601:
409:. Postpartum mental illness can affect both mothers and fathers, and is not uncommon. Early detection and adequate treatment is required. Approximately 70–80% of postpartum women will experience the "baby blues" for a few days. Between 10 and 20 percent may experience clinical depression, with a higher risk among those women with a history of postpartum depression, clinical depression, anxiety, or other mood disorders. Prevalence of PTSD following normal childbirth (excluding stillbirth or major complications) is estimated to be between 2.8% and 5.6% at six weeks postpartum.
126:
31:
169:
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140:. Following delivery the area where the placenta was attached to the uterine wall bleeds, and the uterus must contract to prevent blood loss. After contraction takes place the fundus (top) of the uterus can be palpated as a firm mass at the level of the navel. It is important that the uterus remains firm and the nurse or midwife will make frequent assessments of both the fundus and the amount of bleeding. Uterine massage is commonly used to help the uterus contract.
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161:
118:
579:, an organization that works to promote the wellbeing of women and families, says "the benefits of paid family leave in states that have introduced it include improved worker morale, time for parents to bond with their children, increased breastfeeding, more children getting vaccinations on time, cuts in children’s hospital admissions and reduced probabilities of having ADHD and hearing problems."
196:, the caregiver carries out immediate mother and infant assessments as the infant lies on the mother's chest and removes the infant for further observations only after they have had their first breastfeed, depending on the mother's preference. The World Health Organization (WHO) also encourages skin-to-skin contact for the first 24 hours after birth to help regulate the baby's temperature.
188:, Activity, Respiration). Until recently babies were routinely removed from their mothers following birth; however beginning around 2000, some authorities began to suggest that early skin-to-skin contact (placing the naked baby on the mother's chest) is of benefit to both mother and infant. As of 2014, early skin-to-skin contact, also called
499:, are typically very slow and in some cases may not resolve. Symptoms of PTSD often subside in this period, dropping from 2.8% and 5.6% at six weeks postpartum to 1.5% at six months postpartum. During this period, infant sleep during the night gradually increases and maternal sleep generally improves.
442:
should have a blood pressure check within three to ten days postpartum. A 2023 systematic review of the literature suggests monitoring the blood pressure at home of women in the postpartum period appears to help with overall blood pressure measures and supports overall patient satisfaction. More than
425:
be an ongoing process. They recommend that all women have contact (either in person or by phone) with their obstetric provider within the first three weeks postpartum to address acute issues, with subsequent care as needed. A more comprehensive postpartum visit should be done at four to twelve weeks
265:
is experienced by about 33% of all women; women who deliver vaginally are about twice as likely to have urinary incontinence as women who give birth via a cesarean. Urinary incontinence in this period increases the risk of long term incontinence. In the subacute postpartum period, 87% to 94% of women
46:
and is typically considered to last for six weeks. There are three distinct phases of the postnatal period; the acute phase, lasting for six to twelve hours after birth; the subacute phase, lasting six weeks; and the delayed phase, lasting up to six months. During the delayed phase, some changes to
105:
The postpartum period can be divided into three distinct stages; the initial or acute phase, 8–19 hours after childbirth; subacute postpartum period, which lasts two to six weeks, and the delayed postpartum period, which can last up to six months. In the subacute postpartum period, 87% to 94% of
147:
or tearing at the opening of the vagina, it is stitched. In the past, an episiotomy was routine. However, more recent research shows that routine episiotomy, when a normal delivery without complications or instrumentation is anticipated, does not offer benefits in terms of reducing perineal or
619:
Postpartum confinement refers to a system for recovery following childbirth. It begins immediately after the birth, and lasts for a culturally variable length: typically for one month or 30 days, up to 40 days, two months or 100 days. This postnatal recuperation can include "traditional health
486:
The delayed postpartum period starts after the subacute postpartum period and lasts up to six months. During this time, muscles and connective tissue returns to a pre-pregnancy state. Recovery from childbirth complications in this period, such as urinary and
434:
and health maintenance. Results of a 2023 systematic review of the evidence suggests a relationship between having sufficient health insurance and attendance at follow-up postpartum care visits that may prevent additional needs for preventable care.
636:.) Postpartum confinement customs are well-practiced in China, where it is known as "sitting the month", and similar customs manifest all over the world. A modern version of this rest period has evolved, to give maximum support to the new mother.
572:(FMLA), which entitles new parents to up to 12 weeks of unpaid leave. However, 60% of new parents are unable to afford taking unpaid leave for six weeks. According to U.S. Department of Labor statistics, only 17% have access to paid leave.
586:(OECD) that does not provide paid maternity, paternity, and parental leave. Thirteen countries, including eight of the European countries and Colombia, Costa Rica, Chile, Argentina and Mexico offer at least three months of equivalent pay.
326:
Some women feel uterine contractions, called afterpains, during the first few days after delivery. They have been described as similar to menstrual cramps and are more common during breastfeeding, due to the release of
3783:
421:(ACOG) recognizes the postpartum period (the "fourth trimester") as critical for women and infants. Instead of the traditional single four- to six-week postpartum visit, ACOG, as of 2018, recommends that
83:
is a number; for example, "day P5" should be read as "the fifth day after birth". This is not to be confused with the medical nomenclature that uses G P to stand for number and outcomes of pregnancy (
133:
The first 6 to 12 hours after childbirth is the initial or acute phase of the postpartum period. During this time the mother is typically monitored by nurses or midwives as complications can arise.
3776:
1200:
981:
517:
Many factors figure into the likelihood of post natal problems including the size of the infant; the method of delivery, such as c-section, or of forceps; perineum trauma from either an
459:) and psychiatric conditions should continue to follow with their obstetric or primary care provider for ongoing disease management. Women with pregnancies complicated by hypertension,
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postnatal stay is three to four days. During this time, the mother is monitored for bleeding, bowel and bladder function, and baby care. The infant's health is also monitored.
4480:
1303:
American
College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists' Committee on Practice Bulletins—Obstetrics (July 2018). "ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 196: Thromboembolism in Pregnancy".
