597:
15462:
14013:
13161:
11476:
11151:
Carmody JB, Charlton JR (June 2013). "Short-term gestation, long-term risk: prematurity and chronic kidney disease".
10645:
10235:
Ancel PY, Goffinet F, Kuhn P, Langer B, Matis J, Hernandorena X, et al. (EPIPAGE-2 Writing Group) (March 2015).
8870:"Continuous nasogastric milk feeding versus intermittent bolus milk feeding for preterm infants less than 1500 grams"
3426:
2708:
2468:
frontal lobes and in the occipital lobes. Gestational age was positively correlated with volumes of the temporal and
2340:, Jonathon Whitehill was just 25 weeks' gestation with a weight of 310 g (11 oz). He was hospitalized in a
12470:"Changes in quality of life into adulthood after very preterm birth and/or very low birth weight in the Netherlands"
10693:"Role of late maternal thyroid hormones in cerebral cortex development: an experimental model for human prematurity"
7815:"Repeat doses of prenatal corticosteroids for women at risk of preterm birth for improving neonatal health outcomes"
4168:
Barreca A, Schaller J (2020). "The impact of high ambient temperatures on delivery timing and gestational lengths".
1302:
A number of agents have been studied for the secondary prevention of indicated preterm birth. Trials using low-dose
17150:
17125:
16916:
16497:
15701:
15401:
14926:
13346:
7965:"Antenatal and intrapartum interventions for preventing cerebral palsy: an overview of Cochrane systematic reviews"
2910:
2875:"preemie noun – Definition, pictures, pronunciation and usage notes | Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary at"
2623:
1715:
results of a test on the breast milk) and adjustable fortification (adding nutrients based on testing the infant).
1287:
786:
one year versus those who have tried less than one year before achieving a spontaneous conception have an adjusted
17:
12599:"Segmental brain volumes and cognitive and perceptual correlates in 15-year-old adolescents with low birth weight"
2874:
2532:
17217:
17167:
16735:
16530:
16118:
15856:
15753:
15467:
14247:
14180:
13715:
13538:
13312:
12971:
11554:
9351:"High versus low medium chain triglyceride content of formula for promoting short-term growth of preterm infants"
7937:
5512:"Antibiotic prophylaxis during the second and third trimester to reduce adverse pregnancy outcomes and morbidity"
3032:
2997:
Korten I, Ramsey K, Latzin P (January 2017). "Air pollution during pregnancy and lung development in the child".
2741:
1826:
1790:
1761:
1409:
at birth and is less than 22 to 24 weeks gestational age, attempts at resuscitation are not generally indicated.
12363:
8592:"Effects of targeting lower versus higher arterial oxygen saturations on death or disability in preterm infants"
4286:, Gould JB (October 2017). "'The obesity paradox': a reconsideration of obesity and the risk of preterm birth".
3445:
Jarjour IT (February 2015). "Neurodevelopmental outcome after extreme prematurity: a review of the literature".
15999:
15517:
13001:
11802:
10797:
6321:
Davey, Mary-Ann; Watson, Lyndsey; Rayner, Jo Anne; Rowlands, Shelley (20 January 2010), Davey, Mary-Ann (ed.),
4378:"Worry about racial discrimination: A missing piece of the puzzle of Black-White disparities in preterm birth?"
4376:
Braveman P, Heck K, Egerter S, Dominguez TP, Rinki C, Marchi KS, Curtis M (11 October 2017). Ryckman KK (ed.).
1687:
9602:"Stopping enteral feeds for prevention of transfusion-associated necrotising enterocolitis in preterm infants"
7506:
Romero R, Nicolaides KH, Conde-Agudelo A, O'Brien JM, Cetingoz E, Da Fonseca E, et al. (September 2016).
2107:
1001:
suggesting that the presence of micro-organism alone may be insufficient to initiate the infectious response.
16909:
16201:
15542:
15449:
14951:
14242:
14096:
14064:
13962:
11848:
11294:
9400:"Branched-chain amino acid supplementation for improving growth and development in term and preterm neonates"
5461:"Treatment of vaginal candidiasis for the prevention of preterm birth: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
4535:"Impact of Maternal Marital Status on Birth Outcomes Among Young Malaysian Women: A Prospective Cohort Study"
3037:
2915:
2746:
2712:
2628:
2537:
2333:, which keeps the Tiniest Babies Registry, to be the new smallest surviving premature baby in that registry.
2111:
5282:"Benefits of combining massage therapy with group interpersonal psychotherapy in prenatally depressed women"
986:
of the mother. Fetal infection is linked to preterm birth and to significant long-term disability including
758:
Percentage premature births in England and Wales 2011, by age of mother and whether single or multiple birth
17145:
17068:
16886:
16834:
16485:
16268:
16113:
15547:
15507:
15006:
14425:
14322:
14041:
13957:
13295:
10821:
2341:
2243:
1893:
1571:
1353:
1172:
1135:
475:
410:
253:
104:
16645:
7911:
7092:. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists' Committee on Ethics. September 2017. Archived from
5665:"Antenatal lower genital tract infection screening and treatment programs for preventing preterm delivery"
3148:
Haram K, Mortensen JH, Morrison JC (March 2015). "Tocolysis for acute preterm labor: does anything work".
1636:
Water can be carefully provided to prevent dehydration but not so much to increase risks of side effects.
17135:
17040:
16977:
16281:
15799:
15376:
15187:
15160:
14728:
13570:
13513:
13077:
12362:
Weisglas-Kuperus N, Hille ET, Duivenvoorden HJ, Finken MJ, Wit JM, van Buuren S, et al. (May 2009).
11910:"The encephalopathy of prematurity--brain injury and impaired brain development inextricably intertwined"
8641:"Prophylactic or very early initiation of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for preterm infants"
7117:"Multifetal pregnancy reduction of triplets to twins compared with non-reduced triplets: a meta-analysis"
2063:, disorders of psychological development, behavior, and emotion, disabilities of vision and hearing, and
1952:
1494:
1376:
shortens. Preterm cervical shortening is linked to preterm birth and can be detected by ultrasonography.
1228:
11414:
10525:
9801:"Push versus gravity for intermittent bolus gavage tube feeding of preterm and low birth weight infants"
6323:"Risk scoring systems for predicting preterm birth with the aim of reducing associated adverse outcomes"
6027:"The clinical significance of a positive Amnisure test in women with preterm labor and intact membranes"
4332:
Pinborg A, Wennerholm UB, Romundstad LB, Loft A, Aittomaki K, Söderström-Anttila V, et al. (2012).
4094:
3556:"Risk-scoring systems for predicting preterm birth with the aim of reducing associated adverse outcomes"
16982:
16972:
16863:
16858:
16392:
16191:
16165:
15901:
15847:
15582:
15419:
15177:
15102:
15072:
14420:
14136:
14101:
14091:
13131:
13013:
12964:
10194:
Fellman V, Hellström-Westas L, Norman M, Westgren M, Källén K, Lagercrantz H, et al. (June 2009).
8169:
Li X, Zhang Y, Shi Z (February 2005). "Ritodrine in the treatment of preterm labour: a meta-analysis".
5185:
van den Boogaard E, Vissenberg R, Land JA, van Wely M, van der Post JA, Goddijn M, Bisschop PH (2011).
2496:
2415:
2084:
1978:
1966:
Cardiovascular complications may arise from the failure of the ductus arteriosus to close after birth:
1936:
1736:
1324:
754:
14490:
11732:
9499:
Fabrizio V, Trzaski JM, Brownell EA, Esposito P, Lainwala S, Lussier MM, Hagadorn JI (November 2020).
7339:"Progesterone: Use in the second and third trimester of pregnancy for the prevention of preterm birth"
5951:"The clinical significance of a positive Amnisure test in women with term labor with intact membranes"
1417:
Severely premature infants may have underdeveloped lungs because they are not yet producing their own
17012:
16721:
16717:
16677:
16429:
16419:
16337:
16237:
15632:
15244:
14984:
14908:
14799:
14415:
14282:
13894:
13764:
13722:
13583:
11298:
8443:
Boundy EO, Dastjerdi R, Spiegelman D, Fawzi WW, Missmer SA, Lieberman E, et al. (January 2016).
7864:"Antenatal corticosteroids for accelerating fetal lung maturation for women at risk of preterm birth"
6746:"Calcium supplementation during pregnancy for preventing hypertensive disorders and related problems"
5173:
Effect of smoke-free legislation on perinatal and child health: a systematic review and meta-analysis
3228:"Estimating conception statistics using gestational age information from NHS Numbers for Babies data"
2212:
2203:
2001:
1876:
Preterm births can result in a range of problems including mortality and physical and mental delays.
1695:
1669:
1482:
1349:
1099:
921:
888:
12259:"Contribution of brain size to IQ and educational underperformance in extremely preterm adolescents"
11962:"Grey and white matter distribution in very preterm adolescents mediates neurodevelopmental outcome"
11620:
11590:
11116:
Saigal S (April 2013). "Quality of life of former premature infants during adolescence and beyond".
10979:
Spencer MD, Moorhead TW, Gibson RJ, McIntosh AM, Sussmann JE, Owens DG, et al. (January 2008).
9703:"Nutrient-enriched formula versus standard formula for preterm infants following hospital discharge"
9449:"Dilute versus full-strength formula in exclusively formula-fed preterm or low birth weight infants"
8748:"High versus standard volume enteral feeds to promote growth in preterm or low birth weight infants"
3686:
Tersigni C, Castellani R, de Waure C, Fattorossi A, De Spirito M, Gasbarrini A, et al. (2014).
2224:(ELBW) which is less than 1,000 g. Almost all neonates in these latter two groups are born preterm.
1797:, and sudden oxygen desaturation episodes have not been reported in the trials considered in a 2021
1718:
Multi-nutrient fortifier used to fortify human milk and formula has traditionally been derived from
1673:
volume of milk or formula) is a priority in neonatal care as this reduces the risks associated with
17078:
16999:
15955:
14994:
14809:
14332:
14106:
13630:
13446:
13413:
13305:
12893:
12597:
Martinussen M, Flanders DW, Fischl B, Busa E, Løhaugen GC, Skranes J, et al. (December 2009).
10744:"New BAPM Framework on Extreme Preterm Birth Published | British Association of Perinatal Medicine"
10482:
Kaempf JW, Tomlinson M, Arduza C, Anderson S, Campbell B, Ferguson LA, et al. (January 2006).
4668:
3737:
2477:
1967:
1940:
1527:
1514:
1474:
620:
418:
10899:
10483:
9654:"Early fortification of human milk versus late fortification to promote growth in preterm infants"
8690:"Co-bedding in neonatal nursery for promoting growth and neurodevelopment in stable preterm twins"
8494:"Restricted versus liberal water intake for preventing morbidity and mortality in preterm infants"
3997:"Interpregnancy interval and risk of preterm birth and neonatal death: retrospective cohort study"
2273:
Amillia Taylor is also often cited as the most premature baby. She was born on 24 October 2006 in
1785:
risks or adverse effects associated with high-volume enteral feeding of preterm infants including
17174:
17140:
16745:
16665:
16655:
16602:
16354:
16276:
16034:
15567:
15432:
15170:
14931:
14898:
14857:
14327:
14059:
13913:
13705:
13398:
11960:
Nosarti C, Giouroukou E, Healy E, Rifkin L, Walshe M, Reichenberg A, et al. (January 2008).
7764:
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6516:"Employment, working conditions, and preterm birth: results from the Europop case-control survey"
3480:
2060:
2035:
1510:
1454:
1095:
928:
467:
111:
7963:
Shepherd E, Salam RA, Middleton P, Makrides M, McIntyre S, Badawi N, Crowther CA (August 2017).
4981:
Krupa FG, Faltin D, Cecatti JG, Surita FG, Souza JP (July 2006). "Predictors of preterm birth".
1574:(NICU). The physicians who specialize in the care of very sick or premature babies are known as
17238:
17055:
16873:
16782:
16765:
16475:
16449:
16227:
16047:
16042:
16014:
15991:
15891:
15686:
15502:
15067:
14946:
14558:
13972:
13840:
13830:
13695:
13418:
13351:
13326:
13262:
13136:
11676:
9961:
Abiramalatha, T; Thanigainathan, S; Ramaswamy, VV; Rajaiah, B; Ramakrishnan, S (30 June 2023).
7590:
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5280:
Field T, Deeds O, Diego M, Hernandez-Reif M, Gauler A, Sullivan S, et al. (October 2009).
4693:
Goldenberg RL, Iams JD, Mercer BM, Meis PJ, Moawad AH, Copper RL, et al. (February 1998).
2096:
1781:
1661:
1604:
1592:
1251:
840:
795:
12933:
12421:"Biological and Social Influences on Outcomes of Extreme-Preterm/Low-Birth Weight Adolescents"
12097:"Cognitive outcomes for extremely preterm/extremely low birth weight children in kindergarten"
5226:
Boy A, Salihu HM (2004). "Intimate partner violence and birth outcomes: a systematic review".
3502:
Frey HA, Klebanoff MA (April 2016). "The epidemiology, etiology, and costs of preterm birth".
2896:
1176:
womb; because of this, many premature babies spend the first days and weeks of their lives on
16989:
16697:
16439:
16434:
15886:
15681:
15537:
15492:
15487:
15482:
15477:
15306:
15259:
15254:
15222:
15042:
14317:
13952:
13754:
13558:
13233:
11401:
10959:
8245:
Crowther CA, Middleton PF, Voysey M, Askie L, Duley L, Pryde PG, et al. (October 2017).
2501:
2456:
2452:
2008:
1985:
1588:
1393:
Preterm birth at 32 weeks 4 days, with a weight of 2,000 g attached to medical equipment
1257:
1212:
1139:
1122:
959:
763:
285:
120:
12646:
Allin M, Henderson M, Suckling J, Nosarti C, Rushe T, Fearon P, et al. (January 2004).
12147:
Allin MP, Kontis D, Walshe M, Wyatt J, Barker GJ, Kanaan RA, et al. (12 October 2011).
7686:"Level and volume of neonatal intensive care and mortality in very-low-birth-weight infants"
5808:
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5510:
Thinkhamrop J, Hofmeyr GJ, Adetoro O, Lumbiganon P, Ota E (June 2015). Thinkhamrop J (ed.).
4669:"Harmful air pollution 'definitely too high for the public' near city roads, study suggests"
3956:
Hendler I, Goldenberg RL, Mercer BM, Iams JD, Meis PJ, Moawad AH, et al. (March 2005).
17027:
17017:
16819:
16775:
16444:
16313:
16208:
16029:
16004:
15788:
15727:
15587:
15444:
15368:
15276:
15266:
15062:
14963:
14941:
14536:
14475:
14375:
14349:
13967:
13918:
13238:
13228:
13156:
13151:
13126:
13111:
13106:
12270:
12160:
6860:"Health outcomes of smoking during pregnancy and the postpartum period: an umbrella review"
6025:
Lee SM, Romero R, Park JW, Kim SM, Park CW, Korzeniewski SJ, et al. (September 2012).
5077:
Parazzini F, Chatenoud L, Surace M, Tozzi L, Salerio B, Bettoni G, Benzi G (October 2003).
4389:
1928:
1786:
1418:
1181:
1164:
1127:
836:
371:
332:
204:
180:
10691:
Berbel P, Navarro D, Ausó E, Varea E, Rodríguez AE, Ballesta JJ, et al. (June 2010).
8347:"Interventions to prevent hypothermia at birth in preterm and/or low birth weight infants"
6514:
Saurel-Cubizolles MJ, Zeitlin J, Lelong N, Papiernik E, Di Renzo GC, Bréart G (May 2004).
5024:
Dole N, Savitz DA, Hertz-Picciotto I, Siega-Riz AM, McMahon MJ, Buekens P (January 2003).
1694:, finding "significant short- and long-term beneficial effects," including lower rates of
1314:
were able to reduce preeclampsia, a resulting decrease in preterm birth was not observed.
1102:, of the tests were 76%, 29%, and 30% for PAMG-1, fFN and CL, respectively (P < 0.01).
8:
17212:
17195:
17045:
16901:
16811:
16480:
16424:
16318:
16247:
16232:
16213:
16062:
15876:
15691:
15602:
15557:
15457:
15316:
15234:
15217:
15182:
15037:
14958:
14918:
14804:
14789:
13471:
13428:
13393:
13300:
13280:
12878:
12095:
Orchinik LJ, Taylor HG, Espy KA, Minich N, Klein N, Sheffield T, Hack M (November 2011).
9899:"Early versus late parenteral nutrition for critically ill term and late preterm infants"
2473:
2068:
1810:
1596:
1291:
1048:
957:
The frequency of infection in preterm birth is inversely related to the gestational age.
936:
868:
848:
801:
Certain ethnicities may have a higher risk as well. For example, in the U.S. and the UK,
791:
673:
548:
503:
463:
430:
304:
273:
257:
152:
12467:
12274:
12257:
Cheong JL, Anderson PJ, Roberts G, Burnett AC, Lee KJ, Thompson DK, et al. (2013).
12164:
12068:
11522:
9987:
9962:
8567:
8542:
8222:
8197:
7393:
7368:
6298:
6263:
6212:
5331:"Mycoplasma genitalium infection and female reproductive tract disease: a meta-analysis"
4393:
3458:
1526:
calcium-channel blockers and an oxytocin antagonist can delay delivery by 2–7 days, and
963:
infection is associated with increased risk of preterm birth, and spontaneous abortion.
17130:
17086:
17063:
16953:
16730:
16454:
16409:
16384:
16349:
16196:
16186:
15881:
15577:
15472:
15437:
15296:
15145:
15057:
15022:
14903:
14850:
14297:
14069:
13798:
13652:
13423:
13408:
12818:
12764:
12739:
12720:
12677:
12664:
12647:
12623:
12598:
12579:
12496:
12469:
12450:
12401:
12293:
12258:
12196:
12183:
12148:
12121:
12096:
12032:
12007:
11934:
11909:
11825:
11728:
11465:
11372:
11250:
11225:
11176:
11098:
11055:
11007:
10980:
10881:
10717:
10692:
10671:
10618:
10569:
10511:
10438:
10413:
10394:
10344:
10301:
10171:
10146:
10122:
10097:
9923:
9898:
9874:
9849:
9825:
9800:
9776:
9751:
9727:
9702:
9678:
9653:
9626:
9601:
9577:
9552:
9525:
9500:
9473:
9448:
9424:
9399:
9375:
9350:
9326:
9301:
9277:
9252:
9228:
9203:
9179:
9154:
9130:
9105:
9037:
9012:
8988:
8963:
8894:
8869:
8836:
8811:
8772:
8747:
8714:
8689:
8665:
8640:
8616:
8591:
8518:
8493:
8469:
8444:
8420:
8395:
8371:
8346:
8322:
8297:
8273:
8246:
8111:
8086:
8067:
7989:
7964:
7888:
7863:
7839:
7814:
7795:
7715:
7666:
7654:
7618:
7591:
7532:
7507:
7488:
7406:
7315:
7290:
7271:
7258:
7241:
7222:
7066:
7041:
6990:
6965:
6938:
6913:
6886:
6859:
6770:
6745:
6726:
6682:
6634:
6607:
6588:
6576:
6540:
6515:
6496:
6453:
6385:
6195:
6142:
6099:
6051:
6026:
5975:
5950:
5931:
5919:
5883:
5858:
5834:
5809:
5689:
5664:
5637:
5612:
5588:
5563:
5536:
5511:
5487:
5460:
5438:
5306:
5281:
5151:
5139:
5108:
5055:
5006:
4963:
4914:
4865:
4811:
4786:
4767:
4719:
4694:
4622:
4589:
4562:
4515:
4503:
4412:
4377:
4311:
4249:
4193:
4150:
3910:
3885:
3851:
3799:
3624:
3580:
3555:
3392:
3367:
3301:
3276:
3257:
3173:
3090:
3065:
2971:
2946:
2851:
2826:
2802:
2777:
2590:
2464:
2330:
2287:
2016:
1897:
1885:
1630:
1579:
1283:
920:
and/or smoking before the pregnancy influences the probability of a preterm birth. The
91:
64:
60:
12532:
11360:
10382:
10196:"One-year survival of extremely preterm infants after active perinatal care in Sweden"
8055:
6484:
6441:
6183:
5253:
Ugboma HA, Akani CI (2004). "Abdominal massage: another cause of maternal mortality".
4021:
3996:
3901:
3383:
2793:
1024:
A number of maternal bacterial infections are associated with preterm birth including
402:
16963:
16881:
16851:
16792:
16770:
16587:
16359:
16331:
16291:
16286:
16221:
16095:
15896:
15871:
15839:
15656:
15532:
15271:
15212:
15052:
15032:
15027:
14511:
14450:
14272:
13889:
13808:
13732:
13710:
13223:
13141:
12992:
12904:
12822:
12810:
12769:
12712:
12681:
12669:
12628:
12571:
12536:
12501:
12442:
12393:
12344:
12298:
12234:
12230:
12188:
12126:
12072:
12037:
11983:
11939:
11890:
11651:
11472:
11364:
11255:
11168:
11133:
11129:
11102:
11090:
11047:
11012:
10947:
10873:
10776:
10722:
10651:
10641:
10610:
10561:
10503:
10443:
10386:
10336:
10332:
10293:
10289:
10258:
10253:
10236:
10217:
10176:
10127:
10078:
10038:
9992:
9963:"Re-feeding versus discarding gastric residuals to improve growth in preterm infants"
9928:
9879:
9830:
9781:
9732:
9683:
9631:
9582:
9530:
9478:
9429:
9380:
9331:
9282:
9233:
9184:
9135:
9086:
9042:
8993:
8964:"Formula versus maternal breast milk for feeding preterm or low birth weight infants"
8940:
8899:
8841:
8777:
8719:
8670:
8621:
8572:
8523:
8474:
8425:
8376:
8327:
8278:
8227:
8178:
8151:
8116:
8087:"Tocolytic therapy for preterm delivery: systematic review and network meta-analysis"
8071:
8059:
8021:
7994:
7893:
7844:
7799:
7787:
7746:
7707:
7658:
7623:
7537:
7480:
7442:
7398:
7320:
7263:
7214:
7179:
7138:
7071:
7022:
6995:
6943:
6891:
6840:
6775:
6730:
6718:
6674:
6639:
6580:
6545:
6488:
6445:
6377:
6372:
6355:
6303:
6285:
6187:
6134:
6091:
6056:
5980:
5923:
5888:
5874:
5839:
5790:
5729:
5694:
5642:
5593:
5541:
5492:
5430:
5425:
5408:
5389:
5362:
5311:
5262:
5235:
5208:
5143:
5100:
5047:
4998:
4955:
4906:
4857:
4816:
4759:
4724:
4627:
4609:
4570:
4554:
4507:
4417:
4355:
4303:
4241:
4197:
4185:
4142:
4061:
4026:
3977:
3915:
3843:
3838:
3821:
3791:
3719:
3663:
3585:
3519:
3462:
3422:
3397:
3345:
3306:
3249:
3208:
3165:
3095:
3014:
2976:
2856:
2807:
2685:
2387:
2371:
2310:
1798:
1626:
1547:
1531:
1430:
1398:
1377:
1232:
1110:
1091:
1006:
426:
320:
300:
293:
168:
148:
128:
71:
12887:
12883:
12787:
DeMarsh S, Huntzinger A, Gehred A, Stanek JR, Kemper KJ, Belsky JA (February 2021).
12724:
12583:
12454:
12405:
11700:"Saybie, Born at 8.6 Ounces in San Diego, Is Now The World's Tiniest Surviving Baby"
11059:
10885:
10622:
10573:
10515:
10414:"Risk of recurrent spontaneous preterm birth: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
10398:
10348:
7670:
7492:
7410:
7275:
6686:
6592:
6389:
6322:
6199:
6103:
5935:
5725:
5663:
Sangkomkamhang US, Lumbiganon P, Prasertcharoensuk W, Laopaiboon M (February 2015).
5155:
5112:
5059:
5010:
4967:
4918:
4869:
4519:
4315:
4253:
4154:
3934:
3855:
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3261:
3177:
1562:
17205:
17032:
16692:
16633:
16597:
16242:
16181:
15913:
15627:
15239:
15112:
15107:
15001:
14405:
14380:
13451:
13218:
13213:
12944:
12800:
12759:
12751:
12704:
12659:
12618:
12610:
12563:
12528:
12491:
12481:
12432:
12383:
12375:
12334:
12288:
12278:
12226:
12200:
12178:
12168:
12116:
12108:
12064:
12027:
12019:
11973:
11929:
11921:
11882:
11613:"World's Smallest Baby Goes Home, Cellphone-Sized Baby Is Discharged From Hospital"
11376:
11356:
11245:
11237:
11180:
11160:
11125:
11082:
11039:
11002:
10992:
10939:
10863:
10712:
10704:
10600:
10553:
10495:
10433:
10425:
10378:
10328:
10305:
10285:
10248:
10207:
10166:
10158:
10145:
Costeloe KL, Hennessy EM, Haider S, Stacey F, Marlow N, Draper ES (December 2012).
