1097:
1319:– a condition linked to many caused mainly by prolonged pressing of the foetus against the pelvis or other causes such as rape, hysterectomy, or other operations – and also having been doctor to many European royals and the 20th President of the United States James A. Garfield after he had been shot. Sims does have a controversial medical past. Under the beliefs at the time about pain and the prejudice towards African people, he had practiced his surgical skills and developed skills on slaves. These women were the first patients of modern gynecology. One of the women he operated on was named
245:
493:
264:
276:
5027:
6985:
6170:
7015:
7025:
7005:
6194:
6995:
6182:
506:
32:
415:(pregnancy hormone level itself). It gives an accurate risk profile very early. A second blood screen at 15 to 20 weeks refines the risk more accurately. The cost is higher than an "AFP-quad" screen due to the ultrasound and second blood test, but it is quoted to have a 93% pick up rate as opposed to 88% for the standard AFP/QS. This is an evolving standard of care in the United States.
1210:
the medical community. The 19th century marked an era of medical reform in Europe and increased regulation over the profession. Major
European institutions such as The College of Physicians and Surgeons considered delivering babies ungentlemanly work and refused to have anything to do with childbirth as a whole. Even when
1344:
had some relevance to some conditions as menopause, uterine and cervical problems, and childbirth could leave the mother in need of extensive surgery to repair tissue. But, there was also a large blame of the uterus for completely unrelated conditions. This led to many social consequences of the nineteenth century.
419:
775:, weight loss, and electrolyte imbalances. Most women develop nausea and vomiting during the first trimester. The cause of hyperemesis gravidarum is not known. However, it is believed to be caused by a rapidly rising blood level of a hormone, human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), which is released by the placenta.
1343:
Men were introduced into the field of obstetrics in the nineteenth century and resulted in a change of the focus of this profession. Gynaecology directly resulted as a new and separate field of study from obstetrics and focused on the curing of illness and indispositions of female sexual organs. This
1339:
During the birth of a child, men were rarely present. Women from the neighbourhood or family would join in on the process of birth and assist in many different ways. The one position where men would help with the birth of a child would be in the sitting position, usually when performed on the side of
1291:
in 1825. By the mid-century the surgery was both successfully and unsuccessfully being performed. Pennsylvanian surgeons the Attlee brothers made this procedure very routine for a total of 465 surgeries – John Attlee performed 64 successfully of 78 while his brother
William reported 387 – between the
1221:
By the late 19th century, the foundation of modern-day obstetrics and midwifery began developing. Delivery of babies by doctors became popular and readily accepted, but midwives continued to play a role in childbirth. Midwifery also changed during this era due to increased regulation and the eventual
1209:
18th-century physicians expected that obstetrics would continue to grow, but the opposite happened. Obstetrics entered a stage of stagnation in the 19th century, which lasted until about the 1880s. The central explanation for the lack of advancement during this time was the rejection of obstetrics by
743:
can, if uncorrected, cause adverse effects on foetal and maternal well-being. The deleterious effects of thyroid dysfunction can also extend beyond pregnancy and delivery to affect neurointellectual development in the early life of the child. Demand for thyroid hormones is increased during pregnancy,
1225:
As midwifery began to develop, so did the profession of obstetrics near the end of the century. Childbirth was no longer unjustifiably despised by the medical community as it once had been at the beginning of the century. But obstetrics was underdeveloped compared to other medical specialities. Many
1286:
Ephraim McDowell developed a surgical practice in 1795 and performed the first ovariotomy in 1809 on a 47-year-old widow who then lived on for 31 more years. He had attempted to share this with John Bell whom he had practiced under who had retired to Italy. Bell was said to have died without seeing
1196:
were establishments where women would come to have their babies delivered, as opposed to the practice since time immemorial of the midwife attending the home of the woman in labour. This institution provided male-midwives with endless patients to practice their techniques on and was a way for these
1127:
managed all aspects of the labour and delivery. The presence of physicians and surgeons was very rare and only occurred if a serious complication had taken place and the midwife had exhausted all measures at her disposal. Calling a surgeon was very much a last resort and having men deliver women in
1266:
The development of obstetrics as a practice for accredited doctors happened at the turn of the 18th century and thus was very differently developed in Europe and in the
Americas due to the independence of many countries in the Americas from European powers. "Unlike in Europe and the British Isles,
1200:
Many midwives of the time bitterly opposed the involvement of men in childbirth. Some male practitioners also opposed the involvement of medical men like themselves in midwifery and even went as far as to say that male-midwives only undertook midwifery solely for perverse erotic satisfaction. The
1331:
Women and men inhabited very different roles in natal care up to the 18th century. The role of a physician was exclusively held by men who went to university, an overly male institution, who would theorize anatomy and the process of reproduction based on theological teaching and philosophy. Many
1253:
solution before a delivery reduced childbed fever fatalities by 90%. So it was concluded that it was physicians who had been spreading disease from one labouring mother to the next. Despite the publication of this information, doctors still would not wash. It was not until the 20th century when
781:
is a condition that causes high blood pressure during pregnancy. If left untreated, it can be life-threatening. In pregnant women, preeclampsia may occur after 20 weeks of pregnancy, often in women who have no history of high blood pressure. Symptoms of preeclampsia may include severe headache,
1274:
Gynaecology and
Obstetrics gained attention in the American medical field at the end of the nineteenth century through the development of such procedures as the ovariotomy. These procedures then were shared with European surgeons who replicated the surgeries. This was a period when antiseptic,
1183:
The addition of the male-midwife (or man-midwife) is historically a significant change to the profession of obstetrics. In the 18th century medical men began to train in area of childbirth and believed with their advanced knowledge in anatomy that childbirth could be improved. In France these
532:
and first trimester bleeding, the most accurate dating being in first trimester before the growth of the foetus has been significantly influenced by other factors. Ultrasound is also used for detecting congenital anomalies (or other foetal anomalies) and determining the
926:
is a disease defined by a combination of signs and symptoms that are related to maternal hypertension. The cause is unknown, and markers are being sought to predict its development from the earliest stages of pregnancy. Some unknown factors cause vascular damage in the
1010:
is an ascending infection of the genital tract. It may happen during or after labour. Signs to look out for include signs of infection (pyrexia or hypothermia, raised heart rate and respiratory rate, reduced blood pressure), and abdominal pain, offensive
1275:
aseptic or anaesthetic measures were just being introduced to surgical and observational procedures and without these procedures surgeries were dangerous and often fatal. Following are two surgeons noted for their contributions to these fields include
1332:
beliefs about the female body and menstruation in the 17th and 18th centuries were inaccurate; clearly resulting from the lack of literature about the practice. Many of the theories of what caused menstruation prevailed from
Hippocratic philosophy.
1176:, based on better knowledge of the physiology of pregnancy and labour. By the end of the century, medical professionals began to understand the anatomy of the uterus and the physiological changes that take place during labour. The introduction of
570:
The safety of frequent ultrasound scanning has not been confirmed. Despite this, increasing numbers of women are choosing to have additional scans for no medical purpose, such as gender scans, 3D and 4D scans. A normal gestation would reveal a
1164:– and birth complications. After his death, techniques and works of gynecology declined; very little of his works were recorded and survived to the late 18th century when gynecology and obstetrics reemerged as a medical specialism.
1222:
need for midwives to become certified. Many
European countries by the late 19th century were monitoring the training of midwives and issued certification based on competency. Midwives were no longer uneducated in the formal sense.
488:
Most doctors do a sugar load in a drink form of 50 grams of glucose in cola, lime or orange and draw blood an hour later (plus or minus 5 minutes). The standard modified criteria have been lowered to 135 since the late 1980s.
1053:
may leave the hospital as soon as she is medically stable, and chooses to leave, which can be as early as a few hours later, but usually averages a stay of one or two days; the average postnatal stay following delivery by
4767:
Sieber WK (September 1970). "Total prosthetic transplantation of the inferior vena cava, with venous drainage restoration of the one remaining kidney on the graft, successfully performed on a child with Wilms' tumor".
985:
can only happen after the membranes have ruptured. The umbilical cord delivers before the presenting part of the foetus. If the foetus is not delivered within minutes, or the pressure taken off the cord, the foetus
403:, done typically in the second trimester at 16–18 weeks. The newer integrated screen (formerly called F.A.S.T.E.R for First And Second Trimester Early Results) can be done at 10 plus weeks to 13 plus weeks with an
1226:
male physicians would deliver children but very few would have referred to themselves as obstetricians. The end of the 19th century did mark a significant accomplishment in the profession with the advancements in
6036:
1249:
noticed that women giving birth at home had a much lower incidence of childbed fever than those giving birth by physicians in lying-hospitals. His investigation discovered that washing hands with an
2936:
Adeniji OA, Oladokun A, Olayemi O, Adeniji OI, Odukogbe AA, Ogunbode O, et al. (February 2005). "Pre-induction cervical ripening: transcervical foley catheter versus intravaginal misoprostol".
1218:
was entirely ignored. This made it nearly impossible to pursue an education in midwifery and also have the recognition of being a doctor or surgeon. Obstetrics was pushed to the side.
473:
screen. If positive, the woman receives IV penicillin or ampicillin while in labor—or, if she is allergic to penicillin, an alternative therapy, such as IV clindamycin or IV vancomycin.
1201:
accoucheurs argued that their involvement in midwifery was to improve the process of childbirth. These men also believed that obstetrics would forge ahead and continue to strengthen.
1180:
also took place at this time. All these medical advances in obstetrics were a lever for the introduction of men into an arena previously managed and run by women – midwifery.
1158:
gynecology. Living in the late first century AD and early second century, he studied anatomy and had opinions and techniques on abortion, contraception – most notably
4584:"Surgical antibiotic prophylaxis use and infection prevalence in non-cosmetic breast surgery procedures at a tertiary hospital in Western Australia-a retrospective study"
4849:
O'Malley-Keighran MP, Lohan G (December 2016). "Encourages and guides, or diagnoses and monitors: Woman centred-ness in the discourse of professional midwifery bodies".
1463:
Cantor, Amy G.; Jungbauer, Rebecca M.; Totten, Annette M.; Tilden, Ellen L.; Holmes, Rebecca; Ahmed, Azrah; Wagner, Jesse; Hermesch, Amy C.; McDonagh, Marian S. (2022).
1241:
Before the 1880s mortality rates in lying-hospitals would reach unacceptably high levels and became an area of public concern. Much of these maternal deaths were due to
811:, foetal distress, placental malfunction, intrauterine growth retardation and failure to progress through labour increasing the risk of infection and foetal distresses.
8524:
3536:"Determinants of puerperal sepsis among post partum women at public hospitals in west SHOA zone Oromia regional STATE, Ethiopia (institution BASEDCASE control study)"
973:
where one of the foetus' shoulders becomes stuck during vaginal birth. There are many risk factors, including macrosmic (large) foetus, but many are also unexplained.
2529:
865:
Monitor the progress of labour, by reviewing the nursing chart, performing vaginal examination, and assessing the trace produced by a foetal monitoring device (the
6041:
2845:
2769:
244:
719:) and pregnancy. Risks for the child include miscarriage, growth restriction, growth acceleration, foetal obesity (macrosomia), polyhydramnios and birth defects.
454:
Amniocentesis is the national standard for women over 35 or who reach 35 by mid pregnancy or who are at increased risk by family history or prior birth history.
8671:
920:
is when an embryo implants in the uterine (fallopian) tube or (rarely) on the ovary or inside the peritoneal cavity. This may cause massive internal bleeding.
2893:
Ho PC, Ngai SW, Liu KL, Wong GC, Lee SW (November 1997). "Vaginal misoprostol compared with oral misoprostol in termination of second-trimester pregnancy".
3997:
8018:
2672:
1336:, meaning "with woman", were those who assisted in the birth and care of both born and unborn children, a position historically held mainly by women.
2821:
Prenatal and postnatal evaluation of foetal renal hyperechogenicity in pregnancies complicated with pre-eclampsia and intrauterine growth retardation
3914:
A History of Women's
Menstruation from Ancient Greece to the Twenty-first Century: Psychological, Social, Medical, Religious, and Educational Issues
3456:
Sims ME (2014-01-01). "Legal Briefs: Iatrogenesis: Prolapsed
Umbilical Cord After Artificial Rupture of the Membranes and Unskilled Stabilization".
50:
238:. This includes routine office visits with physical exams and routine lab tests along with telehealth care for people with low-risk pregnancies:
1119:, and rigorously excluded men. The expectant mother would invite close female friends and family members to her home to keep her company during
7624:
4449:
3173:
1292:
years of 1843 and 1883. By the middle of the nineteenth century this procedure was successfully performed in Europe by
English surgeons Sir
3357:
8587:
8572:
7593:
5016:
2323:"Prenatal Diagnosis for Congenital Malformations and Genetic Disorders: Practice Essentials, Noninvasive Techniques, Invasive Techniques"
765:. However, when combined with an additional underlying hypercoagulable states, the risk of thrombosis or embolism may become substantial.