361:
may arise. Maternal sleep is often disturbed as night waking is normal in the newborn, and newborns need to be fed every two to three hours, including during the night. The
234:
may be used in the hospital, particularly if the woman has risk factors, such as obesity, prolonged immobility, recent C-section, or first-degree relative with a history of
2050:
899:
Thompson JF, Roberts CL, Currie M, Ellwood DA (June 2002). "Prevalence and persistence of health problems after childbirth: associations with parity and method of birth".
1171:
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are contraindicated as they may introduce bacteria and increase the risk of infection. An increase in lochia between 7–14 days postpartum may indicate delayed postpartum
1376:
600:
686:
2080:
180:
Within about 10 seconds the infant takes its first breath and the caregiver places the baby on the mother's chest. The infant's condition is evaluated using the
3267:
184:. The Apgar score is determined by evaluating the newborn baby on five criteria which are summarized using words chosen to form an acronym (Appearance, Pulse,
583:
4034:
568:(ACOG) recommends women take at least six weeks off work following childbirth. In the U.S., the only national maternity leave provision is covered by the
285:, will gradually decrease and turn from bright red, to brownish, to yellow and cease at around five or six weeks. Women are advised in this period to wear
853:
Glazener CM, Abdalla M, Stroud P, Naji S, Templeton A, Russell IT (April 1995). "Postnatal maternal morbidity: extent, causes, prevention and treatment".
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418:
1601:
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vaginal trauma. Selective use of episiotomy results in less perineal trauma. A healthcare professional can recommend comfort measures to help to ease
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women report at least one health problem. Long-term health problems (persisting after the delayed postpartum period) are reported by 31% of women.
1192:
977:
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1254:"Postpartum deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in twin pregnancy: undertaking of clinical symptoms leading to massive complications"
192:, is endorsed by all major organizations that are responsible for the well-being of infants. Thus, to help establish bonding and successful
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90:
A woman giving birth may leave as soon as she is medically stable, which can be as early as a few hours postpartum, though the average for
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postpartum to address the mother's mood and emotional well-being, physical recovery after birth, infant feeding, pregnancy spacing and
1679:
1513:
59:(WHO) describes the postnatal period as the most critical and yet the most neglected phase in the lives of mothers and babies; most
1302:
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1483:
2042:
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238:. For women with a history of thrombotic event in pregnancy or prior to pregnancy, anticoagulation is generally recommended.
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4014:
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3038:
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2233:
1380:
793:
3183:
2543:
1884:
Alder J, Stadlmayr W, Tschudin S, Bitzer J (June 2006). "Post-traumatic symptoms after childbirth: what should we offer?".
2104:"Maternal lactation characteristics after consumption of an alcoholic soup during the postpartum 'doing-the-month' ritual"
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1230:
732:
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2310:
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Ongoing physical and mental health evaluation, risk factor identification, and preventive health care should be provided
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24:
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or natural tearing; and the physical condition of the birth mother. Conditions that may result from childbirth include
99:
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recommends postpartum evaluation of the mother and infant at three days, one to two weeks, and six weeks postpartum.
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3522:
3147:
2847:
2372:
1741:
Olde E, van der Hart O, Kleber R, van Son M (January 2006). "Posttraumatic stress following childbirth: a review".
650:
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Adult diapers may be worn in the subacute postpartum period for lochia, as well as urinary and fecal incontinence.
109:
Various organizations recommend routine postpartum evaluation at certain time intervals in the postpartum period.
4080:
3818:
3199:
2913:
937:
Borders N (2006). "After the afterbirth: a critical review of postpartum health relative to method of delivery".
223:
129:
Postpartum uterine massage helps the uterus to contract after the placenta has been expelled in the acute phase.
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The subacute postpartum starts after the acute postpartum period concludes and can last for two to six weeks.
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or birth tray of c. 1410. As women tend to the child, expensively dressed female guests are already arriving.
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occur within ten days of discharge after delivery. Women with chronic medical (e.g., hypertensive disorders,
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Various organizations across the world recommend routine postpartum evaluation in the postpartum period. The
1975:
1346:
545:. Long-term health problems (persisting after the delayed postpartum period) are reported by 31% of women.
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4230:
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3497:
2993:
2953:
2452:
1402:
Thom DH, Rortveit G (December 2010). "Prevalence of postpartum urinary incontinence: a systematic review".
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91:
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2143:
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1843:
Steele DW, Adam GP, Saldanha IJ, Kanaan G, Zahradnik ML, Danilack-Fekete VA, et al. (August 2023).
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is typically defined as discharge of the mother and newborn from the hospital within 48 hours of birth.
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and is maximal in the postpartum period, particularly for women with C-section with reduced mobility.
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1014:"Synthetic bio-nanoreactor: mechanical and chemical control of polymersome membrane permeability"
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area (postpartum alopecia). Hair typically grows back normally and treatment is not indicated.
20:
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2043:"'I was risking my life': why one in four US women return to work two weeks after childbirth"
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254:
231:
2222:
China's grandmothers : gender, family, and aging from late Qing to twenty-first century
2172:
Tung WC (22 June 2010). "Doing the Month and Asian
Cultures: Implications for Health Care".
331:. The cramping is the compressing of the blood vessels in the uterus to prevent bleeding.
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Saldanha IJ, Adam GP, Kanaan G, Zahradnik ML, Steele DW, Chen KK, et al. (June 2023).
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During the subacute postpartum period, psychological disorders may emerge. Among these are
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262:
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125:
84:
52:
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should undergo counseling and evaluation for cardiometabolic disease, as lifetime risk of
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are recommended to strengthen the pelvic floor muscles and control urinary incontinence.
8:
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2015:
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Approximately three months after giving birth (typically between two and five months),
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are routinely given. If an episiotomy or perineal tear had to be sutured, the use of a
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60:
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2020:
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30:
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2010:
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340:
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1796:"Health Insurance Coverage and Postpartum Outcomes in the US: A Systematic Review"
16:
Time period beginning after the birth of a child and extending for about one month
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beliefs, taboos, rituals, and proscriptions." The practice used to be known as "
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1506:"Normal and Abnormal Puerperium: Overview, Routine Postpartum Care, Hemorrhage"
1222:
950:
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612:
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249:(swelling) of the woman's vagina gradually resolves in about three weeks. The
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1983:
1948:
1905:
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1829:
1772:
1652:
Dobson V, Sales B (2000). "The
Science of Infanticide and Mental Illness".