10117:
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10026:
9982:
9978:
9974:
9918:
9914:
9910:
9869:
9861:
9820:
9816:
9812:
9771:
9767:
9763:
9722:
9718:
9714:
9673:
9669:
9665:
9621:
9617:
9613:
9572:
9568:
9564:
9520:
9516:
9512:
9468:
9464:
9460:
9419:
9415:
9411:
9370:
9366:
9362:
9321:
9317:
9313:
9272:
9268:
9264:
9223:
9219:
9215:
9174:
9170:
9166:
9125:
9121:
9117:
9076:
9072:
9068:
9032:
9028:
9024:
8983:
8979:
8975:
8930:
8889:
8885:
8881:
8831:
8827:
8823:
8767:
8763:
8759:
8709:
8705:
8701:
8660:
8656:
8652:
8611:
8607:
8603:
8562:
8558:
8554:
8513:
8509:
8505:
8464:
8456:
8415:
8411:
8407:
8394:
Bruschettini M, O'Donnell CP, Davis PG, Morley CJ, Moja L, Calevo MG (March 2020).
8366:
8362:
8358:
8317:
8313:
8309:
8268:
8258:
8217:
8213:
8209:
8143:
8106:
8098:
8051:
7984:
7980:
7976:
7883:
7879:
7875:
7834:
7830:
7826:
7777:
7742:
7738:
7719:
7697:
7650:
7613:
7603:
7570:
7527:
7519:
7472:
7434:
7388:
7384:
7380:
7310:
7306:
7302:
7253:
7226:
7206:
7169:
7128:
7061:
7057:
7053:
6985:
6981:
6977:
6933:
6929:
6925:
6881:
6871:
6830:
6820:
6765:
6761:
6757:
6710:
6666:
6629:
6619:
6572:
6535:
6527:
6500:
6480:
6457:
6437:
6367:
6334:
6330:
6293:
6275:
6264:"Risk Scoring Systems for Preterm Birth and Their Performance: A Systematic Review"
6179:
6146:
6126:
6083:
6046:
6038:
6007:
5970:
5962:
5915:
5878:
5870:
5829:
5821:
5782:
5721:
5684:
5680:
5676:
5662:
5632:
5628:
5624:
5583:
5579:
5575:
5531:
5527:
5523:
5482:
5472:
5442:
5420:
5352:
5342:
5301:
5293:
5198:
5135:
5090:
5037:
4990:
4945:
4896:
4847:
4806:
4798:
4771:
4751:
4714:
4706:
4617:
4601:
4546:
4499:
4407:
4397:
4345:
4295:
4231:
4223:
4177:
4132:
4053:
4016:
4008:
3969:
3905:
3897:
3833:
3783:
3709:
3699:
3655:
3628:
3616:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3511:
3454:
3387:
3379:
3337:
3296:
3288:
3239:
3200:
3157:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3006:
2966:
2958:
2846:
2838:
2797:
2789:
2675:
2667:
2440:
2072:
2012:
1977:(RDS or IRDS) (previously called hyaline membrane disease). Another problem can be
1901:
1231:
have not shown that periodontal care during pregnancy reduces preterm birth rates.
979:
434:
340:
289:
276:
which occur more often than every ten minutes and/or the leaking of fluid from the
124:
52:
16560:
11493:"'Miracle baby': Born at 21 weeks, she may be the most premature surviving infant"
11390:
11226:"What contributes to disparities in the preterm birth rate in European countries?"
10526:
TABLE 1 Survival and Neurologic Disability Rates Among Extremely Premature Infants
9013:"Formula versus donor breast milk for feeding preterm or low birth weight infants"
8590:
Askie LM, Darlow BA, Davis PG, Finer N, Stenson B, Vento M, Whyte R (April 2017).
2962:
1389:
17162:
16948:
16840:
16760:
16397:
16364:
16153:
16138:
15918:
15676:
15391:
15286:
15155:
15047:
14936:
14885:
14829:
14779:
14708:
14683:
14653:
14563:
14470:
14410:
13947:
13803:
13667:
13625:
13486:
13461:
13385:
13275:
13257:
13203:
13087:
12898:
12708:
12364:"Intelligence of very preterm or very low birthweight infants in young adulthood"
12321:
Hack M, Flannery DJ, Schluchter M, Cartar L, Borawski E, Klein N (January 2002).
12283:
12173:
11421:
11397:
11273:
11241:
11086:
10678:
10532:
9253:"Carbohydrate supplementation of human milk to promote growth in preterm infants"
8263:
7782:
7765:
7210:
6714:
6219:
6087:
6042:
4402:
4227:
3620:
3341:
3204:
3161:
2444:
2359:
1997:
1956:
1862:
1674:
1446:
1426:
917:
907:
880:
864:
844:
634:
450:
363:
336:
328:
200:
176:
12956:
12755:
12614:
12419:
Doyle LW, Cheong JL, Burnett A, Roberts G, Lee KJ, Anderson PJ (December 2015).
10429:
7684:
Phibbs CS, Baker LC, Caughey AB, Danielsen B, Schmitt SK, Phibbs RH (May 2007).
7463:
Iams JD (January 2014). "Clinical practice. Prevention of preterm parturition".
7346:
The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists
6966:"Support during pregnancy for women at increased risk of low birthweight babies"
4262:
2484:
1896:
at which the infant has at least a 50% chance of survival is referred to as the
299:
The cause of spontaneous preterm birth is often not known. Risk factors include
16787:
16492:
16402:
16298:
16158:
16147:
16087:
15965:
15722:
15637:
15343:
15291:
14989:
14819:
14703:
14643:
14307:
14302:
14292:
14287:
14252:
13990:
13817:
13793:
13737:
13615:
13610:
13600:
13588:
13466:
13250:
13121:
13067:
12909:
12023:
11925:
9106:"Protein supplementation of human milk for promoting growth in preterm infants"
7575:
7438:
7133:
7116:
6876:
6011:
5786:
5297:
4994:
4605:
3973:
3538:
3515:
3010:
2671:
2460:
2407:
2297:. She was discharged from the Baptist Children's Hospital on 20 February 2007.
2056:
1948:
1932:
1908:
1535:
1406:
1271:
1237:
1025:
987:
975:
942:
Intimate violence against the mother is another risk factor for preterm birth.
903:
876:
872:
607:
379:
308:
281:
172:
156:
116:
13999:
The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women
12868:
12864:
12112:
11886:
11849:"During Coronavirus Lockdowns, Some Doctors Wondered: Where Are the Preemies?"
10943:
10557:
10113:
9865:
8198:"Magnesium sulphate for preventing preterm birth in threatened preterm labour"
7608:
6670:
5966:
5810:"Genetic Associations with Gestational Duration and Spontaneous Preterm Birth"
5477:
4755:
4181:
3787:
17232:
16566:
16374:
16077:
15960:
15732:
15622:
15411:
15386:
14979:
14893:
14824:
14794:
14774:
14633:
14608:
14531:
14445:
14435:
14430:
14237:
14028:
13942:
13903:
13879:
13788:
13672:
13605:
13476:
13380:
13341:
13033:
12805:
12788:
11655:
11317:
10655:
6624:
6531:
6289:
4802:
4613:
4558:
4550:
4189:
4012:
2469:
2428:
2314:
2306:
2080:
2076:
1842:
1732:
1691:
1614:
1609:
1442:
1438:
1159:
1087:
852:
767:
594:
497:
375:
324:
208:
12486:
12379:
12006:
Nosarti C, Nam KW, Walshe M, Murray RM, Cuddy M, Rifkin L, Allin MP (2014).
10708:
9204:"Higher versus lower protein intake in formula-fed low birth weight infants"
8543:"Nasal high flow therapy for primary respiratory support in preterm infants"
8085:
Haas DM, Caldwell DM, Kirkpatrick P, McIntosh JJ, Welton NJ (October 2012).
6809:"Vitamins C and E and the risks of preeclampsia and perinatal complications"
5203:
5186:
5095:
5078:
5063:
4885:"Progesterone and the risk of preterm birth among women with a short cervix"
4350:
4333:
3704:
3687:
3659:
2242:
increase exponentially with decreasing gestational age and weight. The 2007
16846:
16687:
16369:
16303:
15768:
15348:
15301:
15249:
15207:
14842:
14663:
14658:
14638:
14618:
14604:
14548:
14395:
14277:
14227:
13857:
13852:
13593:
13493:
13438:
13166:
13045:
13040:
12814:
12773:
12716:
12673:
12632:
12575:
12567:
12540:
12505:
12446:
12437:
12420:
12397:
12348:
12302:
12238:
12192:
12130:
12076:
12041:
11987:
11978:
11961:
11943:
11894:
11425:
11368:
11259:
11172:
11164:
11137:
11094:
11051:
11016:
10951:
10877:
10726:
10614:
10605:
10588:
10565:
10507:
10499:
10447:
10390:
10340:
10297:
10262:
10221:
10180:
10131:
10082:
10042:
9996:
9932:
9883:
9834:
9785:
9736:
9687:
9635:
9586:
9534:
9482:
9433:
9384:
9335:
9302:"Fat supplementation of human milk for promoting growth in preterm infants"
9286:
9237:
9188:
9139:
9090:
9046:
8997:
8944:
8935:
8918:
8903:
8845:
8781:
8723:
8674:
8625:
8576:
8527:
8478:
8460:
8429:
8380:
8331:
8298:"Caesarean section versus vaginal delivery for preterm birth in singletons"
8282:
8231:
8182:
8155:
8120:
8063:
8025:
7998:
7897:
7848:
7791:
7750:
7711:
7662:
7627:
7541:
7484:
7446:
7402:
7324:
7267:
7218:
7183:
7142:
7075:
6999:
6947:
6895:
6844:
6779:
6722:
6678:
6643:
6584:
6549:
6492:
6449:
6381:
6307:
6191:
6138:
6095:
6060:
5984:
5927:
5892:
5843:
5794:
5733:
5698:
5646:
5597:
5545:
5496:
5434:
5393:
5366:
5315:
5266:
5239:
5212:
5147:
5104:
5051:
5002:
4959:
4910:
4861:
4820:
4763:
4631:
4590:"Changes in the Relationship between Marriage and Preterm Birth, 1989–2006"
4574:
4511:
4421:
4359:
4307:
4245:
4213:
4146:
4065:
4030:
3981:
3919:
3847:
3795:
3723:
3667:
3589:
3523:
3466:
3401:
3349:
3310:
3292:
3253:
3212:
3169:
3099:
3018:
2980:
2860:
2811:
2689:
2406:. The characteristic neuropathology of preterms has been described as the "
2403:
2399:
2375:
2363:
2207:
1993:
1838:
1740:
1551:
1490:
1037:
994:
911:
802:
422:
351:
344:
190:
15829:
10997:
10868:
10851:
10212:
10195:
10056:
10054:
10052:
8810:
Walsh V, Brown JV, Copperthwaite BR, Oddie SJ, McGuire W (December 2020).
8345:
McCall EM, Alderdice F, Halliday HL, Vohra S, Johnston L (February 2018).
7813:
Walters A, McKinlay C, Middleton P, Harding JE, Crowther CA (April 2022).
7476:
7026:
6130:
5949:
Lee SM, Lee J, Seong HS, Lee SE, Park JS, Romero R, Yoon BH (April 2009).
5825:
4728:
4710:
2071:
as teenagers. Some of these problems can be described as being within the
766:), high or low body mass index (BMI), length of time between pregnancies,
17190:
17092:
16958:
16660:
16308:
16057:
16009:
15942:
15923:
15908:
15758:
15353:
15311:
15229:
14769:
14764:
14738:
14628:
14613:
14594:
14553:
14521:
14516:
14354:
14232:
14172:
13847:
13783:
13620:
13563:
13503:
13498:
13336:
13285:
13146:
12928:
12697:
Cortex; A Journal Devoted to the Study of the Nervous System and Behavior
12339:
12322:
8147:
7702:
7685:
6825:
6808:
6807:
Rumbold AR, Crowther CA, Haslam RR, Dekker GA, Robinson JS (April 2006).
6226:. Authors: Dr Praveen Jha and Dr Laughlin Dawes et al. Retrieved Feb 2014
6223:
5347:
5330:
5042:
4901:
4884:
4646:
4137:
4120:
3275:
Mathews TJ, Miniño AM, Osterman MJ, Strobino DM, Guyer B (January 2011).
2842:
2420:
2267:
2020:
1719:
1665:
1575:
1486:
1437:. Typical glucocorticoids that would be administered in this context are
1345:
1311:
1194:
1029:
1014:
812:
771:
513:
316:
164:
143:
76:
12988:
12361:
11830:
Historical Review and Recent Advances in Neonatal and Perinatal Medicine
7732:
7505:
7240:
Olsen SF, Secher NJ, Tabor A, Weber T, Walker JJ, Gluud C (March 2000).
6280:
5611:
Widmer M, Lopez I, Gülmezoglu AM, Mignini L, Roganti A (November 2015).
4566:
4534:
4299:
4121:"Medical abortion and the risk of subsequent adverse pregnancy outcomes"
2680:
2317:
to correct vision problems, a common occurrence among premature babies.
1617:, and basic infection control measures can significantly reduce preterm
17200:
17157:
17098:
16936:
15928:
15835:
15763:
15281:
15203:
15082:
14877:
14748:
14693:
14688:
14678:
14673:
14526:
14400:
14262:
14257:
14213:
13245:
13185:
13116:
12316:
12314:
12312:
12252:
12250:
12248:
12212:
12210:
12142:
12140:
12090:
12088:
12086:
10074:
10049:
8134:
Simhan HN, Caritis SN (August 2007). "Prevention of preterm delivery".
6513:
5859:"Factors associated with lack of prenatal care in a large municipality"
5168:
4057:
3714:
3244:
3227:
2448:
2436:
1701:
1622:
1369:
1208:
1177:
932:
787:
650:
479:
387:
367:
245:
84:
80:
12847:
12388:
12001:
11999:
11997:
11955:
11953:
11755:"Baby Richard born at 21 weeks: One of the youngest babies to survive"
11558:
11043:
10589:"Limits of human viability in the United States: a medicolegal review"
10162:
9081:
8102:
7523:
7174:
7157:
6835:
5357:
5184:
3421:(9th ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2022. p. 162.
2742:"What treatments can reduce the chances of preterm labor & birth?"
260:
is between 34 and 36 weeks' gestation. These babies are also known as
17103:
16562:
15972:
15831:
14873:
14733:
14599:
14578:
14460:
14385:
14337:
14267:
14222:
13635:
13508:
13368:
13358:
13193:
13171:
13098:
12939:
11585:
11321:
10193:
6262:
Ferreira, Amaro; Bernardes, João; Gonçalves, Hernâni (January 2023).
5613:"Duration of treatment for asymptomatic bacteriuria during pregnancy"
4950:
4933:
4852:
4835:
4439:"Preterm birth by Filipino women linked to genetic mutational change"
4236:
2825:
Brown HK, Speechley KN, Macnab J, Natale R, Campbell MK (June 2014).
2325:
2302:
2283:
2114:
for prematurity and low birth weight per 100,000 inhabitants in 2004.
2031:
1618:
1578:. In the NICU, premature babies are kept under radiant warmers or in
1522:
1033:
998:
807:
383:
355:
212:
12309:
12245:
12207:
12137:
12083:
11781:"Miracle Baby Thrives After Being Given 0% Chance To Live Diagnosis"
10807:
9600:
Yeo KT, Kong JY, Sasi A, Tan K, Lai NM, Schindler T (October 2019).
8812:"Early full enteral feeding for preterm or low birth weight infants"
8393:
7556:
4883:
Fonseca EB, Celik E, Parra M, Singh M, Nicolaides KH (August 2007).
3957:
3685:
3193:
European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology
1570:
In developed countries premature infants are usually cared for in a
16896:
15866:
15642:
15358:
14784:
14723:
14713:
14648:
14485:
14465:
14390:
14018:
13835:
13749:
13727:
13647:
13548:
13456:
13363:
13290:
13208:
13028:
12008:"Preterm birth and structural brain alterations in early adulthood"
11994:
11950:
11680:
11616:
11527:
11302:
10802:
9349:
Perretta L, Ouldibbat L, Hagadorn JI, Brumberg HL (February 2021).
7042:"Cervical assessment by ultrasound for preventing preterm delivery"
5509:
4533:
Zain, Norhasmah Mohd; Low, Wah-Yun; Othman, Sajaratulnisah (2015).
4043:
2951:
Best Practice & Research. Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology
2432:
2424:
2294:
2064:
1912:
1583:
1518:
1505:
A number of medications may be useful to delay delivery including:
1307:
1171:
In humans, the usual definition of preterm birth is birth before a
775:
366:
treatment may improve outcomes. A number of medications, including
359:
12518:
9447:
Basuki F, Hadiati DR, Turner T, McDonald S, Hakimi M (June 2019).
7367:
Dodd JM, Jones L, Flenady V, Cincotta R, Crowther CA (July 2013).
5023:
4785:
Rosenberg TJ, Garbers S, Lipkind H, Chiasson MA (September 2005).
478:(NICU). In some instances, it may be possible to delay the birth.
16619:
16171:
15165:
14743:
14718:
14495:
13937:
13908:
13884:
13866:
13662:
13642:
12648:"Effects of very low birthweight on brain structure in adulthood"
12216:
10318:
10060:
9348:
5380:
Schendel DE (2001). "Infection in pregnancy and cerebral palsy".
4834:
To MS, Skentou CA, Royston P, Yu CK, Nicolaides KH (April 2006).
1989:
1960:
1750:
1711:
1303:
971:
946:
899:
895:
884:
855:, maternal diabetes, asthma, thyroid disease, and heart disease.
782:
417:
Signs and symptoms of preterm labor include four or more uterine
160:
12694:
11644:"Incredibly, World's Tiniest Preterm Babies Are Doing Just Fine"
10928:
8745:
8011:
3066:"Bed rest in singleton pregnancies for preventing preterm birth"
1227:
While periodontal infection has been linked with preterm birth,
16623:
16175:
15671:
15133:
15128:
14668:
14455:
14440:
14203:
13775:
13657:
13481:
13403:
13062:
13057:
13052:
12859:
12789:"Pediatric Osteopathic Manipulative Medicine: A Scoping Review"
12323:"Outcomes in young adulthood for very-low-birth-weight infants"
9498:
8916:
8084:
7862:
McGoldrick E, Stewart F, Parker R, Dalziel SR (December 2020).
7812:
5772:
5175:. This study is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42013003522
4784:
4331:
2260:
2083:. Studies of people born premature and investigated later with
2027:
1822:
1809:
For preterm infants who are born after 34 weeks of gestation ("
1600:
1373:
1131:
983:
967:
860:
350:
Preterm birth may be prevented in those at risk if the hormone
296:. The earlier a baby is born, the greater these risks will be.
277:
9848:
Akindolire A, Talbert A, Sinha I, Embleton N, Allen S (2020).
9847:
8867:
8540:
8442:
8196:
Crowther CA, Brown J, McKinlay CJ, Middleton P (August 2014).
8195:
7962:
7861:
7289:
Brocklehurst P, Gordon A, Heatley E, Milan SJ (January 2013).
7288:
6744:
Hofmeyr GJ, Lawrie TA, Atallah ÁN, Torloni MR (October 2018).
3190:
2953:. Biological Basis and Prevention of Preterm Birth Treatment.
2709:"What treatments are used to prevent preterm labor and birth?"
17007:
16754:
16134:
16105:
15938:
15717:
15381:
15150:
14573:
13537:
13072:
13023:
12786:
12645:
12596:
11073:
Hack M (October 2009). "Adult outcomes of preterm children".
10978:
10481:
8445:"Kangaroo Mother Care and Neonatal Outcomes: A Meta-analysis"
6116:
5279:
5076:
4647:"Traffic Congestion and Infant Health: Evidence from E-ZPass"
3884:
Goldenberg RL, Culhane JF, Iams JD, Romero R (January 2008).
3644:
3606:
3274:
2657:
2367:
2291:
2274:
2216:(SGA) babies. Weight-based classification further recognizes
1794:
1769:
1710:
Individualizing the nutrients and quantities used to fortify
438:
386:, and supporting breathing. Preterm babies sometimes require
312:
96:
16073:
Pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy (PUPPP)
12368:
Archives of Disease in Childhood. Fetal and Neonatal Edition
12320:
12256:
12149:"White matter and cognition in adults who were born preterm"
12054:
11959:
10852:"Long-term medical and social consequences of preterm birth"
10321:
Archives of Disease in Childhood. Fetal and Neonatal Edition
10278:
Archives of Disease in Childhood. Fetal and Neonatal Edition
10144:
9398:
Amari S, Shahrook S, Namba F, Ota E, Mori R (October 2020).
8809:
8541:
Hodgson KA, Wilkinson D, De Paoli AG, Manley BJ (May 2023).
8344:
8244:
5610:
4375:
3819:
1493:
has been recommended but not amoxicillin + clavulanic acid (
997:
of the decidua occurs in up to 70% of women at term using a
14359:
13742:
9446:
9062:
7683:
7423:
7291:"Antibiotics for treating bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy"
6912:
Urquhart C, Currell R, Harlow F, Callow L (February 2017).
6911:
6806:
6743:
6427:
5459:
Roberts CL, Algert CS, Rickard KL, Morris JM (March 2015).
3955:
3883:
2202:
As weight is easier to determine than gestational age, the
1760:
intragastric tube feeding for feeding preterm infants with
1215:
is expected to benefit pregnant women and their offspring.
931:
is associated with an increased risk preterm birth with an
906:
during pregnancy increases the chance of preterm delivery.
449:
The main categories of causes of preterm birth are preterm
280:
before 37 weeks. Premature infants are at greater risk for
249:
100:
12737:
11404:. The National Academies Press, 2007. Retrieved 2010-1-14.
10411:
9651:
9201:
6562:
6261:
5458:
4588:
El-Sayed, Abdulrahman M.; Galea, Sandro (September 2011).
3554:
Davey MA, Watson L, Rayner JA, Rowlands S (October 2015).
3326:
2824:
2075:
domain and have been speculated to arise due to decreased
839:
that stimulates the ovary to release multiple eggs and of
13553:
12418:
11872:
10098:"Survival of Infants Born at Periviable Gestational Ages"
9202:
Fenton TR, Al-Wassia H, Premji SS, Sauve RS (June 2020).
9153:
Gao C, Miller J, Collins CT, Rumbold AR (November 2020).
8746:
Abiramalatha T, Thomas N, Thanigainathan S (March 2021).
7589:
7115:
Zipori Y, Haas J, Berger H, Barzilay E (September 2017).
7012:
6699:
6320:
6169:
3773:
3681:
3679:
3677:
3553:
2588:
1918:
1780:
High-volume (more than 180 mL per kilogram per day)
1294:
is used to reduce the number of fetuses to two or three.
14004:
Declaration on the elimination of violence against women
12094:
10638:
Taylor and Hoyt's pediatric ophthalmology and strabismus
10543:
9799:
Dawson JA, Summan R, Badawi N, Foster JP (August 2021).
9798:
8863:
8861:
8859:
8857:
8855:
8041:
7366:
7114:
5711:
5328:
4980:
4692:
3063:
2624:"What are the risk factors for preterm labor and birth?"
1550:
for early delivery of infants expected to have very low
272:(Australian English). Symptoms of preterm labor include
12738:
Lanaro D, Ruffini N, Manzotti A, Lista G (March 2017).
12101:
Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society
11346:
11274:"Vital Statistics Rapid Release, Number 28 (June 2023)"
10640:(Fifth ed.). Edinburgh: Elsevier Health Sciences.
10234:
9647:
9645:
9152:
6608:"Folic Acid and Risk of Preterm Birth: A Meta-Analysis"
5807:
5564:"Antibiotics for asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy"
5228:
International Journal of Fertility and Women's Medicine
3820:
Raatikainen K, Heiskanen N, Heinonen S (October 2005).
3119:"Antenatal Corticosteroid Therapy for Fetal Maturation"
3064:
Sosa CG, Althabe F, Belizán JM, Bergel E (March 2015).
1167:, with weeks and months numbered from last menstruation
311:(being pregnant with more than one baby), being either
12146:
12005:
10690:
10412:
Phillips C, Velji Z, Hanly C, Metcalfe A (July 2017).