3222:
Seppa N (2011-01-20). "Body & brain: Uncontrolled epilepsy can be fatal: Study finds more deaths in adults whose seizures persist".
1146:
was well established but obstetrics was not recognized as a specific medical specialty. However, the subject matter and interest in the
8664:
8425:
6514:
6092:
8351:
6855:
165:
159:
4093:
8514:
6151:
4506:
4043:"Initiation of traditional birth attendants and their traditional and spiritual practices during pregnancy and childbirth in Ghana"
782:
vision changes and pain under the ribs. However, in some women, symptoms may not occur, until they go for a routine prenatal visit.
448:) – elevations, low numbers or odd patterns correlate with neural tube defect risk and increased risks of trisomy 18 or trisomy 21
8537:
8011:
6454:
6198:
6074:
4908:
Bäcklund I (2006). "Modifiers describing women and men in nineteenth-century
English". In Kytö M, Rydén M, Smitterberg E (eds.).
407:
of the fetal neck (thicker nuchal skin correlates with higher risk of Down syndrome being present) and two chemicals (analytes),
3129:
8549:
6112:
2696:
1901:
1763:
948:
537:(BPP), which are generally easier to detect in the second trimester when the foetal structures are larger and more developed.
8657:
7789:
7719:
4958:
4566:
4113:
4014:
2656:
2425:
2290:
2083:
1447:
640:
590:
can be assessed by evaluating the mean gestational sac diameter (MGD) before week 6, and the crown-rump length after week 6.
408:
7934:
1950:
8544:
7294:
6754:
2745:
2492:"Diabetes Mellitus and Pregnancy: Practice Essentials, Gestational Diabetes, Maternal-Fetal Metabolism in Normal Pregnancy"
2340:
2224:"'Ultrasound is an invaluable third eye, but it can't see everything': a qualitative study with obstetricians in Australia"
1839:"Cost-effectiveness of prenatal screening and diagnostic strategies for Down syndrome: A microsimulation modeling analysis"
659:
771:
gravidarum in pregnancy occurs due to extreme, persistent nausea and vomiting during pregnancy. If untreated, can lead to
8387:
7893:
7061:
6046:
4642:"J. Marion Sims, MD: Why He and His Accomplishments Need to Continue to be Recognized a Commentary and Historical Review"
658:
the fetus is producing. Reduced production of surfactant indicates decreased lung maturity and is a high risk factor for
3783:"Challenges experienced by midwives working in rural communities in the Upper East Region of Ghana: a qualitative study"
3407:"Maternal and fetal outcomes of uterine rupture and factors associated with maternal death secondary to uterine rupture"
2023:
1999:
957:
is where the placenta detaches from the uterus and the woman and foetus can bleed to death if not managed appropriately.
8554:
8004:
7759:
6890:
6232:
6186:
6156:
4348:
8281:
7794:
7659:
6051:
5199:
4925:
3045:
1408:
802:
697:
691:
68:
1254:
advancements in aseptic technique and the understanding of disease would play a significant role in the decrease of
8529:
8218:
8203:
7898:
7598:
7123:
5384:
4941:
Adaikan G (January 2020). "Female sexual dysfunction". In Arulkumaran S, Ledger W, Denny L, Doumouchtsis S (eds.).
1137:
329:
3658:
807:
Induction is a method of artificially or prematurely stimulating labour in a woman. Reasons to induce can include
559:(MRI) on the foetus have been demonstrated, but this technique is too expensive for routine observation. Instead,
7950:
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5753:
5576:
5350:
5009:
747:
708:
4335:
2441:
8471:
8253:
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7008:
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6314:
5039:
3936:
3491:
153:
7739:
7646:
7148:
6134:
6102:
6000:
1926:
951:(DIC). The only treatment is to deliver the foetus. Women may still develop pre-eclampsia following delivery.
4337:
Midwives voices, midwives realities. Findings from a global consultation on providing quality midwifery care
8730:
8451:
8336:
8326:
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7704:
7203:
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6079:
5995:
5333:
3609:"The effect of early postnatal discharge from hospital for women and infants: a systematic review protocol"
740:
587:
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254:
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8519:
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7384:
7357:
6504:
5608:
5551:
5115:
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1623:
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is the imaging method of choice in the first trimester and throughout the pregnancy, because it emits no
496:
The result of an ultrasonography: a black and white image that shows a clear view of the interior abdomen
263:
8823:
4974:
4165:"Reasons for home delivery and use of traditional birth attendants in rural Zambia: a qualitative study"
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6174:
6139:
6129:
5169:
5051:
5002:
4824:
Giuliano P (May 2018). "Gender: A Historical Perspective". In Averett SL, Argys LM, Hoffman SD (eds.).
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908:
609:
Fetal screening is used to help assess the viability of the fetus, as well as congenital abnormalities.
556:
235:
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7441:
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1359:
1353:
1155:
679:
544:
2511:"Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Pregnancy: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology"
1722:
Malone FD, Canick JA, Ball RH, Nyberg DA, Comstock CH, Bukowski R, et al. (November 2005).
399:(trisomy 18), the national standard in the United States, is rapidly evolving away from the AFP-
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8168:
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6010:
5878:
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5300:
5174:
2870:"Prostin E2 Vaginal: Uses, Side Effects, Interactions, Pictures, Warnings & Dosing - WebMD"
1297:
1192:
hospitals also contributed to the medicalization and male-dominance of obstetrics. These early
989:
768:
481:
313:
2979:
1544:
898:, if there is an associated risk with vaginal delivery, as such foetal or maternal compromise.
325:
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8397:
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6814:
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6712:
6666:
6361:
5990:
5792:
5596:
5271:
3005:"Oxytocin 10 IU/ml Solution for infusion - Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC) - (emc)"
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1309:
1177:
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292:
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5149:
5144:
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1850:
1519:
1301:
1293:
758:(pregnancy-induced hypercoagulability), as a physiologically adaptive mechanism to prevent
730:
716:
484:(GTT) is administered; a fasting glucose > 105 mg/dL suggests gestational diabetes.
477:
299:
112:
3154:
2322:
2048:
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8:
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6329:
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5466:
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5338:
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4689:
Rutkow IM (August 1999). "Ephraim McDowell and the world's first successful ovariotomy".
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1364:
954:
722:
534:
492:
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4518:
4214:
Martell LK (2000). "The hospital and the postpartum experience: a historical analysis".
3684:"The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on maternal and perinatal health: a scoping review"
2408:
Jobe AH (January 1984). "Fetal lung maturation and the respiratory distress syndrome.".
2273:
Weissleder R, Harisinghani MG, Wittenberg J, Chen JW, eds. (2011). "Obstetric Imaging".
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2417:
2382:
2308:"Early Pregnancy Loss (Embryonic Demise) Imaging: Practice Essentials, Ultrasonography"
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2223:
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2141:
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1975:
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Ultrasound either abdominal or transvaginal to assess cervix, placenta, fluid and baby
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Adatara P, Amooba PA, Afaya A, Salia SM, Avane MA, Kuug A, et al. (April 2021).
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970:
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is routinely used for dating the gestational age of a pregnancy from the size of the
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210:
206:
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2922:
2721:
46:
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4595:
4582:
Lavers A, Yip WS, Sunderland B, Parsons R, Mackenzie S, Seet J, Czarniak P (2018).
4554:
4464:
4388:
4380:
4309:
4272:
4262:
4223:
4186:
4176:
4101:
4064:
4054:
4002:
3804:
3794:
3705:
3695:
3630:
3620:
3557:
3547:
3465:
3428:
3418:
3280:
3270:
3231:
3197:
3082:
3033:
2945:
2902:
2824:
2607:
2566:
2413:
2278:
2245:
2235:
2161:
2153:
2112:
2071:
1868:
1858:
1809:
1801:
1735:
1694:
1684:
1596:
1476:
1464:
1435:
1320:
1276:
1246:
1211:
1007:
396:
4624:
Table 2: Types of procedures and association with surgical site infections (SSI).
4024:
8757:
8720:
8715:
8430:
8367:
8301:
8261:
8243:
8111:
7996:
7873:
7588:
7483:
7352:
7244:
7133:
7082:
7018:
6963:
6824:
6809:
6792:
6732:
6727:
6671:
6649:
6346:
6292:
6272:
5985:
5841:
5705:
5663:
5524:
5499:
5423:
5313:
5295:
5241:
5125:
4917:
1863:
1242:
1070:
993:
976:
960:
885:
866:
636:
572:
4994:
3585:
1465:"Telehealth Strategies for the Delivery of Maternal Health Care: A Rapid Review"
7919:
7834:
7540:
7488:
7186:
6850:
6804:
6617:
6547:
6366:
6028:
5855:
5831:
5775:
5653:
5648:
5638:
5626:
5504:
5288:
5159:
5105:
4862:
4702:
4658:
4641:
4535:
Pregnancy & Birth: The History of Childbearing Choices in the United States
4006:
3961:
3799:
3700:
2612:
2595:
2190:
2157:
1587:
Fontenot HB, George ER (2014). "Sexually transmitted infections in pregnancy".
1280:
1234:, which paved the way for the mainstream introduction and later success of the
1105:
982:
944:
845:
734:
673:
648:
6037:
The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women
4558:
4267:
4181:
4105:
4059:
3625:
3552:
3423:
2949:
2117:
2100:
1805:
1271:
laws were national, in America, midwifery laws were local and varied widely".
8807:
8626:
8341:
8160:
8128:
8123:
8091:
7929:
7819:
7608:
7583:
7335:
7176:
7090:
6933:
6722:
6717:
6579:
6519:
6422:
6066:
5980:
5941:
5917:
5826:
5710:
5643:
5514:
5418:
5379:
5236:
5071:
4789:
4753:
4321:
3477:
3243:
2240:
1724:"First-trimester or second-trimester screening, or both, for Down's syndrome"
1488:
1214:
was introduced, which stated that medical students could qualify as doctors,
997:
923:
873:
829:
808:
778:
667:
617:
392:
250:
4418:
3856:"Some Obstetrical History: Dying to Have a Baby - the History of Childbirth"
3235:
1600:
1150:
and sexual practice can be traced back to Ancient Egypt and Ancient Greece.
616:
can be used for the screening of genetic diseases. This can be obtained via
19:
This article is about the medical specialty. For the health profession, see
8638:
8621:
7965:
7545:
7498:
7446:
7404:
7039:
6938:
6923:
6749:
6474:
6324:
6309:
6255:
5895:
5890:
5631:
5531:
5476:
5204:
5083:
5078:
4870:
4710:
4667:
4628:-values were obtained from Fisher's Exact test, unless otherwise specified.
4619:
4476:
4434:
4402:
4384:
4286:
4235:
4200:
4078:
3971:
3818:
3719:
3644:
3571:
3442:
3294:
2957:
2649:
Platelets in haematologic and cardiovascular disorders: a clinical handbook
2621:
2580:
2259:
2202:
2175:
2126:
1882:
1823:
1749:
1708:
1689:
1608:
1496:
932:
599:
373:
369:
3275:
3096:
3087:
3070:
2914:
1570:"Hepatitis B Test: Reference Range, Interpretation, Collection and Panels"
1315:
J. Marion Sims was the surgeon responsible for being the first treating a
418:
8781:
8746:
8456:
8415:
8382:
8150:
8143:
7955:
7550:
7508:
7426:
6797:
6742:
6639:
6494:
6469:
6287:
5885:
5821:
5658:
5601:
5541:
5536:
5374:
5323:
5184:
3469:
1740:
1723:
1231:
979:
can occur during obstructed labour and endanger foetal and maternal life.
928:
839:
772:
628:
400:
353:
5026:
3607:
Jones E, Taylor B, MacArthur C, Pritchett R, Cummins C (February 2016).
2049:"Basic Obstetric Ultrasound: Background, Indications, Contraindications"
1430:
Tulchinsky TH, Varavikova EA (March 2014). "Chapter 6 - Family Health".
8616:
8316:
8238:
7960:
7478:
7400:
7279:
7074:
6885:
6770:
6737:
6459:
6444:
6439:
6432:
6417:
6407:
5283:
5223:
4600:
3934:
1250:
1120:
796:
751:
655:
643:(PUBS), which is done by placing a needle through the abdomen into the
580:
464:
404:
378:
317:
304:
214:
202:
4251:"Male involvement in maternal health: perspectives of opinion leaders"
4036:
4034:
2829:
2596:"Venous Thromboembolism Associated With Pregnancy: JACC Focus Seminar"
8692:
8405:
8293:
8133:
7070:
6958:
6700:
6695:
6559:
6537:
6412:
6376:
5673:
5546:
5406:
5396:
5231:
5209:
5136:
4533:
3776:
3774:
3682:
Kotlar B, Gerson E, Petrillo S, Langer A, Tiemeier H (January 2021).