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4019:
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system take much longer to resolve and may result in conditions such as
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3613:
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3549:
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3209:
2727:
2649:
2528:
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1710:"Statistics on Postpartum Depression - Postpartum Depression Resources"
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346:
308:
302:
144:
43:
1763:
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With Women, Midwives
Experiences: from Shiftwork to Continuity of Care
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or nappies, disposable maternity briefs, maternity pads or towels, or
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Fiengo L, Bucci F, Patrizi G, Giannotti D, Redler A (February 2013).
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Gaitzsch J, Appelhans D, Wang L, Battaglia G, Voit B (April 2012).
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328:
316:
149:
117:
4133:
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1377:"WHO recommendations on postnatal care of the mother and newborn"
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allows the woman to sit pain-free or at least with reduced pain.
1845:"Postpartum Home Blood Pressure Monitoring: A Systematic Review"
4137:
3658:
3448:
3398:
3371:
3117:
2579:
2574:
1996:
1927:
Schiff BL, Kern AB (May 1963). "Study of postpartum alopecia".
1625:
McGuire E (July 2013). "Maternal and infant sleep postpartum".
1090:
808:
710:
WHO Recommendations on
Postnatal Care of the Mother and Newborn
541:. Other conditions that may also arise in this period include
444:
294:
282:
258:
250:
1134:"Selective versus routine use of episiotomy for vaginal birth"
1011:
70:
In scientific literature, the term is commonly abbreviated to
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4067:
3900:
3354:
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2827:
2596:
1740:
972:
970:
968:
374:
357:, but this is no longer medically indicated. In this period,
246:
4035:
Pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy (PUPPP)
1997:
Romano M, Cacciatore A, Giordano R, La Rosa B (April 2010).
1883:
1223:"Uninterrupted Skin-to-Skin Contact Immediately After Birth"
1091:
Romano M, Cacciatore A, Giordano R, La Rosa B (April 2010).
898:
809:
Romano M, Cacciatore A, Giordano R, La Rosa B (April 2010).
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1793:
1251:
2102:
Chien YC, Huang YJ, Hsu CS, Chao JC, Liu JF (March 2009).
965:
551:
218:
In the first few days following childbirth, the risk of a
3600:
1999:"Postpartum period: three distinct but continuous phases"
1093:"Postpartum period: three distinct but continuous phases"
852:
811:"Postpartum period: three distinct but continuous phases"
349:
will generally come in. Historically, women who were not
1842:
788:. Canberra: Australian College of Midwives. p. 17.
412:
121:
Infant placed directly on the chest following childbirth
1976:
10.1345/1542-6270(2001)035<0255:pa>2.0.co;2
1564:"Postpartum care: What to expect after a vaginal birth"
334:
1132:
Jiang H, Qian X, Carroli G, Garner P (February 2017).
1131:
584:
Organisation for
Economic Co-operation and Development
19:"Postpartum" redirects here. For the TV episodes, see
978:"ACOG Committee Opinion: Optimizing Postpartum Care"
1962:Eastham JH (February 2001). "Postpartum alopecia".
1886:
566:
American
College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
419:
American
College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
208:
Physical recovery in the subacute postpartum period
155:
1368:
4377:Childbirth-related post-traumatic stress disorder
2283:Postpartum period: First 6 Weeks After Childbirth
2101:
1063:
4494:
1476:"How soon can I use tampons after giving birth?"
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253:gradually narrows and lengths over a few weeks.
2073:"Paid Maternity Leave Across the World in 2022"
1620:
1618:
894:
892:
848:
846:
624:", which, as the term suggests, centres around
136:The greatest health risk in the acute phase is
2036:
2034:
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1057:
1007:
1005:
1003:
1001:
999:
932:
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684:
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1404:Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica
855:British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology
582:The United States is the only country in the
577:National Partnership for Women & Families
224:hypercoagulability increases during pregnancy
199:
172:Woman nurses twins six days after birth. The
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2213:
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1734:
1615:
1401:
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843:
552:§ Maternal-infant postpartum evaluation
481:
2031:
1651:
1497:
1446:"Postpartum care: After a vaginal delivery"
1379:. World Health Organization. Archived from
1138:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1054:
996:
927:
353:(nursing their babies) were given drugs to
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2311:
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2174:Home Health Care Management & Practice
2095:
1926:
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345:At two to four days postpartum, a woman's
2261:eMedicine: Normal and Abnormal Puerperium
2210:
2185:
2119:
2014:
1877:
1860:
1819:
1762:
1731:
1347:"Childbirth recovery and postpartum care"
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939:Journal of Midwifery & Women's Health
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2272:Postnatal post-traumatic stress disorder
1214:
599:
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143:Following delivery if the mother had an
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29:
2266:Patient UK: Postnatal Care (Puerperium)
1961:
1624:
936:
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2040:
1503:
783:
4015:Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy
3982:Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy
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3639:Hypothalamic–pituitary–prolactin axis
3249:
2292:
2277:Postpartum care of mother and newborn
1066:"Labor and delivery, postpartum care"
765:from the original on 20 December 2016
755:"Recovering from a caesarean section"
413:Maternal-infant postpartum evaluation
4081:Pregnancy-induced hypercoagulability
2219:
2171:
2144:"Confinement practices: an overview"
1941:10.1001/archderm.1963.01590170067011
1220:
735:from the original on 20 January 2022
335:Infant caring in the subacute period
266:report at least one health problem.
261:and if untreated, death. Postpartum
3634:Hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis
3143:Psychiatric disorders of childbirth
1594:"Breastfeeding: the first few days"
1374:
984:from the original on April 28, 2020
713:. World Health Organization. 2013.
687:"Postpartum Care of the New Mother"
632:used to use this phrase, as in the
393:Psychiatric disorders of childbirth
383:may be of assistance at this time.