10275:
9896:
9010:
8868:
Sadrudin Premji S, Chessell L, Stewart F (June 2021).
6914:"Home uterine monitoring for detecting preterm labour"
6606:
Li B, Zhang X, Peng X, Zhang S, Wang X, Zhu C (2019).
5406:
5125:
4882:
4263:"Premature birth risk is genetic, researchers suspect"
3674:
3365:
3147:
2775:
2653:
2651:
1981:(previously called bronchopulmonary dysplasia or BPD).
1804:
1477:
and has been shown to reduce related mortality rates.
13694:
11223:
10546:
The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine
9956:
9954:
9952:
9950:
9948:
9946:
9944:
9942:
9897:
Moon K, Athalye-Jape GK, Rao U, Rao SC (April 2020).
9397:
8852:
8741:
8739:
8737:
8735:
8733:
8639:
Subramaniam, P; Ho, JJ; Davis, PG (18 October 2021).
8589:
7763:
7239:
6963:
6470:
6031:
The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine
5955:
The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine
5748:"Pregnancy and Oral Health - United Concordia Dental"
5322:
5079:"Moderate alcohol drinking and risk of preterm birth"
4741:
3150:
The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine
2381:
2358:
Historical figures who were born prematurely include
1984:
Gastrointestinal and metabolic issues can arise from
1731:
receiving the majority of their nutrition and fluids
1530:
drugs delay by 48 hours but carry more side effects.
1317:
12837:
10096:
Patel RM, Rysavy MA, Bell EF, Tyson JE (June 2017).
10095:
9749:
9700:
9642:
9550:
7640:
7090:"Opinion Number 719: Multifetal Pregnancy Reduction"
6964:
East CE, Biro MA, Fredericks S, Lau R (April 2019).
6794:
Guideline: Calcium supplementation in pregnant women
4209:
4207:
3640:
3638:
2398:
Brain injury is common among preterms, ranging from
1702:
Fortified human breast milk and preterm/term formula
1435:
American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
891:
have been linked as risk factors for preterm birth.
11391:
Preterm Birth: Causes, Consequences, and Prevention
10364:
10362:
10360:
10358:
9299:
9250:
9103:
8295:
5407:Donders G, Bellen G, Rezeberga D (September 2011).
5382:
Journal of the American Medical Women's Association
5329:Lis R, Rowhani-Rahbar A, Manhart LE (August 2015).
4983:
International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics
4465:"Smart Parenting: The Filipino Parenting Authority"
2648:
1832:
1297:
11464:
11075:Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics
10849:
9939:
9546:
9544:
9251:Amissah EA, Brown J, Harding JE (September 2020).
9104:Amissah EA, Brown J, Harding JE (September 2020).
8730:
7196:
7155:
6857:
4833:
3815:
3813:
2996:
2322:Sharp Mary Birch Hospital for Women & Newborns
1973:Respiratory problems are common, specifically the
1821:For preterm infants in neonatal intensive care on
1078:
16415:Childbirth-related post-traumatic stress disorder
12986:
10016:
9701:Young L, Embleton ND, McGuire W (December 2016).
9551:Premkumar MH, Pammi M, Suresh G (November 2019).
9494:
9492:
8961:
8296:Alfirevic Z, Milan SJ, Livio S (September 2013).
6907:
6905:
5905:
5856:
4688:
4686:
4204:
4091:Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists
3879:
3877:
3875:
3873:
3871:
3869:
3867:
3865:
3635:
1453:course is often viewed as worth the risk. A 2015
17230:
11589:. Chennai, India. 26 August 2004. Archived from
11315:
10667:
10665:
10355:
8688:Lai NM, Foong SC, Foong WC, Tan K (April 2016).
8687:
7039:
6605:
6024:
5857:Rosa CQ, Silveira DS, Costa JS (December 2014).
4489:
4371:
4369:
4281:
4093:. November 2011. pp. 44, 45. Archived from
4037:
2533:"Preterm Labor and Birth: Condition Information"
1772:, bradycardia, or oxygen desaturation episodes.
1681:
924:published an international study in March 2014.
11309:
11150:
10460:
9750:Richards R, Foster JP, Psaila K (August 2021).
9541:
9300:Amissah EA, Brown J, Harding JE (August 2020).
9011:Quigley M, Embleton ND, McGuire W (July 2019).
7562:American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology
6073:
4167:
4080:"The Care of Women Requesting Induced Abortion"
3994:
3810:
3605:Unless otherwise given in boxes, reference is:
2374:(born in 1874 at seven months' gestation), and
794:1.22–1.50) of preterm birth. Pregnancies after
11517:
11515:
11513:
11230:Current Opinion in Obstetrics & Gynecology
11224:Delnord M, Blondel B, Zeitlin J (April 2015).
11029:
10845:
10843:
10798:"Extreme preemies face long-term disabilities"
9652:Thanigainathan S, Abiramalatha T (July 2020).
9599:
9489:
9058:
9056:
8805:
8803:
8801:
8799:
8797:
8795:
8793:
8791:
8037:
8035:
6902:
6329:, Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd,
5997:
5948:
5557:
5555:
4683:
4327:
4325:
4118:
3862:
1751:Intermittent feeding versus continuous feeding
1743:and slower microbial colonization of the gut.
1090:. In one investigation comparing this test to
1017:infections are associated with preterm birth.
358:. Evidence does not support the usefulness of
27:Birth at less than a specified gestational age
16546:
15815:
14858:
14698:(American 'crib' and 'cradle', British 'cot')
14188:
12972:
12553:
10771:
10769:
10662:
8491:
8133:
7956:
7874:(12) (published 25 December 2020): CD004454.
7427:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
5775:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
5658:
5656:
5561:
4778:
4587:
4532:
4433:
4431:
4366:
4046:Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica
3962:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
3648:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
3536:
3501:
3483:. World Health Organization. 19 February 2018
3322:
3320:
2903:
2660:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
2618:
2616:
2487:to provide benefit in neonatal care is weak.
2338:Children's Hospitals and Clinics of Minnesota
1243:
14872:
10972:
10822:"Why Do So Many Preemies Have Hearing Loss?"
10738:
10736:
10635:
10580:
8962:Brown JV, Walsh V, McGuire W (August 2019).
7554:
7458:
7456:
6959:
6957:
6858:Avşar TS, McLeod H, Jackson L (March 2021).
6656:
6520:Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health
6423:
6421:
6419:
5899:
3609:Expert Review of Obstetrics & Gynecology
3540:Biological Pathways Leading to Preterm Birth
3419:Cloherty and Stark's Manual of Neonatal Care
2940:
2938:
2703:
2701:
2699:
2527:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2517:
2351:On 5 July 2020 Curtis Means was born at the
2220:(VLBW) which is less than 1,500 g, and
1094:testing and cervical length measurement via
11510:
10964:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of May 2024 (
10850:Moster D, Lie RT, Markestad T (July 2008).
10840:
10537:
10475:
10368:
9967:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
9903:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
9805:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
9756:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
9707:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
9658:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
9606:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
9557:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
9505:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
9453:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
9404:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
9355:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
9306:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
9257:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
9208:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
9159:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
9110:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
9065:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
9053:
9017:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
8968:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
8874:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
8816:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
8788:
8752:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
8694:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
8645:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
8596:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
8547:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
8498:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
8400:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
8351:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
8302:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
8202:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
8127:
8032:
7969:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
7868:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
7819:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
7735:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
7373:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
7295:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
7108:
7046:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
6970:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
6918:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
6750:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
6417:
6415:
6413:
6411:
6409:
6407:
6405:
6403:
6401:
6399:
5669:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
5617:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
5568:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
5552:
5516:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
5252:
4876:
4744:Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases
4735:
4322:
3995:Smith GC, Pell JP, Dobbie R (August 2003).
3769:
3767:
3765:
3560:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3225:
3113:
3111:
3109:
3070:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2771:
2769:
2736:
2734:
2589:World Health Organization (November 2014).
2378:(born in 1885 at seven months' gestation).
2362:(born in 1571 at seven months' gestation),
1872:Health outcomes for adults born prematurely
1130:has become useful in the assessment of the
823:
16553:
16539:
15822:
15808:
14865:
14851:
14202:
14195:
14181:
14055:International Center for Research on Women
12979:
12965:
12652:Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology
11195:"WHO Disease and injury country estimates"
10932:Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology
10766:
10586:
8168:
7149:
6796:. Geneva: World Health Organization. 2013.
6238:"Rea - a smart bandage for pregnant women"
5766:
5714:Journal of the American Dental Association
5653:
5503:
5454:
5452:
5286:Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies
4925:
4428:
3886:"Epidemiology and causes of preterm birth"
3547:
3440:
3438:
3413:
3411:
3361:
3359:
3317:
3277:"Annual summary of vital statistics: 2008"
2992:
2990:
2613:
2584:
2582:
2580:
2402:injury to intraventricular and cerebellar
2366:(born in 1642, small enough to fit into a
1879:
1264:
914:are at higher risk of being born preterm.
51:
12804:
12763:
12663:
12622:
12495:
12485:
12436:
12387:
12338:
12292:
12282:
12182:
12172:
12120:
12031:
11977:
11933:
11823:
11249:
11006:
10996:
10867:
10792:
10790:
10733:
10716:
10604:
10437:
10252:
10211:
10170:
10121:
9986:
9922:
9873:
9824:
9775:
9726:
9677:
9625:
9576:
9524:
9472:
9423:
9374:
9325:
9276:
9227:
9178:
9129:
9080:
9036:
8987:
8934:
8919:"Breastfeeding and the use of human milk"
8893:
8835:
8771:
8713:
8664:
8615:
8566:
8517:
8492:Bell EF, Acarregui MJ (4 December 2014).
8468:
8419:
8370:
8321:
8272:
8262:
8221:
8110:
7988:
7887:
7838:
7781:
7701:
7617:
7607:
7574:
7531:
7512:Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology
7453:
7392:
7314:
7257:
7173:
7132:
7082:
7065:
7040:Berghella V, Saccone G (September 2019).
6989:
6954:
6937:
6885:
6875:
6834:
6824:
6769:
6633:
6623:
6539:
6371:
6347:
6297:
6279:
6050:
5974:
5882:
5833:
5801:
5688:
5636:
5587:
5535:
5486:
5476:
5424:
5356:
5346:
5305:
5225:
5202:
5094:
5041:
4949:
4938:Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology
4900:
4851:
4840:Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology
4810:
4718:
4621:
4411:
4401:
4349:
4235:
4136:
4072:
4020:
3909:
3837:
3713:
3703:
3601:
3599:
3579:
3504:Seminars in Fetal & Neonatal Medicine
3391:
3300:
3243:
3089:
2970:
2944:
2935:
2911:"What are the symptoms of preterm labor?"
2850:
2801:
2696:
2679:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2572:
2570:
2568:
2566:
2564:
2562:
2560:
2514:
2259:James Elgin Gill (born on 20 May 1987 in
1857:
1290:, there is a high risk of preterm birth.
406:A new mother holds her premature baby at
11826:"Some Famous "High Risk" Newborn Babies"
10636:Lambert SR, Lyons CJ (31 October 2016).
6396:
5379:
5017:
4119:Virk J, Zhang J, Olsen J (August 2007).
3762:
3106:
2766:
2731:
2106:
1861:
1561:
1388:
1323:nutritional supplements such as omega-3
1158:
1145:
1084:Placental alpha microglobulin-1 (PAMG-1)
753:
401:
11846:
11836:from the original on 11 September 2007.
10019:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
7158:"Fetal reduction: 25 years' experience"
7156:Evans MI, Andriole S, Britt DW (2014).
6659:Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs
6327:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
5562:Smaill FM, Vazquez JC (November 2019).
5449:
4087:Evidence-based Clinical Guideline No. 7
3935:"Risk factors present before pregnancy"
3932:
3444:
3435:
3408:
3356:
3226:Chow YH, Dattani N (26 February 2009).
2987:
1445:, often when the pregnancy has reached
1277:
993:It has been reported that asymptomatic
14:
17231:
11115:
10900:"Depression linked to premature birth"
10787:
10012:
10010:
10008:
10006:
9960:
8171:The Indian Journal of Medical Research
5083:European Journal of Clinical Nutrition
4931:
4644:
3596:
3129:from the original on 29 September 2016
3033:"What causes preterm labor and birth?"
2557:
2344:for five months, and then discharged.
2231:
1919:Specific risks for the preterm neonate
1005:preterm birth. The condition known as
468:intrauterine inflammation or infection
223:~15 million a year (12% of deliveries)
16534:
16053:Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy
16020:Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy
15803:
14846:
14176:
13774:
12960:
11907:
11805:. Guinness World Records. 5 July 2020
11697:
11328:from the original on 21 November 2008
11205:from the original on 11 November 2009
10892:
6353:
6236:Agency, Innosuisse-Swiss Innovation.
6076:Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology
4666:
4539:Asia-Pacific Journal of Public Health
2831:International Journal of Epidemiology
1848:
397:
16825:Infant respiratory distress syndrome
16119:Pregnancy-induced hypercoagulability
14313:Infant respiratory distress syndrome
14143:
14037:Office of Research on Women's Health
11687:from the original on 1 January 2008.
11445:from the original on 9 December 2007
11428:. 12 June 2008. Retrieved 2010-1-24.
11072:
10672:March of Dimes --> Neonatal Death
10587:Arzuaga BH, Lee BH (December 2011).
10405:
7944:from the original on 18 January 2017
7462:
6356:"The epidemiology of preterm labour"
5754:from the original on 20 January 2015
4654:National Bureau of Economic Research
3945:from the original on 17 August 2010.
1816:
1775:
1690:recommended feeding preterm infants
1639:
1613:(skin to skin warming), encouraging
1507:nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
1363:
1348:—often given in the form of vaginal
1105:
660:History of spontaneous preterm birth
572:Large or small pregnancy weight gain
15697:Psychiatric disorders of childbirth
14155:
14075:Society for Women's Health Research
14009:International Day of the Girl Child
12474:Health and Quality of Life Outcomes
12327:The New England Journal of Medicine
12069:10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2010.07.002
11641:
11318:"Extremely Low Birth Weight Infant"
10856:The New England Journal of Medicine
10522:from the original on 18 March 2008.
10003:
8136:The New England Journal of Medicine
7690:The New England Journal of Medicine
7465:The New England Journal of Medicine
6813:The New England Journal of Medicine
5814:The New England Journal of Medicine
5026:"Maternal stress and preterm birth"
4889:The New England Journal of Medicine
4445:from the original on 11 August 2014
4282:Tsur A, Mayo JA, Wong RJ, Shaw GM,
4125:The New England Journal of Medicine
3822:"Marriage still protects pregnancy"
3459:10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2014.10.027
2947:"Cervical alterations in pregnancy"
2483:The evidence to support the use of
2353:University of Alabama at Birmingham
1805:Parenteral (intraveneous) nutrition
1664:(GI tract), medical conditions (or
1646:continuous positive airway pressure
1582:(also called isolettes), which are
1541:
1218:
1201:
486:
335:. For a healthy pregnancy, medical
46:Premature birth, preemies, premmies
24:
16830:Transient tachypnea of the newborn
16068:Pruritic folliculitis of pregnancy
14119:Birth control in the United States
12665:10.1111/j.1469-8749.2004.tb00433.x
11581:"A little miracle called Madeline"
11535:from the original on 23 March 2007
11523:"Most-premature baby allowed home"
10783:from the original on 18 July 2016.
7655:10.1097/01.AOG.0000168435.17200.53
7259:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2000.tb13235.x
6577:10.1097/01.AOG.0000189080.76998.f8
6235:
5920:10.1097/01.AOG.0000252706.46734.0a
5140:10.1097/01.AOG.0000275264.78506.63
4504:10.1097/01.AOG.0000128070.44805.1f
3750:from the original on 8 August 2014
2382:Effect of the coronavirus pandemic
2007:Hematologic complications include
1963:is unable to meet postnatal needs.
1927:Neurological problems can include
1725:
1461:probably reduces the risk of IVH.
1318:Reducing spontaneous preterm birth
25:
17250:
16608:Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome
16326:Pain management during childbirth
16253:Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome
14014:Commission on the Status of Women
13024:External female genitalia (vulva)
12833:
11677:"World's Smallest Baby Goes Home"
11619:. 8 February 2005. Archived from
11316:Subramanian, KNS (18 June 2009).
10910:from the original on 8 April 2009
10464:National Vital Statistics Reports
8638:
8014:MMWR. Recommendations and Reports
4791:American Journal of Public Health
4699:American Journal of Public Health
3776:Maternal and Child Health Journal
3045:from the original on 2 April 2015
2923:from the original on 2 April 2015
2754:from the original on 2 April 2015
2719:from the original on 2 April 2015
2636:from the original on 5 April 2015
2601:from the original on 7 March 2015
2545:from the original on 2 April 2015
1286:, which often result from use of
1154:
1138:is the most common definition of
17126:Vertically transmitted infection
16512:
16511:
16498:Sexual activity during pregnancy
15702:Postpartum physiological changes
15402:Postpartum physiological changes
14927:Assisted reproductive technology
14154:
14142:
14131:
14130:
13347:Assisted reproductive technology
12987:
12780:
12731:
12688:
12639:
12590:
12547:
12512:
12461:
12412:
12355:
12231:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2012.12.003
12048:
11901:
11866:
11840:
11817:
11795:
11773:
11747:
11717:
11691:
11669:
11635:
11605:
11573:
11547:
11485:
11457:
11431:
11407:
11383:
11340:
11287:
11266:
11217:
11187:
11144:
11130:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2013.01.012
11109:
11066:
11023:
10922:
10814:
10806:. 6 January 2005. Archived from
10684:
10629:
10454:
10333:10.1136/archdischild-2015-308579
10312:
10290:10.1136/archdischild-2015-310313
10269:
10254:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2014.3351
10228:
10187:
10138:
10089:
9890:
9841:
9792:
9743:
9694:
9593:
9440:
9391:
9342:
9293:
9244:
9195:
9146:
9097:
9004:
8955:
8910:
8681:
8632:
8583:
8534:
8485:
8436:
8387:
8338:
8289:
8238:
8189:
8162:
8078:
8005:
7930:
7918:from the original on 9 July 2017
7904:
7855:
7806:
7757:
7726:
7677:
7634:
7583:
7548:
7499:
7417:
7360:
7331:
7282:
7233:
7190:
7033:
7006:
6851:
6800:
6786:
6737:
6693:
6650:
6373:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2005.00575.x
5875:10.1590/S0034-8910.2014048005283
5426:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2011.03020.x
5409:"Aerobic vaginitis in pregnancy"
5030:American Journal of Epidemiology
3839:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2005.00667.x
3543:. National Academies Press (US).
2945:Vink J, Myers K (October 2018).
2877:. Oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com
2591:"Preterm birth Fact sheet N°363"
2266:In 2014, Lyla Stensrud, born in
2254:
1833:Hyponatraemia and hypernatraemia
1668:), risk of aspirating milk, and
1557:
1468:
1298:Reducing indicated preterm birth
1288:assisted reproductive technology
1064:
203:, keeping the baby warm through
17218:Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder
17168:Group B streptococcal infection
16736:Intrauterine growth restriction
15754:Adaptation to extrauterine life
14248:Breastfeeding and mental health
13313:Breastfeeding and mental health
11914:Seminars in Pediatric Neurology
7121:Reproductive Biomedicine Online
6599:
6556:
6507:
6464:
6314:
6255:
6229:
6206:
6163:
6153:
6110:
6067:
6018:
5991:
5942:
5850:
5740:
5726:10.14219/jada.archive.2001.0299
5705:
5604:
5400:
5373:
5273:
5246:
5219:
5178:
5162:
5119:
5070:
4974:
4827:
4660:
4638:
4581:
4526:
4483:
4457:
4275:
4161:
4112:
3988:
3949:
3926:
3730:
3530:
3495:
3473:
3268:
3219:
3184:
3141:
3057:
3025:
2889:
2370:mug, according to his mother),
2102:
1762:gastroesophageal reflux disease
1340:
1249:screening for and treatment of
1079:Placental alpha microglobulin-1
456:
453:and spontaneous preterm labor.
425:, true labor is accompanied by
16561:Conditions originating in the
16000:Acute fatty liver of pregnancy
15397:Maternal physiological changes
11555:"trithuc.thanhnienkhcn.org.vn"
10031:10.1002/14651858.CD012642.pub2
9979:10.1002/14651858.CD012940.pub3
9915:10.1002/14651858.CD013141.pub2
9817:10.1002/14651858.CD005249.pub3
9768:10.1002/14651858.CD009719.pub3
9719:10.1002/14651858.CD004696.pub5
9670:10.1002/14651858.CD013392.pub2
9618:10.1002/14651858.CD012888.pub2
9569:10.1002/14651858.CD013145.pub2
9517:10.1002/14651858.CD013465.pub2
9465:10.1002/14651858.CD007263.pub3
9416:10.1002/14651858.CD012273.pub2
9367:10.1002/14651858.CD002777.pub2
9318:10.1002/14651858.CD000341.pub3
9269:10.1002/14651858.CD000280.pub3
9220:10.1002/14651858.CD003959.pub4
9171:10.1002/14651858.CD007090.pub2
9122:10.1002/14651858.CD000433.pub3
9073:10.1002/14651858.CD000343.pub3
9029:10.1002/14651858.CD002971.pub5
8980:10.1002/14651858.CD002972.pub3
8886:10.1002/14651858.CD001819.pub3
8828:10.1002/14651858.CD013542.pub2
8764:10.1002/14651858.CD012413.pub3
8706:10.1002/14651858.CD008313.pub3
8657:10.1002/14651858.CD001243.pub4
8608:10.1002/14651858.CD011190.pub2
8559:10.1002/14651858.CD006405.pub4
8510:10.1002/14651858.CD000503.pub3
8412:10.1002/14651858.CD004953.pub4
8363:10.1002/14651858.CD004210.pub5
8314:10.1002/14651858.CD000078.pub3
8214:10.1002/14651858.CD001060.pub2
7981:10.1002/14651858.CD012077.pub2
7880:10.1002/14651858.CD004454.pub4
7831:10.1002/14651858.CD003935.pub5
7743:10.1002/14651858.CD003096.pub2
7385:10.1002/14651858.CD004947.pub3
7307:10.1002/14651858.CD000262.pub4
7058:10.1002/14651858.CD007235.pub4
6982:10.1002/14651858.CD000198.pub3
6930:10.1002/14651858.CD006172.pub4
6762:10.1002/14651858.CD001059.pub5
6335:10.1002/14651858.cd004902.pub2
5681:10.1002/14651858.CD006178.pub3
5629:10.1002/14651858.CD000491.pub3
5580:10.1002/14651858.CD000490.pub4
5528:10.1002/14651858.CD002250.pub3
3572:10.1002/14651858.CD004902.pub5
3082:10.1002/14651858.CD003581.pub3
2999:Paediatric Respiratory Reviews
2867:
2818:
1866:Preterm infants survival rates
1688:American Academy of Pediatrics
1331:
1270:correction (i.e. removal of a
770:, previous spontaneous (i.e.,
437:) is a serious threat to both
13:
1:
16910:Vitamin K deficiency bleeding
16202:Prelabor rupture of membranes
14952:partner-assisted reproduction
14243:Breastfeeding and medications
13963:Social determinants of health
12533:10.1016/S0378-3782(00)00094-3
11361:10.1016/S0029-7844(03)00617-3
10681:Retrieved on 11 November 2014
10383:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60136-1
8056:10.1016/S0140-6736(00)04233-1
6485:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60082-9
6442:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60108-7
6184:10.1016/S0029-7844(00)01130-3
6119:Journal of Perinatal Medicine
3902:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60074-4
3384:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2
3038:National Institutes of Health
2963:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2018.03.007
2916:National Institutes of Health
2794:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1
2747:National Institutes of Health
2713:National Institutes of Health
2629:National Institutes of Health
2538:National Institutes of Health
2507:
2416:structural magnetic resonance
2112:Disability-adjusted life year
1975:respiratory distress syndrome
1682:Human breast milk and formula
1423:respiratory distress syndrome
1187:
1116:
17069:Periventricular leukomalacia
16887:Persistent fetal circulation
16835:Meconium aspiration syndrome
16481:Systemic lupus erythematosus
16132:Maternal care related to the
16114:Gestational thrombocytopenia
14805:Neonatal withdrawal syndrome
14426:Infant cognitive development
14323:Neonatal intensive care unit
13958:Gender disparities in health
13296:Mother-to-child transmission
12709:10.1016/j.cortex.2013.06.001
12284:10.1371/journal.pone.0077475
12174:10.1371/journal.pone.0024525
11242:10.1097/GCO.0000000000000156
11087:10.1097/dbp.0b013e3181ba0fba
8264:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002398
7783:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000902
7211:10.1097/aog.0b013e318293f12f
6864:BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
6715:10.1097/AOG.0000000000004480
6268:Journal of Clinical Medicine
6088:10.3109/01443615.2013.807786
6043:10.3109/14767058.2012.657279
5335:Clinical Infectious Diseases
5255:Nigerian Journal of Medicine
4403:10.1371/journal.pone.0186151
4228:10.1097/AOG.0b013e3181dffcdb
3738:"Premature Birth Fact Sheet"
3621:10.1586/17474108.2013.825481
3342:10.1097/AOG.0000000000002352
3205:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2014.05.030
3162:10.3109/14767058.2014.918095
2342:neonatal intensive care unit
2236:
2019:(jaundice) that can lead to
1654:
1572:neonatal intensive care unit
1500:
1421:. This can lead directly to
1384:
1354:hydroxyprogesterone caproate
1073:
952:
476:neonatal intensive care unit
421:in one hour. In contrast to
7:
16978:Intraventricular hemorrhage
16282:Cephalopelvic disproportion
15188:Traditional birth attendant
14729:Supplemental nursing system
13571:Pelvic inflammatory disease
13514:Hormone replacement therapy
13078:Reproductive system disease
12756:10.1097/MD.0000000000006408
12615:10.1016/j.jpeds.2009.06.015
11467:Guinness World Records 2004
10777:"World Health Organization"
10430:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-015402
7555:Caritis S, Rouse D (2006).
