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Studies have shown that when comparing three information sourcesβofficial registries, household surveys, and popular reportersβthe popular death reporters are the most accurate; popular death reporters include midwives, gravediggers, coffin builders, priests, and others, essentially people who knew the most about the child's death. In developing nations, access to vital registries, and other government-run systems which record births and deaths, is difficult for poor families for several reasons. These struggles force families to take drastic measures, like having unofficial death ceremonies for their deceased infants. As a result, government statistics will inaccurately reflect a nation's infant mortality rate. Popular death reporters have first-hand information, and, provided this information can be collected and collated, can provide reliable, accurate death counts for a nation, as well as meaningful causes of deaths that can be measured and studied.
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post-neonatal stage. High infant mortality is exacerbated because newborns are a vulnerable subgroup that is affected by air pollution. Newborns who were born into these environments are no exception, and pregnant women exposed to greater air pollution on a daily basis should be closely watched by their doctors, including after the baby is born. Babies who live in areas with less air pollution have a greater chance of living until their first birthday, meaning babies who live in environments with more air pollution are at greater risk for infant mortality. Areas that have higher air pollution also have a greater chance of having a higher population density, higher crime rates, and lower income levels, all of which can lead to higher infant mortality rates.
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2303:, which was founded in the 1950s, granted healthcare access to previously underserved rural populations, and is estimated to have covered 90% of China's rural population throughout the 1960s. The Cooperative Medical System achieved an infant mortality rate of 25.09 per 1,000; while it was later defunded, leaving many rural populations to rely on an expensive fee-for-service system, the rate continued to decline. As the Cooperative Medical System was replaced, the change caused a socio-economic gap in accessibility to medical care in China, however this was not reflected in its declining infant mortality rate; prenatal care was increasingly used, and delivery assistance remained accessible.
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of premature babies in the United States compared to
European countries. It also outlined the differences in reporting requirements between the United States and Europe, noting that France, the Czech Republic, Ireland, the Netherlands, and Poland do not report all live births under 500 g and/or 22 weeks of gestation. However, differences in reporting are unlikely to be the primary explanation for the high rate of infant mortality in the United States compared to countries at a similar level of economic development. Rather, the report concluded that the primary reason for the higher infant mortality rate in the US compared to Europe was the much higher number of preterm births.
2106:(Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults) study, "self reported experiences of racial discrimination were associated with pre-term and low-birthweight deliveries, and such experiences may contribute to black-white disparities in prenatal outcomes." A study in North Carolina, for example, concluded that "white women who did not complete high school have a lower infant mortality rate than black college graduates." Likewise, dozens of population-based studies indicate that "the subjective, or perceived experience of racial discrimination is strongly associated with an increased risk of infant death and with poor health prospects for future generations of African Americans."
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have had a significant impact on infant mortality, but malnutrition and infectious diseases remain the main causes of death in less developed countries. For example, in the
Caribbean and Latin America in the 1980s, congenital malformations only accounted for 5% of infant deaths, while malnutrition and infectious diseases accounted for 7% to 27% of infant deaths. In more developed countries, such as the United States, there was a rise in infant deaths due to congenital malformations, mostly heart and central nervous system problems. In the 20th century, there was a decrease in the number of infant deaths from heart conditions, from 1979 to 1997, there was a 39% decline.
132:βGoal Number 3: Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages. As of January 2022, an analysis of 200 countries found 133 already meeting the SDG target, with 13 others trending towards meeting the target by 2030. Throughout the world, the infant mortality rate (IMR) fluctuates drastically, and according to Biotechnology and Health Sciences, education and life expectancy in a country are the leading indicators of IMR. This study was conducted across 135 countries over the course of 11 years, with the continent of Africa having the highest infant mortality rate of any region studied, with 68 deaths per 1,000 live births.
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1355:(WHO) defines a live birth as any infant born demonstrating independent signs of life, including breathing, heartbeat, umbilical cord pulsation or definite movement of voluntary muscles. This definition is used in Austria, and is also used in Germany, but with one slight modification: muscle movement is not considered to be a sign of life. Many countries, including certain European states (e.g. France) and Japan, only count cases where an infant breathes at birth as a live birth, which makes their reported IMR numbers somewhat lower and increases their rates of
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likely to experience poverty as blacks in the U.S., however, the infant mortality rate of
Latinos is much closer to white women than it is to black women. The poverty rate for blacks is 24.1% and for Latinos it is 21.4%; if there is a direct correlation, then the IMR of these two groups should be rather similar, however, blacks have an IMR double that of Latinos. Also, for black women who move out of poverty, or never experienced it in the first place, their IMR is not much lower than their counterparts experiencing higher levels of poverty.
237:(60% of all PTBs), compared with high-income countries in Europe or the United States. Low-income countries also have limited resources to care for the needs of preterm infants, which increases the risk of infant mortality. The survival rate in these countries for infants born before 28 weeks of gestation is 10%, compared with a 90% survival rate in high-income countries. In the United States, the period from 1980 to 2000 saw a decrease in the total number of infant mortality cases, despite a significant increase in premature births.
244:) rupture, and those that are medically induced. Both spontaneous factors are viewed to be a result of similar causes; hence, two main classifications remain: spontaneous and medically induced causes. The risk of spontaneous PTB increases with "extremes of maternal age (both young and old), short inter-pregnancy intervals, multiple gestations, assisted reproductive technology, prior PTB, family history, substance abuse, cigarette use, low maternal socioeconomic status, late or no prenatal care, low maternal prepregnancy weight,
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homogeneous populations. In particular, IMR varies greatly by race in the US. The average IMR for the country as a whole is therefore not a fair representation of the wide variations that exist between segments of the population. Many theories have been explored as to why these racial differences exist, with socio economic factors usually coming out as a reasonable explanation. However, more studies have been conducted around this matter, and the largest advancement is around the idea of stress and how it affects pregnancy.
2164:. This unequal treatment stems from the idea that there are racial medical differences and is also rooted in racial biases and controlled images of black women. Because of this unequal treatment, research on maternal and prenatal care received by African American women and their infants, finds that black women do not receive the same urgency in medical care; they are also not taken as seriously regarding pain they feel or complications they think they are having, as exemplified by the complications tennis-star
190:, and birth injuries. Many of these common causes are preventable with low-cost measures. While 99% of infant deaths occur in developing countries, the greatest percentage reduction in infant mortality occurs in countries that already have low rates of infant mortality. In the United States, a primary source of infant mortality risk is infant birth weight, with lower birth weights increasing the risk; the causes of low birth weight include socioeconomic, psychological, behavioral, and environmental factors.
1624:, including the grave-digger, gatekeeper, midwife, popular healers etc.βall key participants in mortuary rituals. Combining the methods of household surveys, vital registries, and asking "popular death reporters" can increase the validity of child mortality rates. However there remain barriers that affect the validity of statistics of infant mortality, including political economic decisions: numbers are exaggerated when international funds are being doled out; and underestimated during reelection.
1286:, improvement in children's health, and lower rates of children's deaths. High-risk areas, such as Sub-Saharan Africa, have demonstrated that an increase in women's educational attainment leads to a reduction in infant mortality by about 35%. Similarly, coordinated efforts to train community health workers in diagnosis, treatment, malnutrition prevention, reporting and referral services has reduced infant mortality in children under 5 by as much as 38%. Public health campaigns centered around the
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and expensive task for poor parents living in rural areas. Government and bureaucracies tend to show an insensitivity to these parents and produce broad disclaimers in the IMR reports that the information has not been properly reported, resulting in discrepancies. Little has been done to address the underlying structural problems with the vital registry systems regarding the lack of reporting in rural areas, which has created a gap between the official and popular meanings of child death.
1398:, who finds the high ratios of reported stillbirths to infant deaths in Hong Kong and Japan in the first 24 hours after birth dubious. As this pattern is consistent with the high male to female sex ratios recorded at birth in those countries it suggests two things: that many female infants who die in the first 24 hours are misreported as stillbirths rather than infant deaths; and that those countries do not follow WHO recommendations for the reporting of live births versus infant deaths.
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with different methods, UNICEF developed, in coordination with WHO, the WB and UNSD, an estimation methodology that minimizes the errors embodied in each estimate and harmonize trends along time. Since the estimates are not necessarily the exact values used as input for the model, they are often not recognized as the official IMR estimates used at the country level. However, as mentioned before, these estimates minimize errors and maximize the consistency of trends along time.
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norm. In developing countries such as Brazil, infant mortality rates are commonly not recorded due to not registering for death certificates. Another cultural reason for infant mortality, such as what is happening in Ghana, is that "besides the obvious, like rutted roads, there are prejudices against wives or newborns leaving the house." This makes it even more difficult for pregnant women and newborns to get the needed treatment that is available to them.
968:. All are possible causes of premature births, which constitute the second-highest cause of infant mortality. According to the Journal of the American Medical Association, "the post neonatal mortality risk (28 to 364 days) was highest among continental Puerto Ricans" compared to non-Hispanic babies. Ethnic differences are accompanied by a higher prevalence of behavioral risk factors and sociodemographic challenges that each ethnic group faces.
478:, "in the past two decades, the infant mortality rate (deaths under one year of age per thousand live births) in the United States has declined sharply." The rate of low birth weights among African Americans remains twice as high as the rate for white people. Low birth weight, the leading cause of infant deaths, is preventable by effective programs to help prevent low birth weight are a combination of health care, education, the environment,
20:
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93:. One of the most common preventable causes of infant mortality is smoking during pregnancy. Lack of prenatal care, alcohol consumption during pregnancy, and drug use also cause complications that may result in infant mortality. Many situational factors contribute to the infant mortality rate, such as the pregnant woman's level of education, environmental conditions, political infrastructure, and level of medical support. Improving
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less die. As compared with normal-birth-weight infants, those with low weight at birth are almost 40 times more likely to die in the neonatal period; for infants with very low weight at birth the relative risk of neonatal death is almost 200 times greater." Infant mortality due to low birth weight is usually a direct cause stemming from other medical complications such as preterm birth, poor maternal nutritional status, a lack of
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1970, the reasons for male infant mortality were infections and chronic degenerative diseases. However, since 1970, male sex favoritism in certain cultures has led to a decrease in the infant mortality gap between males and females. Also, medical advances have resulted in a greater effect on the survival rate of male infants than female infants, due to the initial high infant mortality rate of males.
1108:, and other health professionals will increase the number of skilled attendants and the number of people able to give out immunizations against diseases such as measles. Increasing the number of skilled professionals is correlated with lower maternal, infant, and childhood mortality. With the addition of one physician per 10,000 people, there is a potential for 7.08 fewer infant deaths per 10,000.
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technology, as well as medical advances. In the last century, the infant mortality rate has decreased by 93%. Overall, the rates per 1,000 births have decreased drastically from 20 deaths in 1970 to 6.9 deaths in 2003. In 2003, the leading causes of infant mortality in the United States were congenital anomalies, disorders related to immaturity, AIDS, and maternal complications.
117:, vaccinations, and improved nutrition. The global under-five mortality rate in 1950 was 22.5%, which dropped to 4.5% in 2015. Over the same period, the infant mortality rate declined from 65 deaths per 1,000 live births to 29 deaths per 1,000. Globally, 5.4 million children died before their fifth birthday in 2017; by 2021 that number had dropped to 5 million children.
2136:". She claims constantly dealing with disadvantages and racial prejudice causes black women's birth outcomes to deteriorate with age. Therefore, younger black women may experience stress with pregnancy due to social and economic factors, but older women experience stress at a compounding rate and therefore have pregnancy complications aside from economic factors.
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accurate representation of a region's socio-economic situation, if the statistics are valid, which is unfortunately not always the case. An alternate method of collecting and processing statistics on infant and child mortality is via "popular death reporters" who are culturally linked to infants and may be able to provide more accurate statistics. According to
1631:. Individuals living in rural areas of Brazil need funds for lodging and travel in order to report births to a Brazilian Assistance League office, this deters registration as often these individuals are of lower income and cannot afford such expenses, similar barriers exist when choosing to report infant mortality. Financial constraints such as reliance on
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likely to experience infant death. Causes of infant mortality after abuse during pregnancy range from physical side effects of the initial trauma to psychological effects that lead to poor adjustment to society. Many people who became pregnant by rape in Bosnia were isolated from their hometowns, making life after childbirth exponentially more difficult.
901:. If the nation's ability to raise its own revenues is compromised, governments will lose funding for their health service programs, including those that aim to decrease infant mortality rates. Less developed countries face higher levels of vulnerability to the possible negative effects of globalization and trade in relation to more developed countries.
328:, have been shown to be associated with increased risks of infection or inflammation-related preterm birth. Biological fluids have been utilized to analyze these markers in hopes of understanding the pathology of preterm birth, but they are not always useful if not acquired at the appropriate gestational time-frame. For example, biomarkers such as
908:), the advances of medical technologies may not be felt by everyone, increasing social disparities. In England, from 2014 to 2017, a rise in infant mortality was disproportionately experienced by the poorest regions, where the previously declining trend was reversed and an additional 24 infant deaths per 100,000 live births occurred annually.
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American population. Following this theory, if institutional inequalities are addressed and repaired by the United States
Government, this will reduce daily stressors for African Americans, and African American women in particular, and lessen the risk of complications in pregnancy and infant mortality. Others argue that increasing
2045:, "the main reason for the high rate is preterm delivery, and there was a 10% increase in such births from 2000 to 2006." Between 2007 and 2011, however, the preterm birth rate has decreased every year. In 2011, 11.73% of babies were born before the 37th week of gestation, down from a high of 12.80% in 2006.
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Although the overall infant mortality rate was sharply dropping during this time, within the United States infant mortality varied greatly among racial and socio-economic groups. Between 1915 and 1933 the change in infant mortality per 1,000 births was, for the white population, 98.6 down to 52.8 per
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Others believe black women are predisposed to a higher IMR, meaning ancestrally speaking, all women from
African descent should experience an elevated rate. This theory is quickly disproven by looking at foreign-born African immigrants, these women come from a completely different social context and
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or neonatal size. All of the countries named in the table adopted the WHO definitions in the late 1980s or early 1990s, and they are used throughout the
European Union. However, in 2009, the US CDC issued a report that stated that the American rates of infant mortality were affected by the high rates
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Focusing on preventing preterm and low birth weight deliveries throughout all populations can help eliminate cases of infant mortality and decrease health care disparities within communities. In the United States, these two goals have decreased regional infant mortality rates, but there has yet to be
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High rates of infant mortality occur in developing countries where financial and material resources are scarce, and where there is a high tolerance for infant deaths. There are a number of developing countries where certain cultural situations, such as favoring male babies over female babies, are the
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Many developing countries rely on foreign aid for basic nutrition, and transport of aid becomes significantly more difficult in times of war. In most situations, the average weight of a population will drop substantially. Expectant mothers are affected even more by a lack of access to food and water.
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are associated with an increased mortality rate, including infant mortality. Air pollution is consistently associated with postnatal mortality due to respiratory effects and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Specifically, air pollution is highly associated with SIDS in the United States during the
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It was in the early 1900s when countries around the world started to notice that there was a need for better child health care services; first in Europe, and then with the United States creating a campaign to decrease the infant mortality rate. With this program, they were able to lower the IMR from
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Several peer-reviewed articles have documented a difference in the levels of care a black patient receives regardless of whether they have insurance. For white women IMR drops after age 20, and remains the same until she is in her 40s; for black women IMR does not decrease when accounting for higher
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While the popular argument is that due to the trend of black women being of a lower socio-economic status there is in an increased likelihood of a child suffering, and while this does correlate, the theory is not congruent with the data on Latino IMR in the United States. Latino people are almost as
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It is also argued that the bureaucratic separation of vital death recording from cultural death rituals is to blame for the inaccuracy of the infant mortality rate (IMR). Vital death registries often fail to recognize the cultural implications and importance of infant deaths. These systems can be an
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In certain rural developing areas, such as northeastern Brazil, infant births are often not recorded, resulting in the discrepancies between the infant mortality rate (IMR) and the actual number of infant deaths. Access to vital registry systems for infant births and deaths is an extremely difficult
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and specific reporting practices, there are often inaccuracies in the statistics, particularly in rural communities in developing countries. In those communities, some other alternative methods for calculating infant mortality rate are used, for example, popular death reporting and household survey.