13:
4030:Pruritic folliculitis of pregnancy
2083:from the original on 23 April 2023
2053:from the original on 23 April 2023
1812:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.16536
1684:Canadian Mental Health Association
1654:Psychology, Public Policy, and Law
1064:Mayo Clinic staff (30 July 2015).
867:10.1111/j.1471-0528.1995.tb09132.x
701:
430:, chronic disease management, and
281:Discharge from the uterus, called
164:Infant nursing shortly after birth
100:Early postnatal hospital discharge
14:
4549:
4288:Pain management during childbirth
4215:Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome
2254:
1574:from the original on May 21, 2023
1233:from the original on 3 April 2015
1072:from the original on 27 July 2015
559:
506:levels drop and large amounts of
4474:
4473:
4460:Sexual activity during pregnancy
3148:Postpartum physiological changes
2848:Postpartum physiological changes
2373:Assisted reproductive technology
913:10.1046/j.1523-536X.2002.00167.x
651:Postpartum physiological changes
156:Infant caring in the acute phase
94:is one to two days. The average
40:postpartum (or postnatal) period
25:Postpartum (The Handmaid's Tale)
3200:Adaptation to extrauterine life
2165:
2154:from the original on 2017-12-07
2136:
2065:
1990:
1955:
1920:
1836:
1787:
1720:from the original on 2020-05-13
1702:
1672:
1645:
1604:from the original on 2018-04-23
1586:
1556:
1545:from the original on 2017-06-22
1527:
1516:from the original on 2017-11-09
1486:from the original on 2018-04-23
1474:N. H. S. Choices (2017-07-20).
1467:
1456:from the original on 2020-05-28
1438:
1395:
1357:from the original on 2021-09-25
1339:
1296:
1245:
1203:from the original on 2021-01-25
1185:
1174:from the original on 2020-05-15
1125:
1084:
510:is common, particularly in the
359:difficulties with breastfeeding
315:in this period are common, and
3962:Acute fatty liver of pregnancy
2843:Maternal physiological changes
1150:10.1002/14651858.CD000081.pub3
802:
777:
747:
678:
112:
1:
4164:Prelabor rupture of membranes
2398:partner-assisted reproduction
2224:. Cambridge, United Kingdom:
1964:The Annals of Pharmacotherapy
671:
403:posttraumatic stress disorder
4443:Systemic lupus erythematosus
4094:Maternal care related to the
4076:Gestational thrombocytopenia
2041:Bryant M (27 January 2020).
2003:Journal of Prenatal Medicine
1862:10.1097/AOG.0000000000005270
1416:10.3109/00016349.2010.526188
1317:10.1097/AOG.0000000000002706
1097:Journal of Prenatal Medicine
815:Journal of Prenatal Medicine
570:Family and Medical Leave Act
230:or physical methods such as
222:(DVT) is relatively high as
7:
4244:Cephalopelvic disproportion
2634:Traditional birth attendant
639:
589:
549:
471:is higher in these women.
10:
4554:
4355:Breastfeeding difficulties
4154:Constriction ring syndrome
4128:Braxton Hicks contractions
3624:Reproductive endocrinology
2866:Brain health and pollution
2226:Cambridge University Press
1743:Clinical Psychology Review
1666:10.1037/1076-8971.6.4.1098
951:10.1016/j.jmwh.2005.10.014
685:Lopez-Gonzalez DM (2023).
593:
390:
338:
211:
200:Subacute postpartum period
67:occur during this period.
18:
4468:
4425:
4392:Peripartum cardiomyopathy
4382:Pubic symphysis diastasis
4345:
4229:
4093:
4066:
4048:
3990:
3952:
3943:
3899:
3817:
3808:
3713:
3692:Human reproductive system
3690:
3657:
3622:
3599:
3511:
3409:
3325:
3287:
3227:
3192:
3156:
3110:
3101:
3079:Chorionic villus sampling
3061:
2856:
2813:
2782:
2775:
2642:
2567:
2536:
2527:
2461:
2431:Obstetric ultrasonography
2418:
2363:
2355:Pre-conception counseling
2330:
2121:10.1017/S1368980008002152
1898:10.1080/01674820600714632
1849:Obstetrics and Gynecology
1755:10.1016/j.cpr.2005.07.002
1305:Obstetrics and Gynecology
634:General Lying-in Hospital
482:Delayed postpartum period
476:World Health Organization
57:World Health Organization
3918:Gestational hypertension
2969:Intrahepatic cholestasis
2196:10.1177/1084822310367473
1714:PostpartumDepression.org
1535:"Postpartum hemorrhoids"
34:Mother with newborn baby
4317:Umbilical cord prolapse
4239:Amniotic fluid embolism
3997:dermatoses of pregnancy
3039:Motor vehicle emissions
2900:Concomitant conditions
2874:environmental toxicants
2617:Auxiliary nurse midwife
2378:artificial insemination
2345:Natural family planning
2108:Public Health Nutrition
1929:Archives of Dermatology
1680:"Postpartum Depression"
443:one half of postpartum
387:Psychological disorders
21:Postpartum (The Shield)
4433:Concomitant conditions
4412:Postpartum thyroiditis
4190:Circumvallate placenta
4010:Impetigo herpetiformis
4005:Gestational pemphigoid
3977:Hyperemesis gravidarum
3910:hypertensive disorders
3714:Diseases and disorders
3523:Sexual differentiation
3133:Postpartum confinement
2393:in vitro fertilisation
1504:Kansky C (July 2016).