7162:Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy
4667:Chung E (30 October 2019).
3941:. Merck Sharp & Dohme.
3232:Health Statistics Quarterly
2490:
2393:
2041:
1959:, at a time when their own
1953:intraventricular hemorrhage
1412:
1325:polyunsaturated fatty acids
1055:
10:
17255:
16983:Germinal matrix hemorrhage
16973:Velamentous cord insertion
16864:Bronchopulmonary dysplasia
16393:Breastfeeding difficulties
16192:Constriction ring syndrome
16166:Braxton Hicks contractions
15420:Brain health and pollution
14481:Prenatal development table
14421:Irritant diaper dermatitis
14065:Black Women's Health Study
13132:Complications of pregnancy
12024:10.1016/j.nicl.2014.08.005
11926:10.1016/j.spen.2009.09.005
11908:Volpe JJ (December 2009).
11847:Preston E (19 July 2020).
7576:10.1016/j.ajog.2006.10.003
7439:10.1016/j.ajog.2005.06.049
7134:10.1016/j.rbmo.2017.05.012
6877:10.1186/s12884-021-03729-1
6012:10.1016/j.ajog.2010.10.543
5787:10.1016/j.ajog.2007.12.014
5298:10.1016/j.jbmt.2008.10.002
4995:10.1016/j.ijgo.2006.03.022
4606:10.1177/003335491112600514
3974:10.1016/j.ajog.2004.09.021
3516:10.1016/j.siny.2015.12.011
3011:10.1016/j.prrv.2016.08.008
2672:10.1016/j.ajog.2015.09.080
2497:Canadian Perinatal Network
2336:Born in February 2009, at
2290:problems, together with a
2222:Extremely Low Birth Weight
1937:retinopathy of prematurity
1869:
1737:red blood cell transfusion
1625:may also be used to treat
1566:Incubator for preterm baby
1244:Screening during pregnancy
1120:
466:), decidual bleeding, and
374:or incubation, supporting
103:at younger than 37 weeks'
17183:
17118:
17077:
17054:
17026:
17013:Necrotizing enterocolitis
16998:
16895:
16872:
16810:
16803:
16744:
16722:Large for gestational age
16718:Small for gestational age
16710:
16674:
16642:
16616:
16584:
16573:
16506:
16463:
16430:Peripartum cardiomyopathy
16420:Pubic symphysis diastasis
16383:
16267:
16131:
16104:
16086:
16028:
15990:
15981:
15937:
15855:
15846:
15781:
15746:
15710:
15664:
15655:
15633:Chorionic villus sampling
15615:
15410:
15367:
15336:
15329:
15196:
15121:
15090:
15081:
15015:
14985:Obstetric ultrasonography
14972:
14917:
14909:Pre-conception counseling
14884:
14800:Prenatal cocaine exposure
14757:
14588:Infant care and equipment
14587:
14505:Socialization and Culture
14504:
14416:Infant visual development
14368:
14283:Infant and toddler safety
14211:
14126:
14083:
14042:Women's Health Initiative
14027:
13989:
13980:
13929:
13895:Major depressive disorder
13763:
13723:Intimate partner violence
13685:
13584:Female genital mutilation
13579:
13528:
13437:
13379:
13325:
13271:
13184:
13097:
13086:
13012:
12999:
12919:
12841:
12603:The Journal of Pediatrics
12113:10.1017/S135561771100107X
11887:10.1016/j.clp.2013.09.005
11349:Obstetrics and Gynecology
11299:World Health Organization
11199:World Health Organization
10944:10.1017/S001216220100247X
10906:. Melbourne. 4 May 2004.
10558:10.1080/14767050701866971
10114:10.1016/j.clp.2017.01.009
9866:10.1136/bmjpo-2020-000724
7776:(16_suppl_2): S524–S550.
7643:Obstetrics and Gynecology
7609:10.1186/s13643-017-0600-x
7199:Obstetrics and Gynecology
7015:Obstetrics and Gynecology
6703:Obstetrics and Gynecology
6671:10.1517/13543784.16.3.337
6612:Frontiers in Neuroscience
6565:Obstetrics and Gynecology
6172:Obstetrics and Gynecology
5967:10.1080/14767050902801694
5908:Obstetrics and Gynecology
5478:10.1186/s13643-015-0018-2
5191:Human Reproduction Update
5128:Obstetrics and Gynecology
4932:Romero R (October 2007).
4756:10.1080/00365540601087566
4645:Currie J (October 2009).
4492:Obstetrics and Gynecology
4338:Human Reproduction Update
4216:Obstetrics and Gynecology
4182:10.1038/s41558-019-0632-4
3939:Merck Manual Home Edition
3788:10.1007/s10995-009-0546-2
3692:Human Reproduction Update
3330:Obstetrics and Gynecology
2485:osteopathic manipulations
2213:small for gestational age
2204:World Health Organization
2002:necrotizing enterocolitis
1696:necrotizing enterocolitis
1670:necrotizing enterocolitis
1483:necrotizing enterocolitis
1255:, group B streptococcus,
1100:positive predictive value
1061:with a polygenic nature.
922:World Health Organization
561:Low socio-economic status
444:
227:
219:
196:
186:
142:
134:
110:
90:
70:
59:
50:
42:
37:
15956:Gestational hypertension
15523:Intrahepatic cholestasis
14810:Parental child abduction
14333:Oral rehydration therapy
13631:Gynaecological disorders
13447:Culture and menstruation
13414:Contraceptive prevalence
13306:Compulsory sterilization
12806:10.1542/peds.2020-016162
6625:10.3389/fnins.2019.01284
6532:10.1136/jech.2003.008029
5863:Revista de Saude Publica
4803:10.2105/AJPH.2005.065680
4551:10.1177/1010539514537678
4013:10.1136/bmj.327.7410.313
2478:inferior parietal lobule
1988:, feeding difficulties,
1968:patent ductus arteriosus
1945:transient hyperammonemia
1941:developmental disability
1511:calcium channel blockers
824:Factors during pregnancy
621:Asymptomatic bacteriuria
408:Kapiolani Medical Center
292:and problems with their
17175:Neonatal conjunctivitis
16666:Single umbilical artery
16656:Umbilical cord prolapse
16603:Placental insufficiency
16576:complicating pregnancy,
16355:Umbilical cord prolapse
16277:Amniotic fluid embolism
16035:dermatoses of pregnancy
15593:Motor vehicle emissions
15454:Concomitant conditions
15428:environmental toxicants
15171:Auxiliary nurse midwife
14932:artificial insemination
14899:Natural family planning
14815:Parental responsibility
14328:Newborn care and safety
13914:Urinary tract infection
13706:Abuse during childbirth
12521:Early Human Development
12487:10.1186/1477-7525-11-51
12380:10.1136/adc.2007.135095
12219:Early Human Development
11875:Clinics in Perinatology
11698:Allyn B (29 May 2019).
11118:Early Human Development
10946:(inactive 8 May 2024).
10677:24 October 2014 at the
10102:Clinics in Perinatology
5096:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601690
4288:Journal of Perinatology
3660:10.1067/mob.2002.127140
2061:intellectual disability
2036:urinary tract infection
1884:In the U.S. where many
1880:Mortality and morbidity
1265:Reducing existing risks
1096:transvaginal ultrasound
929:anti-thyroid antibodies
252:at fewer than 37 weeks
17151:ureaplasma urealyticum
16859:Wilson–Mikity syndrome
16783:Brachial plexus injury
16471:Concomitant conditions
16450:Postpartum thyroiditis
16228:Circumvallate placenta
16048:Impetigo herpetiformis
16043:Gestational pemphigoid
16015:Hyperemesis gravidarum
15948:hypertensive disorders
15687:Postpartum confinement
14947:in vitro fertilisation
14559:Grandparent visitation
13831:Cardiovascular disease
13419:Contraceptive security
13352:In vitro fertilization
13263:Postpartum confinement
13137:Hyperemesis gravidarum
12568:10.1542/peds.2007-0169
12438:10.1542/peds.2015-2006
11471:. Bantam Books. 2004.
11165:10.1542/peds.2013-0009
10606:10.1542/peds.2011-1689
10500:10.1542/peds.2004-2547
8936:10.1542/peds.2011-3552
8461:10.1542/peds.2015-2238
6354:Steer P (March 2005).
3293:10.1542/peds.2010-3175
2195:
2097:chronic kidney disease
1867:
1858:Outcomes and prognosis
1837:Imbalances of sodium (
1662:gastrointestinal tract
1605:mechanical ventilation
1567:
1394:
1252:Ureaplasma urealyticum
1168:
759:
740:Being single/unmarried
414:
268:(American English) or
215:, supporting breathing
17099:Congenital hypertonia
16990:Anemia of prematurity
16698:Shoulder presentation
16440:Postpartum infections
16435:Postpartum depression
15682:Postpartum depression
15563:Pruritic folliculitis
15307:Unassisted childbirth
14318:Infant sleep training
13953:Healthcare inequality
13755:Gender discrimination
13559:Human papilloma virus
13234:Vesicovaginal fistula
11803:"Most premature baby"
11415:Million-Dollar Babies
11402:Institute of Medicine
11295:"Data and statistics"
10998:10.1186/1741-7015-6-1
10869:10.1056/NEJMoa0706475
10709:10.1093/cercor/bhp212
10213:10.1001/jama.2009.771
7477:10.1056/NEJMcp1103640
6213:Cervical incompetence
6131:10.1515/jpm-2013-0234
5826:10.1056/NEJMoa1612665
5204:10.1093/humupd/dmr024
4711:10.2105/AJPH.88.2.233
4594:Public Health Reports
4351:10.1093/humupd/dms044
4170:Nature Climate Change
3705:10.1093/humupd/dmu007
2502:World Prematurity Day
2457:parahippocampal gyrus
2453:middle temporal gyrus
2309:, requiring birth by
2244:Institute of Medicine
2218:Very Low Birth Weight
2110:
2026:Infection, including
2009:anemia of prematurity
1986:neonatal hypoglycemia
1865:
1565:
1475:group B streptococcus
1392:
1258:Trichomonas vaginalis
1162:
1146:Emerging Technologies
1140:cervical incompetence
1123:Cervical incompetence
1121:Further information:
960:Mycoplasma genitalium
883:), are also at risk.
757:
583:Short maternal height
526:Short cervical length
405:
286:delays in development
121:delays in development
17104:Congenital hypotonia
17018:Meconium peritonitis
16820:Intrauterine hypoxia
16776:Subgaleal hemorrhage
16445:Postpartum psychosis
16314:Obstetrical bleeding
16209:Obstetrical bleeding
16030:Integumentary system
16005:Gestational diabetes
15984:related to pregnancy
15982:Other, predominantly
15789:Gravidity and parity
15769:Congenital disorders
15728:Lactation consultant
15598:Pre-existing disease
15277:Childbirth positions
15267:Rupture of membranes
14964:Unintended pregnancy
14942:fertility medication
14476:Prenatal development
14376:Attachment parenting
14350:Shaken baby syndrome
14060:Nurses' Health Study
13968:Reproductive justice
13919:Urinary incontinence
13539:Sexually transmitted
13394:Intrauterine devices
13239:Rectovaginal fistula
13229:Obstetrical fistulae
13157:Gestational diabetes
13152:Obstetrical bleeding
13127:Adolescent pregnancy
13112:Gravidity and parity
13107:Unintended pregnancy
12340:10.1056/NEJMoa010856
12012:NeuroImage. Clinical
11979:10.1093/brain/awm282
11759:Children's Minnesota
11725:"The Tiniest Babies"
11531:. 21 February 2007.
11305:on 16 February 2007.
10531:12 June 2008 at the
10524:— in particular see
9854:BMJ Paediatrics Open
8148:10.1056/NEJMra050435
7703:10.1056/NEJMsa065029
6826:10.1056/NEJMoa054186
6218:7 March 2014 at the
4902:10.1056/NEJMoa067815
4138:10.1056/NEJMoa070445
2788:(10053): 1459–1544.
2463:, as well as larger
2206:tracks rates of low
2192: more than 1500
1979:chronic lung disease
1929:apnea of prematurity
1811:late preterm infants
1787:aspiration pneumonia
1284:multiple pregnancies
1278:Multiple pregnancies
1165:prenatal development
1128:Obstetric ultrasound
875:, whether too much (
837:fertility medication
727:Unintended pregnancy
688:Black ethnicity/race
537:Prenatal Care Absent
480:Risk scoring systems
413:in Honolulu, Hawaii.
372:skin-to-skin contact
333:psychological stress
274:uterine contractions
205:skin-to-skin contact
181:psychological stress
17213:Neonatal withdrawal
17196:Perinatal mortality
17046:Sclerema neonatorum
16902:hematologic disease
16425:Postpartum bleeding
16248:Placental abruption
16233:Monochorionic twins
16063:Prurigo gestationis
15692:Sex after pregnancy
15499:Endocrine diseases
15445:Prenatal depression
15317:Placental expulsion
15235:Uterine contraction
15218:cervical effacement
14959:Fertility awareness
14790:Infant ear piercing
13973:Women's empowerment
13841:Alzheimer's disease
13472:Cloth menstrual pad
13429:Fertility awareness
13399:Oral contraceptives
13281:Perinatal mortality
12275:2013PLoSO...877475C
12165:2011PLoSO...624525A
12057:Pediatric Neurology
11683:. 8 February 2005.
11420:31 May 2009 at the
11396:5 June 2011 at the
6479:(9928): 1549–1560.
6281:10.3390/jcm12134360
6000:Am J Obstet Gynecol
5134:(2 Pt 1): 318–324.
4441:. 14 January 2014.
4394:2017PLoSO..1286151B
4300:10.1038/jp.2017.104
3447:Pediatric Neurology
3041:. 3 November 2014.
2715:. 3 November 2014.
2632:. 3 November 2014.
2541:. 3 November 2014.
2474:sensorimotor cortex
2421:hippocampal regions
2232:Society and culture
2126: less than 120
1931:, hypoxic-ischemic
1886:neonatal infections
1546:The routine use of
1368:In preparation for
1292:Selective reduction
1049:periodontal disease
978:, and the fetus. A
937:confidence interval
869:placental abruption
849:high blood pressure
792:confidence interval
674:Bacterial vaginosis
464:placental abruption
305:high blood pressure
153:high blood pressure
63:preterm baby in an
17146:mycoplasma hominis
17131:Neonatal infection
17087:Gray baby syndrome
17064:Perinatal asphyxia
16954:Hyperbilirubinemia
16731:Postterm pregnancy
16578:labour or delivery
16455:Puerperal mastitis
16410:Breast engorgement
16197:Monoamniotic twins
16187:Chorionic hematoma
15468:Hypercoagulability
15297:Natural childbirth
15146:Postterm pregnancy
14904:Male contraceptive
14298:Infant food safety
14070:Cartwright Inquiry
13981:Politics, research
13799:Endometrial cancer
13653:Sexual intercourse
13424:Planned parenthood
13409:Male contraceptive
12920:External resources
12799:(2): e2020016162.
12431:(6): e1513–e1520.
11853:The New York Times
11824:Raju, TNK (1980).
11761:. 23 December 2020
11729:University of Iowa
11593:on 2 December 2007
11561:on 24 January 2008
10810:on 12 August 2020.
10754:on 4 December 2020
10075:10.15142/fptk-b748
7596:Systematic Reviews
5781:(1): 43.e1–43.e5.
5465:Systematic Reviews
5348:10.1093/cid/civ312
5066:on 8 October 2007.
5043:10.1093/aje/kwf176
4058:10.1111/aogs.13111
3245:10.1057/hsq.2009.5
2843:10.1093/ije/dyt251
2476:bilaterally, left
2465:lateral ventricles
2331:University of Iowa
2196:
2017:hyperbilirubinemia
1898:limit of viability
1868:
1849:Hearing assessment
1631:hyperbilirubinemia
1568:
1395:
1169:
760:
714:Unwanted pregnancy
415:
398:Signs and symptoms
382:feeding, treating
337:induction of labor
321:vaginal infections
309:multiple gestation
258:late preterm birth
169:vaginal infections
157:Multiple gestation
17226:
17225:
17114:
17113:
16964:Neonatal jaundice
16882:Pneumopericardium
16852:Pneumomediastinum
16793:Klumpke paralysis
16771:Caput succedaneum
16706:
16705:
16574:Maternal factors
16528:
16527:
16486:Thyroid disorders
16476:Diabetes mellitus
16360:Uterine inversion
16292:Shoulder dystocia
16287:Obstructed labour
16263:
16262:
16127:
16126:
16096:Chorea gravidarum
15872:Ectopic pregnancy
15797:
15796:
15782:Obstetric history
15777:
15776:
15738:Confinement nanny
15651:
15650:
15518:Acute fatty liver
15325:
15324:
15213:cervical dilation
14840:
14839:
14700:
14537:Children's rights
14451:Object permanence
14273:Failure to thrive
14170:
14169:
14050:
14049:
13875:
13874:
13826:
13825:
13809:Papanicolaou test
13765:Non-communicable
13733:Sexual harassment
13711:Domestic violence
13681:
13680:
13524:
13523:
13321:
13320:
13224:Retained placenta
13142:Ectopic pregnancy
12954:
12953:
12609:(6): 848–853.e1.
11972:(Pt 1): 205–217.
11623:on 1 January 2008
11413:Spencer E. Ante.
11044:10.1111/obr.12214
10779:. November 2015.
10377:(9608): 261–269.
10206:(21): 2225–2233.
10163:10.1136/bmj.e7976
8103:10.1136/bmj.e6226
8050:(9261): 989–994.
7696:(21): 2165–2175.
7524:10.1002/uog.15953
7175:10.1159/000357974
6819:(17): 1796–1806.
6436:(9607): 164–175.
6242:www.innosuisse.ch
5820:(12): 1156–1167.
5419:(10): 1163–1170.
5089:(10): 1345–1349.
4471:on 14 August 2014
4294:(10): 1088–1092.
3832:(10): 1411–1416.
3378:(9963): 117–171.
2388:COVID-19 pandemic
2372:Winston Churchill
2315:laser eye surgery
2311:caesarean section
2305:their mother had
2085:MRI brain imaging
1817:Gastric residuals
1799:systematic review
1776:High volume feeds
1640:Breathing support
1603:supplementation,
1548:caesarean section
1532:Magnesium sulfate
1431:antenatal steroid
1378:Cervical cerclage
1364:Cervical cerclage
1233:Smoking cessation
1229:randomized trials
1111:Fetal fibronectin
1106:Fetal fibronectin
1092:fetal fibronectin
1007:aerobic vaginitis
982:also may lead to
879:) or too little (
752:
751:
701:Filipino ancestry
427:cervical dilation
235:
234:
32:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
17246:
17206:Infant mortality
17041:Erythema toxicum
17033:thermoregulation
17000:Gastrointestinal
16808:
16807:
16804:Affected systems
16681:
16649:
16634:Chorioamnionitis
16627:
16598:Placenta praevia
16591:
16582:
16581:
16555:
16548:
16541:
16532:
16531:
16515:
16514:
16350:Postmature birth
16338:Placenta accreta
16243:Placenta praevia
16238:Placenta accreta
16182:Chorioamnionitis
15992:Digestive system
15988:
15987:
15914:Fetal resorption
15902:Rudimentary horn
15859:abortive outcome
15853:
15852:
15824:
15817:
15810:
15801:
15800:
15662:
15661:
15628:Cardiotocography
15334:
15333:
15240:Vaginal delivery
15113:Nesting instinct
15088:
15087:
15073:Rudimentary horn
15002:Prenatal testing
14867:
14860:
14853:
14844:
14843:
14696:
14381:Baby-led weaning
14197:
14190:
14183:
14174:
14173:
14158:
14157:
14146:
14145:
14134:
14133:
13987:
13986:
13772:
13771:
13692:
13691:
13686:Non-reproductive
13535:
13534:
13452:Feminine hygiene
13219:Cesarian section
13214:Obstructed labor
13095:
13094:
13010:
13009:
12991:
12981:
12974:
12967:
12958:
12957:
12839:
12838:
12827:
12826:
12808:
12784:
12778:
12777:
12767:
12735:
12729:
12728:
12703:(8): 2264–2271.
12692:
12686:
12685:
12667:
12643:
12637:
12636:
12626:
12594:
12588:
12587:
12562:(2): e366–e376.
12551:
12545:
12544:
12516:
12510:
12509:
12499:
12489:
12465:
12459:
12458:
12440:
12416:
12410:
12409:
12391:
12374:(3): F196–F200.
12359:
12353:
12352:
12342:
12318:
12307:
12306:
12296:
12286:
12254:
12243:
12242:
12214:
12205:
12204:
12186:
12176:
12144:
12135:
12134:
12124:
12107:(6): 1067–1079.
12092:
12081:
12080:
12052:
12046:
12045:
12035:
12003:
11992:
11991:
11981:
11957:
11948:
11947:
11937:
11905:
11899:
11898:
11870:
11864:
11863:
11861:
11859:
11844:
11838:
11837:
11821:
11815:
11814:
11812:
11810:
11799:
11793:
11792:
11790:
11788:
11777:
11771:
11770:
11768:
11766:
11751:
11745:
11744:
11742:
11740:
11731:. Archived from
11721:
11715:
11714:
11712:
11710:
11695:
11689:
11688:
11673:
11667:
11666:
11664:
11662:
11639:
11633:
11632:
11630:
11628:
11609:
11603:
11602:
11600:
11598:
11577:
11571:
11570:
11568:
11566:
11557:. Archived from
11551:
11545:
11544:
11542:
11540:
11519:
11508:
11507:
11505:
11503:
11489:
11483:
11482:
11470:
11461:
11455:
11454:
11452:
11450:
11435:
11429:
11411:
11405:
11387:
11381:
11380:
11344:
11338:
11337:
11335:
11333:
11313:
11307:
11306:
11301:. Archived from
11291:
11285:
11284:
11278:
11270:
11264:
11263:
11253:
11221:
11215:
11214:
11212:
11210:
11191:
11185:
11184:
11159:(6): 1168–1179.
11148:
11142:
11141:
11113:
11107:
11106:
11070:
11064:
11063:
11027:
11021:
11020:
11010:
11000:
10976:
10970:
10969:
10963:
10955:
10926:
10920:
10919:
10917:
10915:
10896:
10890:
10889:
10871:
10847:
10838:
10837:
10835:
10833:
10818:
10812:
10811:
10794:
10785:
10784:
10773:
10764:
10763:
10761:
10759:
10750:. Archived from
10740:
10731:
10730:
10720:
10703:(6): 1462–1475.
10688:
10682:
10669:
10660:
10659:
10633:
10627:
10626:
10608:
10599:(6): 1047–1052.
10584:
10578:
10577:
10541:
10535:
10523:
10479:
10473:
10472:
10458:
10452:
10451:
10441:
10409:
10403:
10402:
10366:
10353:
10352:
10327:(5): F377–F383.
10316:
10310:
10309:
10284:(2): F153–F161.
10273:
10267:
10266:
10256:
10232:
10226:
10225:
10215:
10191:
10185:
10184:
10174:
10142:
10136:
10135:
10125:
10093:
10087:
10086:
10058:
10047:
10046:
10037: 10569379.
10025:(10): CD012642.