1480:
1268:
1215:
1173:
1143:
936:
701:
613:
564:
552:
437:
363:
359:
198:
20:
2272:
2222:
Edvardsson K, Small R, Persson M, Lalos A, Mogren I (October 2014).
8377:
8321:
8178:
8138:
7839:
7555:
6464:
6241:
6056:
5873:
5787:
5765:
5685:
5586:
5494:
5401:
5328:
5246:
5066:
4031:
3517:"Postpartum Hemorrhage: Practice Essentials, Problem, Epidemiology"
3028:
Prior T, Lees C (2019). "Control and Monitoring of Fetal Growth.".
1333:
1189:
1172:
The 18th century marked the beginning of many advances in European
1124:
1115:
Prior to the 18th century, caring for pregnant women in Europe was
1101:
1062:
1050:
940:
854:
663:
595:
576:
525:
432:
MSAFP/quad. screen (four simultaneous blood tests) (maternal serum
338:
182:
124:
4507:"The Childbed Fever Mystery and the Meaning of Medical Journalism"
3771:
3382:"Shoulder Dystocia: Signs, Causes, Prevention & Complications"
2846:"Prelabor Rupture of the Membranes (PROM) - Women's Health Issues"
670:
ratio greater than 1.5 is associated with increased lung maturity.
7362:
6943:
6403:
6371:
6264:
5975:
5946:
5922:
5904:
5700:
5680:
3534:
Demisse GA, Sifer SD, Kedir B, Fekene DB, Bulto GA (March 2019).
1227:
877:
861:
During labour, the obstetrician carries out the following tasks:
821:
700:, that may become worse or become a risk to the pregnancy, or to
547:(CT) are not used, especially in the first trimester, due to the
441:
343:
128:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1038:
when it concerns the care of the mother after giving birth, and
744:
and may cause a previously unnoticed thyroid disorder to worsen.
8183:
7868:
7330:
7325:
5813:
5695:
5519:
5441:
5100:
5095:
5090:
4975:"Uterine Prolapse: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment"
3991:
Rhodes P (2004-09-23). "Leake, John (1729–1792), man-midwife".
1074:
1012:
964:
644:
632:
186:
4163:
Sialubanje C, Massar K, Hamer DH, Ruiter RA (September 2015).
3259:"The HELLP syndrome: clinical issues and management. A Review"
3155:"Preeclampsia: Practice Essentials, Overview, Pathophysiology"
2509:
Khurana R, Wolf RE (2021-10-16). Talavera F, Singh AK (eds.).
505:
7914:
7578:
7347:
5575:
5110:
5061:
4249:
Aborigo RA, Reidpath DD, Oduro AR, Allotey P (January 2018).
3606:
3492:"Umbilical Cord Prolapse: Causes, Diagnosis & Management"
3333:"Placental Abruption: Symptoms, Causes & Effects On Baby"
3309:"Preeclampsia: Symptoms, Causes, Treatments & Prevention"
2935:
2467:"High-Risk Pregnancies: Symptoms, Doctors, Support, and More"
1889:
1385:"What Is an Obstetrician? What They Do & When To See One"
1066:
540:
521:
349:
4549:
Baskett TF (29 March 2019). "Houstoun, Robert (1678–1734)".
3174:"Stages of Development of the Fetus - Women's Health Issues"
2530:"Thyroid Disorders in Pregnancy - Gynecology and Obstetrics"
2412:(Second ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. pp. 317–351.
1015:(blood loss) increased lochia, clots, diarrhea and vomiting.
6210:
5780:
4248:
4162:
4100:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 553–566.
2363:
2221:
1462:
4848:
4581:
3681:
1568:
Mekaroonkamol P, Hashemi N (2021-04-03). Staros EB (ed.).
943:
occur, which can be fatal. Preeclamptic patients with the
5591:
4912:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 17–55.
2277:(5th ed.). St. Louis, Mo.: Mosby. pp. 533–574.
2098:
384:
6042:
Declaration on the elimination of violence against women
2555:"Thyroid hormone dysfunction during pregnancy: A review"
2099:
Shaw P, Duncan A, Vouyouka A, Ozsvath K (January 2011).
1624:"Tuberculosis (TB) Fact Sheets- Tuberculin Skin Testing"
4724:"Iceman Ötzi may have had tummy trouble when he died".
4216:
Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing
3780:
3533:
3256:
1356:, who introduced antiseptic obstetrics to North America
3935:
International Confederation of Midwives (2022-01-31).
3752:
3404:
2793:
2553:
Alemu A, Terefe B, Abebe M, Biadgo B (November 2016).
2552:
2364:
Gomella TL, Cunningham MD, Eyal FG, Tuttle DJ (2013).
2139:
1976:"Anemia in Pregnancy: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment"
1721:
1648:"Urinalysis: What It Is, Purpose, Types & Results"
1188:, a title later used all over Europe. The founding of
5732:
3112:"Cesarean Delivery: Overview, Preparation, Technique"
2047:
Kansky C, Ramus RM (2021-06-15). Pierce Jr JG (ed.).
1836:
1287:
the document but it was published by an associate in
16:
Medical specialty concerning pregnancy and childbirth
8679:
4807:"Dr. J Marion Sims: The Father of Modern Gynecology"
2593:
1790:"Prenatal Diagnosis: Screening and Diagnostic Tools"
1567:
1434:(Third ed.). Academic Press. pp. 311–379.
1429:
234:
Prenatal care is important in screening for various
3257:Haram K, Svendsen E, Abildgaard U (February 2009).
2188:
1261:
41:
may be too technical for most readers to understand
8026:
4416:
3960:Gasner A, Aatsha PA (2022). "Physiology, Uterus".
2986:. Bethesda (MD): U.S. National Library of Medicine
2673:"Hyperemesis Gravidarum: Symptoms & Treatment"
2594:Nichols KM, Henkin S, Creager MA (November 2020).
1794:Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America
1049:A woman in the Western world who gives birth in a
967:is getting compromised in the uterine environment.
5024:
3841:Companion Encyclopedia of the History of Medicine
2559:International Journal of Reproductive Biomedicine
2370:(7 ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education
1409:"Obstetrics and Gynecology Specialty Description"
1154:sometimes is called the most important figure in
8805:
4343:. Switzerland: World Health Organization. 1991.
4304:. Originally published as Volume 2, Issue 3602.
3405:Astatikie G, Limenih MA, Kebede M (April 2017).
3198:"Hypertension: Causes, symptoms, and treatments"
1046:is provided to the mother following childbirth.
902:
754:(blood clots). Pregnancy itself is a factor of
654:Fetal lung maturity is associated with how much
567:, is portable, and allows for realtime imaging.
4551:Eponyms and Names in Obstetrics and Gynaecology
3966:. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing.
3586:"WHO Technical Consultation on Postpartum Care"
2197:. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing.
2066:DeFrancesco V (January 2004). "Perinatology.".
1128:this era was seen as offending female modesty.
814:Induction may be achieved via several methods:
750:is the propensity of pregnant women to develop
4096:. In Kassell L, Hopwood N, Flemming R (eds.).
3889:
3887:
3885:
3883:
3881:
3879:
3834:
3832:
3830:
3828:
2305:
2142:"Attitude towards MRI safety during pregnancy"
1586:
1004:or placental fragments, or bleeding disorders.
467:(if low, the mother receives iron supplements)
8665:
8012:
7055:
6226:
5010:
4945:. Oxford University Press. pp. 743–752.
4943:Oxford Textbook of Obstetrics and Gynaecology
2892:
2651:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
2600:Journal of the American College of Cardiology
1837:Zhang W, Mohammadi T, Sou J, Anis AH (2019).
1245:, then known as childbed fever. In the 1800s
1061:During this time the mother is monitored for
253:of 3-inch (76 mm) fetus (about 14 weeks
7069:
4885:"Situation of women and children in Nigeria"
4826:The Oxford Handbook of Women and the Economy
4575:
4369:"The start of life: a history of obstetrics"
4040:
4001:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
3959:
3600:
3171:
3152:
3068:
2140:Alorainy IA, Albadr FB, Abujamea AH (2006).
1326:
1323:, the woman he first treated for a fistula.
8588:Timeline of reproductive rights legislation
8573:Birth control movement in the United States
4646:Journal of the National Medical Association
4553:. Cambridge University Press. p. 194.
4457:Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Canada
4207:
3907:
3905:
3876:
3838:
3825:
3109:
3062:
2508:
2065:
2046:
1951:"Prenatal Ultrasound Procedure Information"
1787:
1781:
1670:
1580:
1042:when the care of the newborn is concerned.
8672:
8658:
8426:Reproductive endocrinology and infertility
8019:
8005:
7062:
7048:
6515:Reproductive endocrinology and infertility
6233:
6219:
6093:International Center for Research on Women
5017:
5003:
4091:
2641:
2639:
1628:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1131:
992:may be due to a number of factors such as
725:confers an increased rate of foetal death
6856:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery
4833:
4657:
4609:
4599:
4392:
4276:
4266:
4190:
4180:
4068:
4058:
3808:
3798:
3709:
3699:
3634:
3624:
3561:
3551:
3432:
3422:
3284:
3274:
3130:"Ectopic pregnancy - Symptoms and causes"
3086:
3027:
2828:
2611:
2570:
2490:Moore T (2022-04-06). Griffing GT (ed.).
2341:"Chorionic villus sampling - Mayo Clinic"
2249:
2239:
2165:
2116:
1872:
1862:
1830:
1813:
1739:
1698:
1688:
605:Other tools used for assessment include:
476:Glucose loading test (GLT) – screens for
166:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery
160:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery
69:Learn how and when to remove this message
53:, without removing the technical details.
4907:
4823:
4362:
4360:
3911:
3902:
3742:. Boston: Northeastern University Press.
3733:
3731:
3729:
3358:"Fetal Distress - Women's Health Issues"
3071:"Pain management in paediatric patients"
2818:
2697:"Morning sickness - Symptoms and causes"
2306:Khan AN, Sabih D, Sabih A (2021-04-26).
2189:Herbst MK, Tafti D, Shanahan MM (2022).
2107:. Radiation Safety in Vascular Surgery.
1095:
1080:
685:
504:
491:
417:
4940:
4801:
4799:
4548:
4213:
3998:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
3993:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
3355:
2843:
2719:
2646:
2636:
2321:Marino T (2021-06-14). Ramus RM (ed.).
1034:makes a distinction between the use of
838:Intravaginal or oral administration of
786:
8806:
4766:
4688:
4639:
4504:
4419:"[The evolution of midwifery]"
3990:
3893:
3863:University of Manitoba: Women's Health
2823:(Ph.D. thesis). University of Szeged.
2320:
2024:"Glucose tolerance test - Mayo Clinic"
2000:"Glucose challenge test - Mayo Clinic"
1142:Prior to the 18th and 19th centuries,
949:disseminated intravascular coagulation
524:, determine the number of fetuses and
197:is the field of study concentrated on
8653:
8000:
7043:
6214:
5812:
4998:
4835:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190628963.013.29
4417:Rabinerson D, Horowitz E (May 2007).
4366:
4357:
3898:. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company.
3753:Healthdirect Australia (2021-05-23).
3737:
3726:
3514:
3221:
2938:Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology
2794:Healthdirect Australia (2022-02-08).
2489:
1621:
641:percutaneous umbilical blood sampling
555:effects on the foetus. No effects of
409:pregnancy-associated plasma protein A
221:(OB/GYN), which is a surgical field.
51:make it understandable to non-experts
6994:
6755:Physical medicine and rehabilitation
6181:
6075:Office of Research on Women's Health
4796:
4525:
4450:"Caesarean section-past and present"
3853:
3455:
2746:"Preeclampsia - Symptoms and causes"
2407:
2070:. Academic Press. pp. 410–416.
1197:men to demonstrate their knowledge.
1108:in the 16th century, from a work by
1019:
660:infant respiratory distress syndrome
500:
25:
7894:Psychiatric disorders of childbirth
7004:
6193:
6113:Society for Women's Health Research
6047:International Day of the Girl Child
4447:
4300:"The Midwives' Registration Bill".
3578:
1728:The New England Journal of Medicine
1671:Cereda A, Carey JC (October 2012).
426:
13:
6891:Medical Scientist Training Program
6157:Birth control in the United States
4951:10.1093/med/9780198766360.003.0060
4228:10.1111/j.1552-6909.2000.tb02757.x
4041:Aziato L, Omenyo CN (March 2018).