1351:www.aboutkidshealth.ca
1271:10.1186/1477-9560-11-4
1030:10.1002/anie.201108814
616:
596:Postpartum confinement
543:postpartum thyroiditis
469:cardiovascular disease
440:hypertensive disorders
432:preventive health care
278:
177:
165:
130:
122:
35:
4402:Postpartum infections
4397:Postpartum depression
3746:Premature ejaculation
3741:Hard flaccid syndrome
3411:Human sexual activity
3128:Postpartum depression
3009:Pruritic folliculitis
2753:Unassisted childbirth
656:Postpartum depression
603:
405:, and in rare cases,
399:postpartum depression
276:
255:Postpartum infections
171:
163:
128:
120:
33:
4407:Postpartum psychosis
4276:Obstetrical bleeding
4171:Obstetrical bleeding
3992:Integumentary system
3967:Gestational diabetes
3946:related to pregnancy
3944:Other, predominantly
3736:Erectile dysfunction
3235:Gravidity and parity
3215:Congenital disorders
3174:Lactation consultant
3044:Pre-existing disease
2723:Childbirth positions
2713:Rupture of membranes
2410:Unintended pregnancy
2388:fertility medication
1627:Breastfeeding Review
539:urinary incontinence
461:gestational diabetes
407:postpartum psychosis
363:lactation consultant
263:urinary incontinence
220:deep vein thrombosis
85:gravidity and parity
53:urinary incontinence
4387:Postpartum bleeding
4210:Placental abruption
4195:Monochorionic twins
4025:Prurigo gestationis
3515:reproductive system
3503:Vaginal lubrication
3281:sexual reproduction
3138:Sex after pregnancy
2945:Endocrine diseases
2891:Prenatal depression
2763:Placental expulsion
2681:Uterine contraction
2664:cervical effacement
2405:Fertility awareness
1383:on 22 December 2014
666:Sex after pregnancy
630:Maternity hospitals
493:painful intercourse
138:postpartum bleeding
4417:Puerperal mastitis
4372:Breast engorgement
4159:Monoamniotic twins
4149:Chorionic hematoma
3513:Development of the
3424:Sexual intercourse
2914:Hypercoagulability
2743:Natural childbirth
2592:Postterm pregnancy
2350:Male contraceptive
1258:Thrombosis Journal
661:Puerperal disorder
617:
535:fecal incontinence
489:fecal incontinence
355:suppress lactation
279:
236:thrombotic episode
214:Maternal mortality
178:
166:
131:
123:
36:
4490:
4489:
4448:Thyroid disorders
4438:Diabetes mellitus
4322:Uterine inversion
4254:Shoulder dystocia
4249:Obstructed labour
4225:
4224:
4089:
4088:
4058:Chorea gravidarum
3834:Ectopic pregnancy
3759:
3758:
3528:Sexual dimorphism
3493:Postpartum period
3243:
3242:
3228:Obstetric history
3223:
3222:
3184:Confinement nanny
3097:
3096:
2964:Acute fatty liver
2771:
2770:
2659:cervical dilation
2235:978-1-009-06478-1
1800:JAMA Network Open
1410:(12): 1511–1522.
1193:"The Apgar Score"
1024:(18): 4448–4451.
1018:Angewandte Chemie
795:978-0-9751674-5-8
784:Vernon D (2007).
611:, from a painted
245:(blood flow) and
176:is still visible.
96:caesarean section
4545:
4477:
4476:
4312:Postmature birth
4300:Placenta accreta
4205:Placenta praevia
4200:Placenta accreta
4144:Chorioamnionitis
3954:Digestive system
3950:
3949:
3876:Fetal resorption
3864:Rudimentary horn
3821:abortive outcome
3815:
3814:
3786:
3779:
3772:
3763:
3762:
3498:Mechanics of sex
3307:Follicular phase
3277:Human physiology
3270:
3263:
3256:
3247:
3246:
3108:
3107:
3074:Cardiotocography
2780:
2779:
2686:Vaginal delivery
2559:Nesting instinct
2534:
2533:
2519:Rudimentary horn
2448:Prenatal testing
2313:
2306:
2299:
2290:
2289:
2248:
2247:
2217:
2208:
2207:
2189:
2187:10.1.1.1020.5139
2169:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2159:
2140:
2134:
2133:
2123:
2099:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2038:
2029:
2028:
2018:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1959:
1953:
1952:
1924:
1918:
1917:
1881:
1875:
1874:
1864:
1840:
1834:
1833:
1823:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1766:
1738:
1729:
1728:
1726:
1725:
1706:
1700:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1690:on July 14, 2014
1686:. Archived from
1676:
1670:
1669:
1660:(4): 1098–1112.
1649:
1643:
1642:
1622:
1613:
1612:
1610:
1609:
1590:
1584:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1560:
1554:
1553:
1551:
1550:
1531:
1525:
1524:
1522:
1521:
1501:
1495:
1494:
1492:
1491:
1471:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1461:
1442:
1436:
1435:
1399:
1393:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1372:
1366:
1365:
1363:
1362:
1343:
1337:
1336:
1300:
1294:
1293:
1283:
1273:
1249:
1243:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1218:
1212:
1211:
1209:
1208:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1180:
1179:
1161:
1129:
1123:
1122:
1112:
1088:
1082:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1061:
1052:
1051:
1041:
1009:
994:
993:
991:
989:
974:
963:
962:
934:
925:
924:
896:
887:
886:
850:
841:
840:
830:
806:
800:
799:
781:
775:
774:
772:
770:
751:
745:
744:
742:
740:
705:
699:
698:
682:
555:
523:uterine prolapse
380:kraamverzorgster
341:Infant mortality
291:sanitary napkins
4553:
4552:
4548:
4547:
4546:
4544:
4543:
4542:
4533:Women's culture
4513:Maternal health
4508:Human pregnancy
4493:
4492:
4491:
4486:
4464:
4421:
4365:Cracked nipples
4360:Low milk supply
4341:
4327:Uterine rupture
4221:
4116:Oligohydramnios
4101:amniotic cavity
4095:
4085:
4062:
4044:
3995:
3986:
3945:
3939:
3908:
3895:
3881:Molar pregnancy
3820:
3804:
3790:
3760:
3755:
3709:
3686:
3653:
3626:and infertility
3625:
3618:
3595:
3514:
3507:
3405:
3335:Spermatogenesis
3321:
3289:Menstrual cycle
3283:
3274:
3244:
3239:
3219:
3188:
3152:
3123:Postpartum care
3093:
3057:
2960:Liver diseases
2954:Thyroid disease
2852:
2838:Gestational age
2809:
2767:
2733:Labor induction
2638:
2629:Perinatal nurse
2602:Birth attendant
2563:
2523:
2457:
2453:Medical imaging
2414:
2383:fertility fraud
2359:
2326:
2317:
2257:
2252:
2251:
2236:
2220:Lary D (2022).