10014:
10001:
10000:
9990:
9958:
9937:
9936:
9926:
9894:
9888:
9887:
9877:
9845:
9839:
9838:
9828:
9796:
9790:
9789:
9779:
9747:
9741:
9740:
9730:
9713:(12): CD004696.
9698:
9692:
9691:
9681:
9649:
9640:
9639:
9629:
9597:
9591:
9590:
9580:
9548:
9539:
9538:
9528:
9511:(11): CD013465.
9496:
9487:
9486:
9476:
9444:
9438:
9437:
9427:
9410:(10): CD012273.
9395:
9389:
9388:
9378:
9346:
9340:
9339:
9329:
9297:
9291:
9290:
9280:
9248:
9242:
9241:
9231:
9199:
9193:
9192:
9182:
9165:(11): CD007090.
9150:
9144:
9143:
9133:
9101:
9095:
9094:
9084:
9060:
9051:
9050:
9040:
9008:
9002:
9001:
8991:
8959:
8953:
8952:
8938:
8929:(3): e827–e841.
8914:
8908:
8907:
8897:
8865:
8850:
8849:
8839:
8822:(12): CD013542.
8807:
8786:
8785:
8775:
8743:
8728:
8727:
8717:
8685:
8679:
8678:
8668:
8651:(10): CD001243.
8636:
8630:
8629:
8619:
8587:
8581:
8580:
8570:
8538:
8532:
8531:
8521:
8504:(12): CD000503.
8489:
8483:
8482:
8472:
8440:
8434:
8433:
8423:
8391:
8385:
8384:
8374:
8342:
8336:
8335:
8325:
8293:
8287:
8286:
8276:
8266:
8257:(10): e1002398.
8242:
8236:
8235:
8225:
8193:
8187:
8186:
8166:
8160:
8159:
8131:
8125:
8124:
8114:
8082:
8076:
8075:
8039:
8030:
8029:
8009:
8003:
8002:
7992:
7960:
7954:
7953:
7951:
7949:
7934:
7928:
7927:
7925:
7923:
7908:
7902:
7901:
7891:
7859:
7853:
7852:
7842:
7810:
7804:
7803:
7785:
7761:
7755:
7754:
7737:(11): CD003096.
7730:
7724:
7723:
7705:
7681:
7675:
7674:
7638:
7632:
7631:
7621:
7611:
7587:
7581:
7580:
7578:
7552:
7546:
7545:
7535:
7503:
7497:
7496:
7460:
7451:
7450:
7433:(5): 1234–1242.
7421:
7415:
7414:
7396:
7364:
7358:
7357:
7355:
7353:
7343:
7335:
7329:
7328:
7318:
7286:
7280:
7279:
7261:
7237:
7231:
7230:
7205:(6): 1305–1308.
7194:
7188:
7187:
7177:
7153:
7147:
7146:
7136:
7112:
7106:
7105:
7103:
7101:
7086:
7080:
7079:
7069:
7037:
7031:
7030:
7010:
7004:
7003:
6993:
6961:
6952:
6951:
6941:
6909:
6900:
6899:
6889:
6879:
6855:
6849:
6848:
6838:
6828:
6804:
6798:
6797:
6790:
6784:
6783:
6773:
6756:(10): CD001059.
6741:
6735:
6734:
6697:
6691:
6690:
6654:
6648:
6647:
6637:
6627:
6603:
6597:
6596:
6571:(6): 1279–1288.
6560:
6554:
6553:
6543:
6511:
6505:
6504:
6468:
6462:
6461:
6425:
6394:
6393:
6375:
6366:(Suppl 1): 1–3.
6351:
6345:
6344:
6343:
6341:
6318:
6312:
6311:
6301:
6283:
6259:
6253:
6252:
6250:
6248:
6233:
6227:
6210:
6204:
6203:
6167:
6161:
6157:
6151:
6150:
6114:
6108:
6107:
6071:
6065:
6064:
6054:
6037:(9): 1690–1698.
6022:
6016:
6015:
5995:
5989:
5988:
5978:
5946:
5940:
5939:
5903:
5897:
5896:
5886:
5854:
5848:
5847:
5837:
5805:
5799:
5798:
5770:
5764:
5763:
5761:
5759:
5744:
5738:
5737:
5709:
5703:
5702:
5692:
5660:
5651:
5650:
5640:
5623:(11): CD000491.
5608:
5602:
5601:
5591:
5559:
5550:
5549:
5539:
5507:
5501:
5500:
5490:
5480:
5456:
5447:
5446:
5428:
5404:
5398:
5397:
5377:
5371:
5370:
5360:
5350:
5326:
5320:
5319:
5309:
5277:
5271:
5270:
5250:
5244:
5243:
5223:
5217:
5216:
5206:
5182:
5176:
5166:
5160:
5159:
5123:
5117:
5116:
5098:
5074:
5068:
5067:
5062:. Archived from
5045:
5021:
5015:
5014:
4978:
4972:
4971:
4953:
4951:10.1002/uog.5174
4929:
4923:
4922:
4904:
4880:
4874:
4873:
4855:
4853:10.1002/uog.2773
4831:
4825:
4824:
4814:
4797:(9): 1545–1551.
4782:
4776:
4775:
4739:
4733:
4732:
4722:
4690:
4681:
4680:
4678:
4676:
4664:
4658:
4657:
4651:
4642:
4636:
4635:
4625:
4585:
4579:
4578:
4530:
4524:
4523:
4498:(6): 1300–1307.
4487:
4481:
4480:
4478:
4476:
4467:. Archived from
4461:
4455:
4454:
4452:
4450:
4435:
4426:
4425:
4415:
4405:
4388:(10): e0186151.
4373:
4364:
4363:
4353:
4329:
4320:
4319:
4279:
4273:
4270:
4260:Lay summary in:
4257:
4239:
4222:(6): 1125–1133.
4211:
4202:
4201:
4165:
4159:
4158:
4140:
4116:
4110:
4109:
4107:
4105:
4099:
4084:
4076:
4070:
4069:
4041:
4035:
4034:
4024:
3992:
3986:
3985:
3953:
3947:
3946:
3933:Moldenhauer JS.
3930:
3924:
3923:
3913:
3881:
3860:
3859:
3841:
3817:
3808:
3807:
3771:
3760:
3759:
3757:
3755:
3749:
3742:
3734:
3728:
3727:
3717:
3707:
3683:
3672:
3671:
3654:(5): 1254–1257.
3642:
3633:
3632:
3603:
3594:
3593:
3583:
3566:(10): CD004902.
3551:
3545:
3544:
3534:
3528:
3527:
3499:
3493:
3492:
3490:
3488:
3477:
3471:
3470:
3442:
3433:
3432:
3415:
3406:
3405:
3395:
3363:
3354:
3353:
3336:(4): e187–e199.
3324:
3315:
3314:
3304:
3272:
3266:
3265:
3247:
3223:
3217:
3216:
3188:
3182:
3181:
3145:
3139:
3138:
3136:
3134:
3125:. October 2016.
3115:
3104:
3103:
3093:
3061:
3055:
3054:
3052:
3050:
3029:
3023:
3022:
2994:
2985:
2984:
2974:
2942:
2933:
2932:
2930:
2928:
2919:. 11 June 2013.
2907:
2901:
2900:
2893:
2887:
2886:
2884:
2882:
2871:
2865:
2864:
2854:
2822:
2816:
2815:
2805:
2773:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2759:
2750:. 11 June 2013.
2738:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2724:
2705:
2694:
2693:
2683:
2655:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2641:
2620:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2586:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2550:
2529:
2441:internal capsule
2191:
2185:
2179:
2173:
2167:
2161:
2155:
2149:
2143:
2137:
2131:
2125:
2119:
2013:thrombocytopenia
1992:of prematurity,
1957:thyroid hormones
1902:second trimester
1675:venous catheters
1627:newborn jaundice
1542:Mode of delivery
1399:fibronectin test
1219:During pregnancy
1202:Before pregnancy
980:chorioamnionitis
902:, and excessive
491:
490:
487:Maternal factors
435:chorioamnionitis
354:is taken during
341:cesarean section
290:hearing problems
264:or colloquially
262:premature babies
240:, also known as
125:hearing problems
55:
35:
34:
21:
18:Premature births
17254:
17253:
17249:
17248:
17247:
17245:
17244:
17243:
17229:
17228:
17227:
17222:
17179:
17163:Neonatal sepsis
17110:
17079:Musculoskeletal
17073:
17050:
17031:
17022:
16994:
16949:Hydrops fetalis
16900:
16891:
16868:
16841:Pleural disease
16799:
16761:Cephalohematoma
16740:
16702:
16675:
16670:
16643:
16638:
16617:
16612:
16585:
16577:
16575:
16569:
16559:
16529:
16524:
16502:
16459:
16403:Cracked nipples
16398:Low milk supply
16379:
16365:Uterine rupture
16259:
16154:Oligohydramnios
16139:amniotic cavity
16133:
16123:
16100:
16082:
16033:
16024:
15983:
15977:
15946:
15933:
15919:Molar pregnancy
15858:
15842:
15828:
15798:
15793:
15773:
15742:
15706:
15677:Postpartum care
15647:
15611:
15514:Liver diseases
15508:Thyroid disease
15406:
15392:Gestational age
15363:
15321:
15287:Labor induction
15192:
15183:Perinatal nurse
15156:Birth attendant
15117:
15077:
15011:
15007:Medical imaging
14968:
14937:fertility fraud
14913:
14880:
14871:
14841:
14836:
14830:Paternity fraud
14780:Closed adoption
14753:
14709:Infant clothing
14684:Haberman Feeder
14654:Car seat safety
14583:
14564:Infant swimming
14542:UN Child rights
14500:
14411:Gestational age
14364:
14207:
14201:
14171:
14166:
14122:
14107:Family planning
14085:
14079:
14046:
14023:
13982:
13976:
13948:Gender equality
13931:
13925:
13871:
13822:
13804:Cervical cancer
13766:
13759:
13697:
13687:
13677:
13668:Sex differences
13626:Forced marriage
13575:
13540:
13530:
13520:
13462:Menstrual cycle
13433:
13386:Family planning
13384:
13375:
13328:
13317:
13276:Maternal deaths
13267:
13258:Postpartum care
13204:Multiple births
13180:
13089:
13082:
13015:
13006:
13003:
12995:
12985:
12955:
12950:
12949:
12915:
12914:
12850:
12836:
12831:
12830:
12785:
12781:
12736:
12732:
12693:
12689:
12644:
12640:
12595:
12591:
12552:
12548:
12517:
12513:
12466:
12462:
12417:
12413:
12360:
12356:
12319:
12310:
12255:
12246:
12215:
12208:
12145:
12138:
12093:
12084:
12053:
12049:
12004:
11995:
11958:
11951:
11906:
11902:
11871:
11867:
11857:
11855:
11845:
11841:
11822:
11818:
11808:
11806:
11801:
11800:
11796:
11786:
11784:
11783:. 14 April 2021
11779:
11778:
11774:
11764:
11762:
11753:
11752:
11748:
11738:
11736:
11735:on 10 June 2010
11723:
11722:
11718:
11708:
11706:
11696:
11692:
11675:
11674:
11670:
11660:
11658:
11640:
11636:
11626:
11624:
11611:
11610:
11606:
11596:
11594:
11579:
11578:
11574:
11564:
11562:
11553:
11552:
11548:
11538:
11536:
11521:
11520:
11511:
11501:
11499:
11491:
11490:
11486:
11479:
11463:
11462:
11458:
11448:
11446:
11439:"Miracle child"
11437:
11436:
11432:
11422:Wayback Machine
11412:
11408:
11398:Wayback Machine
11388:
11384:
11345:
11341:
11331:
11329:
11314:
11310:
11293:
11292:
11288:
11276:
11272:
11271:
11267:
11222:
11218:
11208:
11206:
11193:
11192:
11188:
11149:
11145:
11114:
11110:
11071:
11067:
11038:(10): 804–811.
11032:Obesity Reviews
11028:
11024:
10977:
10973:
10957:
10956:
10927:
10923:
10913:
10911:
10898:
10897:
10893:
10848:
10841:
10831:
10829:
10820:
10819:
10815:
10796:
10795:
10788:
10775:
10774:
10767:
10757:
10755:
10742:
10741:
10734:
10697:Cerebral Cortex
10689:
10685:
10679:Wayback Machine
10670:
10663:
10648:
10634:
10630:
10585:
10581:
10542:
10538:
10533:Wayback Machine
10480:
10476:
10459:
10455:
10410:
10406:
10367:
10356:
10317:
10313:
10274:
10270:
10241:JAMA Pediatrics
10233:
10229:
10192:
10188:
10143:
10139:
10094:
10090:
10059:
10050:
10015:
10004:
9973:(6): CD012940.
9959:
9940:
9909:(4): CD013141.
9895:
9891:
9846:
9842:
9811:(8): CD005249.
9797:
9793:
9762:(8): CD009719.
9748:
9744:
9699:
9695:
9664:(7): CD013392.
9650:
9643:
9598:
9594:
9549:
9542:
9497:
9490:
9459:(6): CD007263.
9445:
9441:
9396:
9392:
9361:(2): CD002777.
9347:
9343:
9312:(8): CD000341.
9298:
9294:
9263:(9): CD000280.
9249:
9245:
9214:(6): CD003959.
9200:
9196:
9151:
9147:
9116:(9): CD000433.
9102:
9098:
9067:(5): CD000343.
9061:
9054:
9023:(7): CD002971.
9009:
9005:
8974:(8): CD002972.
8960:
8956:
8915:
8911:
8880:(6): CD001819.
8866:
8853:
8808:
8789:
8758:(3): CD012413.
8744:
8731:
8700:(4): CD008313.
8686:
8682:
8637:
8633:
8602:(4): CD011190.
8588:
8584:
8553:(5): CD006405.
8539:
8535:
8490:
8486:
8441:
8437:
8406:(3): CD004953.
8392:
8388:
8357:(2): CD004210.
8343:
8339:
8308:(9): CD000078.
8294:
8290:
8243:
8239:
8208:(8): CD001060.
8194:
8190:
8167:
8163:
8132:
8128:
8083:
8079:
8040:
8033:
8020:(RR-11): 1–22.
8010:
8006:
7975:(8): CD012077.
7961:
7957:
7947:
7945:
7936:
7935:
7931:
7921:
7919:
7910:
7909:
7905:
7860:
7856:
7825:(4): CD003935.
7811:
7807:
7762:
7758:
7731:
7727:
7682:
7678:
7639:
7635:
7588:
7584:
7553:
7549:
7504:
7500:
7461:
7454:
7422:
7418:
7379:(7): CD004947.
7365:
7361:
7351:
7349:
7341:
7337:
7336:
7332:
7301:(1): CD000262.
7287:
7283:
7238:
7234:
7195:
7191:
7154:
7150:
7113:
7109:
7099:
7097:
7096:on 4 April 2019
7088:
7087:
7083:
7052:(9): CD007235.
7038:
7034:
7011:
7007:
6976:(4): CD000198.
6962:
6955:
6924:(2): CD006172.
6910:
6903:
6856:
6852:
6805:
6801:
6792:
6791:
6787:
6742:
6738:
6698:
6694:
6655:
6651:
6604:
6600:
6561:
6557:
6512:
6508:
6469:
6465:
6426:
6397:
6352:
6348:
6339:
6337:
6319:
6315:
6260:
6256:
6246:
6244:
6234:
6230:
6220:Wayback Machine
6211:
6207:
6168:
6164:
6158:
6154:
6115:
6111:
6072:
6068:
6023:
6019:
5996:
5992:
5947:
5943:
5904:
5900:
5855:
5851:
5806:
5802:
5771:
5767:
5757:
5755:
5746:
5745:
5741:
5710:
5706:
5675:(2): CD006178.
5661:
5654:
5609:
5605:
5560:
5553:
5522:(6): CD002250.
5508:
5504:
5457:
5450:
5405:
5401:
5378:
5374:
5327:
5323:
5278:
5274:
5251:
5247:
5224:
5220:
5183:
5179:
5171:28. März 2014:
5167:
5163:
5124:
5120:
5075:
5071:
5022:
5018:
4979:
4975:
4930:
4926:
4881:
4877:
4832:
4828:
4783:
4779:
4740:
4736:
4691:
4684:
4674:
4672:
4665:
4661:
4649:
4643:
4639:
4586:
4582:
4531:
4527:
4488:
4484:
4474:
4472:
4463:
4462:
4458:
4448:
4446:
4437:
4436:
4429:
4374:
4367:
4330:
4323:
4280:
4276:
4261:
4212:
4205:
4166:
4162:
4117:
4113:
4103:
4101:
4097:
4082:
4078:
4077:
4073:
4042:
4038:
4007:(7410): 313–0.
3993:
3989:
3954:
3950:
3931:
3927:
3896:(9606): 75–84.
3882:
3863:
3818:
3811:
3772:
3763:
3753:
3751:
3747:
3740:
3736:
3735:
3731:
3684:
3675:
3643:
3636:
3604:
3597:
3552:
3548:
3535:
3531:
3500:
3496:
3486:
3484:
3481:"Preterm birth"
3479:
3478:
3474:
3443:
3436:
3429:
3417:
3416:
3409:
3364:
3357:
3325:
3318:
3273:
3269:
3224:
3220:
3189:
3185:
3146:
3142:
3132:
3130:
3117:
3116:
3107:
3076:(3): CD003581.
3062:
3058:
3048:
3046:
3031:
3030:
3026:
2995:
2988:
2943:
2936:
2926:
2924:
2909:
2908:
2904:
2895:
2894:
2890:
2880:
2878:
2873:
2872:
2868:
2823:
2819:
2774:
2767:
2757:
2755:
2740:
2739:
2732:
2722:
2720:
2707:
2706:
2697:
2656:
2649:
2639:
2637:
2622:
2621:
2614:
2604:
2602:
2587:
2558:
2548:
2546:
2531:
2530:
2515:
2510:
2493:
2445:corpus callosum
2396:
2384:
2360:Johannes Kepler
2257:
2239:
2234:
2194:
2193:
2189:
2187:
2186: 1200–1500
2183:
2181:
2180: 1080–1200
2177:
2175:
2171:
2169:
2165:
2163:
2159:
2157:
2153:
2151:
2147:
2145:
2141:
2139:
2135:
2133:
2129:
2127:
2123:
2121:
2117:
2105:
2044:
1998:inguinal hernia
1921:
1894:gestational age
1882:
1874:
1860:
1851:
1835:
1819:
1807:
1778:
1753:
1728:
1726:Timing of feeds
1704:
1684:
1657:
1642:
1560:
1544:
1503:
1471:
1427:glucocorticoids
1415:
1387:
1366:
1343:
1334:
1320:
1300:
1280:
1267:
1246:
1221:
1204:
1190:
1173:gestational age
1157:
1148:
1136:gestational age
1125:
1119:
1108:
1081:
1076:
1067:
1058:
1028:, asymptomatic
955:
935:of 1.9 and 95%
918:Passive smoking
881:oligohydramnios
865:placenta previa
845:embryo transfer
826:
505:
489:
459:
451:labor induction
447:
400:
329:tobacco smoking
254:gestational age
242:premature birth
201:Corticosteroids
177:tobacco smoking
105:gestational age
33:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
17252:
17242:
17241:
17224:
17223:
17221:
17220:
17215:
17210:
17209:
17208:
17203:
17193:
17187:
17185:
17181:
17180:
17178:
17177:
17172:
17171:
17170:
17160:
17155:
17154:
17153:
17148:
17143:
17141:herpes simplex
17138:
17128:
17122:
17120:
17116:
17115:
17112:
17111:
17109:
17108:
17107:
17106:
17101:
17089:
17083:
17081:
17075:
17074:
17072:
17071:
17066:
17060:
17058:
17056:Nervous system
17052:
17051:
17049:
17048:
17043:
17037:
17035:
17024:
17023:
17021:
17020:
17015:
17010:
17004:
17002:
16996:
16995:
16993:
16992:
16987:
16986:
16985:
16975:
16969:
16968:
16967:
16966:
16961:
16951:
16946:
16945:
16944:
16939:
16934:
16929:
16924:
16913:
16912:
16906:
16904:
16893:
16892:
16890:
16889:
16884:
16878:
16876:
16874:Cardiovascular
16870:
16869:
16867:
16866:
16861:
16856:
16855:
16854:
16849:
16837:
16832:
16827:
16822:
16816:
16814:
16805:
16801:
16800:
16798:
16797:
16796:
16795:
16790:
16780:
16779:
16778:
16773:
16768:
16763:
16750:
16748:
16742:
16741:
16739:
16738:
16733:
16724:
16714:
16712:
16708:
16707:
16704:
16703:
16701:
16700:
16695:
16690:
16684:
16682:
16672:
16671:
16669:
16668:
16663:
16658:
16652:
16650:
16646:umbilical cord
16640:
16639:
16637:
16636:
16630:
16628:
16614:
16613:
16611:
16610:
16605:
16600:
16594:
16592:
16579:
16571:
16570:
16558:
16557:
16550:
16543:
16535:
16526:
16525:
16523:
16522:
16507:
16504:
16503:
16501:
16500:
16495:
16493:Maternal death
16490:
16489:
16488:
16483:
16478:
16467:
16465:
16461:
16460:
16458:
16457:
16452:
16447:
16442:
16437:
16432:
16427:
16422:
16417:
16412:
16407:
16406:
16405:
16400:
16389:
16387:
16381:
16380:
16378:
16377:
16372:
16367:
16362:
16357:
16352:
16347:
16342:
16341:
16340:
16328:
16323:
16322:
16321:
16311:
16306:
16301:
16299:Fetal distress
16296:
16295:
16294:
16284:
16279:
16273:
16271:
16265:
16264:
16261:
16260:
16258:
16257:
16256:
16255:
16250:
16245:
16240:
16235:
16230:
16218:
16217:
16216:
16206:
16205:
16204:
16199:
16194:
16189:
16184:
16168:
16163:
16162:
16161:
16159:Polyhydramnios
16156:
16148:amniotic fluid
16143:
16141:
16129:
16128:
16125:
16124:
16122:
16121:
16116:
16110:
16108:
16102:
16101:
16099:
16098:
16092:
16090:
16088:Nervous system
16084:
16083:
16081:
16080:
16075:
16070:
16065:
16060:
16055:
16050:
16045:
16039:
16037:
16026:
16025:
16023:
16022:
16017:
16012:
16007:
16002:
15996:
15994:
15985:
15979:
15978:
15976:
15975:
15970:
15969:
15968:
15966:HELLP syndrome
15958:
15952:
15950:
15935:
15934:
15932:
15931:
15926:
15921:
15916:
15911:
15906:
15905:
15904:
15899:
15894:
15889:
15884:
15879:
15869:
15863:
15861:
15857:Pregnancy with
15850:
15844:
15843:
15827:
15826:
15819:
15812:
15804:
15795:
15794:
15792:
15791:
15785:
15783:
15779:
15778:
15775:
15774:
15772:
15771:
15766:
15761:
15756:
15750:
15748:
15744:
15743:
15741:
15740:
15735:
15730:
15725:
15723:Health visitor
15720:
15714:
15712:
15708:
15707:
15705:
15704:
15699:
15694:
15689:
15684:
15679:
15674:
15668:
15666:
15659:
15653:
15652:
15649:
15648:
15646:
15645:
15640:
15638:Nonstress test
15635:
15630:
15625:
15619:
15617:
15613:
15612:
15610:
15609:
15608:
15607:
15606:
15605:
15600:
15595:
15590:
15585:
15580:
15572:
15571:
15570:
15565:
15560:
15554:Skin diseases
15552:
15551:
15550:
15545:
15540:
15535:
15527:
15526:
15525:
15520:
15512:
15511:
15510:
15505:
15497:
15496:
15495:
15490:
15485:
15480:
15470:
15465:
15460:
15452:
15447:
15442:
15441:
15440:
15435:
15430:
15422:
15416:
15414:
15408:
15407:
15405:
15404:
15399:
15394:
15389:
15384:
15379:
15373:
15371:
15365:
15364:
15362:
15361:
15356:
15351:
15346:
15344:Amniotic fluid
15340:
15338:
15331:
15327:
15326:
15323:
15322:
15320:
15319:
15314:
15309:
15304:
15299:
15294:
15292:Multiple birth
15289:
15284:
15279:
15274:
15269:
15264:
15263:
15262:
15257:
15252:
15242:
15237:
15232:
15227:
15226:
15225:
15220:
15215:
15200:
15198:
15194:
15193:
15191:
15190:
15185:
15180:
15175:
15174:
15173:
15163:
15158:
15153:
15148:
15143:
15142:
15141:
15131:
15125:
15123:
15119:
15118:
15116:
15115:
15110:
15105:
15100:
15098:Bradley method
15094:
15092:
15085:
15079:
15078:
15076:
15075:
15070:
15065:
15060:
15055:
15050:
15045:
15040:
15035:
15030:
15025:
15019:
15017:
15013:
15012:
15010:
15009:
15004:
14999:
14998:
14997:
14990:Pregnancy test
14987:
14982:
14976:
14974:
14970:
14969:
14967:
14966:
14961:
14956:
14955:
14954:
14949:
14944:
14939:
14934:
14923:
14921:
14915:
14914:
14912:
14911:
14906:
14901:
14896:
14890:
14888:
14882:
14881:
14870:
14869:
14862:
14855:
14847:
14838:
14837:
14835:
14834:
14833:
14832:
14822:
14820:Parenting plan
14817:
14812:
14807:
14802:
14797:
14792:
14787:
14782:
14777:
14772:
14767:
14761:
14759:
14755:
14754:
14752:
14751:
14746:
14741:
14736:
14731:
14726:
14721:
14716:
14711:
14706:
14704:Infant carrier
14701:
14691:
14686:
14681:
14676:
14671:
14666:
14661:
14656:
14651:
14646:
14644:Baby transport
14641:
14636:
14631:
14626:
14621:
14616:
14611:
14602:
14597:
14591:
14589:
14585:
14584:
14582:
14581:
14576:
14571:
14566:
14561:
14556:
14551:
14546:
14545:
14544:
14534:
14529:
14524:
14519:
14514:
14508:
14506:
14502:
14501:
14499:
14498:
14493:
14488:
14483:
14478:
14473:
14468:
14463:
14458:
14453:
14448:
14443:
14438:
14433:
14428:
14423:
14418:
14413:
14408:
14403:
14398:
14393:
14388:
14383:
14378:
14372:
14370:
14366:
14365:
14363:
14362:
14357:
14352:
14347:
14342:
14341:
14340:
14330:
14325:
14320:
14315:
14310:
14308:Infant massage
14305:
14303:Infant formula
14300:
14295:
14293:Infant feeding
14290:
14288:Infant bathing
14285:
14280:
14275:
14270:
14265:
14260:
14255:
14253:Bottle feeding
14250:
14245:
14240:
14235:
14230:
14225:
14219:
14217:
14209:
14208:
14206:and their care
14200:
14199:
14192:
14185:
14177:
14168:
14167:
14165:
14164:
14152:
14140:
14127:
14124:
14123:
14121:
14116:
14111:
14110:
14109:
14099:
14094:
14089:
14087:
14084:Women's health
14081:
14080:
14078:
14077:
14072:
14067:
14062:
14057:
14051:
14048:
14047:
14045:
14044:
14039:
14033:
14031:
14025:
14024:
14022:
14021:
14016:
14011:
14006:
14001:
13995:
13993:
13991:United Nations
13984:
13983:& advocacy
13978:
13977:
13975:
13970:
13965:
13960:
13955:
13950:
13945:
13940:
13935:
13933:
13930:Sociocultural
13927:
13926:
13924:
13923:
13922:
13921:
13916:
13911:
13901:
13900:
13899:
13898:
13897:
13887:
13876:
13873:
13872:
13870:
13869:
13864:
13863:
13862:
13861:
13860:
13845:
13844:
13843:
13833:
13827:
13824:
13823:
13821:
13820:
13818:Ovarian cancer
13815:
13814:
13813:
13812:
13811:
13801:
13794:Uterine cancer
13791:
13786:
13780:
13778:
13769:
13761:
13760:
13758:
13757:
13752:
13747:
13746:
13745:
13738:Sexual assault
13735:
13730:
13725:
13720:
13719:
13718:
13708:
13702:
13700:
13689:
13683:
13682:
13679:
13678:
13676:
13675:
13670:
13665:
13660:
13655:
13650:
13645:
13640:
13639:
13638:
13628:
13623:
13618:
13616:Child marriage
13613:
13611:Breast ironing
13608:
13603:
13601:Breast binding
13598:
13597:
13596:
13591:
13589:Clitoridectomy
13580:
13577:
13576:
13574:
13573:
13568:
13567:
13566:
13556:
13551:
13545:
13543:
13532:
13526:
13525:
13522:
13521:
13519:
13518:
13517:
13516:
13506:
13501:
13496:
13491:
13490:
13489:
13484:
13479:
13474:
13467:Menstrual aids
13464:
13459:
13454:
13449:
13443:
13441:
13435:
13434:
13432:
13431:
13426:
13421:
13416:
13411:
13406:
13401:
13396:
13390:
13388:
13377:
13376:
13374:
13373:
13372:
13371:
13366:
13356:
13355:
13354:
13349:
13344:
13333:
13331:
13323:
13322:
13319:
13318:
13316:
13315:
13310:
13309:
13308:
13298:
13293:
13288:
13283:
13278:
13272:
13269:
13268:
13266:
13265:
13260:
13255:
13254:
13253:
13251:Husband stitch
13243:
13242:
13241:
13236:
13226:
13221:
13216:
13211:
13206:
13201:
13196:
13190:
13188:
13182:
13181:
13179:
13178:
13177:
13176:
13175:
13174:
13169:
13159:
13154:
13149:
13144:
13139:
13129:
13124:
13122:Antenatal care
13119:
13114:
13109:
13103:
13101:
13092:
13084:
13083:
13081:
13080:
13075:
13070:
13068:Fallopian tube
13065:
13060:
13055:
13050:
13049:
13048:
13043:
13038:
13037:
13036:
13020:
13018:
13014:Reproductive
13007:
13000:
12997:
12996:
12993:Women's health
12984:
12983:
12976:
12969:
12961:
12952:
12951:
12948:
12947:
12936:
12924:
12923:
12921:
12917:
12916:
12913:
12912:
12901:
12890:
12871:
12851:
12846:
12845:
12843:
12842:Classification
12835:
12834:External links
12832:
12829:
12828:
12779:
12730:
12687:
12638:
12589:
12546:
12527:(3): 175–191.