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There have been several instances in recent years of systematic rape as a weapon of war. People who become pregnant as a result of war rape face even more significant challenges in bearing a healthy child. Studies suggest that people who experience sexual violence before or during pregnancy are more
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2018 involved children younger than 3 years, and children younger than 1 year accounted for half (49.4%) of all fatalities. In particular, correctly identifying deaths due to neglect is problematic, and children with sudden, unexpected deaths or deaths from apparently unintentional causes often have
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It is important to note that infant mortality rates do not decline among
African Americans if their socio-economic status improves. Parker Dominguez at the University of Southern California has made some headway in determining the reasons behind this, claiming black women in the US are more prone to
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The infant mortality rate is one measure of a nation's health and social conditions. Its causes are a composite of a number rates that each have their own separate relationships with each other and with various other social factors. As such, IMR can often be seen as an indicator to measure the level
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Congenital malformations are present at birth and include conditions such as cleft lip and palate, Down
Syndrome, and heart defects. Some congenital malformations may be more likely when the mother consumes alcohol, but they can also be caused by genetics or unknown factors. Congenital malformations
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In the United States, approximately 3,500 infant deaths are sleep-related, a category that includes SIDS. To reduce sleep-related infant deaths, the
American Academy of Pediatrics recommends providing infants with safe-sleeping environments, breastfeeding, and immunizing according to the recommended
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Between 1990 and 2010 prematurity was the second leading cause of worldwide mortality for neonates and children under the age of five. The overall PTB mortality rate in 2010 was 11.1% (15 million deaths) worldwide and was highest in low to middle-income countries in sub-Saharan Africa and south Asia
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of milk also helped the United States combat infant mortality in the early 1900s, as it helped curb disease in infants. These factors, on top of a general increase in the standard of living in urban areas, helped the United States make dramatic improvements to their rates of infant mortality in the
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is one of the leading causes of death of infants under the age of one, early labor is a legitimate concern. The idea of stress as a factor in IMR spans socio-economic status as Parker
Dominguez says that for lower-class women stress comes from an unstable family life and chronic worry over poverty,
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Until the 1990s, Russia and the Soviet Union did not count, either as a live birth or as an infant death, extremely premature infants that were born alive but failed to survive for at least seven days (infants born weighing less than 1,000 g, of less than 28 weeks gestational age, or less than
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The method of calculating IMR often varies widely between countries, as it is based on how they define a live birth and how many premature infants are born in the country. Depending on a nation's live birth criterion, vital registration system, and reporting practices, reporting may be inconsistent
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infants for the first 6 months of life, and continuing breastfeeding as other sources of food are introduced through the next 6 months of life (up to 1 year of age). Infants under 6 months of age who are exclusively breastfed have a lower risk of mortality compared to infants who are breastfed part
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and high rates of African American infant mortality. In synthesis of this research, it has been observed that "African American infant mortality remains elevated due to the social arrangements that exist between groups and the lifelong experiences responding to the resultant power dynamics of these
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Causes of infant mortality, or direct causes of death, differ from contributions to the IMR, as contributing factors raise the risk of death, but do not directly cause death. Environmental and social barriers that prevent access to basic medical resources contribute to an increased infant mortality
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While earlier parts of this article have addressed racial differences in the infant death rate, a closer look into the effects of racial differences within the country is necessary to view discrepancies. Non-Hispanic Black women have the highest infant mortality rate with a rate of 11.3, while the
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and neonatal care are relatively high in the United States. A conventional birth averages US$ 9,775 with a C-section costing US$ 15,041. Preterm births in the US have been estimated to cost $ 51,600 per child, with a total yearly cost of $ 26.2 billion. Despite this spending, several reports state
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Another seemingly paradoxical finding is that when countries with poor medical services introduce new medical centers and services, instead of declining, the reported IMRs often increase for a time. This is mainly because improvement in access to medical care is often accompanied by improvement in
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UNICEF compiles infant mortality country estimates derived from all sources and methods of estimation obtained either from standard reports, direct estimation from micro data sets, or from UNICEF's yearly exercise. In order to sort out differences between estimates produced from different sources,
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results in increased rates of infant mortality. A reduction in household income reduces the amount being spent on food and healthcare, affecting the quality of life, and reduces access to medical services that ensure full development and survival. Likewise, increased household income translates to
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Historically, males have had higher infant mortality rates than females, with the difference being dependent on environmental, social, and economic conditions. More specifically, males are biologically more vulnerable to infections and conditions associated with prematurity and development. Before
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of developing nations. The dependency of developing nations can reduce the rate of economic growth, increase income inequality inter- and intra-nationally, and adversely affect the wellbeing of a nation's population. Collective cooperation between countries plays a role in development policies in
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in early childhood has an extreme impact over the course of a lifetime and is a significant contributor to infant mortality. Developing organs are fragile, when an infant is shaken, beaten, strangled, or raped, the impact is exponentially more destructive than when the same abuse occurs to a fully
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stated that "The lowest mortality rates occur among infants weighing 3,000 to 3,500 g (6.6 to 7.7 lb). For infants born weighing 2,500 g (5.5 lb) or less, the mortality rate rapidly increases with decreasing weight, and most of the infants weighing 1,000 g (2.2 lb) or
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In the United States, improving infant mortality in the early half of the 20th century meant tackling environmental factors. By improving sanitation, especially access to safe drinking water, the United States dramatically decreased infant mortality, which had been a growing concern in the United
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The vast majority of research conducted in the late twentieth and early twenty-first century indicates that African-American infants are more than twice as likely to die in their first year of life than white infants. Although a decline occurred from 13.63 deaths in 2005 to 11.46 deaths per 1,000
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Of the 27 most developed countries, the U.S. has the highest infant mortality rate, despite spending more on health care, per capita, than any other country. Significant racial and socio-economic differences in the United States affect the IMR, in contrast with other developed countries with more
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in 2019 found that the rate of infant mortality in England had increased with an additional 24 infant deaths per 100,000 live births per year. There was no significant change from the pre-existing trend in the most affluent areas, thus the rise disproportionately affected the poorest areas of the
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However, IMR was, and remains, higher in LDCs. In 2001, the IMR for 91 LDCs was about 10 times as large as it was for 8 MDCs. On average, for LDCs, the IMR is 17 times higher than that of MDCs. Also, while both LDCs and MDCs made significant reductions in IMR, the reduction rate has been lower in
1038:
To reduce infant mortality rates across the world, health practitioners, governments, and non-governmental organizations have worked to create institutions, programs, and policies to generate better health outcomes. Current efforts focus on the development of human resources, strengthening health
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Genetic components result in newborn females being at a biological advantage when it comes to surviving their first birthday, versus newborn males, who have lower chances of surviving infancy. As infant mortality rates decreased globally, the gender ratios changed from males being at a biological
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and were thus less likely to use prenatal care. Additionally, economic realities and long-held cultural factors incentivized male offspring, leading some families who already had sons to avoid prenatal care or professional delivery services, and causing China to have unusually high female infant
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In developing countries such as Brazil the deaths of impoverished infants are regularly not recorded into the countries vital registration system, which skews statistics. Culturally validity and contextual soundness can be used to ground the meaning of mortality from a statistical standpoint. In
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the registration of births and deaths. Deaths that might have occurred in a remote or rural area, and not been reported to the government, might now be reported by the new medical personnel or facilities. Thus, even if the new health services reduce the actual IMR, the reported IMR may increase.
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n 2006, more than 42,000 Americans died of secondhand smoke-attributable diseases, including more than 41,000 adults and nearly 900 infants. Fully 36% of the infants who died of low birth weight caused by exposure to maternal smoking in utero were black, as were 28% of those dying of respiratory
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Understanding the biological causes and predictors of PTB is important for identifying and preventing premature birth and infant mortality. While the exact mechanisms responsible for inducing premature birth are often unknown, many of the underlying risk factors are associated with inflammation.
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Tyan Parker Dominguez at the University of Southern California offers a theory to explain the disproportionally high IMR among black women in the United States. She says African American women experience stress at much higher rates than any other group in the country. Stress produces particular
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In the 1850s, the infant mortality rate in the United States was estimated at 216.8 per 1,000 white babies and 340.0 per 1,000 African American babies, but rates have significantly declined in modern times. This declining rate has been mainly due to modern improvements in basic health care and
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The country-to-country variation in child mortality rates is huge, and growing wider despite progress in decreasing the overall IMR. Among the world's roughly 200 nations, only Somalia showed no decrease in the under-5 mortality rate over the past two decades. In 2011 the global rate of under-5
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Levels of socioeconomic development and global integration are inversely related to a nation's infant mortality rate, meaning that as they increase, IMR decreases. A nation's internal impact is highly influenced by its position in the global economy, which has adverse effects on the survival of
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on issues like infant mortality. In contrast, non-democratic governments are more interested in corporate issues than in health issues. Democratic status affects the dependency a nation has on its economic state via exports, investments from multinational corporations, and international lending
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Compared with nonsmoking women having their first birth, women who smoked less than one pack of cigarettes per day had a 25% greater risk of mortality, and those who smoked one or more packs per day had a 56% greater risk. Among women having their second or higher birth, smokers experienced 30%
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on the African American community to see if it contributed to the high IMR in black children. Hearst claims that residential segregation contributes to the high rates because of the political, economic, and health implications it poses on black mothers regardless of their socioeconomic status.
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Political economic reasons have been seen to skew the infant mortality data in the past when governor Ceara devised his presidency campaign on reducing the infant mortality rate during his term in office. By using this new way of surveying, these instances can be minimized and removed, overall
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Infant mortality rate (IMR) is not only a statistic but also a reflection of socioeconomic development, as such it effectively represents the presence of medical services in a country. IMR is an effective resource for health departments making decisions on medical resource allocation, and also
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Some research argues that to end the high infant mortality rate of black children, the country needs to fix the social and societal issues that plague African Americans, such as institutional racism, mass incarceration, poverty, and health care disparities that are present amongst the African
1155:(FASD) or other alcohol related birth defects. Tobacco use during pregnancy has also been shown to significantly increase the risk of a preterm or low birth weight birth, both of which are leading causes of infant mortality. Pregnant women should consult with their doctors to best manage any
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showed that economic slowdowns reduce air pollution, which results in a lower infant mortality rate. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, the recession's impact on air quality was estimated to have saved around 1,300 US babies. It is only during deep recessions that infant mortality increases.
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35 cm in length, who that breathed, had a heartbeat, or exhibited voluntary muscle movement). Although such extremely premature infants typically accounted for only about 0.5% of all live-born children, their exclusion led to an estimated 22%β25% lower reported IMR. In some cases, too,
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Malnutrition or undernutrition is defined as inadequate intake of nourishment, such as proteins and vitamins, which adversely affects the growth, energy, and development of people all over the world. It is especially prevalent during pregnancy and in infants and children under 5 who live in
581:. In Africa, the number of stunted children has risen, while Asia has the most children under 5 suffering from wasting. Inadequate nutrients adversely affect physical and cognitive development, increasing susceptibility to severe health problems. Micronutrient deficiency has been linked to
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have used this research to lower the SIDS death rate by 50%. Though the exact cause is unknown, the "triple-risk model" presents three factors that together may contribute to SIDS: smoking while pregnant, the age of the infant, and stress from conditions such as prone sleeping,
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systems for global health as most neglect infant mortality rates among the poor. There remains a certain amount of unrecorded infant death in rural area as they either do not have the concept of reporting early infant death, or they do not know about the importance of the IMR.
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and public policy. Preterm birth is the leading cause of newborn deaths worldwide. Even though America has a higher survival rate for premature infants, the percentage of Americans who deliver prematurely is comparable to those in developing countries. Reasons for this include
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of 37 weeks, as opposed to full term birth at 40 weeks. This can be further sub-divided in various ways, one being: "mild preterm (32β36 weeks), very preterm (28β31 weeks) and extremely preterm (<28 weeks)". A lower gestational age increases the risk of infant mortality.
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is a commonly cited and overlooked issue. Black feminists have often been cited as the backbone of numerous Civil Rights events, but they feel overlooked when it comes to meaningful change that positively changes the lives of Black women specifically. During the June 2020
2102:, an effect observed in other health indicators, appears in the infant mortality rate, as well. Hispanic postpartum parents see an IMR comparable to non-Hispanic white postpartum parents, even with lower educational attainment and economic status. According to Mustillo's
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Contemporary research findings have demonstrated that nationwide racial disparities in infant mortality are linked to the experiences of the postpartum parent and that these disparities cannot be totally accounted for by socio-economic, behavioral or genetic factors. The
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northeast Brazil they have accomplished this standpoint while conducting an ethnographic study combined with an alternative method to survey infant mortality. These types of techniques can develop quality data that will lead to a better portrayal of the IMR of a region.
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Unplanned pregnancies and birth intervals of less than twenty-four months are known to correlate with low birth weights and delivery complications. Also, mothers who are already small in stature tend to deliver smaller than average babies, perpetuating a cycle of being
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account for 30% of childhood deaths; 95% of pneumonia cases occur in the developing world. Diarrhea is the second-largest cause of childhood mortality in the world, while malaria causes 11% of childhood deaths. Measles is the fifth-largest cause of childhood mortality.
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report SIDS to be the leading cause of death in infants aged one month to one year of life. Even though researchers are not sure what causes SIDS, they have found that putting babies to sleep on their backs, instead of their stomachs, lowers the risk. Campaigns like
140:
Infant mortality rate (IMR) is the number of deaths per 1,000 live births of children under one year of age. The rate for a given region is the number of children dying under one year of age, divided by the number of live births during the year, multiplied by 1,000.
1017:
and general undernutrition. In 55 developing countries 57% of reported pregnancies had birth spaces of less than three years, and 26% of less than two years. While only 20% of new parents report wanting another birth within two years, only 40% are taking steps like
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In the 20th century decreases in infant mortality around the world were linked to several common trends, including social programs, improved sanitation, improved access to healthcare, and improved education, as well as scientific advancements like the discovery of
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Strides have been made, however, to combat this epidemic. In Los Angeles County, health officials have partnered with non-profits around the city to help black women after the delivery of their child. One non-profit that has made a large impact on many lives is
2237:. Through this movement they were able to establish public health care and government agencies, which in turn made more sanitary and healthier environments for infants. Medical professionals helped further the cause for infant health by creating the field of
1008:
Birth spacing is the time between births. Births spaced at least three years apart are associated with the lowest rate of mortality. The longer the interval between births, the lower the risk of having complications at birth, or of infant, childhood, or
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Many other significant factors influence infant mortality rates in war-torn areas. Health care systems in developing countries in the midst of war often collapse, and obtaining basic medical supplies and care becomes increasingly difficult. During the
1140:, can help reduce the chances of birth defects, a leading cause of infant mortality. Many countries have instituted mandatory folic acid supplementation in their food supply, which has significantly reduced the occurrence of a birth defect known as
1494:
The inclusion or exclusion of high-risk neonates from the reported IMRs can cause problems in making comparisons. Many countries, including the United States, Sweden and Germany, count any birth exhibiting any sign of life as alive, no matter the
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in the health care industry can help reduce the IMR as more representation can tackle deep-rooted racial biases and stereotypes that exist towards African American women. Another attempt to reduce high IMR among black children is the use of
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are more prone to inadequate plumbing infrastructure and poorly maintained facilities. Climate and geography often play a role in sanitation conditions. For example, the inaccessibility of clean water exacerbates poor sanitation conditions.
629:. These bacteria can also move up the vaginal canal into the amniotic sac surrounding the baby causing in utero transmission. Maternal blood-borne infection is another route of bacterial infection. Neonatal infection is more likely with the
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or understated. The reported IMR provides one statistic which reflects the standard of living in each nation. Changes in the infant mortality rate "reflect enduring social and technical capacities that become attached to a population". The
112:
In 1990, 8.8 million infants younger than one-year-old died globally out of 12.6 million child deaths under the age of five. More than 60% of the deaths of children under-five are seen as avoidable with low-cost measures such as continuous
717:. Carbon monoxide is a colorless, odorless gas that can kill, and is especially dangerous to infants because of their immature respiratory systems. Another major pollutant that can have detrimental effects on a fetus is second-hand smoke.