2218:
2211:
2170:
2166:
2157:
2155:
2142:
2141:
2137:
2100:
2096:
2086:
2084:
2071:
2070:
2066:
2056:
2054:
2039:
2032:
1995:
1991:
1960:
1956:
1925:
1921:
1882:
1878:
1841:
1837:
1806:(6): e2316536.
1792:
1788:
1739:
1732:
1723:
1721:
1708:
1707:
1703:
1693:
1691:
1678:
1677:
1673:
1650:
1646:
1623:
1616:
1607:
1605:
1592:
1591:
1587:
1577:
1575:
1568:The Mayo Clinic
1562:
1561:
1557:
1548:
1546:
1533:
1532:
1528:
1519:
1517:
1502:
1498:
1489:
1487:
1472:
1468:
1459:
1457:
1444:
1443:
1439:
1400:
1396:
1386:
1384:
1373:
1369:
1360:
1358:
1345:
1344:
1340:
1301:
1297:
1250:
1246:
1236:
1234:
1219:
1215:
1206:
1204:
1191:
1190:
1186:
1177:
1175:
1144:(2): CD000081.
1130:
1126:
1089:
1085:
1075:
1073:
1068:. Mayo Clinic.
1062:
1055:
1010:
997:
987:
985:
976:
975:
966:
935:
928:
897:
890:
851:
844:
807:
803:
796:
782:
778:
768:
766:
753:
752:
748:
738:
736:
721:
707:
706:
702:
683:
679:
674:
642:
598:
592:
562:
497:pelvic prolapse
484:
474:Similarly, the
457:thyroid disease
423:postpartum care
415:
395:
389:
343:
337:
317:stool softeners
268:Kegel exercises
228:Anti-coagulants
216:
210:
202:
158:
115:
92:a vaginal birth
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4551:
4541:
4540:
4538:Women's health
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4488:
4487:
4485:
4484:
4469:
4466:
4465:
4463:
4462:
4457:
4455:Maternal death
4452:
4451:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4429:
4427:
4423:
4422:
4420:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4368:
4367:
4362:
4351:
4349:
4343:
4342:
4340:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4303:
4302:
4290:
4285:
4284:
4283:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4261:Fetal distress
4258:
4257:
4256:
4246:
4241:
4235:
4233:
4227:
4226:
4223:
4222:
4220:
4219:
4218:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4180:
4179:
4178:
4168:
4167:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4130:
4125:
4124:
4123:
4121:Polyhydramnios
4118:
4110:amniotic fluid
4105:
4103:
4091:
4090:
4087:
4086:
4084:
4083:
4078:
4072:
4070:
4064:
4063:
4061:
4060:
4054:
4052:
4050:Nervous system
4046:
4045:
4043:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4001:
3999:
3988:
3987:
3985:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3958:
3956:
3947:
3941:
3940:
3938:
3937:
3932:
3931:
3930:
3928:HELLP syndrome
3920:
3914:
3912:
3897:
3896:
3894:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3867:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3831:
3825:
3823:
3819:Pregnancy with
3812:
3806:
3805:
3789:
3788:
3781:
3774:
3766:
3757:
3756:
3754:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3717:
3715:
3711:
3710:
3708:
3707:
3702:
3696:
3694:
3688:
3687:
3685:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3663:
3661:
3655:
3654:
3652:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3630:
3628:
3620:
3619:
3617:
3616:
3611:
3605:
3603:
3597:
3596:
3594:
3593:
3588:
3579:
3578:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3542:
3541:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3519:
3517:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3471:
3466:
3465:
3464:
3459:
3451:
3446:
3445:
3444:
3439:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3419:Sexual arousal
3415:
3413:
3407:
3406:
3404:
3403:
3402:
3401:
3396:
3386:
3385:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3359:
3358:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3340:spermatogonium
3331:
3329:
3323:
3322:
3320:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3293:
3291:
3285:
3284:
3273:
3272:
3265:
3258:
3250:
3241:
3240:
3238:
3237:
3231:
3229:
3225:
3224:
3221:
3220:
3218:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3196:
3194:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3169:Health visitor
3166:
3160:
3158:
3154:
3153:
3151:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3114:
3112:
3105:
3099:
3098:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3091:
3086:
3084:Nonstress test
3081:
3076:
3071:
3065:
3063:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3055:
3054:
3053:
3052:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3018:
3017:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3000:Skin diseases
2998:
2997:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2973:
2972:
2971:
2966:
2958:
2957:
2956:
2951:
2943:
2942:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2887:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2868:
2862:
2860:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2819:
2817:
2811:
2810:
2808:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2790:Amniotic fluid
2786:
2784:
2777:
2773:
2772:
2769:
2768:
2766:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2738:Multiple birth
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2709:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2672:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2646:
2644:
2640:
2639:
2637:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2620:
2619:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2588:
2587:
2577:
2571:
2569:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2544:Bradley method
2540:
2538:
2531:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2465:
2463:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2444:
2443:
2436:Pregnancy test
2433:
2428:
2422:
2420:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2401:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2369:
2367:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2336:
2334:
2328:
2327:
2316:
2315:
2308:
2301:
2293:
2287:
2286:
2280:
2274:
2268:
2263:
2256:
2255:External links
2253:
2250:
2249:
2234:
2228:. p. 41.
2209:
2180:(5): 369–371.
2164:
2135:
2114:(3): 382–388.
2094:
2079:. 3 May 2022.
2064:
2030:
1989:
1970:(2): 255–258.
1954:
1935:(5): 609–611.
1919:
1892:(2): 107–112.
1876:
1855:(2): 285–295.
1835:
1786:
1730:
1701:
1671:
1644:
1614:
1600:. 2017-12-21.
1585:
1555:
1526:
1496:
1480:N.H.S. Choices
1466:
1437:
1394:
1367:
1338:
1295:
1244:
1213:
1184:
1124:
1083:
1053:
995:
964:
945:(4): 242–248.