12511:
12460:
12411:
12354:
12333:(3): 149–157.
12308:
12269:(10): e77475.
12244:
12225:(6): 371–380.
12206:
12159:(10): e24525.
12136:
12082:
12047:
11993:
11949:
11920:(4): 167–178.
11900:
11865:
11839:
11816:
11794:
11772:
11746:
11716:
11690:
11668:
11634:
11604:
11572:
11546:
11509:
11484:
11477:
11456:
11430:
11406:
11382:
11355:(3): 488–492.
11339:
11308:
11286:
11265:
11236:(2): 133–142.
11216:
11186:
11143:
11124:(4): 209–213.
11108:
11081:(5): 460–470.
11065:
11022:
10971:
10938:(8): 508–516.
10921:
10891:
10862:(3): 262–273.
10839:
10828:. 19 June 2017
10813:
10786:
10765:
10732:
10683:
10661:
10646:
10628:
10579:
10552:(2): 115–121.
10536:
10474:
10453:
10424:(6): e015402.
10404:
10354:
10311:
10268:
10247:(3): 230–238.
10227:
10186:
10137:
10108:(2): 287–303.
10088:
10069:(4): 898–921.
10048:
10002:
9938:
9889:
9860:(1): e000724.
9840:
9791:
9742:
9693:
9641:
9592:
9540:
9488:
9439:
9390:
9341:
9292:
9243:
9194:
9145:
9096:
9052:
9003:
8954:
8909:
8851:
8787:
8729:
8680:
8631:
8582:
8533:
8484:
8435:
8386:
8337:
8288:
8237:
8188:
8177:(2): 120–127.
8161:
8142:(5): 477–487.
8126:
8077:
8031:
8004:
7955:
7929:
7903:
7854:
7805:
7756:
7725:
7676:
7649:(1): 181–189.
7633:
7582:
7547:
7518:(3): 308–317.
7498:
7471:(3): 254–261.
7452:
7416:
7359:
7330:
7281:
7252:(3): 382–395.
7232:
7189:
7148:
7127:(3): 296–304.
7107:
7081:
7032:
7021:(4): 576–582.
7005:
6953:
6901:
6850:
6799:
6785:
6736:
6709:(2): 320–323.
6692:
6665:(3): 337–345.
6649:
6598:
6555:
6526:(5): 395–401.
6506:
6463:
6395:
6346:
6313:
6254:
6228:
6205:
6178:(2): 225–228.
6162:
6152:
6125:(4): 473–477.
6109:
6082:(6): 566–568.
6066:
6017:
5990:
5961:(4): 305–310.
5941:
5914:(3): 634–640.
5898:
5869:(6): 977–984.
5849:
5800:
5765:
5739:
5720:(7): 875–880.
5704:
5652:
5603:
5551:
5502:
5448:
5399:
5388:(3): 105–108.
5372:
5341:(3): 418–426.
5321:
5292:(4): 297–303.
5272:
5261:(3): 259–262.
5245:
5234:(4): 159–164.
5218:
5197:(5): 605–619.
5177:
5161:
5118:
5069:
5016:
4973:
4944:(5): 675–686.
4924:
4895:(5): 462–469.
4875:
4846:(4): 362–367.
4826:
4777:
4750:(5): 390–397.
4734:
4705:(2): 233–238.
4682:
4659:
4637:
4600:(5): 717–725.
4580:
4545:(3): 335–347.
4525:
4482:
4456:
4427:
4365:
4321:
4274:
4272:
4271:
4269:. 25 May 2010.
4203:
4160:
4131:(7): 648–653.
4111:
4100:on 29 May 2012
4071:
4052:(6): 751–760.
4036:
3987:
3968:(3): 882–886.
3948:
3925:
3861:
3809:
3782:(2): 205–216.
3761:
3729:
3698:(4): 582–593.
3673:
3634:
3615:(5): 435–442.
3595:
3546:
3529:
3494:
3472:
3453:(2): 143–152.
3434:
3427:
3407:
3355:
3316:
3287:(1): 146–157.
3267:
3218:
3183:
3156:(4): 371–378.
3140:
3105:
3056:
3024:
2986:
2934:
2902:
2888:
2866:
2837:(3): 802–814.
2817:
2765:
2730:
2695:
2666:(2): 225–234.
2647:
2612:
2556:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2505:
2504:
2499:
2492:
2489:
2461:fusiform gyrus
2408:encephalopathy
2395:
2392:
2383:
2380:
2256:
2253:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2188:
2182:
2176:
2174: 960–1080
2170:
2164:
2158:
2152:
2146:
2140:
2134:
2128:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2104:
2101:
2057:cerebral palsy
2043:
2040:
2039:
2038:
2024:
2005:
1982:
1971:
1964:
1949:cerebral palsy
1933:encephalopathy
1920:
1917:
1881:
1878:
1870:Main article:
1859:
1856:
1850:
1847:
1843:hypernatraemia
1834:
1831:
1818:
1815:
1806:
1803:
1777:
1774:
1752:
1749:
1727:
1724:
1703:
1700:
1683:
1680:
1666:co-morbidities
1656:
1653:
1641:
1638:
1593:brain activity
1576:neonatologists
1559:
1556:
1543:
1540:
1536:cerebral palsy
1502:
1499:
1470:
1467:
1414:
1411:
1407:cardiac arrest
1405:If a baby has
1386:
1383:
1372:, the woman's
1365:
1362:
1342:
1339:
1333:
1330:
1319:
1316:
1299:
1296:
1279:
1276:
1272:uterine septum
1266:
1263:
1245:
1242:
1238:antenatal care
1220:
1217:
1203:
1200:
1189:
1186:
1156:
1155:Classification
1153:
1147:
1144:
1118:
1115:
1107:
1104:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1066:
1063:
1057:
1054:
1026:pyelonephritis
988:cerebral palsy
976:amniotic fluid
954:
951:
877:polyhydramnios
873:amniotic fluid
825:
822:
774:) or surgical
750:
749:
746:
741:
737:
736:
733:
728:
724:
723:
720:
715:
711:
710:
707:
702:
698:
697:
694:
689:
685:
684:
681:
676:
670:
669:
666:
661:
657:
656:
654:
647:
644:
643:
640:
637:
630:
629:
626:
623:
617:
616:
613:
610:
608:Celiac disease
604:
603:
600:
597:
591:
590:
587:
584:
580:
579:
576:
573:
569:
568:
565:
562:
558:
557:
554:
551:
545:
544:
541:
538:
534:
533:
530:
527:
523:
522:
519:
516:
509:
508:
500:
495:
488:
485:
458:
455:
446:
443:
399:
396:
364:corticosteroid
282:cerebral palsy
233:
232:
229:
225:
224:
221:
217:
216:
198:
194:
193:
188:
184:
183:
173:celiac disease
167:, a number of
146:
140:
139:
136:
132:
131:
129:sight problems
117:Cerebral palsy
114:
108:
107:
94:
88:
87:
74:
68:
67:
57:
56:
48:
47:
44:
40:
39:
31:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
17251:
17240:
17239:Preterm birth
17237:
17236:
17234:
17219:
17216:
17214:
17211:
17207:
17204:
17202:
17199:
17198:
17197:
17194:
17192:
17189:
17188:
17186:
17182:
17176:
17173:
17169:
17166:
17165:
17164:
17161:
17159:
17156:
17152:
17149:
17147:
17144:
17142:
17139:
17137:
17134:
17133:
17132:
17129:
17127:
17124:
17123:
17121:
17117:
17105:
17102:
17100:
17097:
17096:
17095:
17094:
17090:
17088:
17085:
17084:
17082:
17080:
17076:
17070:
17067:
17065:
17062:
17061:
17059:
17057:
17053:
17047:
17044:
17042:
17039:
17038:
17036:
17034:
17029:
17025:
17019:
17016:
17014:
17011:
17009:
17006:
17005:
17003:
17001:
16997:
16991:
16988:
16984:
16981:
16980:
16979:
16976:
16974:
16971:
16970:
16965:
16962:
16960:
16957:
16956:
16955:
16952:
16950:
16947:
16943:
16940:
16938:
16935:
16933:
16930:
16928:
16925:
16923:
16920:
16919:
16918:
16915:
16914:
16911:
16908:
16907:
16905:
16903:
16898:
16894:
16888:
16885:
16883:
16880:
16879:
16877:
16875:
16871:
16865:
16862:
16860:
16857:
16853:
16850:
16848:
16845:
16844:
16843:
16842:
16838:
16836:
16833:
16831:
16828:
16826:
16823:
16821:
16818:
16817:
16815:
16813:
16809:
16806:
16802:
16794:
16791:
16789:
16786:
16785:
16784:
16781:
16777:
16774:
16772:
16769:
16767:
16764:
16762:
16759:
16758:
16757:
16756:
16752:
16751:
16749:
16747:
16743:
16737:
16734:
16732:
16728:
16727:Preterm birth
16725:
16723:
16719:
16716:
16715:
16713:
16709:
16699:
16696:
16694:
16691:
16689:
16686:
16685:
16683:
16680:
16679:
16673:
16667:
16664:
16662:
16659:
16657:
16654:
16653:
16651:
16648:
16647:
16641:
16635:
16632:
16631:
16629:
16626:
16625:
16621:
16615:
16609:
16606:
16604:
16601:
16599:
16596:
16595:
16593:
16590:
16589:
16583:
16580:
16572:
16568:
16567:fetal disease
16564:
16556:
16551:
16549:
16544:
16542:
16537:
16536:
16533:
16521:
16520:
16516:
16509:
16508:
16505:
16499:
16496:
16494:
16491:
16487:
16484:
16482:
16479:
16477:
16474:
16473:
16472:
16469:
16468:
16466:
16462:
16456:
16453:
16451:
16448:
16446:
16443:
16441:
16438:
16436:
16433:
16431:
16428:
16426:
16423:
16421:
16418:
16416:
16413:
16411:
16408:
16404:
16401:
16399:
16396:
16395:
16394:
16391:
16390:
16388:
16386:
16382:
16376:
16375:Uterine atony
16373:
16371:
16368:
16366:
16363:
16361:
16358:
16356:
16353:
16351:
16348:
16346:
16345:Preterm birth
16343:
16339:
16336:
16335:
16334:
16333:
16329:
16327:
16324:
16320:
16317:
16316:
16315:
16312:
16310:
16307:
16305:
16302:
16300:
16297:
16293:
16290:
16289:
16288:
16285:
16283:
16280:
16278:
16275:
16274:
16272:
16270:
16266:
16254:
16251:
16249:
16246:
16244:
16241:
16239:
16236:
16234:
16231:
16229:
16226:
16225:
16224:
16223:
16219:
16215:
16212:
16211:
16210:
16207:
16203:
16200:
16198:
16195:
16193:
16190:
16188:
16185:
16183:
16180:
16179:
16178:
16177:
16173:
16169:
16167:
16164:
16160:
16157:
16155:
16152:
16151:
16150:
16149:
16145:
16144:
16142:
16140:
16136:
16130:
16120:
16117:
16115:
16112:
16111:
16109:
16107:
16103:
16097:
16094:
16093:
16091:
16089:
16085:
16079:
16078:Stretch marks
16076:
16074:
16071:
16069:
16066:
16064:
16061:
16059:
16056:
16054:
16051:
16049:
16046:
16044:
16041:
16040:
16038:
16036:
16031:
16027:
16021:
16018:
16016:
16013:
16011:
16008:
16006:
16003:
16001:
15998:
15997:
15995:
15993:
15989:
15986:
15980:
15974:
15971:
15967:
15964:
15963:
15962:
15961:Pre-eclampsia
15959:
15957:
15954:
15953:
15951:
15949:
15944:
15940:
15936:
15930:
15927:
15925:
15922:
15920:
15917:
15915:
15912:
15910:
15907:
15903:
15900:
15898:
15895:
15893:
15890:
15888:
15885:
15883:
15880:
15878:
15875:
15874:
15873:
15870:
15868:
15865:
15864:
15862:
15860:
15854:
15851:
15849:
15845:
15841:
15837:
15833:
15830:Pathology of
15825:
15820:
15818:
15813:
15811:
15806:
15805:
15802:
15790:
15787:
15786:
15784:
15780:
15770:
15767:
15765:
15762:
15760:
15757:
15755:
15752:
15751:
15749:
15745:
15739:
15736:
15734:
15733:Monthly nurse
15731:
15729:
15726:
15724:
15721:
15719:
15716:
15715:
15713:
15709:
15703:
15700:
15698:
15695:
15693:
15690:
15688:
15685:
15683:
15680:
15678:
15675:
15673:
15670:
15669:
15667:
15663:
15660:
15658:
15654:
15644:
15641:
15639:
15636:
15634:
15631:
15629:
15626:
15624:
15623:Amniocentesis
15621:
15620:
15618:
15614:
15604:
15601:
15599:
15596:
15594:
15591:
15589:
15586:
15584:
15583:Vaginal flora
15581:
15579:
15576:
15575:
15573:
15569:
15566:
15564:
15561:
15559:
15556:
15555:
15553:
15549:
15546:
15544:
15541:
15539:
15536:
15534:
15531:
15530:
15528:
15524:
15521:
15519:
15516:
15515:
15513:
15509:
15506:
15504:
15501:
15500:
15498:
15494:
15491:
15489:
15486:
15484:
15481:
15479:
15476:
15475:
15474:
15473:Substance use
15471:
15469:
15466:
15464:
15461:
15459:
15456:
15455:
15453:
15451:
15448:
15446:
15443:
15439:
15436:
15434:
15431:
15429:
15426:
15425:
15423:
15421:
15418:
15417:
15415:
15413:
15409:
15403:
15400:
15398:
15395:
15393:
15390:
15388:
15387:Fundal height
15385:
15383:
15380:
15378:
15375:
15374:
15372:
15370:
15366:
15360:
15357:
15355:
15352:
15350:
15347:
15345:
15342:
15341:
15339:
15335:
15332:
15328:
15318:
15315:
15313:
15310:
15308:
15305:
15303:
15300:
15298:
15295:
15293:
15290:
15288:
15285:
15283:
15280:
15278:
15275:
15273:
15270:
15268:
15265:
15261:
15258:
15256:
15253:
15251:
15248:
15247:
15246:
15243:
15241:
15238:
15236:
15233:
15231:
15228:
15224:
15221:
15219:
15216:
15214:
15211:
15210:
15209:
15205:
15202:
15201:
15199:
15195:
15189:
15186:
15184:
15181:
15179:
15176:
15172:
15169:
15168:
15167:
15164:
15162:
15159:
15157:
15154:
15152:
15149:
15147:
15144:
15140:
15139:Preterm birth
15137:
15136:
15135:
15132:
15130:
15127:
15126:
15124:
15120:
15114:
15111:
15109:
15106:
15104:
15103:Hypnobirthing
15101:
15099:
15096:
15095:
15093:
15089:
15086:
15084:
15080:
15074:
15071:
15069:
15066:
15064:
15061:
15059:
15056:
15054:
15051:
15049:
15046:
15044:
15041:
15039:
15036:
15034:
15031:
15029:
15026:
15024:
15021:
15020:
15018:
15014:
15008:
15005:
15003:
15000:
14996:
14993:
14992:
14991:
14988:
14986:
14983:
14981:
14980:3D ultrasound
14978:
14977:
14975:
14971:
14965:
14962:
14960:
14957:
14953:
14950:
14948:
14945:
14943:
14940:
14938:
14935:
14933:
14930:
14929:
14928:
14925:
14924:
14922:
14920:
14916:
14910:
14907:
14905:
14902:
14900:
14897:
14895:
14894:Birth control
14892:
14891:
14889:
14887:
14883:
14879:
14875:
14868:
14863:
14861:
14856:
14854:
14849:
14848:
14845:
14831:
14828:
14827:
14826:
14823:
14821:
14818:
14816:
14813:
14811:
14808:
14806:
14803:
14801:
14798:
14796:
14795:Open adoption
14793:
14791:
14788:
14786:
14783:
14781:
14778:
14776:
14775:Child neglect
14773:
14771:
14768:
14766:
14763:
14762:
14760:
14756:
14750:
14747:
14745:
14742:
14740:
14737:
14735:
14732:
14730:
14727:
14725:
14722:
14720:
14717:
14715:
14712:
14710:
14707:
14705:
14702:
14699:
14695:
14692:
14690:
14687:
14685:
14682:
14680:
14677:
14675:
14672:
14670:
14667:
14665:
14662:
14660:
14657:
14655:
14652:
14650:
14647:
14645:
14642:
14640:
14637:
14635:
14632:
14630:
14627:
14625:
14622:
14620:
14617:
14615:
14612:
14610:
14609:Hidden camera
14606:
14603:
14601:
14598:
14596:
14593:
14592:
14590:
14586:
14580:
14577:
14575:
14572:
14570:
14567:
14565:
14562:
14560:
14557:
14555:
14552:
14550:
14547:
14543:
14540:
14539:
14538:
14535:
14533:
14532:Child custody
14530:
14528:
14525:
14523:
14520:
14518:
14515:
14513:
14510:
14509:
14507:
14503:
14497:
14494:
14492:
14489:
14487:
14484:
14482:
14479:
14477:
14474:
14472:
14469:
14467:
14464:
14462:
14459:
14457:
14454:
14452:
14449:
14447:
14446:Nursery rhyme
14444:
14442:
14439:
14437:
14436:Kangaroo care
14434:
14432:
14431:Infant crying
14429:
14427:
14424:
14422:
14419:
14417:
14414:
14412:
14409:
14407:
14404:
14402:
14399:
14397:
14394:
14392:
14389:
14387:
14384:
14382:
14379:
14377:
14374:
14373:
14371:
14367:
14361:
14358:
14356:
14353:
14351:
14348:
14346:
14345:Preterm birth
14343:
14339:
14336:
14335:
14334:
14331:
14329:
14326:
14324:
14321:
14319:
14316:
14314:
14311:
14309:
14306:
14304:
14301:
14299:
14296:
14294:
14291:
14289:
14286:
14284:
14281:
14279:
14276:
14274:
14271:
14269:
14266:
14264:
14261:
14259:
14256:
14254:
14251:
14249:
14246:
14244:
14241:
14239:
14238:Breastfeeding
14236:
14234:
14231:
14229:
14226:
14224:
14221:
14220:
14218:
14215:
14210:
14205:
14198:
14193:
14191:
14186:
14184:
14179:
14178:
14175:
14163:
14162:
14153:
14151:
14150:
14141:
14139:
14138:
14129:
14128:
14125:
14120:
14117:
14115:
14112:
14108:
14105:
14104:
14103:
14100:
14098:
14095:
14093:
14090:
14088:
14082:
14076:
14073:
14071:
14068:
14066:
14063:
14061:
14058:
14056:
14053:
14052:
14043:
14040:
14038:
14035:
14034:
14032:
14030:
14029:United States
14026:
14020:
14017:
14015:
14012:
14010:
14007:
14005:
14002:
14000:
13997:
13996:
13994:
13992:
13988:
13985:
13979:
13974:
13971:
13969:
13966:
13964:
13961:
13959:
13956:
13954:
13951:
13949:
13946:
13944:
13943:Disadvantaged
13941:
13939:
13936:
13934:
13928:
13920:
13917:
13915:
13912:
13910:
13907:
13906:
13905:
13904:Urinary tract
13902:
13896:
13893:
13892:
13891:
13888:
13886:
13883:
13882:
13881:
13880:Mental health
13878:
13877:
13868:
13865:
13859:
13856:
13855:
13854:
13851:
13850:
13849:
13846:
13842:
13839:
13838:
13837:
13834:
13832:
13829:
13828:
13819:
13816:
13810:
13807:
13806:
13805:
13802:
13800:
13797:
13796:
13795:
13792:
13790:
13789:Breast cancer
13787:
13785:
13782:
13781:
13779:
13777:
13773:
13770:
13768:
13762:
13756:
13753:
13751:
13748:
13744:
13741:
13740:
13739:
13736:
13734:
13731:
13729:
13726:
13724:
13721:
13717:
13714:
13713:
13712:
13709:
13707:
13704:
13703:
13701:
13699:
13698:against women
13693:
13690:
13684:
13674:
13673:Sex education
13671:
13669:
13666:
13664:
13661:
13659:
13656:
13654:
13651:
13649:
13646:
13644:
13641:
13637:
13634:
13633:
13632:
13629:
13627:
13624:
13622:
13619:
13617:
13614:
13612:
13609:
13607:
13606:Breast health
13604:
13602:
13599:
13595:
13592:
13590:
13587:
13586:
13585:
13582:
13581:
13578:
13572:
13569:
13565:
13562:
13561:
13560:
13557:
13555:
13552:
13550:
13547:
13546:
13544:
13542:
13536:
13533:
13527:
13515:
13512:
13511:
13510:
13507:
13505:
13502:
13500:
13497:
13495:
13492:
13488:
13485:
13483:
13480:
13478:
13477:Menstrual cup
13475:
13473:
13470:
13469:
13468:
13465:
13463:
13460:
13458:
13455:
13453:
13450:
13448:
13445:
13444:
13442:
13440:
13436:
13430:
13427:
13425:
13422:
13420:
13417:
13415:
13412:
13410:
13407:
13405:
13402:
13400:
13397:
13395:
13392:
13391:
13389:
13387:
13382:
13381:Contraception
13378:
13370:
13367:
13365:
13362:
13361:
13360:
13357:
13353:
13350:
13348:
13345:
13343:
13342:Childlessness
13340:
13339:
13338:
13335:
13334:
13332:
13330:
13327:Reproductive
13324:
13314:
13311:
13307:
13304:
13303:
13302:
13301:Sterilization
13299:
13297:
13294:
13292:
13289:
13287:
13284:
13282:
13279:
13277:
13274:
13273:
13270:
13264:
13261:
13259:
13256:
13252:
13249:
13248:
13247:
13244:
13240:
13237:
13235:
13232:
13231:
13230:
13227:
13225:
13222:
13220:
13217:
13215:
13212:
13210:
13207:
13205:
13202:
13200:
13199:Preterm birth
13197:
13195:
13192:
13191:
13189:
13187:
13183:
13173:
13170:
13168:
13165:
13164:
13163:
13160:
13158:
13155:
13153:
13150:
13148:
13145:
13143:
13140:
13138:
13135:
13134:
13133:
13130:
13128:
13125:
13123:
13120:
13118:
13115:
13113:
13110:
13108:
13105:
13104:
13102:
13100:
13096:
13093:
13091:
13085:
13079:
13076:
13074:
13071:
13069:
13066:
13064:
13061:
13059:
13056:
13054:
13051:
13047:
13044:
13042:
13039:
13035:
13034:Clitoral hood
13032:
13031:
13030:
13027:
13026:
13025:
13022:
13021:
13019:
13017:
13011:
13008:
13005:
13002:Reproductive
12998:
12994:
12990:
12982:
12977:
12975:
12970:
12968:
12963:
12962:
12959:
12946:
12942:
12941:
12937:
12935:
12931:
12930:
12926:
12925:
12922:
12918:
12911:
12907:
12906:
12902:
12900:
12896:
12895:
12891:
12889:
12885:
12881:
12880:
12876:
12872:
12870:
12866:
12862:
12861:
12857:
12853:
12852:
12849:
12844:
12840:
12824:
12820:
12816:
12812:
12807:
12802:
12798:
12794:
12790:
12783:
12775:
12771:
12766:
12761:
12757:
12753:
12750:(12): e6408.