924:. In most cases, war-affected areas will experience a significant increase in infant mortality rates. Having a war take place when planning pregnancy is not only stressful on the mother and fetus but also has several detrimental effects.
773:
developed body. Studies estimate that 1β2 per 100,000 U.S. children are fatally injured annually, and it is reasonable to assume that these statistics underrepresent actual mortality. Almost three-quarters (70.6%) of child fatalities in
828:
were also apparent. African-American mothers experience infant mortality at a rate 44% higher than average; however, research indicates that socio-economic factors do not totally account for the racial disparities in infant mortality.
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psychological stress than women of other races. Stress is a leading factor in the start of labor, and therefore, high levels of stress during pregnancy could lead to premature births that have the potential to be fatal for the infant.
263:
Infant mortality caused by premature birth is mainly attributed to developmental immaturity, which impacts multiple organ systems in the infant's body. The main body systems affected include the respiratory system, which may result in
366:, overheating, and covering of the face or head. In the early 1990s, it was argued that immunizations could contribute to an increased risk of SIDS; however, more recent support the idea that vaccinations reduce the risk of SIDS.
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By 1984, the United States' decreasing infant mortality slowed. Funding for the federally subsidized Medicaid and Maternal and Infant Care programs was reduced, and availability of prenatal care decreased for low-income parents.
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was consistently 2% higher than other regions in the US across a 20-year period starting in 1985. Southern states also tend to perform worse on predictors for higher infant mortality, such as per capita income and poverty rate.
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habits have a positive impact on health, especially for developing children. Educational attainment and public health campaigns provide the knowledge and means to practice better habits and lead to lower infant mortality rates.
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Studies have also shown that high IMR is due to the inadequate care that pregnant African Americans receive compared to other women in the country. In another study, it was shown that Black patients were more likely to receive
815:
is a major factor in infant mortality, both historically and today. Between 1912 and 1915, the Children's Bureau in the United States examined data across eight cities and nearly 23,000 live births. They discovered that lower
332:
are accurate predictors of premature birth at over 24 weeks of gestation but have poor predictive values before then. Additionally, understanding the risks associated with different gestational ages is a helpful determiner of
491:(which increases the risk of multiple births), obesity, and diabetes. Also, pregnant people who do not have access to health care are less likely to visit a doctor, therefore increasing their risk of delivering prematurely.
603:
measures used to lower levels of iron deficiency anemia include added iodine to salt or drinking water and including vitamin A and multivitamin supplements in the diet. A deficiency of this vitamin causes certain types of
157:
is death occurring within 28 days postpartum. Neonatal death is often attributed to inadequate access to basic medical care, during pregnancy and after delivery. This accounts for 40β60% of infant mortality in developing
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in Inglewood. The non-profit centers around helping women deal with stress by forming support networks, keeping an open dialogue around race and family life, and also finding these women a secure place in the workforce.
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protests, many black feminists criticized the movement for excluding them. When examined through this lens, the increased rates of IMR of African American women becomes a matter of equity and an issue of social justice.
621:) are responsible for 25% of neonatal deaths worldwide. Newborns can acquire infections during birth from bacteria present in the birth canal, the person may not be aware of the infection, or they may have an untreated
570:, low body weight, and low birth weight accounting for about 2.2 million associated deaths. Socioeconomic and environmental factors contribute to malnutrition, as do gender, location, and cultural practices surrounding
2144:
Racism, economic disparities, and sexism in segregated communities are all examples of the daily stressors that pregnant black women face, and are risk factors for conditions that can affect their pregnancies such as
1059:), nutrition, and access to basic maternal and infant health services. Focused policies has the potential to aid those most at risk for infant and childhood mortality, including rural, poor, and migrant populations.
10350:
7000:
593:, poor brain development, and death. Malnutrition also decreases the immune system's ability to fight infections, resulting in higher rates of death from diseases such as malaria, respiratory disease, and diarrhea.
5723:
Rutstein SO (April 2005). "Effects of preceding birth intervals on neonatal, infant and under-five years mortality and nutritional status in developing countries: evidence from the demographic and health surveys".
1266:(SIDS) is the leading cause of infant mortality between 1 month and 1 year of age. Immunizations, when given in accordance to proper guidelines, have shown to reduce the risk of SIDS by 50%. For this reason, the
471:, maternal sickness during pregnancy, and unhygienic home environments. Birth weight and the length of gestation are the two most important predictors of an infant's chances of survival and their overall health.
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deaths was 51 deaths per 1,000 births. Singapore had the lowest rate at 2.6, while Sierra Leone had the highest at 185 child deaths per 1,000 births. In the U.S., the rate was 8 under-5 deaths per 1,000 births.
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in three US neighborhoods. By employing community-generated solutions, the Best Babies Zone's ultimate goal is to achieve health equity in communities that are disproportionately impacted by infant mortality.
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disadvantage to females facing a societal disadvantage. Some developing nations have social and cultural patterns that favor boys over girls for their future earning potential. A country's ethnic composition,
1304:
more access to nutrients and healthcare, reducing the risks associated with malnutrition and infant mortality. Moreover, increased aggregate household incomes will produce better health facilities, water and
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of life have been successful in providing cost-effective supplemental nutrition programs, as well as assisting young mothers in sanitation, hygiene and breastfeeding. Increased intake of nutrients and better
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1,000, and for the black population, 181.2 to 94.4 per 1,000 - studies imply that this has a direct correlation with relative economic conditions between these populations. Additionally, infant mortality in
565:
and are dependent on their parents to provide the necessary food and nutritional intake. It is estimated that about 3.5 million children die each year as a result of childhood or maternal malnutrition, with
351:
Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is defined as the sudden death of an infant less than one year of age with no cause detected after a thorough investigation. SIDS is more common in Western countries. The
1244:(DTapP < 7yrs). Each of these vaccinations are given at particular age ranges depending on the vaccination and are required to be done in a series of 1 to 3 doses over time depending on the vaccination.
260:, or developmental problems. Despite these risk factors, the underlying causes of premature infant death are often unknown, and approximately 65% of all cases are not associated with any known risk factor.
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Babies born in low- to middle-income countries in sub-Saharan Africa and southern Asia are at the highest risk of neonatal death. Bacterial infections of the bloodstream, lungs, and the brain's covering
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The growth of medical resources in the People's Republic of China's during the latter half of the 20th century partly explains its dramatic improvement regarding infant mortality during this time. The
2074:
is also more likely to be applied in the US to marginally viable infants, although such interventions have been found to increase both costs and disability. A study following the implementation of the
252:, and poor pregnancy weight gain." Medically induced preterm birth is often conducted when continuing pregnancy poses significant risks to the pregnant parent or fetus; the most common causes include
6276:
Sankar MJ, Sinha B, Chowdhury R, Bhandari N, Taneja S, Martines J, Bahl R (December 2015). "Optimal breastfeeding practices and infant and child mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis".
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less developed countries than among the more developed countries. Among many low- and middle-income countries, there is also substantial variation in infant mortality rate at a subnational level.
5767:
Farahani M, Subramanian SV, Canning D (June 2009). "The effect of changes in health sector resources on infant mortality in the short-run and the long-run: a longitudinal econometric analysis".
210:(sudden infant death syndrome). In North Carolina between 1980 and 1984, 37.5% of infant deaths were due to prematurity, congenital anomalies accounted for 17.4% and SIDS accounted for 12.9%.
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440:
240:
Based on distinct clinical presentations, there are three main subgroups of preterm births: those that occur due to spontaneous premature labor, those that occur due to spontaneous membrane (
824:
with higher infant mortality. In cases where the father had no income, the rate of infant mortality was 357% higher than that for the highest income earners ($ 1,250+). Differences between
334:
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with soap, can significantly reduce the rate of infant mortality from respiratory and diarrheal diseases. According to UNICEF, hand washing with soap before eating and after using the
865:. Developed countries, most notably the United States, have seen a divergence in IMR between those living in poverty who cannot afford medically advanced resources, and those who can.
2300:
1512:, infant deaths that occurred in the 12th month were "transferred" statistically to the 13th month (i.e., the second year of life), and thus no longer classified as an infant death.
10336:
7847:
Partridge JC, Sendowski MD, Martinez AM, Caughey AB (January 2012). "Resuscitation of likely nonviable infants: a cost-utility analysis after the Born-Alive Infant Protection Act".
8202:"The influence of implicit bias on treatment recommendations for 4 common pediatric conditions: pain, urinary tract infection, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and asthma"
2172:
education, nor change based on age, suggesting that there is a racial element. There is another element that must be considered: the effect of the intersection of race and gender.
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are not prone to the higher IMR experienced by American-born black women. Arline Geronimus, a professor at the University of Michigan School of Public Health calls the phenomenon "
1013:. Conception less than six months after a birth, abortion, or miscarriage is associated with higher rates of preterm births and low birth weight, and also increases the chances of
300:
Approximately "80% of preterm births that occur at <1,000 g or at <28 to 30 weeks of gestation" have been associated with inflammation. Biomarkers of inflammation, including
2089:
Data indicating the IMR disparity between infants non-Hispanic black postpartum parent's and infants of white or Hispanic postpartum parents in the United States from 2000 to 2010
3405:"National, regional, and worldwide estimates of preterm birth rates in the year 2010 with time trends since 1990 for selected countries: a systematic analysis and implications"
8702:
Jacobowitz S, Grossman M (2017). "Variations in Infant Mortality Rates among Counties of the United States: The Roles of Public Policies and Programs". In Grossman M (ed.).
4123:
2279:
In the latter half of the 20th century, a focus on greater access to medical care for women spurred declines in infant mortality in the United States. The implementation of
2041:, compared with 7.7% of births being low birth weights for non-smokers. Overall, babies born with low birth weight increased to 8.1% between 2003 and 2004. According to the
781:
There is a direct relationship between the age at which maltreatment or injury occurs and the risk of death. The younger an infant is, the more dangerous the maltreatment.
2283:, granting wider access to healthcare, contributed to a dramatic decrease in infant mortality, as did greater access to legal abortion and family-planning care, such the
1047:
Reductions in infant mortality are possible at any stage of a country's development. Rate reductions are evidence that a country is advancing in human knowledge, social
4194:
8420:
8253:
6882:
6176:
2936:
Alijanzadeh, Mehran; Asefzadeh, Saeed; Moosaniaye Zare, Seyed Ali (2016-02-05). "Correlation Between Human Development Index and Infant Mortality Rate Worldwide".
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353:
161:
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to avoid complications to both their health as well as the fetus's. Obese people are at an increased risk of developing complications during pregnancy, including
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information systems, health service delivery, etc. Improvements in such areas aim to increase regional health systems and aid efforts to reduce mortality rates.
561:
developing countries within the poorer regions of Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Children are especially vulnerable as they have yet to fully develop a strong
2078:
found universal resuscitation of infants born between 20 and 23 weeks increased the neonatal spending burden by $ 313.3 million while simultaneously decreasing
5927:
2103:
164:
is the death of children aged 29 days to one year. The major contributors to postneonatal death are malnutrition, infectious disease, pregnancy complications,
7423:"National, regional, and global levels and trends in neonatal mortality between 1990 and 2017, with scenario-based projections to 2030: a systematic analysis"
3759:"Infant sleep position and risk for sudden infant death syndrome: report of meeting held January 13 and 14, 1994, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD"
1440:
Austria, Denmark, England and Wales, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Northern Ireland, Portugal, Scotland, Slovak Republic, Spain, Sweden, United States
7527:
3631:
Behrman, Richard E.; Butler, Adrienne Stith; Outcomes, Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Understanding Premature Birth and Assuring Healthy (2007).
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Behrman, Richard E.; Butler, Adrienne Stith; Outcomes, Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Understanding Premature Birth and Assuring Healthy (2007).
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In certain parts of the US, specific programs aim to reduce levels of infant mortality. One such program is the "Best Babies Zone" (BBZ), based at the
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6913:
5639:
701:
The burning of inefficient fuels doubles the rate of acute respiratory tract infections in children under 5 years old. People who live in areas where
11953:
5054:
Leventhal JM, Garber RB, Brady CA (March 1989). "Identification during the postpartum period of infants who are at high risk of child maltreatment".
2979:
1136:
check-ups will help improve the baby's chances of being delivered in safer conditions and surviving. Additionally, taking supplementation, including
843:
While infant mortality is normally negatively correlated with GDP, there may be some beneficial short-term effects from a recession. A 2009 study in
2913:
2742:
2229:
100 deaths to 10 deaths per every 1,000 births. When infant mortality began being noticed as a national problem it was viewed a social problem, and
1382:
Another challenge in comparing infant mortality rates is the practice of counting frail or premature infants who die before the normal due date as
8366:
6438:
1062:
Reducing the chances of babies being born at low birth weights and contracting pneumonia can be accomplished by improving air quality. Improving
7604:
8348:
6853:
5241:
Fuse K, Crenshaw EM (January 2006). "Gender imbalance in infant mortality: a cross-national study of social structure and female infanticide".
5150:
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4014:
Institute of Medicine (US) Immunization Safety Review Committee; Stratton, K.; Almario, D. A.; Wizemann, T. M.; McCormick, M. C. (2003-10-28).
1838:, the world IMR declined from 126 in 1960 to 57 in 2001. The global neonatal mortality rate, NMR, decreased from 36.6 in 1990 to 18.0 in 2017.
1171:
Appropriate nutrition for newborns and infants can help keep them healthy, and can help avoid health complications during early childhood. The
4765:
3895:
3138:
Bishai D, Opuni M, Poon A (March 2007). "Does the level of infant mortality affect the rate of decline? Time series data from 21 countries".
2334:
837:
7932:"Self-reported experiences of racial discrimination and Black-White differences in preterm and low-birthweight deliveries: the CARDIA Study"
7756:"Neonatal mortality levels for 193 countries in 2009 with trends since 1990: a systematic analysis of progress, projections, and priorities"
4151:
10724:
9961:
2262:
States since the 1850s. During this time the United States also endeavored to increase education and awareness regarding infant mortality.
6235:
Eidelman, Arthur I.; Schanler, Richard J.; Johnston, Margreete; Landers, Susan; Noble, Larry; Szucs, Kinga; Viehmann, Laura (March 2012).
1151:
Abstinence from alcohol can also decrease the chances of harm to the fetus as drinking any amount of alcohol during pregnancy may lead to
10739:
10729:
5507:
Jejeebhoy SJ (September 1998). "Associations between wife-beating and fetal and infant death: impressions from a survey in rural India".
3804:
Vennemann MM, HΓΆffgen M, Bajanowski T, Hense HW, Mitchell EA (June 2007). "Do immunisations reduce the risk for SIDS? A meta-analysis".
1259:
strains. This reduction was even greater for children under 2 years of age with studies finding an 81% reduction in those same strains.
53:
In 2013, the leading cause of infant mortality in the United States was birth defects. Other leading causes of infant mortality include
12003:
10277:
6654:
Haddad L, Alderman H, Appleton S, Song L, Yohannes Y (2003-06-01). "Reducing Child Malnutrition: How Far Does Income Growth Take Us?".
5317:"Assessing the impact of rising child poverty on the unprecedented rise in infant mortality in England, 2000-2017: time trend analysis"
4049:
2329:
1652:
1271:
1189:
6777:
932:
in the 1990s, Bosnia experienced a 60% decrease in child immunizations. Preventable diseases can quickly become epidemics during war.
4326:
2310:, adopted in the 1980s, negatively impacted its infant mortality. Women carrying unapproved pregnancies faced state consequences and
2094:
live births in 2010, non-Hispanic black parents continued to report a rate 2.2 times as high as that for non-Hispanic white parents.
8049:
6376:
4899:
Palusci VJ, Covington TM (January 2014). "Child maltreatment deaths in the U.S. National Child Death Review Case Reporting System".