3153:Lim KH, Steinberg G (2022-04-13).
3038:10.1016/B978-0-12-801238-3.65414-4
3030:Encyclopedia of Endocrine Diseases
2770:"4 Common Pregnancy Complications"
2464:
2418:10.1016/B978-0-407-00366-8.50016-2
2283:10.1016/B978-0-323-06538-2.00010-X
2101:"Radiation exposure and pregnancy"
1973:
1440:10.1016/B978-0-12-415766-8.00006-9
1184:male-midwives were referred to as
853:Intravenous infusion of synthetic
458:
312:antenatal patients should receive
286:
14:
8835:
8282:self-report sexual risk behaviors
6052:Commission on the Status of Women
5062:External female genitalia (vulva)
4811:International Wellness Foundation
3843:. London and New York: Routledge.
3839:Bynum WF, Porter R, eds. (1993).
3659:"Types of Delivery for Pregnancy"
3588:. World Health Organization. 2010
2527:
1788:Carlson LM, Vora NL (June 2017).
1677:Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases
1104:assisting a woman in labour on a
818:Disturbance of cervical membranes
803:Pain management during childbirth
692:Pre-existing disease in pregnancy
8352:Precocious puberty and pregnancy
7899:Postpartum physiological changes
7599:Postpartum physiological changes
7124:Assisted reproductive technology
7023:
7013:
7003:
6993:
6984:
6983:
6192:
6180:
6169:
6168:
5385:Assisted reproductive technology
5025:
4967:
4934:
4901:
4877:
4842:
4817:
4760:
4717:
4682:
4633:
4531:
3069:Lloyd-Thomas AR (January 1990).
2984:MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
2980:"Premature rupture of membranes"
2076:10.1016/B978-012226570-9/50102-2
1542:
1517:
1262:History of obstetrics in America
850:Rupturing the amniotic membranes
330:hemolytic disease of the newborn
295:of pregnancy generally include:
274:
262:
243:
229:
30:
8472:Sexually transmitted infections
7951:Adaptation to extrauterine life
7024:
5351:Breastfeeding and mental health
4542:
4498:
4441:
4410:
4328:
4293:
4242:
4156:
4085:
3984:
3953:
3928:
3896:Encyclopedia of Medical History
3847:
3746:
3675:
3651:
3527:
3508:
3484:
3449:
3398:
3374:
3349:
3325:
3301:
3250:
3215:
3190:
3165:
3146:
3122:
3103:
3021:
2997:
2972:
2929:
2886:
2862:
2837:
2812:
2787:
2762:
2738:
2713:
2689:
2665:
2587:
2546:
2534:MSD Manual Professional Edition
2521:
2502:
2483:
2458:
2434:
2401:
2357:
2333:
2314:
2299:
2266:
2215:
2182:
2133:
2092:
2059:
2040:
2016:
1992:
1967:
1943:
1919:
1902:"Common Tests During Pregnancy"
1764:"Common Tests During Pregnancy"
1756:
1715:
1664:
1640:
1545:"Why Do I Need a Rubella Test?"
1204:
1167:
872:Provide pain relief, either by
748:Hypercoagulability in pregnancy
711:deals with the interactions of
709:Diabetes mellitus and pregnancy
8028:Sexual and reproductive health
7594:Maternal physiological changes
6881:Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine
6315:Oral and maxillofacial surgery
3075:British Journal of Anaesthesia
2720:Gaither K (13 December 2019).
2442:"Nonstress test - Mayo Clinic"
1615:
1561:
1536:
1511:
1456:
1423:
1411:. American Medical Association
1401:
1377:
1289:Extractions of Diseased Ovaria
1258:rates among many populations.
935:. If severe, it progresses to
913:The main emergencies include:
844:Cervical insertion of a 30-mL
594:is evaluated by the number of
217:under the discipline known as
213:, obstetrics is combined with
154:Doctor of Osteopathic medicine
1:
7149:partner-assisted reproduction
6001:Social determinants of health
4782:10.1016/s0022-3468(70)80085-9
4746:10.1016/s0262-4079(16)30115-4
4469:10.1016/S1701-2163(16)34373-0
4314:10.1016/S0140-6736(01)86961-0
4308:(3602): 631–634. 1892-09-10.
3759:www.pregnancybirthbaby.org.au
3032:. Vol. 5. pp. 1–9.
2907:10.1016/S0029-7844(97)00419-5
2800:www.pregnancybirthbaby.org.au
2410:Fetal Physiology and Medicine
2068:Clinical Engineering Handbook
1370:
1340:a bed to support the mother.
1138:Women's medicine in antiquity
1117:confined exclusively to women
1077:'s health is also monitored.
1073:function, and baby care. The
903:Complications and emergencies
888:, an anaesthesiologist, or a
733:(miscarriage), as well as of
631:for the assessment of foetal
224:
8452:Disorders of sex development
6861:Bachelor of Medical Sciences
6628:Neurosurgical anesthesiology
6240:
5996:Gender disparities in health
5334:Mother-to-child transmission
4918:10.1017/cbo9780511486944.002
4770:Journal of Pediatric Surgery
4373:Postgraduate Medical Journal
4255:BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
4169:BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
4047:BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
4025:UK public library membership
3787:BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
3540:BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
3411:BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
3263:BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
3110:Saint Louis H (2022-04-14).
2228:BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
1864:10.1371/journal.pone.0225281
996:, uterine rupture or tears,
741:Thyroid disease in pregnancy
696:A pregnant woman may have a
647:and taking a portion of the
480:; if > 140 mg/dL, a
413:human chorionic gonadotropin
7:
8462:Reproductive system disease
7385:Traditional birth attendant
5609:Pelvic inflammatory disease
5552:Hormone replacement therapy
5116:Reproductive system disease
4828:. Oxford University Press.
3362:MSD Manual Consumer Version
3178:MSD Manual Consumer Version
2850:MSD Manual Consumer Version
2275:Primer of Diagnostic Imagin
2105:Journal of Vascular Surgery
1927:"Quad screen - Mayo Clinic"
1469:Annals of Internal Medicine
1347:
1300:as well as French surgeons
291:Routine tests in the first
10:
8840:
8752:Braxton Hicks contractions
8421:Obstetrics and gynaecology
7617:Brain health and pollution
6103:Black Women's Health Study
5170:Complications of pregnancy
4910:Nineteenth-Century English
4863:10.1016/j.midw.2016.10.007
4732:(3056): 17. January 2016.
4703:10.1001/archsurg.134.8.902
4659:10.1016/j.jnma.2019.02.002
4538:. Human Service Solutions.
4511:McGill Journal of Medicine
3937:"The Origins of Midwifery"
3800:10.1186/s12884-021-03762-0
3701:10.1186/s12978-021-01070-6
2613:10.1016/j.jacc.2020.06.090
2158:10.5144/0256-4947.2006.306
1589:Nursing for Women's Health
1148:female reproductive system
1135:
1091:
1084:
1023:
909:Complications of pregnancy
906:
800:
790:
689:
676:(NST) for fetal heart rate
557:magnetic resonance imaging
236:complications of pregnancy
18:
8739:
8731:Von Braun-Fernwald's sign
8691:
8596:
8565:
8492:
8444:
8396:
8360:
8337:Pregnant patients' rights
8292:
8252:
8202:
8159:
8110:
8102:Pre-conception counseling
8084:
8059:Abortion-rights movements
8034:
7978:
7943:
7907:
7861:
7852:
7830:Chorionic villus sampling
7812:
7607:
7564:
7533:
7526:
7393:
7318:
7287:
7278:
7212:
7182:Obstetric ultrasonography
7169:
7114:
7106:Pre-conception counseling
7081:
6979:
6901:
6839:
6600:
6528:
6483:
6392:
6263:
6248:
6164:
6121:
6080:Women's Health Initiative
6065:
6027:
6018:
5967:
5933:Major depressive disorder
5801:
5761:Intimate partner violence
5723:
5622:Female genital mutilation
5617:
5566:
5475:
5417:
5363:
5309:
5222:
5135:
5124:
5050:
5037:
4640:Vernon LF (August 2019).
4559:10.1017/9781108421706.154
4268:10.1186/s12884-017-1641-9
4182:10.1186/s12884-015-0652-7
4106:10.1017/9781107705647.046
4060:10.1186/s12884-018-1691-7
3626:10.1186/s13643-016-0193-9
3553:10.1186/s12884-019-2230-x
3424:10.1186/s12884-017-1302-z
2950:10.1080/01443610500040737
2895:Obstetrics and Gynecology
2118:10.1016/j.jvs.2010.05.140
1806:10.1016/j.ogc.2017.02.004
1673:"The trisomy 18 syndrome"
1327:Historical role of gender
1032:World Health Organization
635:, Rh isoimmunization, or
622:chorionic villus sampling
561:obstetric ultrasonography
518:Obstetric ultrasonography
219:obstetrics and gynecology
174:
139:
134:
118:
106:
91:
86:
8223:Gamete Cryopreservation
8069:Circumcision controversy
8049:Compulsory sterilization
7720:Intrahepatic cholestasis
6815:Transplantation medicine
6706:Clinical neurophysiology
6623:Obstetric anesthesiology
6543:Interventional radiology
6303:Digestive system surgery
5669:Gynaecological disorders
5485:Culture and menstruation
5452:Contraceptive prevalence
5344:Compulsory sterilization
3202:www.medicalnewstoday.com
2241:10.1186/1471-2393-14-363
2146:Annals of Saudi Medicine
1520:"What Is a Coombs Test?"
1161:coitus interruptus
328:(AGT) to assess risk of
8583:Social hygiene movement
8436:Transgender health care
7790:Motor vehicle emissions
7651:Concomitant conditions
7625:environmental toxicants
7368:Auxiliary nurse midwife
7129:artificial insemination
7096:Natural family planning
6686:Intensive care medicine
6660:Mass gathering medicine
6505:Maternal–fetal medicine
5952:Urinary tract infection
5744:Abuse during childbirth
3515:Smith JR (2022-04-01).
3236:10.1002/scin.5591790305
2774:www.hopkinsmedicine.org
1906:www.hopkinsmedicine.org
1768:www.hopkinsmedicine.org
1601:10.1111/1751-486X.12095
1360:Maternal-fetal medicine
1354:Henry Jacques Garrigues
1132:Before the 18th century
1058:is three to four days.
947:show liver failure and
857:(Pitocin or Syntocinon)
680:Oxytocin challenge test
545:computerized tomography
422:Down syndrome karyotype
316:at 28 weeks to prevent
8411:Genitourinary medicine
8214:In vitro fertilization
8169:Hormonal contraception
8054:Contraceptive security
7884:Postpartum confinement
7144:in vitro fertilisation
6278:Cardiothoracic surgery
5869:Cardiovascular disease
5457:Contraceptive security
5390:In vitro fertilization
5301:Postpartum confinement
5175:Hyperemesis gravidarum
4385:10.1136/pmj.78.919.311
4007:10.1093/ref:odnb/16239
3755:"What do midwives do?"
2191:"Obstetric Ultrasound"
1690:10.1186/1750-1172-7-81
1112:
990:Obstetrical hemorrhage
514:
497:
482:glucose tolerance test
423:
391:Genetic screening for
8074:Intersex human rights
7879:Postpartum depression
7760:Pruritic folliculitis
7504:Unassisted childbirth
6929:Personalized medicine
6788:Reproductive medicine
6713:Occupational medicine
6667:Evolutionary medicine
5991:Healthcare inequality
5793:Gender discrimination
5597:Human papilloma virus
5272:Vesicovaginal fistula
4092:Al-Gailani S (2018).
3740:History of Childbirth
3276:10.1186/1471-2393-9-8
1432:The new public health
1317:vesicovaginal fistula
1178:forceps in childbirth
1099:
1087:Veterinary obstetrics
1081:Veterinary obstetrics
1024:Further information:
801:Further information:
702:postnatal development
690:Further information:
686:Diseases in pregnancy
639:can be determined by
508:
495:
471:Group B Streptococcus
421:
8775:Spiegelberg criteria
8701:Abderhalden reaction
8632:tax on childlessness
8388:Genital modification
8312:Unintended pregnancy
8044:Reproductive Justice
7986:Gravidity and parity
7966:Congenital disorders
7925:Lactation consultant
7795:Pre-existing disease
7474:Childbirth positions
7464:Rupture of membranes
7161:Unintended pregnancy
7139:fertility medication
6949:Traditional medicine
6909:Alternative medicine
6776:Addiction psychiatry
6590:Transfusion medicine
6585:Medical microbiology
6500:Gynecologic oncology
6352:Reproductive surgery
6098:Nurses' Health Study
6006:Reproductive justice
5957:Urinary incontinence
5577:Sexually transmitted
5432:Intrauterine devices
5277:Rectovaginal fistula
5267:Obstetrical fistulae
5195:Gestational diabetes
5190:Obstetrical bleeding
5165:Adolescent pregnancy
5150:Gravidity and parity
5145:Unintended pregnancy
4367:Drife J (May 2002).