12749:
12745:
12741:
12734:
12726:
12722:
12718:
12714:
12710:
12706:
12702:
12698:
12691:
12683:
12679:
12675:
12671:
12666:
12661:
12657:
12653:
12649:
12642:
12634:
12630:
12625:
12620:
12616:
12612:
12608:
12604:
12600:
12593:
12585:
12581:
12577:
12573:
12569:
12565:
12561:
12557:
12550:
12542:
12538:
12534:
12530:
12526:
12522:
12515:
12507:
12503:
12498:
12493:
12488:
12483:
12479:
12475:
12471:
12464:
12456:
12452:
12448:
12444:
12439:
12434:
12430:
12426:
12422:
12415:
12407:
12403:
12399:
12395:
12390:
12385:
12381:
12377:
12373:
12369:
12365:
12358:
12350:
12346:
12341:
12336:
12332:
12328:
12324:
12317:
12315:
12313:
12304:
12300:
12295:
12290:
12285:
12280:
12276:
12272:
12268:
12264:
12260:
12253:
12251:
12249:
12240:
12236:
12232:
12228:
12224:
12220:
12213:
12211:
12202:
12198:
12194:
12190:
12185:
12180:
12175:
12170:
12166:
12162:
12158:
12154:
12150:
12143:
12141:
12132:
12128:
12123:
12118:
12114:
12110:
12106:
12102:
12098:
12091:
12089:
12087:
12078:
12074:
12070:
12066:
12062:
12058:
12051:
12043:
12039:
12034:
12029:
12025:
12021:
12017:
12013:
12009:
12002:
12000:
11998:
11989:
11985:
11980:
11975:
11971:
11967:
11963:
11956:
11954:
11945:
11941:
11936:
11931:
11927:
11923:
11919:
11915:
11911:
11904:
11896:
11892:
11888:
11884:
11880:
11876:
11869:
11854:
11850:
11843:
11835:
11831:
11827:
11820:
11804:
11798:
11782:
11776:
11760:
11756:
11750:
11734:
11730:
11726:
11720:
11705:
11701:
11694:
11686:
11682:
11678:
11672:
11657:
11653:
11649:
11645:
11638:
11622:
11618:
11614:
11608:
11592:
11588:
11587:
11582:
11576:
11560:
11556:
11550:
11534:
11530:
11529:
11524:
11518:
11516:
11514:
11498:
11494:
11488:
11480:
11478:9780553587128
11474:
11469:
11468:
11460:
11444:
11440:
11434:
11427:
11423:
11419:
11416:
11410:
11403:
11399:
11395:
11392:
11386:
11378:
11374:
11370:
11366:
11362:
11358:
11354:
11350:
11343:
11327:
11323:
11319:
11312:
11304:
11300:
11296:
11290:
11282:
11275:
11269:
11261:
11257:
11252:
11247:
11243:
11239:
11235:
11231:
11227:
11220:
11204:
11200:
11196:
11190:
11182:
11178:
11174:
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10647:9780702066160
10643:
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10517:
10513:
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10315:
10307:
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10299:
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10264:
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8635:
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8601:
8597:
8593:
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8578:
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8560:
8556:
8552:
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8525:
8520:
8515:
8511:
8507:
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8499:
8495:
8488:
8480:
8476:
8471:
8466:
8462:
8458:
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8450:
8446:
8439:
8431:
8427:
8422:
8417:
8413:
8409:
8405:
8401:
8397:
8390:
8382:
8378:
8373:
8368:
8364:
8360:
8356:
8352:
8348:
8341:
8333:
8329:
8324:
8319:
8315:
8311:
8307:
8303:
8299:
8292:
8284:
8280:
8275:
8270:
8265:
8260:
8256:
8252:
8251:PLOS Medicine
8248:
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8199:
8192:
8184:
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8176:
8172:
8165:
8157:
8153:
8149:
8145:
8141:
8137:
8130:
8122:
8118:
8113:
8108:
8104:
8100:
8096:
8092:
8088:
8081:
8073:
8069:
8065:
8061:
8057:
8053:
8049:
8045:
8038:
8036:
8027:
8023:
8019:
8015:
8008:
8000:
7996:
7991:
7986:
7982:
7978:
7974:
7970:
7966:
7959:
7943:
7939:
7933:
7917:
7913:
7907:
7899:
7895:
7890:
7885:
7881:
7877:
7873:
7869:
7865:
7858:
7850:
7846:
7841:
7836:
7832:
7828:
7824:
7820:
7816:
7809:
7801:
7797:
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7767:
7760:
7752:
7748:
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7717:
7713:
7709:
7704:
7699:
7695:
7691:
7687:
7680:
7672:
7668:
7664:
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7656:
7652:
7648:
7644:
7637:
7629:
7625:
7620:
7615:
7610:
7605:
7601:
7597:
7593:
7586:
7577:
7572:
7568:
7564:
7563:
7558:
7551:
7543:
7539:
7534:
7529:
7525:
7521:
7517:
7513:
7509:
7502:
7494:
7490:
7486:
7482:
7478:
7474:
7470:
7466:
7459:
7457:
7448:
7444:
7440:
7436:
7432:
7428:
7420:
7412:
7408:
7404:
7400:
7395:
7390:
7386:
7382:
7378:
7374:
7370:
7363:
7347:
7340:
7334:
7326:
7322:
7317:
7312:
7308:
7304:
7300:
7296:
7292:
7285:
7277:
7273:
7269:
7265:
7260:
7255:
7251:
7247:
7243:
7236:
7228:
7224:
7220:
7216:
7212:
7208:
7204:
7200:
7193:
7185:
7181:
7176:
7171:
7167:
7163:
7159:
7152:
7144:
7140:
7135:
7130:
7126:
7122:
7118:
7111:
7095:
7091:
7085:
7077:
7073:
7068:
7063:
7059:
7055:
7051:
7047:
7043:
7036:
7028:
7024:
7020:
7016:
7009:
7001:
6997:
6992:
6987:
6983:
6979:
6975:
6971:
6967:
6960:
6958:
6949:
6945:
6940:
6935:
6931:
6927:
6923:
6919:
6915:
6908:
6906:
6897:
6893:
6888:
6883:
6878:
6873:
6869:
6865:
6861:
6854:
6846:
6842:
6837:
6832:
6827:
6822:
6818:
6814:
6810:
6803:
6795:
6789:
6781:
6777:
6772:
6767:
6763:
6759:
6755:
6751:
6747:
6740:
6732:
6728:
6724:
6720:
6716:
6712:
6708:
6704:
6696:
6688:
6684:
6680:
6676:
6672:
6668:
6664:
6660:
6653:
6645:
6641:
6636:
6631:
6626:
6621:
6617:
6613:
6609:
6602:
6594:
6590:
6586:
6582:
6578:
6574:
6570:
6566:
6559:
6551:
6547:
6542:
6537:
6533:
6529:
6525:
6521:
6517:
6510:
6502:
6498:
6494:
6490:
6486:
6482:
6478:
6474:
6467:
6459:
6455:
6451:
6447:
6443:
6439:
6435:
6431:
6424:
6422:
6420:
6418:
6416:
6414:
6412:
6410:
6408:
6406:
6404:
6402:
6400:
6391:
6387:
6383:
6379:
6374:
6369:
6365:
6361:
6357:
6350:
6336:
6332:
6328:
6324:
6317:
6309:
6305:
6300:
6295:
6291:
6287:
6282:
6277:
6273:
6269:
6265:
6258:
6243:
6239:
6232:
6225:
6221:
6217:
6214:
6209:
6201:
6197:
6193:
6189:
6185:
6181:
6177:
6173:
6166:
6156:
6148:
6144:
6140:
6136:
6132:
6128:
6124:
6120:
6113:
6105:
6101:
6097:
6093:
6089:
6085:
6081:
6077:
6070:
6062:
6058:
6053:
6048:
6044:
6040:
6036:
6032:
6028:
6021:
6013:
6009:
6005:
6001:
5994:
5986:
5982:
5977:
5972:
5968:
5964:
5960:
5956:
5952:
5945:
5937:
5933:
5929:
5925:
5921:
5917:
5913:
5909:
5902:
5894:
5890:
5885:
5880:
5876:
5872:
5868:
5864:
5860:
5853:
5845:
5841:
5836:
5831:
5827:
5823:
5819:
5815:
5811:
5804:
5796:
5792:
5788:
5784:
5780:
5776:
5769:
5753:
5749:
5743:
5735:
5731:
5727:
5723:
5719:
5715:
5708:
5700:
5696:
5691:
5686:
5682:
5678:
5674:
5670:
5666:
5659:
5657:
5648:
5644:
5639:
5634:
5630:
5626:
5622:
5618:
5614:
5607:
5599:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5581:
5577:
5573:
5569:
5565:
5558:
5556:
5547:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5529:
5525:
5521:
5517:
5513:
5506:
5498:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5474:
5470:
5466:
5462:
5455:
5453:
5444:
5440:
5436:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5418:
5414:
5410:
5403:
5395:
5391:
5387:
5383:
5376:
5368:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5340:
5336:
5332:
5325:
5317:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5299:
5295:
5291:
5287:
5283:
5276:
5268:
5264:
5260:
5256:
5249:
5241:
5237:
5233:
5229:
5222:
5214:
5210:
5205:
5200:
5196:
5192:
5188:
5181:
5174:
5170:
5165:
5157:
5153:
5149:
5145:
5141:
5137:
5133:
5129:
5122:
5114:
5110:
5106:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5088:
5084:
5080:
5073:
5065:
5061:
5057:
5053:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5035:
5031:
5027:
5020:
5012:
5008:
5004:
5000:
4996:
4992:
4988:
4984:
4977:
4969:
4965:
4961:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4943:
4939:
4935:
4928:
4920:
4916:
4912:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4894:
4890:
4886:
4879:
4871:
4867:
4863:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4845:
4841:
4837:
4830:
4822:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4804:
4800:
4796:
4792:
4788:
4781:
4773:
4769:
4765:
4761:
4757:
4753:
4749:
4745:
4738:
4730:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4712:
4708:
4704:
4700:
4696:
4689:
4687:
4670:
4663:
4655:
4648:
4641:
4633:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4615:
4611:
4607:
4603:
4599:
4595:
4591:
4584:
4576:
4572:
4568:
4564:
4560:
4556:
4552:
4548:
4544:
4540:
4536:
4529:
4521:
4517:
4513:
4509:
4505:
4501:
4497:
4493:
4486:
4470:
4466:
4460:
4444:
4440:
4434:
4432:
4423:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4395:
4391:
4387:
4383:
4379:
4372:
4370:
4361:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4344:(2): 87–104.
4343:
4339:
4335:
4328:
4326:
4317:
4313:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4293:
4289:
4285:
4278:
4268:
4264:
4259:
4258:
4255:
4251:
4247:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4229:
4225:
4221:
4217:
4210:
4208:
4199:
4195:
4191:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4175:
4171:
4164:
4156:
4152:
4148:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4130:
4126:
4122:
4115:
4096:
4092:
4088:
4081:
4075:
4067:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4051:
4047:
4040:
4032:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3991:
3983:
3979:
3975:
3971:
3967:
3963:
3959:
3952:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3929:
3921:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3891:
3887:
3880:
3878:
3876:
3874:
3872:
3870:
3868:
3866:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3816:
3814:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3770:
3768:
3766:
3746:
3739:
3733:
3725:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3682:
3680:
3678:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3641:
3639:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3602:
3600:
3591:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3550:
3542:
3541:
3533:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3498:
3482:
3476:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3441:
3439:
3430:
3428:9781975159559
3424:
3420:
3414:
3412:
3403:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3362:
3360:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3323:
3321:
3312:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3271:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3238:(41): 21–27.
3237:
3233:
3229:
3222:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3187:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3144:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3114:
3112:
3110:
3101:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3060:
3044:
3040:
3039:
3034:
3028:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2993:
2991:
2982:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2941:
2939:
2922:
2918:
2917:
2912:
2906:
2898:
2892:
2876:
2870:
2862:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2821:
2813:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2772:
2770:
2753:
2749:
2748:
2743:
2737:
2735:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2704:
2702:
2700:
2691:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2654:
2652:
2635:
2631:
2630:
2625:
2619:
2617:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2585:
2583:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2569:
2567:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2544:
2540:
2539:
2534:
2528:
2526:
2524:
2522:
2520:
2518:
2513:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2494:
2488:
2486:
2481:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2470:fusiform gyri
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2429:basal ganglia
2426:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2391:
2389:
2379:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2356:
2354:
2349:
2345:
2343:
2339:
2334:
2332:
2327:
2323:
2320:In May 2019,
2318:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2307:pre-eclampsia
2304:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2280:
2276:
2271:
2269:
2264:
2262:
2255:Notable cases
2252:
2249:
2248:Preterm Birth
2245:
2229:
2225:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2214:
2209:
2205:
2200:
2168: 840–960
2162: 720–840
2156: 600–720
2150: 480–600
2144: 360–480
2138: 240–360
2132: 120–240
2120: no data
2113:
2109:
2100:
2098:
2092:
2088:
2086:
2082:
2081:frontal lobes
2078:
2077:myelinization
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2052:
2048:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1969:
1965:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1925:
1924:
1916:
1914:
1910:
1905:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1892:The earliest
1890:
1887:
1877:
1873:
1864:
1855:
1846:
1844:
1840:
1839:hyponatraemia
1830:
1828:
1824:
1814:
1812:
1802:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1783:
1773:
1771:
1765:
1763:
1757:
1748:
1744:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1733:intravenously
1723:
1721:
1716:
1713:
1708:
1699:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1679:
1676:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1615:breastfeeding
1612:
1611:
1610:kangaroo care
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1564:
1558:Neonatal care
1555:
1553:
1549:
1539:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1515:beta mimetics
1512:
1508:
1498:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1478:
1476:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1456:
1450:
1449:at 23 weeks.
1448:
1444:
1443:dexamethasone
1440:
1439:betamethasone
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1410:
1408:
1403:
1400:
1391:
1382:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1361:
1357:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1338:
1329:
1326:
1315:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1295:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1275:
1273:
1262:
1260:
1259:
1254:
1253:
1241:
1239:
1234:
1230:
1225:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1199:
1196:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1174:
1166:
1161:
1152:
1143:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1124:
1114:
1112:
1103:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1088:preterm labor
1085:
1071:
1065:Prenatal care
1062:
1053:
1050:
1045:
1041:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1022:
1018:
1016:
1011:
1008:
1002:
1000:
996:
991:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
964:
962:
961:
950:
948:
943:
940:
938:
934:
930:
925:
923:
919:
915:
913:
912:birth defects
909:
905:
901:
897:
892:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
856:
854:
853:pre-eclampsia
850:
846:
842:
838:
833:
829:
821:
817:
814:
809:
804:
799:
797:
793:
790:of 1.35 (95%
789:
784:
779:
777:
773:
769:
768:endometriosis
765:
756:
747:
745:
742:
739:
738:
734:
732:
729:
726:
725:
721:
719:
716:
713:
712:
708:
706:
703:
700:
699:
695:
693:
690:
687:
686:
682:
680:
677:
675:
672:
671:
667:
665:
662:
659:
658:
655:
653:
652:
648:
646:
645:
641:
638:
636:
632:
631:
627:
624:
622:
619:
618:
614:
611:
609:
606:
605:
601:
598:
596:
595:Periodontitis
593:
592:
588:
585:
582:
581:
577:
574:
571:
570:
566:
563:
560:
559:
555:
552:
550:
547:
546:
542:
539:
536:
535:
531:
528:
525:
524:
520:
517:
515:
511:
510:
507:
501:
499:
498:Relative risk
496:
493:
492:
484:
481:
477:
471:
469:
465:
454:
452:
442:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
412:
409:
404:
395:
391:
389:
385:
381:
377:
376:breastfeeding
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
348:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
325:air pollution
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
297:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
238:Preterm birth
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
209:breastfeeding
207:, supporting
206:
202:
199:
195:
192:
189:
185:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
147:
145:
141:
138:Often unknown
137:
133:
130:
126:
122:
118:
115:
113:
112:Complications
109:
106:
102:
98:
95:
93:
89:
86:
82:
78:
75:
73:
69:
66:
62:
58:
54:
49:
45:
41:
38:Preterm birth
36:
30:
19:
17091:
16847:Pneumothorax
16839:
16753:
16746:Birth trauma
16726:
16688:Breech birth
16678:presentation
16676:
16644:
16618:
16586:
16517:
16510:
16370:Vasa praevia
16344:
16330:
16304:Locked twins
16220:
16170:
16146:
15892:Interstitial
15463:Hypertension
15450:Immunization
15433:in pregnancy
15349:Amniotic sac
15302:Silent birth
15245:Presentation
15208:Bishop score
15178:Obstetrician
15138:
15068:Interstitial
14995:home testing
14758:Other topics
14697:
14664:Cradle board
14659:Cloth diaper
14619:Baby shampoo
14605:Baby monitor
14595:Baby bouncer
14549:Circumcision
14396:Birth defect
14344:
14278:Immunization
14228:Birth weight
14159:
14147:
14135:
13858:Hip fracture
13853:Osteoporosis
13594:Infibulation
13494:Dysmenorrhea
13487:Sanitary pad
13439:Menstruation
13198:
13167:Preeclampsia
13162:Hypertension
13046:Labia majora
13041:Labia minora
12938:
12927:
12903:
12892:
12873:
12854:
12796:
12792:
12782:
12747:
12743:
12733:
12700:
12696:
12690:
12658:(1): 46–53.
12655:
12651:
12641:
12606:
12602:
12592:
12559:
12555:
12549:
12524:
12520:
12514:
12477:
12473:
12463:
12428:
12424:
12414:
12371:
12367:
12357:
12330:
12326:
12266:
12262:
12222:
12218:
12156:
12152:
12104:
12100:
12063:(1): 12–20.
12060:
12056:
12050:
12015:
12011:
11969:
11965:
11917:
11913:
11903:
11881:(1): 69–82.
11878:
11874:
11868:
11856:. Retrieved
11852:
11842:
11829:
11819:
11807:. Retrieved
11797:
11785:. Retrieved
11775:
11763:. Retrieved
11758:
11749:
11737:. Retrieved
11733:the original
11719:
11707:. Retrieved
11703:
11693:
11671:
11659:. Retrieved
11647:
11637:
11625:. Retrieved
11621:the original
11607:
11595:. Retrieved
11591:the original
11584:
11575:
11563:. Retrieved
11559:the original
11549:
11537:. Retrieved
11526:
11500:. Retrieved
11496:
11487:
11466:
11459:
11447:. Retrieved
11433:
11426:BusinessWeek
11409:
11385:
11352:
11348:
11342:
11330:. Retrieved
11311:
11303:the original
11289:
11280:
11268:
11233:
11229:
11219:
11207:. Retrieved
11198:
11189:
11156:
11152:
11146:
11121:
11117:
11111:
11078:
11074:
11068:
11035:
11031:
11025:
10988:
10985:BMC Medicine
10984:
10974:
10960:cite journal
10935:
10931:
10924:
10912:. Retrieved
10903:
10894:
10859:
10855:
10830:. Retrieved
10825:
10816:
10808:the original
10801:
10756:. Retrieved
10752:the original
10748:www.bapm.org
10747:
10700:
10696:
10686:
10637:
10631:
10596:
10592:
10582:
10549:
10545:
10539:
10494:(1): 22–29.