1255:
reports studies done in 2004 had shown a 57% decline in invasive penicillin resistant strains of the disease and a 59% reduction in
5844:
3848:"SIDS and Other Sleep-Related Infant Deaths: Evidence Base for 2016 Updated Recommendations for a Safe Infant Sleeping Environment"
2053:
that infant mortality rate in the United States is significantly higher than in other developed nations. Estimates vary; the CIA's
7179:
MacDorman MF, Mathews TJ (2010). "Behind international rankings of infant mortality: how the United States compares with Europe".
4586:
Gortmaker SL, Wise PH (1997). "The first injustice: socioeconomic disparities, health services technology, and infant mortality".
4134:
1192:(CDC) defines infants as those 1 month of age to 1 year of age. For these infants, the CDC recommends the following vaccinations:
120:
The child mortality rate (not the infant mortality rate) was an indicator used to monitor progress towards the Fourth Goal of the
12036:
12008:
11048:
9293:
8174:
4478:
4250:
2085:
1536:
681:
is a better indicator of infant mortality than health expenditures per capita. Water contaminated by animal waste houses various
8081:
5802:
Curtis V, Cairncross S (May 2003). "Effect of washing hands with soap on diarrhoea risk in the community: a systematic review".
4834:
1247:
The efficacy of these vaccinations can be seen immediately following their introduction to society. Following the advent of the
12013:
11329:
10719:
6085:"The association of mild, moderate, and binge prenatal alcohol exposure and child neuropsychological outcomes: a meta-analysis"
4865:
1590:
7713:
7392:
7113:
4502:"Risk of early-onset neonatal infection with maternal infection or colonization: a global systematic review and meta-analysis"
12071:
11978:
9354:
9318:
8574:
8457:
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7311:
6350:
4563:
4185:
4035:
3686:
Duncan JR, Byard RW, Duncan JR, Byard RW (2018). "Sudden Infant Death Syndrome: An Overview". In Duncan JR, Byard RW (eds.).
3459:
2070:
in similarly developed nations like Japan, Sweden, Norway, Ireland, the Netherlands, and France, thereby reducing their IMR.
2024:
1906 headline imploring parents to attend to the cleanliness of their infants, and to expose them to the "clean air" outdoors
1845:
As the lowest rate, in Monaco, is 1.80, and the highest IMR, in Afghanistan, is 121.63, a factor of about 67 separates them.
1562:
1411:
8845:
Song S, Burgard SA (September 2011). "Dynamics of inequality: mother's education and infant mortality in China, 1970-2001".
2914:"Global, regional and national trends in under-5 mortality between 1990 and 2019 with scenario-based projections until 2030"
1282:
It has been well documented that increased education among mothers, communities, and local health workers results in better
12061:
10622:
9288:
7656:
4936:"What types of unintentional injuries kill our children? Do infants die of the same types of injuries? A systematic review"
1410:
formulates global health strategies and helps evaluate their success. The use of IMR helps solve the inadequacies of other
269:
7732:
2220:
depicts the death of Bathsheba's first child with David, who lamented, "I shall go to him, but he will not return to me" (
2059:
ranks the US 55th internationally in 2014, with a rate of 6.17, while the UN figures from 2005 to 2010 place the US 34th.
936:
During the Yugoslav Wars in Bosnia, the number of premature babies born increased and the average birth weight decreased.
12018:
11582:
11170:
9590:
789:
462:
8794:
Liu X, Cao H (1992). "China's Cooperative Medical System: its historical transformations and the trend of development".
6889:
6883:"Demographic Statistics: Definitions and Methods of Collection in 31 European Countries (by European Communities, 2003)"
2139:
Mary O. Hearst, a professor in the Department of Public Health at Saint Catherine University, researched the effects of
1569:
1180:
of the time or not at all. For this reason, breast feeding is favored over formula feeding by healthcare professionals.
1163:
or pre-eclampsia. Additionally, they are more likely to experience a pre-term birth or have a child with birth defects.
11086:
10627:
9323:
3109:
1112:
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for organic water pollution could reduce cases of diarrhea in children by up to 48%. Improvements in food supplies and
630:
8475:"The early history of the infant mortality rate in America: "A reflection upon the past and a prophecy of the future""
5040:
4013:
2233:
American women with an educational background started to create a movement to provide housing for families of a lower
12076:
11602:
11185:
10405:
9298:
8719:
7886:"QuickStats: Infant Mortality Rates,* by Race and Hispanic Ethnicity of Mother β United States, 2000, 2005, and 2010"
6414:
6126:"Short and long term health effects of parental tobacco smoking during pregnancy and lactation: a descriptive review"
3695:
3037:
2075:
2020:
1339:, and is among the best predictors thereof. IMR is therefore also a useful indicator of a country's level of health (
8367:"Hidden in plain sight? Black female activists feel left out of BLM movement. | Milwaukee Neighborhood News Service"
7232:
Anderson BA, Silver BD (1986). "Infant Mortality in the Soviet Union: Regional Differences and Measurement Issues".
7019:
6044:"Effect of women's nutrition before and during early pregnancy on maternal and infant outcomes: a systematic review"
3973:
van der Linde D, Konings EE, Slager MA, Witsenburg M, Helbing WA, Takkenberg JJ, Roos-Hesselink JW (November 2011).
10948:
10923:
10714:
8278:
7624:
5992:"Global Birth Prevalence of Spina Bifida by Folic Acid Fortification Status: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"
3233:
Osel JD (2008). "Being (Born) Black in America: Perceived Discrimination & African-American Infant Mortality".
1509:
1469:
All live births for civil registration, births at 500 grams birthweight or more for the national perinatal register
1082:
952:
In the United States cultural influences and lifestyle habits can account for some infant deaths. Examples include
8417:
Duke University's Samuel DuBois Cook Center on Social Equity and Insight Center for Community Economic Development
7135:
5472:
Emenike E, Lawoko S, Dalal K (March 2008). "Intimate partner violence and reproductive health of women in Kenya".
5193:"Dependency, democracy, and infant mortality: a quantitative, cross-national analysis of less developed countries"
4210:"The worldwide magnitude of protein-energy malnutrition: an overview from the WHO Global Database on Child Growth"
2460:
1576:
1359:. In other countries, the Czech Republic and Bulgaria, for instance, requirements for live birth are even higher.
11719:
11347:
11324:
11015:
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10533:
10328:
9826:
9278:
8968:
1152:
825:
5165:
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only includes deaths between the fetal viability (22 weeks gestation) and the end of the 7th day after delivery.
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can greatly affect the accuracy of its infant mortality statistics. This point is reinforced by the demographer
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air pollution is higher tend to have more health problems regardless of age. The short and long-term effects of
12174:
11993:
11943:
11755:
11652:
11413:
11314:
11227:
7535:
5951:
Otundo Richard M (2019). "WHO Recommendations on Antenatal Care for a Positive Pregnancy Experience in Kenya".
4810:
2847:
1547:
1344:
1267:
1248:
1205:
1172:
989:, can explain social attitudes and practices. Heterogeneous levels are a strong predictor of infant mortality.
34:
before the infant's first birthday. The occurrence of infant mortality in a population can be described by the
8304:
7557:
6811:
6351:"CDC Recommended Child and Adolescent Immunization Schedule for ages 18 years or younger, United States, 2020"
2435:
In 1990, the Baltic states moved to the WHO standard definition; in 1993 Russia also moved to this definition.
2062:
Differences in measurement could play a substantial role in the disparity between the US and other nations. A
800:
586:
12186:
11826:
11597:
10707:
9374:
9052:
6329:
5610:
Nations MK, Amaral ML (1991). "Flesh, Blood, Souls, and Households: Cultural Validity in Mortality Inquiry".
5433:"Violence against women increases the risk of infant and child mortality: a case-referent study in Nicaragua"
3648:
Goldenberg RL, Goepfert AR, Ramsey PS (May 2005). "Biochemical markers for the prediction of preterm birth".
3062:"New evidence on birth spacing: promising findings for improving newborn, infant, child, and maternal health"
2217:
1558:
1340:
129:
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6464:"Women's education, infant and child mortality, and fertility decline in rural and urban sub-Saharan Africa"
722:
distress syndrome, 25% dying of other respiratory conditions, and 24% dying of sudden infant death syndrome.
11691:
11418:
10943:
10866:
10684:
10632:
9852:
9396:
9303:
9270:
6921:
5368:
2561:
2071:
626:
402:
346:
121:
10443:
7302:
Ksenofontova NY (1994). "Trends in infant mortality in the USSR". In Lutz W, Scherbov S, Volkov A (eds.).
6503:
Mugeni C, Levine AC, Munyaneza RM, Mulindahabi E, Cockrell HC, Glavis-Bloom J, et al. (August 2014).
2750:
1078:
have been shown to work for the most vulnerable populations in the US, including among African Americans.
154:
11838:
11731:
11642:
11455:
11443:
11352:
11041:
10933:
10838:
10775:
9308:
7981:"Psychosocial factors and preterm birth among African American and White women in central North Carolina"
1477:
Live births at 22 weeks of gestation or more, 500 grams birthweight or more if gestational age is unknown
1453:
Live births at 500 grams birthweight or more, and less than 500 grams if the infant survives for 24 hours
1056:
1002:
748:
Modern research in the United States into racial disparities in infant mortality suggests a link between
637:
622:
406:
405:, malnutrition, congenital malformations, infectious diseases, and low income for health care, including
3257:"Infant mortality: a practical approach to the analysis of the leading causes of death and risk factors"
2221:
401:
Causes of infant mortality and deaths that are related to medical conditions include: low birth weight,
42:), which is the number of deaths of infants under one year of age per 1,000 live births. Similarly, the
11908:
11833:
11738:
11274:
10780:
10770:
10661:
10656:
5990:
Atta CA, Fiest KM, Frolkis AD, Jette N, Pringsheim T, St Germaine-Smith C, et al. (January 2016).
4274:
Martins VJ, Toledo FlorΓͺncio TM, Grillo LP, do Carmo P, Franco M, Martins PA, et al. (June 2011).
2079:
784:
Family configuration, child gender, social isolation, lack of support, maternal youth, marital status,
500:
273:
8567:
Save the babies : American public health reform and the prevention of infant mortality, 1850-1929
12208:
12030:
12025:
11893:
11592:
11299:
11257:
11221:
11128:
10810:
10519:
10515:
10475:
9675:
9545:
6594:
6177:"Risks associated with obesity in pregnancy, for the mother and baby: a systematic review of reviews"
5278:"The health of nations in a global context: trade, global stratification, and infant mortality rates"
4429:"Factors affecting malnutrition in children and the uptake of interventions to prevent the condition"
2871:
2485:
1627:
The bureaucratic separation of vital death reporting and cultural death rituals stems, in part, from
1352:
1252:
6861:
4362:
574:. It is difficult to assess the most pressing factor as they can intertwine and vary among regions.
11868:
11567:
11279:
11175:
10876:
10797:
4773:
4485:. ]National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Archived from
2212:
2034:
2012:, as a result of sustained reductions in the welfare benefits available to families with children.
1922:
1823:
749:
412:
The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that infants need multiple doses of vaccines such as
82:
6505:"Nationwide implementation of integrated community case management of childhood illness in Rwanda"
4327:"Factors Affecting Prevalence of Malnutrition Among Children Under Three Years Of Age In Botswana"
3903:
2685:"Environmental and socio-economic determinants of infant mortality in Poland: an ecological study"
151:
is late fetal death (22 weeks gestation to birth) or death of a newborn up to one week postpartum.
12139:
12066:
11898:
10972:
10938:
10543:
10463:
10453:
10400:
10153:
10148:
10076:
9998:
9283:
8512:
Hargraves M, Thomas RW (November 1993). "Infant mortality: its history and social construction".
4873:. Washington, DC: Children's Bureau, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Archived from
4159:
3847:
2004:
1132:
Certain steps can help to reduce the chance of complications during pregnancy. Attending regular
873:
387:
378:
and recommend avoiding exposure to smoke, alcohol, and illicit drugs during and after pregnancy.
86:
8659:
Menifield CE, Dawson J (2008). "Infant mortality in southern states: a bureaucratic nightmare".
7754:
Oestergaard MZ, Inoue M, Yoshida S, Mahanani WR, Gore FM, Cousens S, et al. (August 2011).
1148:, has helped reduce negative birth outcomes associated with low iodine levels during pregnancy.
1055:. Governments can reduce mortality rates by addressing the combined need for education (such as
857:
Social class dictates which medical services are available to an individual. Disparities due to
832:
778:
preventable risk factors that are substantially similar to those in families with maltreatment.
443:
concluded that there is no relationship between these vaccines and the risk of SIDS in infants.
12218:
12162:
12134:
11913:
11637:
11123:
11034:
10853:
10671:
10580:
10563:
10188:
10081:
9821:
9727:
9692:
9313:
9124:
9040:
7470:
Burstein R, Henry NJ, Collison ML, Marczak LB, Sligar A, Watson S, et al. (October 2019).
6554:"Adolescent Rights and the "First 1,000 days" Global Nutrition Movement: A View from Guatemala"
3975:"Birth prevalence of congenital heart disease worldwide: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
2272:
1324:
1201:
1156:
905:
765:
582:
488:
281:
8330:"Racism and sexism against Black women may contribute to high rates of Black infant mortality"
7378:
6736:
6124:
Banderali G, Martelli A, Landi M, Moretti F, Betti F, Radaelli G, et al. (October 2015).
5315:
Taylor-Robinson D, Lai ET, Wickham S, Rose T, Norman P, Bambra C, et al. (October 2019).
5128:
4788:
3758:
3238:
2128:
while for middle-class women, battling racism, real or perceived, can be an extreme stressor.
1583:
1093:
can save children's lives by reducing deaths from diarrhea and acute respiratory infections.
12119:
11903:
11438:
11339:
11232:
11081:
10787:
10495:
10071:
9993:
9806:
9702:
9638:
9603:
9241:
9047:
9015:
5094:"Inequality and infant and childhood mortality in the United States in the twentieth century"
3403:
Blencowe H, Cousens S, Oestergaard MZ, Chou D, Moller AB, Narwal R, et al. (June 2012).
2973:
2133:
1508:
hospitals or regional health departments were held accountable for lowering the IMR in their
1424:
Requirements for reporting a live birth, United States and selected European countries, 2004
921:
868:
Developing nations with democratic governments tend to be more responsive to public opinion,
436:
289:
6781:
1316:
768:
includes physical, sexual, and psychological abuse of a child from birth to five years old.
590:
12094:
11878:
11743:
11709:
11657:
11482:
11477:
11423:
11379:
11269:
11207:
11096:
11091:
10825:
10815:
10617:
10573:
10183:
10036:
9925:
9887:
9877:
9643:
9010:
8896:
Lai D (2005). "Sex Ratio at Birth and Infant Mortality Rate in China: An Empirical Study".
8752:
8605:(Report). Vol. 48. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1999. pp. 849β858.
7483:
5881:
5674:
3926:"Infant mortality and congenital anomalies from 1950 to 1994: an international perspective"
2696:
2196:
1256:
1160:
1116:
694:
510:
432:
371:
265:
8474:
7679:
6384:
5640:"Ghana: A grant meant to curb infant mortality focuses on getting mothers to the hospital"
5166:"Aggregate Economic Shocks and Infant Mortality: New Evidence for Middle-Income Countries"
2659:
2510:
1543:
8:
12213:
12104:
12099:
11873:
11672:
11662:
11497:
11106:
11010:
10993:
10843:
10699:
10609:
10243:
10108:
9408:
9149:
9129:
9109:
9072:
8961:
8598:
8107:
8057:
7979:
Dole N, Savitz DA, Siega-Riz AM, Hertz-Picciotto I, McMahon MJ, Buekens P (August 2004).
7885:
7609:
6750:
Anthopolos R, Becker CM (2010). "Global Infant Mortality: Correcting for Undercounting".