926:
888:
861:(4): 282–287.
842:
801:
794:
776:
746:
719:
700:
689:. StatPearls.
676:
675:
673:
670:
669:
668:
663:
658:
653:
648:
646:Parental leave
641:
638:
613:desco da parto
594:Main article:
591:
588:
561:
560:Return to work
558:
483:
480:
453:kidney disease
414:
411:
388:
385:
367:health visitor
336:
333:
299:menstrual cups
241:The increased
209:
206:
201:
198:
157:
154:
114:
111:
65:newborn deaths
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4550:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4500:
4498:
4483:
4482:
4478:
4471:
4470:
4467:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4435:
4434:
4431:
4430:
4428:
4424:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4357:
4356:
4353:
4352:
4350:
4348:
4344:
4338:
4337:Uterine atony
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4307:Preterm birth
4305:
4301:
4298:
4297:
4296:
4295:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4282:
4279:
4278:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4255:
4252:
4251:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
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4236:
4234:
4232:
4228:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4187:
4186:
4185:
4181:
4177:
4174:
4173:
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4169:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4141:
4140:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4113:
4112:
4111:
4107:
4106:
4104:
4102:
4098:
4092:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4073:
4071:
4069:
4065:
4059:
4056:
4055:
4053:
4051:
4047:
4041:
4040:Stretch marks
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4002:
4000:
3998:
3993:
3989:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3959:
3957:
3955:
3951:
3948:
3942:
3936:
3933:
3929:
3926:
3925:
3924:
3923:Pre-eclampsia
3921:
3919:
3916:
3915:
3913:
3911:
3906:
3902:
3898:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3836:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3826:
3824:
3822:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3792:Pathology of
3787:
3782:
3780:
3775:
3773:
3768:
3767:
3764:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3718:
3716:
3712:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3697:
3695:
3693:
3689:
3683:
3682:Breastfeeding
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3664:
3662:
3660:
3656:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3631:
3629:
3627:
3621:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3606:
3604:
3602:
3598:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3583:
3580:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3547:
3546:
3543:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3525:
3524:
3521:
3520:
3518:
3516:
3510:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3475:
3474:Fertilization
3472:
3470:
3467:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3454:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3434:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3416:
3414:
3412:
3408:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3391:
3390:
3387:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3364:
3363:
3360:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3337:
3336:
3333:
3332:
3330:
3328:
3327:Gametogenesis
3324:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3294:
3292:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3271:
3266:
3264:
3259:
3257:
3252:
3251:
3248:
3236:
3233:
3232:
3230:
3226:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3197:
3195:
3191:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3179:Monthly nurse
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3161:
3159:
3155:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3100:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3069:Amniocentesis
3067:
3066:
3064:
3060:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3029:Vaginal flora
3027:
3025:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3001:
2999:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2976:
2974:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2921:
2920:
2919:Substance use
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2901:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2855:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2833:Fundal height
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2820:
2818:
2816:
2812:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2781:
2778:
2774:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2655:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2641:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2618:
2615:
2614:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2586:
2585:Preterm birth
2583:
2582:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2566:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2549:Hypnobirthing
2547:
2545:
2542:
2541:
2539:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2526:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2460:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2426:3D ultrasound
2424:
2423:
2421:
2417:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2375:
2374:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2362:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2340:Birth control
2338:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2314:
2309:
2307:
2302:
2300:
2295:
2294:
2291:
2284:
2281:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2258:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2216:
2214:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2168:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2139:
2131:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2098:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2068:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2037:
2035:
2026:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1993:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1958:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1923:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1880:
1872:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1839:
1831:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1790:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1737:
1735:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1705:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1675:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1648:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1621:
1619:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1589:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1559:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1530:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1500:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1470:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1441:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1398:
1382:
1378:
1371:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1342:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1311:(1): e1–e17.
1310:
1306:
1299:
1291:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1248:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1217:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1188:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1128:
1120:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1087:
1071:
1067:
1060:
1058:
1049:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1008:
1006:
1004:
1002:
1000:
983:
979:
973:
971:
969:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
933:
931:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
895:
893:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
849:
847:
838:
834:
829:
824:
820:
816:
812:
805:
797:
791:
787:
780:
764:
760:
756:
750:
734:
730:
726:
722:
720:9789241506649
716:
712:
711:
704:
696:
692:
688:
681:
677:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
643:
637:
635:
631:
627:
623:
614:
610:
607:
602:
597:
587:
585:
580:
578:
573:
571:
567:
557:
553:
546:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
515:
513:
509:
505:
500:
498:
494:
490:
479:
477:
472:
470:
466:
465:preterm birth
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
441:
436:
433:
429:
428:contraception
424:
420:
410:
408:
404:
400:
394:
384:
382:
381:
376:
372:
371:monthly nurse
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
351:breastfeeding
348:
342:
332:
330:
324:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
304:
300:
296:
293:. The use of
292:
288:
287:adult diapers
284:
275:
271:
269:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
239:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
215:
205:
197:
195:
194:breastfeeding
191:
190:kangaroo care
187:
183:
175:
170:
162:
153:
151:
146:
141:
139:
134:
127:
119:
110:
107:
103:
101:
97:
93:
88:
86:
82:
81:
76:
75:
68:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
49:genitourinary
45:
42:begins after
41:
32:
26:
22:
4479:
4472:
4332:Vasa praevia
4292:
4266:Locked twins
4182:
4132:
4108:
3854:Interstitial
3801:
3586:Paternal age
3582:Maternal age
3555:Tanner scale
3538:Virilization
3533:Feminization
3492:
3483:Implantation
3469:Insemination
3453:Ejaculation
3429:Masturbation
3345:spermatocyte
3317:Luteal phase
3302:Menstruation
3102:
2909:Hypertension
2896:Immunization
2879:in pregnancy
2795:Amniotic sac
2748:Silent birth
2691:Presentation
2654:Bishop score
2624:Obstetrician
2514:Interstitial
2441:home testing
2285:: Uofmhealth
2221:
2177:
2173:
2167:
2156:. Retrieved
2147:
2138:
2111:
2107:
2097:
2085:. Retrieved
2077:business.org
2076:
2067:
2055:. Retrieved
2047:The Guardian
2046:
2009:(2): 22–25.