10491:
10487:
10477:
10468:
10462:
10456:
10421:
10417:
10407:
10374:
10370:
10324:
10320:
10314:
10281:
10277:
10271:
10244:
10240:
10230:
10203:
10199:
10189:
10154:
10150:
10140:
10105:
10101:
10091:
10066:
10062:
10022:
10018:
9970:
9966:
9906:
9902:
9892:
9857:
9853:
9843:
9808:
9804:
9794:
9759:
9755:
9745:
9710:
9706:
9696:
9661:
9657:
9609:
9605:
9595:
9560:
9556:
9508:
9504:
9456:
9452:
9442:
9407:
9403:
9393:
9358:
9354:
9344:
9309:
9305:
9295:
9260:
9256:
9246:
9211:
9207:
9197:
9162:
9158:
9148:
9113:
9109:
9099:
9064:
9020:
9016:
9006:
8971:
8967:
8957:
8948:
8926:
8922:
8912:
8877:
8873:
8819:
8815:
8755:
8751:
8697:
8693:
8683:
8648:
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8634:
8599:
8595:
8585:
8550:
8546:
8536:
8501:
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8438:
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8399:
8389:
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8350:
8340:
8305:
8301:
8291:
8254:
8250:
8240:
8205:
8201:
8191:
8174:
8170:
8164:
8139:
8135:
8129:
8094:
8090:
8080:
8047:
8043:
8017:
8013:
8007:
7972:
7968:
7958:
7946:. Retrieved
7932:
7920:. Retrieved
7906:
7871:
7867:
7857:
7822:
7818:
7808:
7773:
7769:
7759:
7734:
7728:
7693:
7689:
7679:
7646:
7642:
7636:
7599:
7595:
7585:
7566:
7560:
7550:
7515:
7511:
7501:
7468:
7464:
7430:
7426:
7419:
7376:
7372:
7362:
7350:. Retrieved
7345:
7333:
7298:
7294:
7284:
7249:
7245:
7235:
7202:
7198:
7192:
7168:(2): 69–82.
7165:
7161:
7151:
7124:
7120:
7110:
7098:. Retrieved
7094:the original
7084:
7049:
7045:
7035:
7018:
7014:
7008:
6973:
6969:
6921:
6917:
6867:
6863:
6853:
6816:
6812:
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6793:
6788:
6753:
6749:
6739:
6706:
6702:
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6662:
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6652:
6615:
6611:
6601:
6568:
6564:
6558:
6523:
6519:
6509:
6476:
6472:
6466:
6433:
6429:
6363:
6359:
6349:
6338:, retrieved
6326:
6316:
6274:(13): 4360.
6271:
6267:
6257:
6245:. Retrieved
6241:
6231:
6208:
6175:
6171:
6165:
6155:
6122:
6118:
6112:
6079:
6075:
6069:
6034:
6030:
6020:
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5911:
5907:
5901:
5866:
5862:
5852:
5817:
5813:
5803:
5778:
5774:
5768:
5756:. Retrieved
5742:
5717:
5713:
5707:
5672:
5668:
5620:
5616:
5606:
5571:
5567:
5519:
5515:
5505:
5468:
5464:
5416:
5412:
5402:
5385:
5381:
5375:
5338:
5334:
5324:
5289:
5285:
5275:
5258:
5254:
5248:
5231:
5227:
5221:
5194:
5190:
5180:
5164:
5131:
5127:
5121:
5086:
5082:
5072:
5064:the original
5036:(1): 14–24.
5033:
5029:
5019:
4986:
4982:
4976:
4941:
4937:
4927:
4892:
4888:
4878:
4843:
4839:
4829:
4794:
4790:
4780:
4747:
4743:
4737:
4702:
4698:
4673:. Retrieved
4662:
4653:
4640:
4597:
4593:
4583:
4542:
4538:
4528:
4495:
4491:
4485:
4473:. Retrieved
4469:the original
4459:
4447:. Retrieved
4385:
4381:
4341:
4337:
4291:
4287:
4284:Stevenson DK
4277:
4266:
4219:
4215:
4173:
4169:
4163:
4128:
4124:
4114:
4102:. Retrieved
4095:the original
4086:
4074:
4049:
4045:
4039:
4004:
4000:
3990:
3965:
3961:
3951:
3938:
3928:
3893:
3889:
3829:
3825:
3779:
3775:
3752:. Retrieved
3732:
3695:
3691:
3651:
3647:
3612:
3608:
3563:
3559:
3549:
3539:
3532:
3510:(2): 68–73.
3507:
3503:
3497:
3485:. Retrieved
3475:
3450:
3446:
3418:
3375:
3371:
3333:
3329:
3284:
3280:
3270:
3235:
3231:
3221:
3196:
3192:
3186:
3153:
3149:
3143:
3133:27 September
3131:. Retrieved
3122:
3073:
3069:
3059:
3047:. Retrieved
3036:
3027:
3002:
2998:
2954:
2950:
2925:. Retrieved
2914:
2905:
2891:
2879:. Retrieved
2869:
2834:
2830:
2820:
2785:
2781:
2756:. Retrieved
2745:
2721:. Retrieved
2681:11369/330101
2663:
2659:
2638:. Retrieved
2627:
2603:. Retrieved
2594:
2547:. Retrieved
2536:
2482:
2413:
2404:haemorrhages
2400:white matter
2397:
2385:
2376:Anna Pavlova
2364:Isaac Newton
2357:
2350:
2346:
2335:
2319:
2299:
2278:
2272:
2265:
2258:
2247:
2240:
2226:
2221:
2217:
2211:
2208:birth weight
2201:
2197:
2103:Epidemiology
2093:
2089:
2053:
2049:
2045:
1994:hypocalcemia
1922:
1906:
1891:
1883:
1875:
1852:
1836:
1823:gavage feeds
1820:
1808:
1779:
1766:
1758:
1754:
1745:
1741:gut motility
1729:
1717:
1709:
1705:
1685:
1658:
1650:
1643:
1635:
1608:
1569:
1552:birth weight
1545:
1504:
1495:co-amoxiclav
1491:erythromycin
1479:
1472:
1463:
1459:
1451:
1416:
1404:
1396:
1367:
1358:
1350:progesterone
1346:Progestogens
1344:
1341:Progestogens
1337:condition).
1335:
1321:
1312:antioxidants
1301:
1281:
1268:
1256:
1250:
1247:
1226:
1222:
1205:
1195:Smoking bans
1191:
1170:
1149:
1126:
1109:
1082:
1068:
1059:
1046:
1042:
1038:appendicitis
1023:
1019:
1012:
1003:
995:colonization
992:
965:
958:
956:
944:
941:
939:of 1.1–3.5.
927:Presence of
926:
916:
893:
857:
834:
830:
827:
818:
800:
780:
761:
743:
730:
717:
704:
691:
678:
663:
649:
633:High or low
472:
460:
457:Risk factors
448:
423:false labour
419:contractions
416:
392:
352:progesterone
349:
345:preeclampsia
298:
269:
265:
261:
241:
237:
236:
191:Progesterone
144:Risk factors
29:
17191:Miscarriage
17093:muscle tone
16959:Kernicterus
16812:Respiratory
16788:Erb's palsy
16693:Asynclitism
16661:Nuchal cord
16309:Nuchal cord
16058:Linea nigra
16010:Hepatitis E
15943:proteinuria
15924:Miscarriage
15909:Embryo loss
15887:Heterotopic
15759:Apgar score
15543:Hepatitis C
15529:Infections
15369:Development
15354:Endometrium
15312:Water birth
15230:Bloody show
15161:Men's roles
15091:Preparation
15043:Heterotopic
14770:Babywearing
14765:Baby shower
14739:Swim diaper
14629:Baby walker
14614:Baby powder
14554:Foster care
14522:Child abuse
14517:Babysitting
14369:Development
14355:Soy formula
14233:Breast pump
14161:WikiProject
13848:Bone health
13784:Lung cancer
13621:Dyspareunia
13564:HPV vaccine
13504:Amenorrhoea
13499:Menorrhagia
13337:Infertility
13286:Stillbirths
13147:Miscarriage
12929:MedlinePlus
12018:: 180–191.
11642:Rochman B.
11627:28 November
11597:28 November
11565:28 November
11449:28 November
11209:11 November
10914:16 December
7770:Circulation
7348:. July 2017
6340:5 September
6247:5 September
6224:Radiopaedia
6006:(1): S209.
4989:(1): 5–11.
3715:10807/56796
3199:: 105–109.
2386:During the
2288:respiratory
2268:San Antonio
2021:kernicterus
1720:bovine milk
1623:Bili lights
1599:catheters,
1597:intravenous
1589:oxygenation
1487:amoxicillin
1469:Antibiotics
1332:Antibiotics
1178:ventilators
1030:bacteriuria
894:The use of
835:The use of
813:Philippines
772:miscarriage
514:fibronectin
494:Risk factor
317:underweight
211:, treating
165:underweight
77:Neonatology
43:Other names
17201:Stillbirth
17158:Omphalitis
17119:Infections
17028:Integument
16319:Postpartum
16214:Antepartum
15929:Stillbirth
15840:puerperium
15838:, and the
15836:childbirth
15764:Child care
15657:Postpartum
15616:Procedures
15568:Dermatoses
15424:Nutrition
15282:Home birth
15204:Pelvimetry
15083:Childbirth
15063:Unintended
14919:Conception
14878:childbirth
14749:Travel cot
14694:Infant bed
14689:High chair
14679:Baby wipes
14674:Diaper bag
14639:Baby swing
14527:Child care
14512:Attachment
14401:Childbirth
14263:Cradle cap
14214:Pediatrics
14086:by country
13890:Depression
13541:infections
13246:Episiotomy
13186:Childbirth
13117:Obstetrics
12905:DiseasesDB
12793:Pediatrics
12556:Pediatrics
12425:Pediatrics
12389:1874/32813
11153:Pediatrics
10758:25 October
10593:Pediatrics
10488:Pediatrics
10063:Pediatrics
9082:2292/57382
8923:Pediatrics
8449:Pediatrics
7602:(1): 235.
7352:29 January
7100:26 October
6870:(1): 254.
6836:2440/23161
5758:19 January
5358:1773/26479
5169:The Lancet
4675:2 November
4671:. CBC News
3281:Pediatrics
2957:: 88–102.
2508:References
2449:cerebellum
2437:brain stem
2295:hemorrhage
2069:depression
1692:human milk
1580:incubators
1528:β2-agonist
1419:surfactant
1370:childbirth
1209:folic acid
1188:Prevention
1182:surfactant
1163:Stages in
1117:Ultrasound
1013:Untreated
933:odds ratio
889:depression
788:odds ratio
748:1.03–1.28
735:1.09–1.58
722:1.41–1.61
651:odds ratio
504:confidence
431:effacement
388:intubation
384:infections
368:nifedipine
327:exposure,
213:infections
187:Prevention
85:Obstetrics
81:Pediatrics
16927:Anti-Kell
16565:period /
16563:perinatal
16385:Puerperal
15973:Eclampsia
15877:Abdominal
15848:Pregnancy
15832:pregnancy
15272:Caesarean
15038:Abdominal
14874:Pregnancy
14825:Paternity
14734:Swaddling
14600:Baby gate
14579:Wet nurse
14569:Milk bank
14461:Parenting
14386:Baby talk
14338:Pedialyte
14268:Esotropia
14223:Baby food
13716:Pregnancy
13696:Violence
13636:Vaginitis
13509:Menopause
13369:Fostering
13359:Parenting
13329:life plan
13194:Midwifery
13172:Eclampsia
13099:Pregnancy
13088:Maternal
12940:eMedicine
12823:231730075
12682:221649350
12480:(1): 51.
11656:0040-781X
11586:The Hindu
11502:2 January
11332:26 August
11322:eMedicine
11103:205574669
10826:Audiology
10656:960162637
10157:: e7976.
8097:: e6226.
8072:205936902
7800:224826008
7569:(6): S2.
6731:236200411
6290:2077-0383
5471:(1): 31.
4614:0033-3549
4559:1010-5395
4237:2164/2233
4198:208538820
4190:1758-6798
4176:: 77–82.
3005:: 38–46.
2897:"Premmie"
2326:San Diego
2303:pregnancy
2284:digestive
2237:Economics
2073:executive
2032:pneumonia
1655:Nutrition
1619:morbidity
1584:bassinets
1523:Tocolysis
1501:Tocolysis
1447:viability
1385:Treatment
1074:Diagnosis
1034:pneumonia
999:DNA probe
953:Infection
808:Filipinos
776:abortions
642:0.66–1.4
549:Chlamydia
356:pregnancy
244:, is the
220:Frequency
197:Treatment
72:Specialty
65:incubator
61:Intubated
17233:Category
16897:Bleeding
16588:placenta
16519:Category
16332:placenta
16222:placenta
15882:Cervical
15867:Abortion
15665:Maternal
15643:Abortion
15588:Bleeding
15538:COVID-19
15503:Diabetes
15488:Cannabis
15438:prenatal
15359:Placenta
15330:Prenatal
15260:shoulder
15255:cephalic
15223:position
15197:Delivery
15058:Postterm
15023:Cervical
14886:Planning
14785:Cry room
14724:Stroller
14714:Pacifier
14649:Bassinet
14624:Baby toy
14486:Teething
14466:Peekaboo
14406:Crawling
14391:Babbling
14212:Health (
14137:Category
14097:Ethiopia
14019:UN Women
13836:Dementia
13767:diseases
13750:Femicide
13728:Misogyny
13648:Polygamy
13549:Safe sex
13457:Menarche
13364:Adoption
13291:Abortion
13209:Oxytocin
13029:Clitoris
12945:ped/1889
12815:33500321
12774:28328840
12744:Medicine
12725:32770053
12717:23845237
12674:14974647
12633:19683725
12584:11674158
12576:18245409
12541:10996273
12506:23531081
12455:30594886
12447:26553187
12406:16930851
12398:18805824
12349:11796848
12303:24130887
12263:PLOS ONE
12239:23273486
12193:22022357
12153:PLOS ONE
12131:21923973
12077:21147382
12042:25379430
11988:18056158
11944:19945651
11895:24524447
11858:2 August
11834:Archived
11809:15 March
11685:Archived
11681:CBS News
11617:CBS News
11533:Archived
11528:BBC News
11443:Archived
11418:Archived
11394:Archived
11369:12962929
11326:Archived
11260:25692506
11203:Archived
11201:. 2009.
11173:23669525
11138:23462550
11095:19823140
11060:22685359
11052:25073871
11017:18234075
10991:(1): 1.
10952:12206615
10908:Archived
10886:25921193
10878:18635431
10803:NBC News
10781:Archived
10727:19812240
10675:Archived
10623:31065615
10615:22065266
10574:27735824
10566:18240080
10529:Archived
10520:Archived
10516:20495326
10508:16396856
10448:28679674
10418:BMJ Open
10399:17256481
10391:18207020
10349:20567764
10341:27059074
10298:27531224
10263:25621457
10222:19491184
10181:23212881
10132:28477661
10083:17908777
10043:37824273
9997:37387544
9988:10312053
9933:32266712
9884:32821859
9835:34346056
9786:34355390
9737:27958643
9688:32726863
9636:31684689
9587:31697857
9535:33226632
9483:31246272
9434:33006765
9385:33620090
9336:32842164
9287:32898300
9238:32573771
9189:33215474
9140:32964431
9091:27155888
9047:31322731
8998:31452191
8945:22371471
8904:34165778
8846:33368149
8782:33733486
8724:27075527
8675:34661278
8626:28398697
8577:37144837
8568:10161968
8528:25473815
8479:26702029
8430:32187656
8381:29431872
8332:24030708
8283:28976987
8232:25126773
8223:10838393
8183:15756046
8156:17671256
8121:23048010
8064:11293641
8026:12211284
7999:28786098
7942:Archived
7916:Archived
7898:33368142
7849:35377461
7792:33081528
7751:24190310
7712:17522400
7671:22742373
7663:15994635
7628:29183399
7542:27444208
7493:29480873
7485:24428470
7447:16647905
7411:43862120
7403:23903965
7394:11035916
7325:23440777
7276:30837582
7268:10740336
7219:23812466
7184:24525884
7143:28625760
7076:31553800
7000:30933309
6948:28205207
6896:33771100
6845:16641396
6780:30277579
6723:34293768
6687:11591970
6679:17302528
6644:31849592
6618:: 1284.
6593:19518460
6585:16319253
6550:15082738
6493:24680633
6450:18191687
6390:33738952
6382:15715585
6308:37445395
6299:10342801
6216:Archived
6200:34818112
6192:11165586
6139:24334429
6104:20265539
6096:23919851
6061:22280400
5985:19350444
5936:20732037
5928:17329514
5893:26039401
5844:28877031
5795:18295169
5752:Archived
5734:11480640
5699:25922860
5647:26560337
5598:31765489
5546:26092137
5497:25874659
5435:21668769
5394:11506145
5367:25900174
5316:19761951
5267:15532228
5240:15481481
5213:21622978
5156:32544532
5148:17666606
5113:27688375
5105:14506499
5060:44325654
5052:12505886
5011:41368575
5003:16730012
4968:46366053
4960:17899585
4919:14884358
4911:17671254
4870:24970386
4862:16565989
4821:16118366
4764:17464860
4632:21886332
4575:25005933
4567:26725703
4520:43892340
4512:15172868
4475:9 August
4449:8 August
4443:Archived
4422:29020025
4382:PLOS ONE
4360:23154145
4316:25566593
4308:28749482
4267:BBC News
4254:10113798
4246:20502281
4155:14975701
4147:17699814
4066:28181672
4031:12907483
3982:15746686
3943:Archived
3920:18177778
3856:13193685
3848:16167946
3804:20441901
3796:20012348
3754:8 August
3745:Archived
3724:24619876
3668:12439515
3590:26490698
3524:26794420
3467:25497122
3402:25530442
3350:28937572
3311:21173001
3262:23996035
3254:19320250
3213:24965989
3178:20078137
3170:24990666
3127:Archived
3100:25821121
3043:Archived
3019:27665510
2981:30314740
2921:Archived
2861:24374829
2812:27733281
2752:Archived
2717:Archived
2690:26432464
2634:Archived
2599:Archived
2543:Archived
2491:See also
2433:amygdala
2425:thalamus
2414:Various
2394:Research
2279:in vitro
2065:epilepsy
2042:Survival
1915:debate.
1913:abortion
1519:atosiban
1455:Cochrane
1413:Steroids
1328:making.
1308:fish oil
1056:Genetics
709:1.5–2.1
696:1.8–2.2
683:1.5–3.1
668:3.2–4.0
628:0.8–1.5
615:1.2–1.6
602:1.1–2.3
589:1.3–2.5
578:1.5–2.3
567:1.7–2.2
556:1.0–4.8
543:2.8–3.0
532:2.1–3.9
521:2.9–5.5
506:interval
360:bed rest
301:diabetes
270:premmies
266:preemies
149:Diabetes
92:Symptoms
17136:rubella
16766:Chignon
16620:chorion
16172:chorion
15897:Ovarian
15574:Others
15548:Malaria
15493:Opioids
15483:Alcohol
15478:Smoking
15337:Anatomy
15166:Midwife
15134:Newborn
15053:Ovarian
15033:Ectopic
15028:Cryptic
14973:Testing
14744:Teether
14719:Playpen
14496:Weaning
14491:Walking
14204:Infants
14149:Commons
13938:Poverty
13932:factors
13909:Urethra
13885:Anxiety
13867:Anaemia
13663:Puberty
13643:Leblouh
13529:Sexual
13404:Condoms
12899:D047928
12765:5371477
12624:5875423
12497:3618000
12294:3793949
12271:Bibcode
12201:3884637
12184:3192037
12161:Bibcode
12122:3282051
12033:4215396
11935:2799246
11739:22 July
11377:9995272
11281:cdc.gov
11251:4352070
11181:8389988
11008:2241838
10904:The Age
10832:1 April
10718:2871377
10439:5734267
10306:7958596
10172:3514472
10123:5424630
9924:7138920
9875:7422638
9826:8407046
9777:8407337
9728:6463855
9679:7390609
9627:6815687
9578:6837687
9526:8094236
9474:6596360
9425:8078205
9376:8094384
9327:8236752
9278:8094174
9229:7387284
9180:8092673
9131:8094919
9038:6640412
8989:6710607
8895:8223964
8837:8094920
8773:8092452
8715:6464533
8666:8521644
8617:6478245
8519:7038715
8470:4702019
8421:7080446
8372:6491068
8323:7052739
8274:5627896
8112:4688428
7990:6483544
7948:18 July
7922:18 July
7889:8094626
7840:8978608
7720:8083107
7619:5706301
7533:5053235
7316:4164464
7227:9069311
7067:6760928
7027:2927852
6991:6443020
6939:6464057
6887:7995767
6771:6517256
6635:6892975
6541:1732750
6501:8532979
6458:8204299
6147:6547430
6052:3422421
5976:2744034
5884:4285828
5835:5561422
5690:8498019
5638:7043273
5589:6953361
5537:7154219
5488:4373465
5443:7789770
5307:2785018
4812:1449396
4772:5159387
4729:9491013
4720:1508185
4623:3151189
4413:5636124
4390:Bibcode
3911:7134569
3629:8036202
3581:7388653
3393:4340604
3302:4079290
3091:7144825
3049:7 March
2972:6282836
2927:7 March
2852:4052131
2803:5388903
2758:7 March
2723:7 March
2640:7 March
2605:6 March
2595:who.int
2549:7 March
2246:report
2079:of the
1990:rickets
1961:thyroid
1939:(ROP),
1935:(HIE),
1909:ethical
1782:enteral
1712:enteral
1304:aspirin
1213:smoking
972:chorion
947:Nigeria
908:Tobacco
904:alcohol
900:cocaine
896:tobacco
885:Anxiety
783:Obesity
380:formula
378:and/or
231:805,800
161:obesity
16711:Growth
16624:amnion
16176:amnion
15747:Infant
15672:Lochia
15458:Anemia
15377:Embryo
15250:breech
15129:Mother
15108:Lamaze
14669:Diaper
14456:Parent
14441:Mother
14114:Russia
13776:Cancer
13688:health
13658:Orgasm
13531:health
13482:Tampon
13090:health
13063:Uterus
13058:Cervix
13053:Vagina
13004:health
12934:001562
12821:
12813:
12772:
12762:
12723:
12715:
12680:
12672:
12631:
12621:
12582:
12574:
12539:
12504:
12494:
12453:
12445:
12404:
12396:
12347:
12301:
12291:
12237:
12199:
12191:
12181:
12129:
12119:
12075:
12040:
12030:
11986:
11942:
11932:
11893:
11787:5 June
11765:5 June
11709:30 May
11661:30 May
11654:
11475:
11375:
11367:
11258:
11248:
11179:
11171:
11136:
11101:
11093:
11058:
11050:
11015:
11005:
10950:
10884:
10876:
10725:
10715:
10654:
10644:
10621:
10613:
10572:
10564:
10514:
10506:
10446:
10436:
10397:
10389:
10371:Lancet
10347:
10339:
10304:
10296:
10261:
10220:
10179:
10169:
10130:
10120:
10081:
10041:
9995:
9985:
9931:
9921:
9882:
9872:
9833:
9823:
9784:
9774:
9735:
9725:
9686:
9676:
9634:
9624:
9612:(10).
9585:
9575:
9563:(11).
9533:
9523:
9481:
9471:
9432:
9422:
9383:
9373:
9334:
9324:
9285:
9275:
9236:
9226:
9187:
9177:
9138:
9128:
9089:
9045:
9035:
8996:
8986:
8943:
8902:
8892:
8844:
8834:
8780:
8770:
8722:
8712:
8673:
8663:
8624:
8614:
8575:
8565:
8526:
8516:
8477:
8467:
8428:
8418:
8379:
8369:
8330:
8320:
8281:
8271:
8230:
8220:
8181:
8154:
8119:
8109:
8070:
8062:
8044:Lancet
8024:
7997:
7987:
7896:
7886:
7847:
7837:
7798:
7790:
7749:
7718:
7710:
7669:
7661:
7626:
7616:
7540:
7530:
7491:
7483:
7445:
7409:
7401:
7391:
7323:
7313:
7274:
7266:
7225:
7217:
7182:
7141:
7074:
7064:
7025:
6998:
6988:
6946:
6936:
6894:
6884:
6843:
6778:
6768:
6729:
6721:
6685:
6677:
6642:
6632:
6591:
6583:
6548:
6538:
6499:
6491:
6473:Lancet
6456:
6448:
6430:Lancet
6388:
6380:
6306:
6296:
6288:
6198:
6190:
6145:
6137:
6102:
6094:
6059:
6049:
5983:
5973:
5934:
5926:
5891:
5881:
5842:
5832:
5793:
5732:
5697:
5687:
5645:
5635:
5596:
5586:
5574:(11).
5544:
5534:
5495:
5485:
5441:
5433:
5392:
5365:
5314:
5304:
5265:
5238:
5211:
5154:
5146:
5111:
5103:
5058:
5050:
5009:
5001:
4966:
4958:
4917:
4909:
4868:
4860:
4819:
4809:
4770:
4762:
4727:
4717:
4630:
4620:
4612:
4573:
4565:
4557:
4518:
4510:
4420:
4410:
4358:
4314:
4306:
4252:
4244:
4196:
4188:
4153:
4145:
4104:31 May
4064:
4029:
4022:169644
4019:
3980:
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