2360:
2284:
1827:
1628:
1391:
1356:
881:
children in developing countries. Countries can experience disproportionate effects from
805:
424:
249:
245:
148:
102:
8756:
7487:
5885:
5837:
5678:
2700:
577:
Children suffering from malnutrition can become underweight, and experience stunting or
11726:
11309:
11158:
10928:
10884:
10861:
10751:
10528:
10289:
10193:
10133:
10093:
10041:
9973:
9945:
9857:
9811:
9403:
9035:
9005:
8921:
8913:
8878:
8862:
8827:
8811:
8768:
8725:
8676:
8641:
8633:
8446:
8226:
8201:
8005:
7980:
7956:
7931:
7782:
7755:
7628:
7504:
7471:
7447:
7422:
7355:
7328:
7284:
7249:
7214:
7095:
6981:
6965:
6724:
6716:
6633:
6625:
6570:
6553:
6529:
6504:
6311:
6217:
6152:
6125:
6016:
5991:
5972:
5904:
5869:
5749:
5697:
5662:
5571:
5524:
5449:
5432:
5413:
5341:
5316:
5220:
5116:
5009:
4984:
4960:
4935:
4742:
4717:
4693:
4668:
4649:
4528:
4501:
4455:
4428:
4302:
4275:
4226:
4209:
4100:
4073:
3950:
3925:
3877:
3786:
3701:
3608:
3540:
3432:
3344:
3292:
3199:
3174:
3091:
2961:
2719:
2684:
2637:
2339:
2178:
2140:
2123:
hormones that can induce labor and contribute to other pregnancy problems. Considering
2055:
2049:
1363:
1071:
1067:
1010:
702:
505:
301:
62:
8764:
8525:
7438:
5815:
5067:
4486:
3706:
3420:
2823:
2511:"Infant Mortality Statistics from the 1999 Period: Linked Birth/Infant Death Data Set"
997:
11888:
11883:
11811:
11760:
11534:
11514:
11502:
11462:
11433:
11401:
11319:
11212:
11180:
11076:
10761:
10679:
10649:
10590:
10568:
10385:
10061:
10056:
9900:
9882:
9515:
9503:
8925:
8870:
8819:
8776:
8715:
8684:
8645:
8580:
8570:
8548:
8529:
8494:
8453:
8231:
8154:
8010:
7961:
7930:
Mustillo S, Krieger N, Gunderson EP, Sidney S, McCreath H, Kiefe CI (December 2004).
7864:
7829:
7787:
7694:
7636:
7579:
7509:
7452:
7360:
7307:
7206:
7087:
6973:
6732:
6681:
6575:
6534:
6485:
6420:
6410:
6377:"WHO | Vaccination greatly reduces disease, disability, death and inequity worldwide"
6303:
6258:
6221:
6209:
6157:
6106:
6065:
6060:
6043:
6021:
5976:
5964:
5909:
5819:
5784:
5741:
5702:
5532:
5489:
5485:
5454:
5405:
5401:
5346:
5297:
5258:
5212:
5124:
5120:
5071:
5014:
4965:
4951:
4916:
4747:
4698:
4653:
4603:
4559:
4533:
4460:
4409:
4307:
4231:
4105:
4041:
4031:
3996:
3955:
3869:
3821:
3790:
3778:
3711:
3691:
3665:
3600:
3532:
3524:
3465:
3455:
3424:
3382:
3336:
3331:
3314:
3284:
3276:
3234:
3204:
3155:
3083:
3033:
3029:
2953:
2724:
2683:
Genowska A, JamioΕkowski J, Szafraniec K, Stepaniak U, Szpak A, PajΔ
k A (July 2015).
2629:
2543:
2255:
1835:
1373:
uses a statistical methodology to account for reporting differences among countries:
1014:
953:
886:
484:
128:
for the year 2015. A reduction in child mortality was established as a target in the
8882:
7806:
7099:
6985:
6728:
6637:
6315:
5780:
5753:
5551:
5293:
5254:
5208:
4874:
3577:
Rubens CE, Sadovsky Y, Muglia L, Gravett MG, Lackritz E, Gravett C (November 2014).
3544:
3348:
3296:
3095:
2965:
2641:
12053:
11806:
11765:
11552:
11364:
11294:
11138:
10830:
10490:
10431:
10395:
10317:
10270:
10168:
9983:
9978:
9935:
9712:
9707:
9493:
9349:
9251:
9236:
9221:
9172:
9025:
8905:
8854:
8831:
8803:
8760:
8707:
8668:
8625:
8521:
8486:
8221:
8213:
8144:
8000:
7992:
7951:
7943:
7856:
7821:
7777:
7767:
7499:
7491:
7442:
7434:
7350:
7340:
7276:
7241:
7218:
7201:
7196:
7188:
7079:
6955:
6828:
6763:
6759:
6708:
6671:
6663:
6617:
6609:
6565:
6524:
6516:
6475:
6293:
6285:
6248:
6199:
6191:
6147:
6137:
6096:
6055:
6011:
6003:
5956:
5899:
5889:
5811:
5776:
5733:
5692:
5682:
5619:
5563:
5516:
5481:
5444:
5417:
5397:
5336:
5328:
5289:
5277:
5250:
5204:
5108:
5063:
5004:
4996:
4985:"Polygynous contexts, family structure, and infant mortality in sub-saharan Africa"
4955:
4947:
4908:
4737:
4729:
4688:
4680:
4641:
4595:
4523:
4513:
4450:
4440:
4399:
4297:
4287:
4221:
4095:
4085:
4021:
3986:
3945:
3937:
3881:
3859:
3813:
3770:
3657:
3612:
3590:
3516:
3416:
3374:
3326:
3268:
3194:
3186:
3147:
3073:
3025:
2945:
2714:
2704:
2619:
2533:
2525:
2307:
2099:
2038:
1658:
World historical and predicted infant mortality rates per 1,000 births (1950β2050)
1305:
1052:
890:
869:
769:
457:
452:
183:
10358:
7400:
5623:
5224:
3817:
3688:
SIDS Sudden infant and early childhood death: The past, the present and the future
3436:
12114:
11816:
11619:
11612:
11547:
11487:
11369:
11359:
11289:
11262:
11247:
11202:
11192:
11143:
10960:
10746:
10638:
10558:
10258:
10223:
10173:
10128:
10103:
9742:
9613:
9472:
9344:
9339:
9256:
9206:
9199:
9187:
9097:
8729:
7772:
7664:
7345:
5894:
4912:
4669:"Air pollution and postneonatal infant mortality in the United States, 1999-2002"
4645:
4632:
Jorgenson AK (2004). "Global inequality, water pollution, and infant mortality".
4599:
4518:
3595:
3578:
2380:
2165:
2124:
2063:
1632:
1496:
1395:
1328:
1287:
1283:
1145:
1019:
714:
678:
229:
90:
8305:"Urban or rural, black lives in NC are being cut short almost before they begin"
5332:
4718:"Does particulate air pollution contribute to infant death? A systematic review"
3579:"Prevention of preterm birth: harnessing science to address the global epidemic"
2608:"A population study of first and subsequent pregnancy smoking behaviors in Ohio"
198:
There are three main leading causes of infant mortality: conditions related to
11801:
11587:
11524:
11509:
11492:
11450:
11252:
11133:
10585:
10307:
10031:
9862:
9623:
9558:
9391:
9369:
9246:
9194:
8954:
8672:
8629:
7860:
7740:
7267:
Blum, Alain (1987). "Une nouvelle table de mortalitΓ© pour l'URSS (1984-1985)".
6805:"Bundesgesetz ΓΌber den Hebammenberuf (Federal law on the midwifery profession)"
5737:
5667:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
5192:
4770:
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
4090:
4017:
Immunization Safety Review: Vaccinations and Sudden Unexpected Death in Infancy
3991:
3974:
3661:
3632:
3487:
3378:
3078:
2402:
2263:
1241:
851:
567:
280:. Other body systems that fully develop at a later gestational age include the
257:
125:
54:
9764:
8909:
7495:
7045:
6480:
6463:
6142:
6083:
Flak AL, Su S, Bertrand J, Denny CH, Kesmodel US, Cogswell ME (January 2014).
5112:
5000:
4445:
3469:
3151:
2709:
1461:
Live births at 22 weeks of gestation or more, or 500 grams birthweight or more
12202:
12109:
11988:
11796:
11770:
11647:
11607:
11572:
11562:
11542:
11284:
11242:
11217:
11165:
11153:
11148:
11057:
10524:
10364:
10066:
10051:
10008:
9966:
9920:
9754:
9732:
9608:
9575:
9467:
9442:
8858:
8217:
7472:"Mapping 123 million neonatal, infant and child deaths between 2000 and 2017"
7160:
7046:
Health United States, 2008 with special feature on the health of young adults
6685:
6489:
6424:
6007:
5968:
3528:
3280:
2957:
2891:
2776:
2311:
2145:
2009:
1620:
data, "popular death reporters" refers to people who had inside knowledge of
1336:
1176:
1133:
986:
982:
929:
898:
885:
and stratification within the global system, which contributes to the global
858:
845:
706:
661:
600:
571:
562:
468:
428:
358:
285:
225:
219:
199:
114:
106:
8584:
7947:
6520:
6042:
Ramakrishnan U, Grant F, Goldenberg T, Zongrone A, Martorell R (July 2012).
5687:
296:. Poor development of these systems increases the risk of infant mortality.
12129:
11557:
11406:
11396:
11374:
11304:
11197:
11111:
10644:
10485:
10282:
10163:
10046:
9930:
9847:
9771:
9759:
9618:
9525:
9462:
9457:
9452:
9447:
9380:
9231:
9211:
9154:
9139:
9030:
8874:
8688:
8490:
8235:
8158:
8014:
7996:
7965:
7868:
7833:
7825:
7791:
7698:
7513:
7456:
7364:
7210:
6579:
6538:
6307:
6262:
6253:
6236:
6213:
6161:
6110:
6069:
6025:
5913:
5823:
5788:
5745:
5706:
5493:
5458:
5350:
5301:
5262:
5216:
5018:
4969:
4920:
4751:
4702:
4607:
4537:
4464:
4413:
4404:
4387:
4311:
4109:
4045:
4000:
3959:
3873:
3864:
3825:
3715:
3669:
3604:
3428:
3386:
3340:
3256:
3159:
3087:
2728:
2633:
2547:
2529:
2461:"Infant Mortality | Maternal and Infant Health | Reproductive Health | CDC"
2234:
2230:
2149:
1141:
1120:
1086:
1048:
812:
792:, and parenting practices are all thought to contribute to increased risk.
253:
241:
203:
98:
78:
8942:
Child and infant mortality estimates for all countries - website by UNICEF
8823:
8780:
8533:
8498:
7091:
7070:
Duc G (1995). "The crucial role of definition in perinatal epidemiology".
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5536:
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5075:
4716:
Glinianaia SV, Rankin J, Bell R, Pless-Mulloli T, Howel D (October 2004).
4292:
4235:
3941:
3782:
3774:
3536:
3520:
3504:
3489:
Prematurity at Birth: Determinants, Consequences, and Geographic Variation
3288:
3272:
3208:
3190:
1335:
The infant mortality rate correlates very strongly with the likelihood of
487:, an increase in pregnancy after the age of 35, an increase in the use of
12124:
11821:
11519:
11428:
11391:
10988:
10890:
10756:
10458:
10238:
10233:
10203:
10158:
10138:
10123:
10118:
10098:
10015:
9940:
9910:
9867:
9697:
9580:
9216:
9182:
9114:
9092:
9087:
9077:
8279:"For Serena Williams, Childbirth Was a Harrowing Ordeal. She's Not Alone"
8149:
8132:
8076:
8074:
7678:
Martin JA, Hamilton BE, Ventura SJ, Osterman MJ, Mathews TJ (June 2013).
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6613:
5960:
3365:
Harrison MS, Goldenberg RL (April 2016). "Global burden of prematurity".
2344:
1870:
1617:
1383:
1193:
1027:
821:
774:
417:
413:
363:
329:
309:
8917:
8866:
8772:
8680:
8599:
Achievements in Public Health, 1900 - 1999: Healthier Mothers and Babies
8133:"The effect of racial residential segregation on black infant mortality"
8029:"Infant Mortality Rate (Deaths per 1,000 Live Births) by Race/Ethnicity"
6720:
6629:
5093:
3558:
Klebanoff, M. A. (1998). "Conceptualizing categories of preterm birth".
3449:
3020:
Andrews KM, Brouillette DB, Brouillette RT (2008). "Mortality, Infant".
2624:
2607:
904:
Even with a strong economy and economic growth (measured by a country's
11750:
11472:
10998:
10955:
10896:
10734:
10208:
10178:
10143:
10113:
10086:
9988:
9816:
9776:
9628:
9585:
9563:
9530:
9226:
9144:
9102:
9082:
8992:
8815:
8637:
8554:(Report). Vol. 1. Washington, D.C.: United States Printing Office.
7558:"'Unprecedented' rise in infant mortality in England linked to poverty"
7288:
7253:
7083:
6969:
6676:
6101:
6084:
5575:
2949:
2682:
2349:
2251:
2238:
2173:
2067:
1830:(MDCs), declined significantly between 1960 and 2001. According to the
1387:
1292:
1233:
1217:
1101:
1075:
862:
657:
618:
596:
179:
94:
85:, term birth complications such as abnormal presentation of the fetus,
8711:
8616:
Woodbury RM (November 1936). "Infant Mortality in the United States".
8448:
Black Man in a White Coat: A Doctor's Reflections on Race and Medicine
8175:"Why America's Black Mothers and Babies Are in a Life-or-Death Crisis"
8071:
7192:
6621:
6595:"Aggregate Income Shocks and Infant Mortality in the Developing World"
6298:
6289:
6204:
6195:
5528:
4684:
2538:
1386:, or counting those who die during or immediately after childbirth as
1274:(CDC) both recommend immunizations in accordance to their guidelines.
1144:
in newborns. Similarly, the fortification of salt with iodine, called
636:
Seven out of ten childhood deaths are due to infectious diseases like
460:
makes up 60β80% of the infant mortality rate in developing countries.
11848:
11667:
11237:
11118:
10901:
10360:
10253:
10248:
10213:
10003:
9895:
9680:
9633:
9570:
9535:
9510:
9386:
9067:
9062:
8410:"Fighting at Birth: Eradicating the Black-White Infant Mortality Gap"
5661:
Drevenstedt GL, Crimmins EM, Vasunilashorn S, Finch CE (April 2008).
5660:
4867:
Child Abuse and Neglect Fatalities 2018: Statistics and Interventions
4733:
4273:
3732:
2324:
2161:
2157:
1948:
1213:
1197:
850:
According to Norbert Schady and Marc-François Smitz, recessions when
690:
686:
682:
653:
313:
58:
9831:
8807:
8349:"The Black Lives Matter movement does not exist without black women"
7280:
7245:
7001:"Child mortality falls more than 40 percent in the past two decades"
6960:
6943:
5870:"Primary care physicians and infant mortality: Evidence from Brazil"
5567:
5385:
3972:
3061:
1525:
11714:
11467:
11101:
11071:
10694:
10228:
10198:
9749:
9737:
9670:
9498:
9167:
9134:
9020:
9000:
8255:
The Health Care System and Racial Disparities in Maternal Mortality
7909:"Hispanic Paradox: Income may be lower but health better than most"
7393:"UNICEF, State of the World's Children 2003 infant mortality table"
6407:
Immunization safety review measles-mumps-rubella vaccine and autism
6041:
5520:
4026:
4015:
2935:
2280:
961:
641:
375:
325:
321:
317:
305:
187:
66:
19:
8618:
The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
7978:
4359:
UNICEF β WHO β World Bank Group joint child malnutrition estimates
3255:
Dollfus, C.; Patetta, M.; Siegel, E.; Cross, A. W. (August 1990).
11386:
10417:
10265:
9905:
9872:
9717:
9665:
9426:
9364:
9177:
9057:
8407:
8082:"Why do black infants die so much more often than white infants?"
7846:
6175:
Marchi J, Berg M, Dencker A, Olander EK, Begley C (August 2015).
4863:
4835:"Why do black infants die so much more often than white infants?"
4715:
4280:
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
3733:"Sudden Unexpected Infant Death and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome"
1961:
1909:
1237:
1229:
1221:
1063:
965:
957:
897:
These economic factors present challenges to governments' public
785:
649:
645:
578:
74:
70:
11026:
8408:
Smith IZ, Bentley-Edwards KL, El-Amin S, Darity W (March 2018).