3912:Hufnagel GL (2012).
3470:10.1542/neo.15-1-e32
3172:Artal-Mittelmark R.
3009:www.medicines.org.uk
2111:(1 Suppl): 28S–34S.
1741:10.1056/NEJMoa043693
1622:CDCTB (2020-12-16).
882:epidural anaesthesia
787:Induction and labour
731:spontaneous abortion
717:gestational diabetes
698:pre-existing disease
535:biophysical profiles
478:gestational diabetes
326:Indirect Coombs test
300:Complete blood count
8793:Leopold's maneuvers
8332:Pregnancy from rape
8189:Intrauterine device
7889:Sex after pregnancy
7696:Endocrine diseases
7642:Prenatal depression
7514:Placental expulsion
7432:Uterine contraction
7415:cervical effacement
7156:Fertility awareness
6971:History of medicine
6954:Veterinary medicine
6761:Preventive medicine
6613:Adolescent medicine
6455:Infectious diseases
6011:Women's empowerment
5879:Alzheimer's disease
5510:Cloth menstrual pad
5467:Fertility awareness
5437:Oral contraceptives
5319:Perinatal mortality
4813:. 12 February 2014.
4738:2016NewSc.229...17.
4691:Archives of Surgery
4517:(1). Archived from
4486:on January 23, 2013
3854:Carr I (May 2000).
3688:Reproductive Health
3088:10.1093/bja/64.1.85
2819:Surányim A (2000).
1855:2019PLoSO..1425281Z
1365:Obstetrical nursing
1194:maternity hospitals
955:Placental abruption
723:Lupus and pregnancy
715:(not restricted to
352:test to screen for
337:test to screen for
335:Rapid plasma reagin
83:
8681:Signs and symptoms
8578:History of condoms
8467:Sexual dysfunction
8373:Sexual orientation
8327:Options counseling
8174:Male contraception
8097:Genetic counseling
7665:Hypercoagulability
7494:Natural childbirth
7343:Postterm pregnancy
7101:Male contraceptive
6919:Molecular oncology
6876:Doctor of Medicine
6866:Master of Medicine
6783:Radiation oncology
6655:Emergency medicine
6608:Addiction medicine
6575:Clinical chemistry
6570:Clinical pathology
6362:Transplant surgery
6320:Orthopedic surgery
6298:Colorectal surgery
6108:Cartwright Inquiry
6019:Politics, research
5837:Endometrial cancer
5691:Sexual intercourse
5462:Planned parenthood
5447:Male contraceptive
4601:10.7717/peerj.5724
4505:Caplan CE (1995).
3922:Edwin Mellen Press
3918:Lewiston, New York
3894:McGrew RE (1985).
3613:Systematic Reviews
2647:Gresele P (2008).
2446:www.mayoclinic.org
2345:www.mayoclinic.org
2028:www.mayoclinic.org
2004:www.mayoclinic.org
1931:www.mayoclinic.org
1256:maternal mortality
1152:Soranus of Ephesus
1113:
890:nurse anaesthetist
756:hypercoagulability
592:Multiple gestation
549:ionizing radiation
528:, evaluate for an
515:
498:
424:
148:Doctor of Medicine
141:Education required
81:
8801:
8800:
8770:ectopic pregnancy
8647:
8646:
8347:Teenage pregnancy
8064:Genital integrity
7994:
7993:
7979:Obstetric history
7974:
7973:
7935:Confinement nanny
7848:
7847:
7715:Acute fatty liver
7522:
7521:
7410:cervical dilation
7037:
7036:
6871:Master of Surgery
6835:
6834:
6820:Tropical medicine
6766:Prison healthcare
6681:Hospital medicine
6645:Disaster medicine
6635:Aviation medicine
6450:Hospital medicine
6357:Surgical oncology
6342:Pediatric surgery
6336:
6283:Endocrine surgery
6208:
6207:
6088:
6087:
5913:
5912:
5864:
5863:
5847:Papanicolaou test
5803:Non-communicable
5771:Sexual harassment
5749:Domestic violence
5719:
5718:
5562:
5561:
5359:
5358:
5262:Retained placenta
5180:Ectopic pregnancy
4960:978-0-19-876636-0
4568:978-1-108-33671-0
4463:(12): 1131–1136.
4429:(5): 380–4, 405.
4115:978-1-107-06802-5
4023:(Subscription or
4016:978-0-19-861412-8
2830:10.14232/phd.2154
2658:978-0-521-88115-9
2606:(18): 2128–2141.
2427:978-0-407-00366-8
2292:978-0-323-06538-2
2085:978-0-12-226570-9
1734:(19): 2001–2011.
1449:978-0-12-415766-8
1236:Caesarean section
1056:caesarean section
1026:Postpartum period
1020:Postpartum period
1002:retained placenta
971:Shoulder dystocia
918:Ectopic pregnancy
896:Caesarean section
793:Induction (birth)
713:diabetes mellitus
704:of the offspring
530:ectopic pregnancy
501:Fetal assessments
395:(trisomy 21) and
281:Fetus at 20 weeks
269:Fetus at 17 weeks
211:medical specialty
207:postpartum period
192:
191:
79:
78:
71:
8831:
8763:Hemoglobin Barts
8674:
8667:
8660:
8651:
8650:
8609:Two-child policy
8604:One-child policy
8484:Gender dysphoria
8021:
8014:
8007:
7998:
7997:
7859:
7858:
7825:Cardiotocography
7531:
7530:
7437:Vaginal delivery
7310:Nesting instinct
7285:
7284:
7270:Rudimentary horn
7199:Prenatal testing
7064:
7057:
7050:
7041:
7040:
7027:
7026:
7017:
7007:
7006:
6997:
6996:
6987:
6986:
6691:Medical genetics
6676:General practice
6553:Nuclear medicine
6428:Gastroenterology
6384:Vascular surgery
6334:
6261:
6260:
6235:
6228:
6221:
6212:
6211:
6196:
6195:
6184:
6183:
6172:
6171:
6025:
6024:
5810:
5809:
5730:
5729:
5724:Non-reproductive
5573:
5572:
5490:Feminine hygiene
5257:Cesarian section
5252:Obstructed labor
5133:
5132:
5048:
5047:
5029:
5019:
5012:
5005:
4996:
4995:
4989:
4988:
4986:
4985:
4979:Cleveland Clinic
4971:
4965:
4964:
4938:
4932:
4931:
4905:
4899:
4898:
4896:
4895:
4881:
4875:
4874:
4846:
4840:
4839:
4837:
4821:
4815:
4814:
4803:
4794:
4793:
4764:
4758:
4757:
4721:
4715:
4714:
4686:
4680:
4679:
4661:
4637:
4631:
4630:
4613:
4603:
4579:
4573:
4572:
4546:
4540:
4539:
4529:
4523:
4522:
4502:
4496:
4495:
4493:
4491:
4485:
4479:. Archived from
4454:
4445:
4439:
4438:
4414:
4408:
4406:
4396:
4379:(919): 311–315.
4364:
4355:
4354:
4342:
4332:
4326:
4325:
4297:
4291:
4290:
4280:
4270:
4246:
4240:
4239:
4211:
4205:
4204:
4194:
4184:
4160:
4154:
4153:
4147:
4143:
4141:
4133:
4131:
4130:
4094:"Hospital Birth"
4089:
4083:
4082:
4072:
4062:
4038:
4029:
4028:
4020:
3988:
3982:
3981:
3979:
3978:
3957:
3951:
3950:
3948:
3947:
3932:
3926:
3925:
3909:
3900:
3899:
3891:
3874:
3873:
3871:
3869:
3860:
3851:
3845:
3844:
3836:
3823:
3822:
3812:
3802:
3778:
3769:
3768:
3766:
3765:
3750:
3744:
3743:
3738:Gelis J (1991).
3735:
3724:
3723:
3713:
3703:
3679:
3673:
3672:
3670:
3669:
3663:Cleveland Clinic
3655:
3649:
3648:
3638:
3628:
3604:
3598:
3597:
3595:
3593:
3582:
3576:
3575:
3565:
3555:
3531:
3525:
3524:
3512:
3506:
3505:
3503:
3502:
3496:Cleveland Clinic
3488:
3482:
3481:
3453:
3447:
3446:
3436:
3426:
3402:
3396:
3395:
3393:
3392:
3386:Cleveland Clinic
3378:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3368:
3356:Moldenhauer JS.
3353:
3347:
3346:
3344:
3343:
3337:Cleveland Clinic
3329:
3323:
3322:
3320:
3319:
3313:Cleveland Clinic
3305:
3299:
3298:
3288:
3278:
3254:
3248:
3247:
3219:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3209:
3194:
3188:
3187:
3185:
3184:
3169:
3163:
3162:
3150:
3144:
3143:
3141:
3140:
3126:
3120:
3119:
3107:
3101:
3100:
3090:
3066:
3060:
3059:
3025:
3019:
3018:
3016:
3015:
3001:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2991:
2976:
2970:
2969:
2933:
2927:
2926:
2890:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2880:
2866:
2860:
2859:
2857:
2856:
2844:Moldenhauer JS.
2841:
2835:
2834:
2832:
2816:
2810:
2809:
2807:
2806:
2796:"Induced labour"
2791:
2785:
2784:
2782:
2781:
2766:
2760:
2759:
2757:
2756:
2742:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2732:
2717:
2711:
2710:
2708:
2707:
2693:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2683:
2677:Cleveland Clinic
2669:
2663:
2662:
2643:
2634:
2633:
2615:
2591:
2585:
2584:
2574:
2550:
2544:
2543:
2541:
2540:
2525:
2519:
2518:
2506:
2500:
2499:
2487:
2481:
2480:
2478:
2477:
2462:
2456:
2455:
2453:
2452:
2438:
2432:
2431:
2405:
2399:
2398:
2392:
2388:
2386:
2378:
2376:
2375:
2367:Fetal Assessment
2361:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2351:
2337:
2331:
2330:
2318:
2312:
2311:
2303:
2297:
2296:
2270:
2264:
2263:
2253:
2243:
2219:
2213:
2212:
2210:
2209:
2186:
2180:
2179:
2169:
2137:
2131:
2130:
2120:
2096:
2090:
2089:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2044:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2034:
2020:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2010:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1987:
1986:
1971:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1961:
1955:Cleveland Clinic
1947:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1937:
1923:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1913:
1898:
1887:
1886:
1876:
1866:
1849:(12): e0225281.
1834:
1828:
1827:
1817:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1776:
1775:
1760:
1754:
1753:
1743:
1719:
1713:
1712:
1702:
1692:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1658:
1652:Cleveland Clinic
1644:
1638:
1637:
1635:
1634:
1619:
1613:
1612:
1584:
1578:
1577:
1565:
1559:
1558:
1556:
1555:
1540:
1534:
1533:
1531:
1530:
1515:
1509:
1508:
1481:10.7326/M22-0737
1475:(9): 1285–1297.