2006:
2002:
1992:
1967:
1963:
1957:
1932:
1928:
1922:
1889:
1885:
1879:
1852:
1848:
1838:
1803:
1799:
1789:
1746:
1742:
1722:. Retrieved
1713:
1704:
1692:. Retrieved
1688:the original
1683:
1674:
1657:
1653:
1647:
1633:(2): 38–41.
1630:
1626:
1606:. Retrieved
1597:
1588:
1576:. Retrieved
1567:
1558:
1547:. Retrieved
1538:
1529:
1518:. Retrieved
1509:
1499:
1488:. Retrieved
1479:
1469:
1458:. Retrieved
1449:
1440:
1407:
1403:
1397:
1385:. Retrieved
1381:the original
1375:WHO (2013).
1370:
1359:. Retrieved
1350:
1341:
1308:
1304:
1298:
1261:
1257:
1247:
1235:. Retrieved
1226:
1221:Phillips R.
1216:
1205:. Retrieved
1197:www.acog.org
1196:
1187:
1176:. Retrieved
1141:
1137:
1127:
1103:(2): 22–25.
1100:
1096:
1086:
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1021:
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986:. Retrieved
980:. May 2018.
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39:
37:
4271:Nuchal cord
4020:Linea nigra
3972:Hepatitis E
3905:proteinuria
3886:Miscarriage
3871:Embryo loss
3849:Heterotopic
3731:Dyspareunia
3726:Dysorgasmia
3672:Development
3205:Apgar score
2989:Hepatitis C
2975:Infections
2815:Development
2800:Endometrium
2758:Water birth
2676:Bloody show
2607:Men's roles
2537:Preparation
2489:Heterotopic
1749:(1): 1–16.
1539:Baby Center
1450:Mayo Clinic
1387:22 December
1237:21 December
769:16 December
759:NHS Choices
438:Women with
309:Hemorrhoids
243:vascularity
232:compression
182:Apgar scale
174:linea nigra
113:Acute phase
4528:Obstetrics
4523:Motherhood
4503:Childbirth
4497:Categories
4281:Postpartum
4176:Antepartum
3891:Stillbirth
3802:puerperium
3800:, and the
3798:childbirth
3751:Vaginismus
3721:Anorgasmia
3575:Adrenarche
3570:Spermarche
3550:Gonadarche
3210:Child care
3103:Postpartum
3062:Procedures
3014:Dermatoses
2870:Nutrition
2728:Home birth
2650:Pelvimetry
2529:Childbirth
2509:Unintended
2365:Conception
2324:childbirth
2244:1292532755
2158:2016-03-21
2148:BabyCenter
1764:1874/16760
1724:2020-05-18
1608:2018-04-22
1598:www.nhs.uk
1549:2018-05-19
1520:2017-11-08
1490:2018-04-22
1460:2020-05-18
1361:2018-04-22
1207:2021-03-04
1178:2020-05-18
672:References
519:episiotomy
391:See also:
347:breastmilk
339:See also:
303:hemorrhage
212:See also:
145:episiotomy
44:childbirth
4518:Midwifery
4347:Puerperal
3935:Eclampsia
3839:Abdominal
3810:Pregnancy
3794:pregnancy
3677:Lactation
3667:Thelarche
3644:Andrology
3591:Menopause
3488:Pregnancy
3478:Fertility
3433:Erection
3389:Germ cell
3362:Oogenesis
3350:spermatid
3312:Ovulation
2718:Caesarean
2484:Abdominal
2320:Pregnancy
2182:CiteSeerX
2087:April 23,
2057:April 23,
1578:April 22,
1076:15 August
988:April 29,
531:rectocele
527:cystocele
508:hair loss
4481:Category
4294:placenta
4184:placenta
3844:Cervical
3829:Abortion
3614:Vivipary
3584: /
3565:Menarche
3560:Pubarche
3442:Clitoral
3394:gonocyte
3367:oogonium
3297:Menarche
3111:Maternal
3089:Abortion
3034:Bleeding
2984:COVID-19
2949:Diabetes
2934:Cannabis
2884:prenatal
2805:Placenta
2776:Prenatal
2706:shoulder
2701:cephalic
2669:position
2643:Delivery
2504:Postterm
2469:Cervical
2332:Planning
2204:73055081
2152:Archived
2130:18426631
2081:Archived
2051:Archived
2025:22439056
1984:11215848
1949:13991677
1914:21859634
1906:16808085
1871:37311173
1830:37266938
1821:10238947
1781:22137961
1773:16176853
1718:Archived
1639:23957180
1602:Archived
1572:Archived
1543:Archived
1514:Archived
1510:Medscape
1484:Archived
1454:Archived
1432:18385231
1424:21050146
1355:Archived
1333:49404670
1325:29939938
1290:23433174
1264:(1): 4.
1231:Archived
1227:Medscape
1201:Archived
1172:Archived
1168:28176333
1119:22439056
1070:Archived
1048:22438056
982:Archived
959:16814217
921:12051189
883:38872754
837:22439056
763:Archived
739:12 March
733:Archived
729:24624481
695:33351433
640:See also
626:bed rest
622:lying-in
609:lying-in
606:Florence
590:Cultures
504:estrogen
449:diabetes
329:oxytocin
150:perineal
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61:maternal
4134:chorion
3859:Ovarian
3649:Hormone
3545:Puberty
3020:Others
2994:Malaria
2939:Opioids
2929:Alcohol
2924:Smoking
2783:Anatomy
2612:Midwife
2580:Newborn
2499:Ovarian
2479:Ectopic
2474:Cryptic
2419:Testing
2016:3279173
1694:July 9,
1281:3629711
1159:5449575
1110:3279173
1039:3279173
875:7612509
828:3279173
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295:tampons
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3659:Breast
3462:Female
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3437:Penile
3399:gamete
3372:oocyte
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2494:Molar
2462:Types
2279:: WHO
2270:NHS:
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