7739:. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US). Archived from
7114:"Definition of data collected in the European Union, see item 8"
6502:
5838:"The State of the World's Children 2008. Child Survival. UNICEF"
5430:
3924:
Rosano A, Botto LD, Botting B, Mastroiacovo P (September 2000).
11681:
10421:
10218:
9915:
9685:
9553:
9477:
9119:
7753:
7304:
Demographic Trends and Patterns in the Soviet Union before 1991
6699:
King G, Zeng L (2011). "Improving Forecasts of State Failure".
6234:
4334:
African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development
4074:"The challenge of infant mortality: have we reached a plateau?"
3803:
2918:
2876:
2660:"Commit to Healthy Choices to Help Prevent Birth Defects | CDC"
2376:
only includes deaths after 28 days of life but before one year.
1987:
1935:
1849:
Top and bottom five countries by this measure (2013 estimates)
1370:
1137:
1105:
1090:
817:
605:
31:
8941:
7929:
6330:"Center of Disease Control and Development: Child Development"
3923:
3452:
Born too soon : the global action report on preterm birth
3402:
11843:
10805:
10552:
9801:
9781:
9722:
9520:
8977:
7677:
6123:
5314:
5190:
3019:
2201:
1974:
1883:
1225:
1209:
882:
599:
during pregnancy is one way to combat iron deficiency. A few
293:
277:
7469:
6275:
1119:
to address the structural causes of poor birth outcomes and
11969:
Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety
11775:
7327:
Farmer PE, Nizeye B, Stulac S, Keshavjee S (October 2006).
7326:
5191:
Shandra JM, Nobles J, London B, Williamson JB (July 2004).
4207:
3576:
3505:"Intrauterine growth and gestational duration determinants"
1896:
1263:
804:
Infant mortality rates are higher in countries with higher
207:
165:
50:
compares the death rate of children up to the age of five.
8384:
6653:
5766:
4982:
4500:
Chan GJ, Lee AC, Baqui AH, Tan J, Black RE (August 2013).
8706:. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 305β330.
5552:"Occupation of the Womb: Forced Impregnation as Genocide"
5431:
Asling-Monemi K, PeΓ±a R, Ellsberg MC, Persson LA (2003).
3254:
1390:. Therefore, the quality of a country's documentation of
1300:
917:
8946:
6174:
4124:"Infant Mortality, Low Birthweight and Racial Disparity"
3756:
3647:
2508:
2424:
354:
United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
7605:"Our infant mortality rate is a national embarrassment"
2824:"Mortality rate, infant (per 1,000 live births) | Data"
1066:
can prevent infant mortality. Home-based technology to
8743:
Miller CA (July 1985). "Infant mortality in the U.S".
7623:
6551:
4934:
Imamura JH, Troster EJ, Oliveira CA (September 2012).
4933:
3685:
3022:
Encyclopedia of Infant and Early Childhood Development
2605:
2414:
Invasive meaning cultured from a normally sterile site
340:
7420:
7017:
5989:
3630:
3485:
2509:
Mathews TJ, MacDorman MF, Menacker F (January 2002).
1001:
Map of countries by fertility rate, according to the
861:
factors have been highlighted by advances in medical
6037:
6035:
5053:
4666:
3634:
Mortality and Acute Complications in Preterm Infants
2606:
Hall ES, Venkatesh M, Greenberg JM (November 2016).
2241:, which is devoted to the medical care of children.
1127:
109:
measures can help reduce rates of infant mortality.
8661:
Journal of Health and Human Services Administration
7737:
Preterm Birth: Causes, Consequences, and Prevention
7044:US Department of Health and Human Services (2009).
6592:
6082:
5867:
5726:
International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics
5663:"The rise and fall of excess male infant mortality"
5275:
3315:"Classification and heterogeneity of preterm birth"
3066:
International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics
2931:
2929:
2037:declined to 10.2% with 12.4% of these births being
1251:(PCV13) in the United States in the year 2000, the
8701:
8445:
8173:
8130:
7379:"UNdata: Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 births)"
6552:Flood D, Chary A, Colom A, Rohloff P (June 2018).
5638:
5471:
4667:Woodruff TJ, Darrow LA, Parker JD (January 2008).
4208:de OnΓs M, Monteiro C, AkrΓ© J, Glugston G (1993).
4184:
3364:
2370:only includes deaths in the first 28 days of life.
8131:Hearst MO, Oakes JM, Johnson PJ (December 2008).
7421:Hug L, Alexander M, You D, Alkema L (June 2019).
6032:
5868:Russo LX, Scott A, Sivey P, Dias J (2019-05-31).
5033:"Child Maltreatment: Risk and Protective Factors"
4793:Property and Environmental Research Center Report
4581:
4579:
4577:
4575:
4558:. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
4186:"U.S. Lags in Global Measure of Premature Births"
4067:
4065:
4063:
4061:
4059:
3757:Willinger M, Hoffman HJ, Hartford RB (May 1994).
3626:
3624:
3622:
3450:March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation. (2012).
12200:
8108:"Why Black Women, Infants Lag In Birth Outcomes"
7580:"Health resources - Health spending - OECD Data"
7178:
7174:
7172:
7170:
6778:"Neonatal mortality rate (per 1000 live births)"
6749:
5801:
5383:
4898:
4859:
4857:
4855:
4426:
4071:
3690:. University of Adelaide Press. pp. 15β50.
3360:
3358:
3308:
3306:
2926:
2583:"Labor and Delivery Complications -- the Basics"
509:Percentage of population suffering from hunger,
8704:Determinants of Health: An Economic Perspective
8658:
8511:
7714:"American Way of Birth, Costliest in the World"
6649:
6647:
4983:Smith-Greenaway E, Trinitapoli J (April 2014).
4499:
4427:Tette EM, Sifah EK, Nartey ET (November 2015).
3896:"Medical Definition of Congenital malformation"
3481:
3479:
3250:
3248:
3137:
1635:may also lead to skewed infant mortality data.
8258:. Washington, DC: Center for American Progress
8199:
7880:
7878:
7661:U.S. Department of Health & Human Services
7231:
7161:"Premature births worsen US infant death rate"
6461:
6089:Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research
5950:
4572:
4385:
4056:
4020:. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press.
3681:
3679:
3619:
2008:country, and was attributed largely to rising
414:diphtheriaβtetanusβacellular pertussis vaccine
11042:
10344:
8962:
8251:
7849:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
7733:"Chapter 12: Societal Costs of Preterm Birth"
7730:
7167:
6941:
5609:
5087:
5085:
4852:
4585:
4388:"JAMA patient page. Malnutrition in children"
4251:"Top 9 countries fighting child malnutrition"
3979:Journal of the American College of Cardiology
3650:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
3355:
3303:
2978:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2024 (
2335:List of countries by maternal mortality ratio
1311:
713:A key pollutant in infant mortality rates is
674:of socioeconomic disparity within a country.
8603:Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR)
8247:
8245:
7807:"Is US health really the best in the world?"
7301:
6644:
6371:
6369:
6367:
5362:
5360:
5276:Moore S, Teixeira AC, Shiell A (July 2006).
5240:
5164:Schady, Norbert; Smitz, Marc (August 2009).
4627:
4625:
4623:
4621:
4619:
4617:
3930:Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health
3841:
3839:
3837:
3835:
3476:
3245:
3179:Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health
2892:"Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform"
1548:introducing citations to additional sources
1485:Live births at 500 or more grams birthweight
1445:Live births at 12 weeks of gestation or more
8844:
8569:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
7875:
7329:"Structural violence and clinical medicine"
7136:"Preemies Raise U.S. Infant Mortality Rate"
5718:
5716:
5605:
5163:
4549:
4547:
3676:
3398:
3396:
3228:
3226:
3224:
3222:
3220:
3218:
3175:"Weight of all births and infant mortality"
3015:
3013:
3011:
3009:
1277:
381:
186:, complications during delivery, perinatal
23:World map of infant mortality rates in 2017
12004:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
11049:
11035:
10351:
10337:
8969:
8955:
6944:"Five decades of missing females in China"
6345:
6343:
5603:
5601:
5599:
5597:
5595:
5593:
5591:
5589:
5587:
5585:
5186:
5184:
5182:
5082:
5037:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
4864:Child Welfare Information Gateway (2020).
4766:"Infant Mortality: Reducing Infant Deaths"
4386:Torpy JM, Lynm C, Glass RM (August 2004).
3727:
3725:
3007:
3005:
3003:
3001:
2999:
2997:
2995:
2993:
2991:
2989:
2664:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
2653:
2651:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2330:List of countries by infant mortality rate
1653:List of countries by infant mortality rate
1190:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1033:
11964:Centre for Disease Prevention and Control
11954:Center for Disease Control and Prevention
8991:
8242:
8225:
8171:
8148:
8004:
7955:
7804:
7781:
7771:
7711:
7503:
7446:
7354:
7344:
7266:
7200:
6959:
6675:
6569:
6528:
6479:
6364:
6297:
6252:
6237:"Breastfeeding and the use of human milk"
6203:
6151:
6141:
6100:
6059:
6015:
5903:
5893:
5696:
5686:
5656:
5654:
5506:
5448:
5437:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
5357:
5340:
5008:
4959:
4811:"Tyan Parker Dominguez | USC Social Work"
4741:
4692:
4631:
4614:
4527:
4517:
4454:
4444:
4403:
4352:"Levels and trends in child malnutrition"
4301:
4291:
4225:
4214:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
4099:
4089:
4025:
3990:
3949:
3863:
3832:
3705:
3594:
3557:
3367:Seminars in Fetal & Neonatal Medicine
3330:
3198:
3133:
3131:
3129:
3077:
3055:
3053:
3051:
3049:
2718:
2708:
2623:
2537:
795:
760:
256:, diabetes, maternal medical conditions,
178:rate, 86% of infant deaths are caused by
8615:
7602:
7181:International Journal of Health Services
7133:
6698:
6404:
5722:
5713:
5384:Toole MJ, Galson S, Brady W (May 1993).
4786:
4553:
4544:
4276:"Long-lasting effects of undernutrition"
3393:
3312:
3215:
3172:
2770:
2768:
2211:
2084:
2076:Born Alive Infant Protection Act of 2002
2019:
1822:Global IMR, as well as the IMR for both
1323:
1315:
996:
831:
799:
504:
18:
12009:Health departments in the United States
8514:American Journal of Preventive Medicine
8346:
7306:. London: Routledge. pp. 359β378.
6340:
5582:
5386:"Are war and public health compatible?"
5236:
5234:
5179:
4324:
3722:
2986:
2648:
2562:"Infant Mortality & Newborn Health"
2448:
652:. Acute respiratory infections such as
396:
168:, and problems in the home environment.
12201:
12014:Council on Education for Public Health
8793:
8742:
8564:
8472:
8443:
7158:
6602:The Review of Economics and Statistics
6593:Baird S, Friedman J, Schady N (2011).
5651:
5636:
5549:
5091:
4182:
4178:
4176:
3502:
3126:
3059:
3046:
1097:further progress on a national level.
971:
916:Infant mortality rates correlate with
611:
374:. They recommend against the use of a
12072:Professional degrees of public health
11979:Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
11030:
10332:
9319:List of ways people dishonor the dead
8950:
8847:Journal of Health and Social Behavior
8549:Vital Statistics of the United States
8276:
8105:
7906:
6998:
6851:
6048:Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology
2774:
2765:
12169:
12062:Bachelor of Science in Public Health
10623:Infant respiratory distress syndrome
8546:
7731:Behrman RE, Butler AS, eds. (2007).
6942:Coale AJ, Banister J (August 1994).
5366:
5231:
4789:"Air Pollution and Infant Mortality"
4248:
3845:
3232:
2384:includes deaths before the age of 5.
1519:
1262:As mentioned in a previous section,
742:The American Journal of Epidemiology
441:Immunization Safety Review Committee
228:(PTB), is defined as birth before a
16:Death of children under the age of 1
12181:
11330:Workers' right to access the toilet
11171:Human right to water and sanitation
8895:
8385:"Great Beginnings for Black Babies"
8200:Sabin JA, Greenwald AG (May 2012).
8031:. Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation
7069:
6509:Global Health: Science and Practice
6462:Shapiro D, Tenikue M (2017-09-13).
5370:World Report on Violence and Health
4173:
2657:
2109:
2066:in the US could be registered as a
1832:State of the World's Mothers report
1100:Increasing human resources such as
894:the poorer countries of the world.
854:drops by 15% or more increase IMR.
463:The New England Journal of Medicine
446:
341:Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
13:
10628:Transient tachypnea of the newborn
9324:List of ways people honor the dead
8302:
6802:
4197:from the original on Apr 10, 2023.
4131:National Healthy Start Association
4052:from the original on Dec 11, 2023.
2315:mortality rates during this time.
2244:
1643:creating accurate and sound data.
1113:University of California, Berkeley
736:greater mortality than nonsmokers.
631:premature rupture of the membranes
335:Gestational age-specific mortality
213:
97:, access to clean drinking water,
14:
12230:
11603:Commercial determinants of health
11056:
10406:Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome
9355:GompertzβMakeham law of mortality
8935:
8765:10.1038/scientificamerican0785-31
8389:Great Beginnings for Black Babies
8206:American Journal of Public Health
7985:American Journal of Public Health
7936:American Journal of Public Health
7687:National Vital Statistics Reports
7603:Ingraham C (September 29, 2014).
7234:Population and Development Review
6130:Journal of Translational Medicine
5996:American Journal of Public Health
4722:Environmental Health Perspectives
4673:Environmental Health Perspectives
4072:MacDorman MF, Mathews TJ (2009).
2938:Biotechnology and Health Sciences
2518:National Vital Statistics Reports
2188:Great Beginnings For Black Babies
1998:
1128:Prenatal care and maternal health
728:American Journal of Public Health
435:(PCV). Research conducted by the
135:
12180:
12168:
12157:
12156:
11186:National public health institute
10924:Vertically transmitted infection
10312:
10303:
10302:
8889:
8838:
8787:
8736:
8695:
8652:
8609:
8591:
8558:
8540:
8505:
8466:
8437:
8401:
8377:
8359:
8340:
8322:
8296:
8270:
8193:
8165:
8137:American Journal of Epidemiology
8124:
8099:
8086:Southern California Public Radio
8042:
8021:
7972:
7923:
7900:
7840:
7798:
7747:
7724:
7705:
7671:
7649:
7617:
7596:
7572:
7560:. The Journal.ie. 4 October 2019
7550:
7520:
7463:
7414:
7385:
7371:
7320:
7295:
7260:
7225:
7152:
7127:
7106:
7063:
7037:
7020:European Perinatal Health Report
7011:
6992:
6935:
6906:
6875:
6845:
6821:
6796:
6770:
6743:
6692:
6586:
6545:
6496:
6455:
6431:
6398:
6322:
6269:
6228:
6168:
6061:10.1111/j.1365-3016.2012.01281.x
5486:10.1111/j.1466-7657.2007.00580.x
5101:Explorations in Economic History
4839:Southern California Public Radio
3637:. National Academies Press (US).
3492:. National Academies Press (US).
3332:10.1046/j.1471-0528.2003.00021.x
3030:10.1016/B978-012370877-9.00084-0
2429:
2417:
2408:
2355:Related statistical categories:
2301:Rural Cooperative Medical System
2015:
1535:relies largely or entirely on a
1524:
1418:
1153:fetal alcohol spectrum disorders
992:
668:
11583:Open-source healthcare software
11325:Sociology of health and illness
11016:Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder
10966:Group B streptococcal infection
10534:Intrauterine growth restriction
10313:
8796:Journal of Public Health Policy
7633:Economics: Principles in Action
6117:
6076:
5983:
5944:
5920:
5861:
5850:from the original on 2023-05-28
5830:
5804:The Lancet. Infectious Diseases
5795:
5781:10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.03.023
5760:
5630:
5543:
5500:
5465:
5424:
5377:
5308:
5294:10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.12.009
5269:
5255:10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.06.006
5209:10.1016/j.socscimed.2003.10.022
5157:
5135:
5047:
5025:
4976:
4927:
4892:
4827:
4803:
4780:
4758:
4709:
4660:
4493:
4471:
4420:
4379:
4344:
4318:
4267:
4242:
4201:
4158:. November 2012. Archived from
4144:
4116:
4007:
3966:
3917:
3888:
3797:
3750:
3641:
3570:
3551:
3496:
3443:
3166:
3110:"What causes infant mortality?"