1460:
1454:
1453:
1427:
1421:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1396:
1395:
1389:Cleveland Clinic
1381:
1321:Anarcha Westcott
1277:Ephraim McDowell
1247:Ignaz Semmelweis
1212:Medical Act 1858
1110:Eucharius Rößlin
1008:Puerperal sepsis
427:Second trimester
397:Edwards syndrome
278:
266:
247:
120:Activity sectors
84:
80:
74:
67:
63:
60:
54:
34:
33:
26:
8839:
8838:
8834:
8833:
8832:
8830:
8829:
8828:
8819:Human pregnancy
8804:
8803:
8802:
8797:
8787:Spalding's sign
8758:hydrops fetalis
8735:
8726:Piskacek's sign
8687:
8678:
8648:
8643:
8592:
8561:
8534:United Kingdom
8488:
8440:
8431:Sexual medicine
8392:
8368:Gender identity
8356:
8302:Maternal health
8288:
8248:
8244:fertility fraud
8205:
8198:
8155:
8106:
8080:
8030:
8025:
7995:
7990:
7970:
7939:
7903:
7874:Postpartum care
7844:
7808:
7711:Liver diseases
7705:Thyroid disease
7603:
7589:Gestational age
7560:
7518:
7484:Labor induction
7389:
7380:Perinatal nurse
7353:Birth attendant
7314:
7274:
7208:
7204:Medical imaging
7165:
7134:fertility fraud
7110:
7077:
7068:
7038:
7033:
6975:
6964:Chief physician
6897:
6842:
6831:
6825:Travel medicine
6810:Sports medicine
6793:Sexual medicine
6733:Palliative care
6728:Pain management
6672:Family medicine
6650:Diving medicine
6596:
6524:
6486:
6479:
6395:
6388:
6347:Plastic surgery
6293:General surgery
6273:Cardiac surgery
6254:
6252:
6244:
6239:
6209:
6204:
6160:
6145:Family planning
6123:
6117:
6084:
6061:
6020:
6014:
5986:Gender equality
5969:
5963:
5909:
5860:
5842:Cervical cancer
5804:
5797:
5735:
5725:
5715:
5706:Sex differences
5664:Forced marriage
5613:
5578:
5568:
5558:
5500:Menstrual cycle
5471:
5424:Family planning
5422:
5413:
5366:
5355:
5314:Maternal deaths
5305:
5296:Postpartum care
5242:Multiple births
5218:
5127:
5120:
5053:
5044:
5041:
5033:
5023:
4993:
4992:
4983:
4981:
4973:
4972:
4968:
4961:
4939:
4935:
4928:
4906:
4902:
4893:
4891:
4883:
4882:
4878:
4847:
4843:
4822:
4818:
4805:
4804:
4797:
4765:
4761:
4723:
4722:
4718:
4687:
4683:
4638:
4634:
4580:
4576:
4569:
4547:
4543:
4530:
4526:
4503:
4499:
4489:
4487:
4483:
4452:
4446:
4442:
4415:
4411:
4365:
4358:
4351:
4340:
4334:
4333:
4329:
4299:
4298:
4294:
4247:
4243:
4212:
4208:
4161:
4157:
4145:
4144:
4135:
4134:
4128:
4126:
4116:
4090:
4086:
4039:
4032:
4022:
4017:
3989:
3985:
3976:
3974:
3958:
3954:
3945:
3943:
3933:
3929:
3910:
3903:
3892:
3877:
3867:
3865:
3858:
3852:
3848:
3837:
3826:
3779:
3772:
3763:
3761:
3751:
3747:
3736:
3727:
3680:
3676:
3667:
3665:
3657:
3656:
3652:
3605:
3601:
3591:
3589:
3584:
3583:
3579:
3532:
3528:
3513:
3509:
3500:
3498:
3490:
3489:
3485:
3454:
3450:
3403:
3399:
3390:
3388:
3380:
3379:
3375:
3366:
3364:
3354:
3350:
3341:
3339:
3331:
3330:
3326:
3317:
3315:
3307:
3306:
3302:
3255:
3251:
3220:
3216:
3207:
3205:
3196:
3195:
3191:
3182:
3180:
3170:
3166:
3151:
3147:
3138:
3136:
3128:
3127:
3123:
3108:
3104:
3067:
3063:
3048:
3026:
3022:
3013:
3011:
3003:
3002:
2998:
2989:
2987:
2978:
2977:
2973:
2934:
2930:
2891:
2887:
2878:
2876:
2868:
2867:
2863:
2854:
2852:
2842:
2838:
2817:
2813:
2804:
2802:
2792:
2788:
2779:
2777:
2768:
2767:
2763:
2754:
2752:
2744:
2743:
2739:
2730:
2728:
2718:
2714:
2705:
2703:
2695:
2694:
2690:
2681:
2679:
2671:
2670:
2666:
2659:
2644:
2637:
2592:
2588:
2565:(11): 677–686.
2551:
2547:
2538:
2536:
2526:
2522:
2507:
2503:
2488:
2484:
2475:
2473:
2463:
2459:
2450:
2448:
2440:
2439:
2435:
2428:
2406:
2402:
2390:
2389:
2380:
2379:
2373:
2371:
2362:
2358:
2349:
2347:
2339:
2338:
2334:
2319:
2315:
2304:
2300:
2293:
2271:
2267:
2220:
2216:
2207:
2205:
2187:
2183:
2138:
2134:
2097:
2093:
2086:
2064:
2060:
2045:
2041:
2032:
2030:
2022:
2021:
2017:
2008:
2006:
1998:
1997:
1993:
1984:
1982:
1972:
1968:
1959:
1957:
1949:
1948:
1944:
1935:
1933:
1925:
1924:
1920:
1911:
1909:
1900:
1899:
1890:
1835:
1831:
1786:
1782:
1773:
1771:
1762:
1761:
1757:
1720:
1716:
1669:
1665:
1656:
1654:
1646:
1645:
1641:
1632:
1630:
1620:
1616:
1585:
1581:
1566:
1562:
1553:
1551:
1541:
1537:
1528:
1526:
1516:
1512:
1461:
1457:
1450:
1428:
1424:
1414:
1412:
1407:
1406:
1402:
1393:
1391:
1383:
1382:
1378:
1373:
1350:
1329:
1306:Auguste Nélaton
1302:Eugène Koeberlé
1264:
1243:puerperal fever
1207:
1170:
1140:
1134:
1094:
1089:
1083:
1044:Postpartum care
1036:postpartum care
1028:
1022:
994:placenta previa
977:Uterine rupture
961:Foetal distress
911:
905:
867:cardiotocograph
835:
805:
799:
791:Main articles:
789:
694:
688:
588:gestational age
573:gestational sac
503:
461:
459:Third trimester
429:
346:antibody screen
289:
287:First trimester
282:
279:
270:
267:
258:
255:gestational age
248:
232:
227:
179:
177:
142:
121:
109:
108:Occupation type
75:
64:
58:
55:
47:help improve it
44:
35:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
8837:
8827:
8826:
8824:Women's health
8821:
8816:
8799:
8798:
8796:
8795:
8790:
8778:
8766:
8754:
8749:
8743:
8741:
8737:
8736:
8734:
8733:
8728:
8723:
8718:
8713:
8711:Goodell's sign
8708:
8703:
8697:
8695:
8689:
8688:
8677:
8676:
8669:
8662:
8654:
8645:
8644:
8642:
8641:
8636:
8635:
8634:
8629:
8624:
8619:
8611:
8606:
8600:
8598:
8594:
8593:
8591:
8590:
8585:
8580:
8575:
8569:
8567:
8563:
8562:
8560:
8559:
8558:
8557:
8552:
8550:teen pregnancy
8542:
8541:
8540:
8532:
8527:
8522:
8517:
8512:
8507:
8502:
8496:
8494:
8490:
8489:
8487:
8486:
8481:
8480:
8479:
8469:
8464:
8459:
8454:
8448:
8446:
8442:
8441:
8439:
8438:
8433:
8428:
8423:
8418:
8413:
8408:
8402:
8400:
8394:
8393:
8391:
8390:
8385:
8380:
8375:
8370:
8364:
8362:
8358:
8357:
8355:
8354:
8349:
8344:
8339:
8334:
8329:
8324:
8319:
8314:
8309:
8304:
8298:
8296:
8290:
8289:
8287:
8286:
8285:
8284:
8276:
8275:
8274:
8264:
8258:
8256:
8250:
8249:
8247:
8246:
8241:
8236:
8235:
8234:
8229:
8221:
8216:
8210:
8208:
8200:
8199:
8197:
8196:
8191:
8186:
8181:
8176:
8171:
8165:
8163:
8157:
8156:
8154:
8153:
8148:
8147:
8146:
8141:
8131:
8126:
8116:
8114:
8108:
8107:
8105:
8104:
8099:
8094:
8088:
8086:
8082:
8081:
8079:
8078:
8077:
8076:
8071:
8061:
8056:
8051:
8046:
8040:
8038:
8032:
8031:
8024:
8023:
8016:
8009:
8001:
7992:
7991:
7989:
7988:
7982:
7980:
7976:
7975:
7972:
7971:
7969:
7968:
7963:
7958:
7953:
7947:
7945:
7941:
7940:
7938:
7937:
7932:
7927:
7922:
7920:Health visitor
7917:
7911:
7909:
7905:
7904:
7902:
7901:
7896:
7891:
7886:
7881:
7876:
7871:
7865:
7863:
7856:
7850:
7849:
7846:
7845:
7843:
7842:
7837:
7835:Nonstress test
7832:
7827:
7822:
7816:
7814:
7810:
7809:
7807:
7806:
7805:
7804:
7803:
7802:
7797:
7792:
7787:
7782:
7777:
7769:
7768:
7767:
7762:
7757:
7751:Skin diseases
7749:
7748:
7747:
7742:
7737:
7732:
7724:
7723:
7722:
7717:
7709:
7708:
7707:
7702:
7694:
7693:
7692:
7687:
7682:
7677:
7667:
7662:
7657:
7649:
7644:
7639:
7638:
7637:
7632:
7627:
7619:
7613:
7611:
7605:
7604:
7602:
7601:
7596:
7591:
7586:
7581:
7576:
7570:
7568:
7562:
7561:
7559:
7558:
7553:
7548:
7543:
7541:Amniotic fluid
7537:
7535:
7528:
7524:
7523:
7520:
7519:
7517:
7516:
7511:
7506:
7501:
7496:
7491:
7489:Multiple birth
7486:
7481:
7476:
7471:
7466:
7461:
7460:
7459:
7454:
7449:
7439:
7434:
7429:
7424:
7423:
7422:
7417:
7412:
7397:
7395:
7391:
7390:
7388:
7387:
7382:
7377:
7372:
7371:
7370:
7360:
7355:
7350:
7345:
7340:
7339:
7338:
7328:
7322:
7320:
7316:
7315:
7313:
7312:
7307:
7302:
7297:
7295:Bradley method
7291:
7289:
7282:
7276:
7275:
7273:
7272:
7267:
7262:
7257:
7252:
7247:
7242:
7237:
7232:
7227:
7222:
7216:
7214:
7210:
7209:
7207:
7206:
7201:
7196:
7195:
7194:
7187:Pregnancy test
7184:
7179:
7173:
7171:
7167:
7166:
7164:
7163:
7158:
7153:
7152:
7151:
7146:
7141:
7136:
7131:
7120:
7118:
7112:
7111:
7109:
7108:
7103:
7098:
7093:
7087:
7085:
7079:
7078:
7067:
7066:
7059:
7052:
7044:
7035:
7034:
7032:
7031:
7021:
7011:
7001:
6991:
6980:
6977:
6976:
6974:
6973:
6968:
6967:
6966:
6956:
6951:
6946:
6941:
6936:
6931:
6926:
6921:
6916:
6911:
6905:
6903:
6902:Related topics
6899:
6898:
6896:
6895:
6894:
6893:
6883:
6878:
6873:
6868:
6863:
6858:
6853:
6851:Medical school
6847:
6845:
6837:
6836:
6833:
6832:
6830:
6829:
6828:
6827:
6817:
6812:
6807:
6805:Sleep medicine
6802:
6801:
6800:
6790:
6785:
6780:
6779:
6778:
6768:
6763:
6758:
6752:
6747:
6746:
6745:
6735:
6730:
6725:
6720:
6715:
6710:
6709:
6708:
6698:
6693:
6688:
6683:
6678:
6669:
6664:
6663:
6662:
6652:
6647:
6642:
6637:
6632:
6631:
6630:
6625:
6618:Anesthesiology
6615:
6610:
6604:
6602:
6598:
6597:
6595:
6594:
6593:
6592:
6587:
6582:
6577:
6572:
6567:
6557:
6556:
6555:
6550:
6548:Neuroradiology
6545:
6534:
6532:
6526:
6525:
6523:
6522:
6517:
6512:
6507:
6502:
6497:
6491:
6489:
6485:Obstetrics and
6481:
6480:
6478:
6477:
6472:
6467:
6462:
6457:
6452:
6447:
6442:
6437:
6436:
6435:
6425:
6420:
6415:
6410:
6400:
6398:
6390:
6389:
6387:
6386:
6381:
6380:
6379:
6369:
6367:Trauma surgery
6364:
6359:
6354:
6349:
6344:
6339:
6338:
6337:
6330:Otolaryngology
6327:
6322:
6317:
6312:
6307:
6306:
6305:
6300:
6290:
6285:
6280:
6275:
6269:
6267:
6258:
6256:subspecialties
6246:
6245:
6238:
6237:
6230:
6223:
6215:
6206:
6205:
6203:
6202:
6190:
6178:
6165:
6162:
6161:
6159:
6154:
6149:
6148:
6147:
6137:
6132:
6127:
6125:
6122:Women's health
6119:
6118:
6116:
6115:
6110:
6105:
6100:
6095:
6089:
6086:
6085:
6083:
6082:
6077:
6071:
6069:
6063:
6062:
6060:
6059:
6054:
6049:
6044:
6039:
6033:
6031:
6029:United Nations
6022:
6021:& advocacy
6016:
6015:
6013:
6008:
6003:
5998:
5993:
5988:
5983:
5978:
5973:
5971:
5968:Sociocultural
5965:
5964:
5962:
5961:
5960:
5959:
5954:
5949:
5939:
5938:
5937:
5936:
5935:
5925:
5914:
5911:
5910:
5908:
5907:
5902:
5901:
5900:
5899:
5898:
5883:
5882:
5881:
5871:
5865:
5862:
5861:
5859:
5858:
5856:Ovarian cancer
5853:
5852:
5851:
5850:
5849:
5839:
5832:Uterine cancer
5829:
5824:
5818:
5816:
5807:
5799:
5798:
5796:
5795:
5790:
5785:
5784:
5783:
5776:Sexual assault
5773:
5768:
5763:
5758:
5757:
5756:
5746:
5740:
5738:
5727:
5721:
5720:
5717:
5716:
5714:
5713:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5693:
5688:
5683:
5678:
5677:
5676:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5654:Child marriage
5651:
5649:Breast ironing
5646:
5641:
5639:Breast binding
5636:
5635:
5634:
5629:
5627:Clitoridectomy
5618:
5615:
5614:
5612:
5611:
5606:
5605:
5604:
5594:
5589:
5583:
5581:
5570:
5564:
5563:
5560:
5559:
5557:
5556:
5555:
5554:
5544:
5539:
5534:
5529:
5528:
5527:
5522:
5517:
5512:
5505:Menstrual aids
5502:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5481:
5479:
5473:
5472:
5470:
5469:
5464:
5459:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5428:
5426:
5415:
5414:
5412:
5411:
5410:
5409:
5404:
5394:
5393:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5371:
5369:
5361:
5360:
5357:
5356:
5354:
5353:
5348:
5347:
5346:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5321:
5316:
5310:
5307:
5306:
5304:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5292:
5291:
5289:Husband stitch
5281:
5280:
5279:
5274:
5264:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5228:
5226:
5220:
5219:
5217:
5216:
5215:
5214:
5213:
5212:
5207:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5167:
5162:
5160:Antenatal care
5157:
5152:
5147:
5141:
5139:
5130:
5122:
5121:
5119:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5106:Fallopian tube
5103:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5087:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5075:
5074:
5058:
5056:
5052:Reproductive
5045:
5038:
5035:
5034:
5031:Women's health
5022:
5021:
5014:
5007:
4999:
4991:
4990:
4966:
4959:
4933:
4926:
4900:
4889:www.unicef.org
4876:
4841:
4816:
4795:
4776:(6): 694–695.