3102:
2906:
2884:
2864:
2840:
2816:
2787:
2395:
1646:
1320:Infant mortality rate by region
1253:World Health Organization (WHO)
1183:
494:
476:New England Journal of Medicine
11944:Caribbean Public Health Agency
11756:Sexually transmitted infection
11653:Statistical hypothesis testing
11414:Occupational safety and health
11315:Sexual and reproductive health
11228:Occupational safety and health
10359:Conditions originating in the
8172:Villarosa L (April 11, 2018).
7663:. Jan 13, 2006. Archived from
7018:Euro-Peristat Network (2004).
6764:10.1016/j.worlddev.2009.11.013
6656:The World Bank Economic Review
5612:Medical Anthropology Quarterly
3583:Science Translational Medicine
3560:Prenatal and Neonatal Medicine
3503:Kramer, M. S. (October 1987).
3173:Saugstad LF (September 1981).
3024:. Elsevier. pp. 343β359.
2848:"Children: reducing mortality"
2735:
2676:
2599:
2575:
2554:
2502:
2478:
2115:IMR among white women is 5.1.
1345:physical quality of life index
1268:American Academy of Pediatrics
1249:Pneumococcal Conjugate vaccine
1173:American Academy of Pediatrics
1157:pre-existing health conditions
276:(a chronic lung disease), and
193:
1:
11598:Social determinants of health
10708:Vitamin K deficiency bleeding
9375:Maternal mortality in fiction
8526:10.1016/S0749-3797(18)30661-5
7907:Chung, Juliet (29 Aug 2006).
7712:Rosenthal E (June 30, 2013).
7680:"Births: final data for 2011"
7657:"Preventing Infant Mortality"
7439:10.1016/s2214-109x(19)30163-9
5816:10.1016/S1473-3099(03)00606-6
5769:Social Science & Medicine
5637:McNeil D (October 29, 2012).
5624:10.1525/maq.1991.5.3.02a00020
5282:Social Science & Medicine
5243:Social Science & Medicine
5197:Social Science & Medicine
5068:10.1016/S0022-3476(89)80580-3
3818:10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.02.077
3454:. World Health Organization.
3421:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)60820-4
2442:
2254:and the development of safer
2218:Julius Schnorr von Karolsfeld
1661:UN, medium variant, 2008 rev.
1362:Although many countries have
1343:), and is a component of the
1202:Haemophilus Influenzae type B
790:adverse childhood experiences
270:respiratory distress syndrome
130:Sustainable Development Goals
11658:Analysis of variance (ANOVA)
11419:Human factors and ergonomics
10867:Periventricular leukomalacia
10685:Persistent fetal circulation
10633:Meconium aspiration syndrome
9289:Expressions related to death
9242:Medical declaration of death
8277:Salam M (January 11, 2018).
8252:Chalhoub T, Rimar K (2018).
7773:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001080
7399:. 2019-01-14. Archived from
7346:10.1371/journal.pmed.0030449
7072:Sozial- und PrΓ€ventivmedizin
6858:U.S. News & World Report
5895:10.1371/journal.pone.0217614
5474:International Nursing Review
5402:10.1016/0140-6736(93)91013-C
5149:. 2009-06-01. Archived from
4913:10.1016/j.chiabu.2013.08.014
4646:10.1016/j.soscij.2004.01.008
4600:10.1146/annurev.soc.23.1.147
4519:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001502
4249:Reid, Kathryn (2012-09-26).
3596:10.1126/scitranslmed.3009871
2287:and the birth control pill.
1264:sudden infant death syndrome
1166:
633:(PROM) of the amniotic sac.
627:sexually transmitted disease
608:(low red blood cell count).
403:sudden infant death syndrome
347:Sudden infant death syndrome
166:sudden infant death syndrome
122:Millennium Development Goals
7:
11839:Good manufacturing practice
11643:Randomized controlled trial
10776:Intraventricular hemorrhage
9309:Preventable causes of death
8473:Brosco JP (February 1999).
7269:Population (French Edition)
5333:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-029424
5143:"A recession breathes life"
4787:Benjamin DK (Winter 2006).
3140:Economics and Human Biology
2318:
2168:faced during her delivery.
2080:quality-adjusted life years
1862:(deaths/1,000 live births)
1057:universal primary education
1003:Population Reference Bureau
638:acute respiratory infection
623:pelvic inflammatory disease
407:neglected tropical diseases
144:Forms of infant mortality:
10:
12235:
11909:Theory of planned behavior
11834:Good agricultural practice
11739:Public health surveillance
11631:epidemiological statistics
11275:Public health intervention
10781:Germinal matrix hemorrhage
10771:Velamentous cord insertion
10662:Bronchopulmonary dysplasia
8898:Social Indicators Research
8673:10.1177/107937390803100302
8630:10.1177/000271623618800110
8347:Shammet T (19 June 2020).
7896:(1): 25. January 10, 2014.
7861:10.1016/j.ajog.2011.09.026
6409:. National Academy Press.
5928:"Best Babies Zone - ACPHD"
5738:10.1016/j.ijgo.2004.11.012
5550:Fisher SK (October 1996).
5509:Studies in Family Planning
4952:10.6061/clinics/2012(09)20
4634:The Social Science Journal
4588:Annual Review of Sociology
4091:10.1177/003335490912400509
3992:10.1016/j.jacc.2011.08.025
3662:10.1016/j.ajog.2005.02.015
3379:10.1016/j.siny.2015.12.007
3313:Moutquin JM (April 2003).
3079:10.1016/j.ijgo.2004.12.012
2564:. Women and Children First
2207:
1650:
1364:vital registration systems
1312:Differences in measurement
1308:for the entire community.
1272:Center for Disease Control
943:
501:Undernutrition in children
498:
450:
425:hepatitis B (HepB) vaccine
385:
344:
274:bronchopulmonary dysplasia
217:
48:under-five mortality rate,
12152:
12087:
12046:
12031:World Toilet Organization
12026:World Health Organization
11933:
11922:
11859:
11784:
11700:
11628:
11593:Public health informatics
11533:
11338:
11300:Right to rest and leisure
11129:Globalization and disease
11064:
10981:
10916:
10875:
10852:
10824:
10811:Necrotizing enterocolitis
10796:
10693:
10670:
10608:
10601:
10542:
10520:Large for gestational age
10516:Small for gestational age
10508:
10472:
10440:
10414:
10382:
10371:
10298:
10024:
9954:
9840:
9794:
9676:Consciousness after death
9656:
9599:
9544:
9486:
9435:
9424:
9417:
9332:
9269:
9163:
8984:
8976:
8910:10.1007/s11205-004-1542-y
8050:"U.S. Poverty Statistics"
7805:Starfield B (July 2000).
7635:. Pearson Prentice Hall.
7496:10.1038/s41586-019-1545-0
7427:The Lancet. Global Health
7134:Hendrick B (2009-11-04).
6481:10.4054/demres.2017.37.21
6143:10.1186/s12967-015-0690-y
5953:SSRN Working Paper Series
5113:10.1016/j.eeh.2011.05.009
5056:The Journal of Pediatrics
5001:10.1007/s13524-013-0262-9
4901:Child Abuse & Neglect
4446:10.1186/s12887-015-0496-3
3846:Moon RY (November 2016).
3152:10.1016/j.ehb.2006.10.003
2747:World Health Organization
2710:10.1186/s12940-015-0048-1
2160:after surgery instead of
2048:Economic expenditures on
2003:A study published in the
1515:
1353:World Health Organization
1042:
693:infections. Areas of low
429:inactivated polio vaccine
172:
12077:Schools of public health
11869:Diffusion of innovations
11568:Health impact assessment
11280:Public health laboratory
11176:Management of depression
10077:Personification of death
9299:People by cause of death
8859:10.1177/0022146511410886
8218:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300621
7532:CIA β The World Factbook
6008:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302902
4183:McNeil D (May 2, 2012).
2388:
2294:
2035:Smoking during pregnancy
1923:Central African Republic
1828:more developed countries
1824:less developed countries
920:, political unrest, and
838:GDP (nominal) per capita
750:institutionalized racism
382:Congenital malformations
83:congenital malformations
12140:Social hygiene movement
12067:Doctor of Public Health
11899:Social cognitive theory
11701:Infectious and epidemic
11483:Fecalβoral transmission
10973:Neonatal conjunctivitis
10464:Single umbilical artery
10454:Umbilical cord prolapse
10401:Placental insufficiency
10374:complicating pregnancy,
10154:Death-positive movement
9999:Post-mortem photography
9279:Causes of death by rate
9207:Death by natural causes
7948:10.2105/AJPH.94.12.2125
7528:"Infant Mortality Rate"
7202:2027/uc1.31210022969875
7159:Stobbe M (2009-11-03).
6914:"Millennium Indicators"
6854:"Behind the Baby Count"
6558:Health and Human Rights
6521:10.9745/GHSP-D-14-00080
5688:10.1073/pnas.0800221105
3060:Norton M (April 2005).
2952:(inactive 2024-04-26).
2795:"WHO | Child mortality"
2612:Journal of Perinatology
2072:Neonatal intensive care
2005:British Medical Journal
1175:recommends exclusively
1034:Prevention and outcomes
874:special interest groups
388:Congenital malformation
282:gastrointestinal system
87:umbilical cord prolapse
12135:Germ theory of disease
11914:Transtheoretical model
10949:ureaplasma urealyticum
10657:WilsonβMikity syndrome
10581:Brachial plexus injury
10189:Fascination with death
9827:Reincarnation research
9822:Out-of-body experience
9284:Notable deaths by year
9125:Immunogenic cell death
9041:Temporal lobe necrosis
8491:10.1542/peds.103.2.478
8353:The Commonwealth Times
7997:10.2105/AJPH.94.8.1358
7826:10.1001/jama.284.4.483
6999:Brown D (2011-02-28).
6852:Healy B (2006-09-24).
6833:Gesetze-im-internet.de
6254:10.1542/peds.2011-3552
4405:10.1001/jama.292.5.648
4361:. 2015. Archived from
4133:. 2000. Archived from
3865:10.1542/peds.2016-2940
3707:10.20851/j.ctv2n7f0v.6
2872:"Under-five mortality"
2775:Roser M (2013-05-10).
2749:. 2020. Archived from
2530:10.1037/e558952006-001
2486:"Under-Five Mortality"
2374:Postneonatal mortality
2225:
2204:throughout pregnancy.
2090:
2025:
1860:Infant mortality rate
1429:Reporting requirement
1380:
1332:
1321:
1278:Socio-economic factors
1210:Inactivated Poliovirus
1206:Pneumococcal Conjugate
1005:
911:
906:gross national product
840:
809:
796:Socio-economic factors
766:Early childhood trauma
761:Early childhood trauma
746:
732:
557:
489:in vitro fertilisation
419:Haemophilus influenzae
162:Postneonatal mortality
24:
12019:Public Health Service
11904:Social norms approach
11894:PRECEDEβPROCEED model
11340:Preventive healthcare
11233:Pharmaceutical policy
11082:Chief Medical Officer
10897:Congenital hypertonia
10788:Anemia of prematurity
10496:Shoulder presentation
9994:Post-mortem chemistry
9807:Near-death experience
9703:Desecration of graves
9639:Postmortem caloricity
9604:Beating heart cadaver
9048:Programmed cell death
9016:Liquefactive necrosis
8452:. New York: Picador.
8112:National Public Radio
7051:(Report). p. 193
5373:. Geneva: Geneva WHO.
4556:Creating Capabilities
4293:10.3390/ijerph8061817
4078:Public Health Reports
3942:10.1136/jech.54.9.660
3775:10.1542/peds.93.5.814
3521:10.1542/peds.80.4.502
3273:10.1542/peds.86.2.176
3191:10.1136/jech.35.3.185
2216:This 1860 woodcut by
2215:
2088:
2023:
1633:food supplementations
1375:
1327:
1319:
1306:sewer infrastructures
1000:
922:government corruption
835:
803:
733:
719:
508:
437:Institute of Medicine
372:immunization schedule
290:cardiovascular system
36:infant mortality rate
22:
12095:Sara Josephine Baker
11994:Public Health Agency
11879:Health communication
11744:Disease surveillance
11710:Asymptomatic carrier
11692:Statistical software
11380:Preventive nutrition
11208:Medical anthropology
11097:Environmental health
10902:Congenital hypotonia
10816:Meconium peritonitis
10618:Intrauterine hypoxia
10574:Subgaleal hemorrhage
10184:Festival of the Dead
10082:Dying-and-rising god
10037:Chinese burial money
9926:Prohibition of dying
9878:Death-qualified jury
9644:Post-mortem interval
9304:Premature obituaries
9011:Coagulative necrosis
7538:on November 19, 2012
7025:(Report). p. 40
6784:on December 21, 2011
6713:10.1353/wp.2001.0018
6614:10.1162/REST_a_00084
6468:Demographic Research
6405:Stratton KR (2001).
6387:on February 27, 2008
6054:(Suppl 1): 285β301.
5961:10.2139/ssrn.3449460
2689:Environmental Health
2267:early 20th century.
1544:improve this article
1257:multi drug resistant
1161:gestational diabetes
1117:life course approach
695:socioeconomic status
685:including a host of
511:World Food Programme
480:mental modification,
433:pneumococcal vaccine
421:type b (Hib) vaccine
397:Medicine and biology
266:pulmonary hypoplasia
204:congenital anomalies
46:, also known as the
44:child mortality rate
12105:Carl Rogers Darnall
12100:Samuel Jay Crumbine
11874:Health belief model
11727:Notifiable diseases
11663:Regression analysis
11498:Waterborne diseases
11087:Cultural competence
11011:Neonatal withdrawal
10994:Perinatal mortality
10844:Sclerema neonatorum
10700:hematologic disease
10244:Philosophy of death
10109:Death from laughter
9409:Perinatal mortality
9150:Mitotic catastrophe
9130:Ischemic cell death
9073:Intrinsic apoptosis
9021:Gangrenous necrosis
8757:1985SciAm.253a..31M
8745:Scientific American
7855:(1): 49.e1β49.e10.
7610:The Washington Post
7488:2019Natur.574..353B
7163:. Associated Press.
7121:Europa (web portal)
7005:The Washington Post
6829:"PStV β Einzelnorm"
6668:10.1093/wber/lhg012
5886:2019PLoSO..1417614R
5679:2008PNAS..105.5016D
4776:on 12 October 2011.
4554:Nussbaum M (2011).
4325:Mahgoud SE (2006).
3656:(5 Suppl): S36-46.
2922:. January 20, 2022.
2701:2015EnvHe..14...61G
2625:10.1038/jp.2016.119
2361:Perinatal mortality
1850:
1663:
1629:structural violence
1425:
1392:perinatal mortality
1357:perinatal mortality
1242:acellular pertussis
1212:(IPV < 18 yrs),
1115:. The BBZ uses the
972:Male sex favoritism
889:, and distorts the
806:economic inequality
612:Infectious diseases
250:periodontal disease
246:bacterial vaginosis
149:Perinatal mortality
103:infectious diseases
30:is the death of an
11703:disease prevention
11638:Caseβcontrol study
11310:Security of person
11159:Health care reform
10944:mycoplasma hominis
10929:Neonatal infection
10885:Gray baby syndrome
10862:Perinatal asphyxia
10752:Hyperbilirubinemia
10529:Postterm pregnancy
10376:labour or delivery
10290:Thanatosensitivity
10194:Hierarchy of death
10134:Death notification
10042:Coins for the dead
9974:Forensic pathology
9858:Capital punishment
9812:Near-death studies
9404:Mortality salience
9036:Fibrinoid necrosis
9006:Avascular necrosis
8565:Meckel RA (1998).
8520:(6 Suppl): 17β26.
8283:The New York Times
8180:The New York Times
8150:10.1093/aje/kwn291
8054:Federal Safety Net
7718:The New York Times
7084:10.1007/BF01325417
6864:on August 24, 2007
6803:Allmer, Gertrude.