4759:
4716:
4681:
4652:(4): 436–446.
4632:
4574:
4567:
4541:
4524:
4521:on 2012-07-07.
4497:
4448:Low J (2009).
4440:
4409:
4356:
4350:978-9241510547
4349:
4327:
4292:
4241:
4206:
4155:
4114:
4084:
4030:
4015:
3983:
3952:
3927:
3901:
3875:
3846:
3824:
3770:
3745:
3725:
3674:
3650:
3599:
3577:
3526:
3507:
3483:
3464:(1): e32–e36.
3448:
3397:
3373:
3348:
3324:
3300:
3249:
3214:
3189:
3164:
3145:
3121:
3102:
3061:
3046:
3020:
2996:
2971:
2944:(2): 134–139.
2928:
2901:(5): 735–738.
2885:
2861:
2836:
2811:
2786:
2761:
2737:
2722:"Preeclampsia"
2712:
2688:
2664:
2657:
2635:
2586:
2545:
2520:
2501:
2482:
2457:
2433:
2426:
2400:
2356:
2332:
2313:
2298:
2291:
2265:
2214:
2181:
2152:(4): 306–309.
2132:
2091:
2084:
2058:
2039:
2015:
1991:
1966:
1942:
1918:
1888:
1829:
1800:(2): 245–256.
1780:
1755:
1714:
1663:
1639:
1614:
1579:
1560:
1535:
1510:
1455:
1448:
1422:
1400:
1375:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1349:
1346:
1328:
1325:
1281:J. Marion Sims
1263:
1260:
1206:
1203:
1169:
1166:
1133:
1130:
1106:birthing chair
1093:
1090:
1085:Main article:
1082:
1079:
1040:postnatal care
1021:
1018:
1017:
1016:
1005:
987:
983:Prolapsed cord
980:
974:
968:
958:
952:
945:HELLP syndrome
921:
907:Main article:
904:
901:
900:
899:
893:
886:anaesthestists
870:
859:
858:
851:
848:
846:Foley catheter
842:
836:
833:
819:
788:
785:
784:
783:
776:
766:
745:
738:
735:neonatal lupus
720:
687:
684:
683:
682:
677:
674:Nonstress test
671:
662:. Typically a
652:
649:umbilical cord
625:
610:
502:
499:
486:
485:
474:
468:
460:
457:
456:
455:
452:
449:
428:
425:
389:
388:
382:
376:
367:
366:when indicated
356:
347:
341:
332:
323:
322:
321:
302:
288:
285:
284:
283:
280:
273:
271:
268:
261:
259:
249:
242:
231:
228:
226:
223:
190:
189:
180:
175:
172:
171:
170:
169:
163:
157:
151:
143:
140:
137:
136:
132:
131:
122:
119:
116:
115:
110:
107:
104:
103:
102:
101:
98:
93:
89:
88:
77:
76:
59:September 2010
38:
36:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8836:
8825:
8822:
8820:
8817:
8815:
8812:
8811:
8809:
8794:
8791:
8788:
8784:
8783:
8779:
8776:
8772:
8771:
8767:
8764:
8760:
8759:
8755:
8753:
8750:
8748:
8745:
8744:
8742:
8738:
8732:
8729:
8727:
8724:
8722:
8719:
8717:
8714:
8712:
8709:
8707:
8706:Chadwick sign
8704:
8702:
8699:
8698:
8696:
8694:
8690:
8686:
8682:
8675:
8670:
8668:
8663:
8661:
8656:
8655:
8652:
8640:
8637:
8633:
8630:
8628:
8627:child benefit
8625:
8623:
8620:
8618:
8615:
8614:
8612:
8610:
8607:
8605:
8602:
8601:
8599:
8595:
8589:
8586:
8584:
8581:
8579:
8576:
8574:
8571:
8570:
8568:
8564:
8556:
8555:birth control
8553:
8551:
8548:
8547:
8546:
8545:United States
8543:
8539:
8536:
8535:
8533:
8531:
8528:
8526:
8523:
8521:
8518:
8516:
8513:
8511:
8508:
8506:
8503:
8501:
8498:
8497:
8495:
8491:
8485:
8482:
8478:
8475:
8474:
8473:
8470:
8468:
8465:
8463:
8460:
8458:
8455:
8453:
8450:
8449:
8447:
8443:
8437:
8434:
8432:
8429:
8427:
8424:
8422:
8419:
8417:
8414:
8412:
8409:
8407:
8404:
8403:
8401:
8399:
8395:
8389:
8386:
8384:
8381:
8379:
8376:
8374:
8371:
8369:
8366:
8365:
8363:
8359:
8353:
8350:
8348:
8345:
8343:
8342:Prenatal care
8340:
8338:
8335:
8333:
8330:
8328:
8325:
8323:
8320:
8318:
8315:
8313:
8310:
8308:
8305:
8303:
8300:
8299:
8297:
8295:
8291:
8283:
8280:
8279:
8277:
8273:
8270:
8269:
8268:
8265:
8263:
8260:
8259:
8257:
8255:
8251:
8245:
8242:
8240:
8237:
8233:
8230:
8228:
8225:
8224:
8222:
8220:
8217:
8215:
8212:
8211:
8209:
8207:
8201:
8195:
8194:Sterilization
8192:
8190:
8187:
8185:
8182:
8180:
8177:
8175:
8172:
8170:
8167:
8166:
8164:
8162:
8161:Contraception
8158:
8152:
8149:
8145:
8142:
8140:
8137:
8136:
8135:
8132:
8130:
8129:Birth spacing
8127:
8125:
8124:childlessness
8121:
8120:Childfreeness
8118:
8117:
8115:
8113:
8109:
8103:
8100:
8098:
8095:
8093:
8092:Sex education
8090:
8089:
8087:
8083:
8075:
8072:
8070:
8067:
8066:
8065:
8062:
8060:
8057:
8055:
8052:
8050:
8047:
8045:
8042:
8041:
8039:
8037:
8033:
8029:
8022:
8017:
8015:
8010:
8008:
8003:
8002:
7999:
7987:
7984:
7983:
7981:
7977:
7967:
7964:
7962:
7959:
7957:
7954:
7952:
7949:
7948:
7946:
7942:
7936:
7933:
7931:
7930:Monthly nurse
7928:
7926:
7923:
7921:
7918:
7916:
7913:
7912:
7910:
7906:
7900:
7897:
7895:
7892:
7890:
7887:
7885:
7882:
7880:
7877:
7875:
7872:
7870:
7867:
7866:
7864:
7860:
7857:
7855:
7851:
7841:
7838:
7836:
7833:
7831:
7828:
7826:
7823:
7821:
7820:Amniocentesis
7818:
7817:
7815:
7811:
7801:
7798:
7796:
7793:
7791:
7788:
7786:
7783:
7781:
7780:Vaginal flora
7778:
7776:
7773:
7772:
7770:
7766:
7763:
7761:
7758:
7756:
7753:
7752:
7750:
7746:
7743:
7741:
7738:
7736:
7733:
7731:
7728:
7727:
7725:
7721:
7718:
7716:
7713:
7712:
7710:
7706:
7703:
7701:
7698:
7697:
7695:
7691:
7688:
7686:
7683:
7681:
7678:
7676:
7673:
7672:
7671:
7670:Substance use
7668:
7666:
7663:
7661:
7658:
7656:
7653:
7652:
7650:
7648:
7645:
7643:
7640:
7636:
7633:
7631:
7628:
7626:
7623:
7622:
7620:
7618:
7615:
7614:
7612:
7610:
7606:
7600:
7597:
7595:
7592:
7590:
7587:
7585:
7584:Fundal height
7582:
7580:
7577:
7575:
7572:
7571:
7569:
7567:
7563:
7557:
7554:
7552:
7549:
7547:
7544:
7542:
7539:
7538:
7536:
7532:
7529:
7525:
7515:
7512:
7510:
7507:
7505:
7502:
7500:
7497:
7495:
7492:
7490:
7487:
7485:
7482:
7480:
7477:
7475:
7472:
7470:
7467:
7465:
7462:
7458:
7455:
7453:
7450:
7448:
7445:
7444:
7443:
7440:
7438:
7435:
7433:
7430:
7428:
7425:
7421:
7418:
7416:
7413:
7411:
7408:
7407:
7406:
7402:
7399:
7398:
7396:
7392:
7386:
7383:
7381:
7378:
7376:
7373:
7369:
7366:
7365:
7364:
7361:
7359:
7356:
7354:
7351:
7349:
7346:
7344:
7341:
7337:
7336:Preterm birth
7334:
7333:
7332:
7329:
7327:
7324:
7323:
7321:
7317:
7311:
7308:
7306:
7303:
7301:
7300:Hypnobirthing
7298:
7296:
7293:
7292:
7290:
7286:
7283:
7281:
7277:
7271:
7268:
7266:
7263:
7261:
7258:
7256:
7253:
7251:
7248:
7246:
7243:
7241:
7238:
7236:
7233:
7231:
7228:
7226:
7223:
7221:
7218:
7217:
7215:
7211:
7205:
7202:
7200:
7197:
7193:
7190:
7189:
7188:
7185:
7183:
7180:
7178:
7177:3D ultrasound
7175:
7174:
7172:
7168:
7162:
7159:
7157:
7154:
7150:
7147:
7145:
7142:
7140:
7137:
7135:
7132:
7130:
7127:
7126:
7125:
7122:
7121:
7119:
7117:
7113:
7107:
7104:
7102:
7099:
7097:
7094:
7092:
7091:Birth control
7089:
7088:
7086:
7084:
7080:
7076:
7072:
7065:
7060:
7058:
7053:
7051:
7046:
7045:
7042:
7030:
7022:
7020:
7016:
7012:
7010:
7002:
7000:
6992:
6990:
6982:
6981:
6978:
6972:
6969:
6965:
6962:
6961:
6960:
6957:
6955:
6952:
6950:
6947:
6945:
6942:
6940:
6937:
6935:
6934:Public health
6932:
6930:
6927:
6925:
6922:
6920:
6917:
6915:
6914:Allied health
6912:
6910:
6907:
6906:
6904:
6900:
6892:
6889:
6888:
6887:
6884:
6882:
6879:
6877:
6874:
6872:
6869:
6867:
6864:
6862:
6859:
6857:
6854:
6852:
6849:
6848:
6846:
6844:
6838:
6826:
6823:
6822:
6821:
6818:
6816:
6813:
6811:
6808:
6806:
6803:
6799:
6796:
6795:
6794:
6791:
6789:
6786:
6784:
6781:
6777:
6774:
6773:
6772:
6769:
6767:
6764:
6762:
6759:
6756:
6753:
6751:
6748:
6744:
6741:
6740:
6739:
6736:
6734:
6731:
6729:
6726:
6724:
6723:Oral medicine
6721:
6719:
6718:Ophthalmology
6716:
6714:
6711:
6707:
6704:
6703:
6702:
6699:
6697:
6694:
6692:
6689:
6687:
6684:
6682:
6679:
6677:
6673:
6670:
6668:
6665:
6661:
6658:
6657:
6656:
6653:
6651:
6648:
6646:
6643:
6641:
6638:
6636:
6633:
6629:
6626:
6624:
6621:
6620:
6619:
6616:
6614:
6611:
6609:
6606:
6605:
6603:
6599:
6591:
6588:
6586:
6583:
6581:
6580:Cytopathology
6578:
6576:
6573:
6571:
6568:
6566:
6563:
6562:
6561:
6558:
6554:
6551:
6549:
6546:
6544:
6541:
6540:
6539:
6536:
6535:
6533:
6531:
6527:
6521:
6520:Urogynecology
6518:
6516:
6513:
6511:
6508:
6506:
6503:
6501:
6498:
6496:
6493:
6492:
6490:
6488:
6482:
6476:
6473:
6471:
6468:
6466:
6463:
6461:
6458:
6456:
6453:
6451:
6448:
6446:
6443:
6441:
6438:
6434:
6431:
6430:
6429:
6426:
6424:
6423:Endocrinology
6421:
6419:
6416:
6414:
6411:
6409:
6405:
6402:
6401:
6399:
6397:
6391:
6385:
6382:
6378:
6375:
6374:
6373:
6370:
6368:
6365:
6363:
6360:
6358:
6355:
6353:
6350:
6348:
6345:
6343:
6340:
6333:
6332:
6331:
6328:
6326:
6323:
6321:
6318:
6316:
6313:
6311:
6308:
6304:
6301:
6299:
6296:
6295:
6294:
6291:
6289:
6286:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6270:
6268:
6266:
6262:
6259:
6257:
6251:
6247:
6243:
6236:
6231:
6229:
6224:
6222:
6217:
6216:
6213:
6201:
6200:
6191:
6189:
6188:
6179:
6177:
6176:
6167:
6166:
6163:
6158:
6155:
6153:
6150:
6146:
6143:
6142:
6141:
6138:
6136:
6133:
6131:
6128:
6126:
6120:
6114:
6111:
6109:
6106:
6104:
6101:
6099:
6096:
6094:
6091:
6090:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6073:
6072:
6070:
6068:
6067:United States
6064:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6043:
6040:
6038:
6035:
6034:
6032:
6030:
6026:
6023:
6017:
6012:
6009:
6007:
6004:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5989:
5987:
5984:
5982:
5981:Disadvantaged
5979:
5977:
5974:
5972:
5966:
5958:
5955:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5945:
5944:
5943:
5942:Urinary tract
5940:
5934:
5931:
5930:
5929:
5926:
5924:
5921:
5920:
5919:
5918:Mental health
5916:
5915:
5906:
5903:
5897:
5894:
5893:
5892:
5889:
5888:
5887:
5884:
5880:
5877:
5876:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5867:
5866:
5857:
5854:
5848:
5845:
5844:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5834:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5827:Breast cancer
5825:
5823:
5820:
5819:
5817:
5815:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5800:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5782:
5779:
5778:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5755:
5752:
5751:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5741:
5739:
5737:
5736:against women
5731:
5728:
5722:
5712:
5711:Sex education
5709:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5675:
5672:
5671:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5644:Breast health
5642:
5640:
5637:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5624:
5623:
5620:
5619:
5616:
5610:
5607:
5603:
5600:
5599:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5584:
5582:
5580:
5574:
5571:
5565:
5553:
5550:
5549:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5515:Menstrual cup
5513:
5511:
5508:
5507:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5482:
5480:
5478:
5474:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5429:
5427:
5425:
5420:
5419:Contraception
5416:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5399:
5398:
5395:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5380:Childlessness
5378:
5377:
5376:
5373:
5372:
5370:
5368:
5365:Reproductive
5362:
5352:
5349:
5345:
5342:
5341:
5340:
5339:Sterilization
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5311:
5308:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5290:
5287:
5286:
5285:
5282:
5278:
5275:
5273:
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251:3D ultrasound
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230:Prenatal care
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39:This article
37:
28:
27:
22:
8780:
8768:
8756:
8721:Ladin's sign
8716:Hegar's sign
8684:
8639:Abortion law
8622:bachelor tax
8306:
8272:vulvovaginal
8206:reproduction
7660:Hypertension
7647:Immunization
7630:in pregnancy
7546:Amniotic sac
7499:Silent birth
7442:Presentation
7405:Bishop score
7375:Obstetrician
7265:Interstitial
7192:home testing
6939:Rural health
6924:Nanomedicine
6509:
6475:Rheumatology
6406: /
6325:Hand surgery
6310:Neurosurgery
6197:
6185:
6173:
5896:Hip fracture
5891:Osteoporosis
5632:Infibulation
5532:Dysmenorrhea
5525:Sanitary pad
5477:Menstruation
5205:Preeclampsia
5200:Hypertension
5154:
5084:Labia majora
5079:Labia minora
4982:. Retrieved
4978:
4969:
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4936:
4909:
4903:
4892:. Retrieved
4888:
4879:
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4519:the original
4514:
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4488:. Retrieved
4481:the original
4460:
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4244:
4222:(1): 65–72.
4219:
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4127:. Retrieved
4098:Reproduction
4097:
4087:
4050:
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3992:
3986:
3975:. Retrieved
3962:
3955:
3944:. Retrieved
3940:
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3866:. Retrieved
3862:
3849:
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3786:
3762:. Retrieved
3758:
3748:
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3677:
3666:. Retrieved
3662:
3653:
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3602:
3590:. Retrieved
3580:
3543:
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3529:
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3499:. Retrieved
3495:
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3414:
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3400:
3389:. Retrieved
3385:
3376:
3365:. Retrieved
3361:
3351:
3340:. Retrieved
3336:
3327:
3316:. Retrieved
3312:
3303:
3266:
3262:
3252:
3227:
3224:Science News
3223:
3217:
3206:. Retrieved
3204:. 2021-11-10
3201:
3192:
3181:. Retrieved
3177:
3167:
3158:
3148:
3137:. Retrieved
3133:
3124:
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3105:
3078:
3074:
3064:
3029:
3023:
3012:. Retrieved
3008:
2999:
2988:. Retrieved
2983:
2974:
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2937:
2931:
2898:
2894:
2888:
2877:. Retrieved
2873:
2864:
2853:. Retrieved
2849:
2839:
2820:
2814:
2803:. Retrieved
2799:
2789:
2778:. Retrieved
2776:. 2021-08-08
2773:
2764:
2753:. Retrieved
2749:
2740:
2729:. Retrieved
2725:
2715:
2704:. Retrieved
2700:
2691:
2680:. Retrieved
2676:
2667:
2648:
2603:
2599:
2589:
2562:
2558:
2548:
2537:. Retrieved
2533:
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2495:
2485:
2474:. Retrieved
2470:
2460:
2449:. Retrieved
2445:
2436:
2409:
2403:
2372:. Retrieved
2366:
2359:
2348:. Retrieved
2344:
2335:
2326:
2316:
2301:
2274:
2268:
2231:
2227:
2217:
2206:. Retrieved
2194:
2184:
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2104:
2094:
2067:
2061:
2052:
2042:
2031:. Retrieved
2027:
2018:
2007:. Retrieved
2003:
1994:
1983:. Retrieved
1979:
1969:
1958:. Retrieved
1954:
1945:
1934:. Retrieved
1930:
1921:
1910:. Retrieved
1908:. 2021-08-08
1905:
1846:
1842:
1832:
1797:
1793:
1783:
1772:. Retrieved
1770:. 2021-08-08
1767:
1758:
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1727:
1717:
1680:
1676:
1666:
1655:. Retrieved
1651:
1642:
1631:. Retrieved
1627:
1617:
1595:(1): 67–72.
1592:
1588:
1582:
1573:
1563:
1552:. Retrieved
1548:
1538:
1527:. Retrieved
1523:
1513:
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1468:
1458:
1431:
1425:
1413:. Retrieved
1403:
1392:. Retrieved
1388:
1379:
1342:
1338:
1330:
1314:
1298:Charles Clay
1288:
1285:
1273:
1265:
1240:
1224:
1220:
1208:
1205:19th century
1199:
1185:
1182:
1171:
1168:18th century
1159:
1141:
1114:
1060:
1048:
1039:
1035:
1029:
933:hypertension
912:
860:
825:
813:
806:
779:Preeclampsia
760:
726:
695:
604:
585:
569:
551:, which has
539:
516:
487:
390:
374:tuberculosis
370:Mantoux test
358:Testing for
290:
233:
194:
193:
82:Obstetrician
65:
56:
40:
8782:fetal death
8747:Apgar score
8525:Philippines
8457:Infertility
8416:Gynaecology
8383:Transgender
8151:Sperm theft
8144:foster care
7956:Apgar score
7740:Hepatitis C
7726:Infections
7566:Development
7551:Endometrium
7509:Water birth
7427:Bloody show
7358:Men's roles
7288:Preparation
7240:Heterotopic
7009:Wikiproject
6798:Venereology
6743:Neonatology
6640:Dermatology
6495:Gynaecology
6487:gynaecology
6470:Pulmonology
6288:Eye surgery
6250:Specialties
6199:WikiProject
5886:Bone health
5822:Lung cancer
5659:Dyspareunia
5602:HPV vaccine
5542:Amenorrhoea
5537:Menorrhagia
5375:Infertility
5324:Stillbirths
5185:Miscarriage
4146:|work=
3134:Mayo Clinic
2750:Mayo Clinic
2701:Mayo Clinic
2465:Dunkin MA.
2391:|work=
1232:anaesthesia
1186:accoucheurs
929:endothelium
840:misoprostol
773:dehydration
769:Hyperemesis
761:post partum
629:haematocrit
553:teratogenic
513:at 12 weeks
401:quad screen
381:and culture
354:hepatitis B
310:Rh-negative
135:Description
8814:Obstetrics
8808:Categories
8685:obstetrics
8617:baby bonus
8613:Financial
8493:By country
8317:childbirth
8307:Obstetrics
8239:Sperm bank
7961:Child care
7854:Postpartum
7813:Procedures
7765:Dermatoses
7621:Nutrition
7479:Home birth
7401:Pelvimetry
7280:Childbirth
7260:Unintended
7116:Conception
7075:childbirth
6771:Psychiatry
6757:(PM&R)
6750:Phlebology
6738:Pediatrics
6565:Anatomical
6530:Diagnostic
6510:Obstetrics
6460:Nephrology
6445:Hematology
6440:Geriatrics
6433:Hepatology
6418:Cardiology
6408:Immunology
6124:by country
5928:Depression
5579:infections
5284:Episiotomy
5224:Childbirth
5155:Obstetrics
4984:2022-04-30
4894:2022-04-30
4697:(8): 902.
4302:The Lancet
4175:(1): 216.
4129:2022-04-30
4027:required.)
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3963:StatPearls
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3793:(1): 287.
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3367:2022-04-30
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1371:References
1310:Jules Péan
1251:antiseptic
1136:See also:
1123:. Skilled
1121:childbirth
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215:gynecology
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178:employment
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8693:Pregnancy
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8445:Disorders
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8294:Pregnancy
8278:Research
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6959:Physician
6843:education
6701:Neurology
6696:Narcology
6560:Pathology
6538:Radiology
6413:Angiology
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5754:Pregnancy
5734:Violence
5674:Vaginitis
5547:Menopause
5407:Fostering
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614:karyotype
602:present.
596:placentae
565:radiation
526:placentae
509:A dating
438:inhibin A
364:gonorrhea
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113:Specialty
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8398:Medicine
8378:Intersex
8361:Identity
8322:Abortion
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8179:Safe sex
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7255:Postterm
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1851:Bibcode
1815:5548328
1700:3520824
1228:asepsis
1156:ancient
1092:History
1071:bladder
878:opiates
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168:(MBChB)
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7655:Anemia
7574:Embryo
7447:breech
7326:Mother
7305:Lamaze
7019:Portal
6886:MD–PhD
6152:Russia
5814:Cancer
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5696:Orgasm
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4453:(PDF)
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3859:(PDF)
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1980:WebMD
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