6336:. 4 February 2021.
6102:10.1111/acer.12214
5732:(Suppl 1): S7-24.
5645:The New York Times
5092:Haines MR (2011).
4880:on 16 October 2020
4815:dworakpeck.usc.edu
4191:The New York Times
3325:(Suppl 20): 30β3.
2950:10.17795/bhs-35330
2828:data.worldbank.org
2743:"Infant Mortality"
2658:CDC (2020-06-03).
2368:Neonatal mortality
2340:Maternal mortality
2256:blood transfusions
2226:
2179:Black Lives Matter
2091:
2050:labor and delivery
2026:
1848:
1657:
1559:"Infant mortality"
1497:month of gestation
1423:
1333:
1331:at birth by region
1322:
1083:behavioral changes
1072:solar disinfection
1070:, filter, and use
1011:maternal mortality
1006:
891:domestic economies
841:
836:Countries by 2019
810:
703:particulate matter
558:
302:C-reactive protein
294:hematologic system
155:Neonatal mortality
63:neonatal infection
25:
12196:
12195:
12148:
12147:
12058:Higher education
11889:Positive deviance
11884:Health psychology
11860:Health behavioral
11787:safety management
11761:Social distancing
11535:Population health
11515:Smoking cessation
11463:Pharmacovigilance
11434:Injury prevention
11402:Infection control
11320:Social psychology
11270:Prisoners' rights
11213:Medical sociology
11181:Public health law
11077:Biological hazard
11024:
11023:
10912:
10911:
10762:Neonatal jaundice
10680:Pneumopericardium
10650:Pneumomediastinum
10591:Klumpke paralysis
10569:Caput succedaneum
10504:
10503:
10372:Maternal factors
10326:
10325:
10062:Death anniversary
10057:Death and culture
9901:Dying declaration
9883:Death certificate
9790:
9789:
9652:
9651:
9504:Neuropreservation
9294:Natural disasters
9265:
9264:
8730:10.7312/gros17812
8712:10.7312/gros17812
8576:978-0-472-08556-9
8459:978-1-250-04463-1
8444:Tweedy D (2015).
7913:The Seattle Times
7642:978-0-13-063085-8
7482:(7778): 353β358.
7313:978-0-415-10194-3
7193:10.2190/HS.40.4.a
6752:World Development
6290:10.1111/apa.13147
6196:10.1111/obr.12288
4685:10.1289/ehp.10370
4565:978-0-674-05054-9
4037:978-0-309-08886-2
3461:978-92-4-150343-3
3415:(9832): 2162β72.
3114:www.nichd.nih.gov
3072:(Suppl 1): S1-6.
2805:on March 14, 2011
2781:Our World in Data
2777:"Child Mortality"
2753:on March 24, 2014
2039:low birth weights
1996:
1995:
1836:Save the Children
1820:
1819:
1662:
1609:
1608:
1594:
1492:
1491:
1022:to achieve this.
954:teenage pregnancy
887:division of labor
485:teenage pregnancy
474:According to the
12226:
12209:Infant mortality
12184:
12183:
12172:
12171:
12160:
12159:
12054:Health education
11931:
11930:
11785:Food hygiene and
11766:Tropical disease
11578:Infant mortality
11553:Community health
11429:Controlled Drugs
11365:Health promotion
11295:Right to housing
11139:Health economics
11051:
11044:
11037:
11028:
11027:
11004:Infant mortality
10839:Erythema toxicum
10831:thermoregulation
10798:Gastrointestinal
10606:
10605:
10602:Affected systems
10479:
10447:
10432:Chorioamnionitis
10425:
10396:Placenta praevia
10389:
10380:
10379:
10353:
10346:
10339:
10330:
10329:
10316:
10315:
10306:
10305:
10286:
10271:Assisted suicide
10169:Death trajectory
9984:Mortuary science
9979:Funeral director
9970:
9936:Suspicious death
9708:Eternal oblivion
9494:Cryopreservation
9433:
9432:
9422:
9421:
9360:Infant mortality
9350:Excess mortality
9252:Terminal illness
9237:Lazarus syndrome
9222:End-of-life care
9173:Accidental death
9026:Caseous necrosis
8989:
8988:
8971:
8964:
8957:
8948:
8947:
8930:
8929:
8893:
8887:
8886:
8842:
8836:
8835:
8791:
8785:
8784:
8740:
8734:
8733:
8699:
8693:
8692:
8656:
8650:
8649:
8613:
8607:
8606:
8595:
8589:
8588:
8562:
8556:
8555:
8553:
8547:Dunn HL (1954).
8544:
8538:
8537:
8509:
8503:
8502:
8470:
8464:
8463:
8451:
8441:
8435:
8434:
8432:
8431:
8425:
8419:. Archived from
8414:
8405:
8399:
8398:
8396:
8395:
8381:
8375:
8374:
8373:. 5 August 2020.
8371:milwaukeenns.org
8363:
8357:
8356:
8344:
8338:
8337:
8336:. 18 April 2019.
8326:
8320:
8319:
8317:
8315:
8309:newsobserver.com
8300:
8294:
8293:
8291:
8289:
8274:
8268:
8267:
8265:
8263:
8249:
8240:
8239:
8229:
8197:
8191:
8190:
8188:
8186:
8177:
8169:
8163:
8162:
8152:
8128:
8122:
8121:
8119:
8118:
8103:
8097:
8096:
8094:
8093:
8078:
8069:
8068:
8066:
8065:
8056:. Archived from
8046:
8040:
8039:
8037:
8036:
8025:
8019:
8018:
8008:
7976:
7970:
7969:
7959:
7927:
7921:
7920:
7915:. Archived from
7904:
7898:
7897:
7882:
7873:
7872:
7844:
7838:
7837:
7811:
7802:
7796:
7795:
7785:
7775:
7751:
7745:
7744:
7728:
7722:
7721:
7709:
7703:
7702:
7684:
7675:
7669:
7668:
7653:
7647:
7646:
7621:
7615:
7614:
7600:
7594:
7593:
7591:
7590:
7576:
7570:
7569:
7567:
7565:
7554:
7548:
7547:
7545:
7543:
7534:. Archived from
7524:
7518:
7517:
7507:
7467:
7461:
7460:
7450:
7433:(6): e710βe720.
7418:
7412:
7411:
7409:
7408:
7389:
7383:
7382:
7375:
7369:
7368:
7358:
7348:
7324:
7318:
7317:
7299:
7293:
7292:
7264:
7258:
7257:
7229:
7223:
7222:
7204:
7176:
7165:
7164:
7156:
7150:
7149:
7147:
7146:
7131:
7125:
7124:
7118:
7110:
7104:
7103:
7067:
7061:
7060:
7058:
7056:
7050:
7041:
7035:
7034:
7032:
7030:
7024:
7015:
7009:
7008:
6996:
6990:
6989:
6963:
6939:
6933:
6932:
6930:
6929:
6920:. Archived from
6910:
6904:
6903:
6901:
6900:
6894:
6888:. Archived from
6887:
6879:
6873:
6872:
6870:
6869:
6860:. Archived from
6849:
6843:
6842:
6840:
6839:
6825:
6819:
6818:
6816:
6810:. Archived from
6809:
6800:
6794:
6792:
6790:
6789:
6780:. Archived from
6774:
6768:
6767:
6747:
6741:
6740:
6696:
6690:
6689:
6679:
6651:
6642:
6641:
6599:
6590:
6584:
6583:
6573:
6549:
6543:
6542:
6532:
6500:
6494:
6493:
6483:
6459:
6453:
6452:
6450:
6449:
6435:
6429:
6428:
6402:
6396:
6395:
6393:
6392:
6383:. Archived from
6373:
6362:
6361:
6355:
6347:
6338:
6337:
6326:
6320:
6319:
6301:
6278:Acta Paediatrica
6273:
6267:
6266:
6256:
6247:(3): e827βe841.
6232:
6226:
6225:
6207:
6181:
6172:
6166:
6165:
6155:
6145:
6121:
6115:
6114:
6104:
6080:
6074:
6073:
6063:
6039:
6030:
6029:
6019:
5987:
5981:
5980:
5948:
5942:
5941:
5939:
5938:
5924:
5918:
5917:
5907:
5897:
5865:
5859:
5858:
5856:
5855:
5849:
5842:
5834:
5828:
5827:
5799:
5793:
5792:
5764:
5758:
5757:
5720:
5711:
5710:
5700:
5690:
5658:
5649:
5648:
5642:
5634:
5628:
5627:
5607:
5580:
5579:
5556:Duke Law Journal
5547:
5541:
5540:
5504:
5498:
5497:
5469:
5463:
5462:
5452:
5428:
5422:
5421:
5396:(8854): 1193β6.
5381:
5375:
5374:
5364:
5355:
5354:
5344:
5312:
5306:
5305:
5273:
5267:
5266:
5238:
5229:
5228:
5188:
5177:
5176:
5170:
5161:
5155:
5154:
5139:
5133:
5132:
5098:
5089:
5080:
5079:
5051:
5045:
5044:
5043:on 6 March 2010.
5039:. Archived from
5029:
5023:
5022:
5012:
4980:
4974:
4973:
4963:
4931:
4925:
4924:
4896:
4890:
4889:
4887:
4885:
4879:
4872:
4861:
4850:
4849:
4847:
4846:
4831:
4825:
4824:
4822:
4821:
4807:
4801:
4800:
4784:
4778:
4777:
4772:. Archived from
4762:
4756:
4755:
4745:
4734:10.1289/ehp.6857
4713:
4707:
4706:
4696:
4664:
4658:
4657:
4629:
4612:
4611:
4583:
4570:
4569:
4551:
4542:
4541:
4531:
4521:
4497:
4491:
4490:
4489:on 14 July 2010.
4475:
4469:
4468:
4458:
4448:
4424:
4418:
4417:
4407:
4383:
4377:
4376:
4374:
4373:
4367:
4356:
4348:
4342:
4341:
4331:
4322:
4316:
4315:
4305:
4295:
4271:
4265:
4264:
4262:
4261:
4246:
4240:
4239:
4229:
4205:
4199:
4198:
4188:
4180:
4171:
4170:
4168:
4167:
4148:
4142:
4141:
4139:
4128:
4120:
4114:
4113:
4103:
4093:
4069:
4054:
4053:
4029:
4011:
4005:
4004:
3994:
3970:
3964:
3963:
3953:
3921:
3915:
3914:
3912:
3911:
3902:. Archived from
3892:
3886:
3885:
3867:
3858:(5): e20162940.
3843:
3830:
3829:
3801:
3795:
3794:
3754:
3748:
3747:
3745:
3744:
3729:
3720:
3719:
3709:
3683:
3674:
3673:
3645:
3639:
3638:
3628:
3617:
3616:
3598:
3574:
3568:
3567:
3555:
3549:
3548:
3500:
3494:
3493:
3483:
3474:
3473:
3447:
3441:
3440:
3400:
3391:
3390:
3362:
3353:
3352:
3334:
3310:
3301:
3300:
3252:
3243:
3242:
3230:
3213:
3212:
3202:
3170:
3164:
3163:
3135:
3124:
3123:
3121:
3120:
3106:
3100:
3099:
3081:
3057:
3044:
3043:
3017:
2984:
2983:
2977:
2969:
2933:
2924:
2923:
2910:
2904:
2903:
2901:
2899:
2888:
2882:
2881:
2868:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2858:
2844:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2834:
2820:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2810:
2801:. Archived from
2791:
2785:
2784:
2772:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2758:
2739:
2733:
2732:
2722:
2712:
2680:
2674:
2673:
2671:
2670:
2655:
2646:
2645:
2627:
2603:
2597:
2596:
2594:
2593:
2579:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2569:
2558:
2552:
2551:
2541:
2515:
2506:
2500:
2499:
2497:
2496:
2482:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2472:
2457:
2436:
2433:
2427:
2421:
2415:
2412:
2406:
2399:
2308:one-child policy
2110:African American
2100:Hispanic paradox
2064:non-viable birth
1851:
1847:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1604:
1601:
1595:
1593:
1552:
1528:
1520:
1507:
1426:
1422:
1053:physical capital
870:social movements
744:
730:
554:
549: > 35,0%
548:
543: 25,0β34,9%
542:
537: 15,0β24,9%
536:
530:
524:
518:
481:
458:Low birth weight
453:Low birth weight
447:Low birth weight
284:, the skin, the
184:premature births
28:Infant mortality
12234:
12233:
12229:
12228:
12227:
12225:
12224:
12223:
12199:
12198:
12197:
12192:
12144:
12115:Margaret Sanger
12083:
12042:
11926:
11924:
11918:
11861:
11855:
11827:Safety scandals
11786:
11780:
11702:
11696:
11630:
11624:
11620:Social medicine
11613:Race and health
11548:Child mortality
11529:
11488:Open defecation
11370:Human nutrition
11360:Family planning
11348:Behavior change
11334:
11290:Right to health
11203:Maternal health
11193:Health politics
11144:Health literacy
11060:
11055:
11025:
11020:
10977:
10961:Neonatal sepsis
10908:
10877:Musculoskeletal
10871:
10848:
10829:
10820:
10792:
10747:Hydrops fetalis
10698:
10689:
10666:
10639:Pleural disease
10597:
10559:Cephalohematoma
10538:
10500:
10473:
10468:
10441:
10436:
10415:
10410:
10383:
10375:
10373:
10367:
10357:
10327:
10322:
10294:
10280:
10224:Museum of Death
10174:Dignified death
10129:Death messenger
10104:Death education
10020:
9964:
9950:
9888:Declared death
9836:
9786:
9743:Online mourning
9648:
9614:Cadaveric spasm
9595:
9540:
9482:
9473:Skeletonization
9413:
9345:Child mortality
9340:Birthday effect
9328:
9261:
9257:Unnatural death
9188:Brainstem death
9159:
9098:Pseudoapoptosis
8980:
8975:
8938:
8933:
8894:
8890:
8843:
8839:
8808:10.2307/3342538
8792:
8788:
8741:
8737:
8722:
8700:
8696:
8657:
8653:
8614:
8610:
8597:
8596:
8592:
8577:
8563:
8559:
8551:
8545:
8541:
8510:
8506:
8471:
8467:
8460:
8442:
8438:
8429:
8427:
8423:
8412:
8406:
8402:
8393:
8391:
8383:
8382:
8378:
8365:
8364:
8360:
8345:
8341:
8328:
8327:
8323:
8313:
8311:
8301:
8297:
8287:
8285:
8275:
8271:
8261:
8259:
8250:
8243:
8198:
8194:
8184:
8182:
8170:
8166:
8143:(11): 1247β54.
8129:
8125:
8116:
8114:
8104:
8100:
8091:
8089:
8080:
8079:
8072:
8063:
8061:
8048:
8047:
8043:
8034:
8032:
8027:
8026:
8022:
7977:
7973:
7942:(12): 2125β31.
7928:
7924:
7905:
7901:
7884:
7883:
7876:
7845:
7841:
7809:
7803:
7799:
7766:(8): e1001080.
7752:
7748:
7729:
7725:
7710:
7706:
7693:(1): 1β69, 72.
7682:
7676:
7672:
7655:
7654:
7650:
7643:
7622:
7618:
7601:
7597:
7588:
7586:
7578:
7577:
7573:
7563:
7561:
7556:
7555:
7551:
7541:
7539:
7526:
7525:
7521:
7468:
7464:
7419:
7415:
7406:
7404:
7391:
7390:
7386:
7377:
7376:
7372:
7325:
7321:
7314:
7300:
7296:
7281:10.2307/1532733
7265:
7261:
7246:10.2307/1973432
7230:
7226:
7177:
7168:
7157:
7153:
7144:
7142:
7132:
7128:
7116:
7112:
7111:
7107:
7068:
7064:
7054:
7052:
7048:
7042:
7038:
7028:
7026:
7022:
7016:
7012:
6997:
6993:
6961:10.2307/2061752
6940:
6936:
6927:
6925:
6912:
6911:
6907:
6898:
6896:
6892:
6885:
6881:
6880:
6876:
6867:
6865:
6850:
6846:
6837:
6835:
6827:
6826:
6822:
6814:
6807:
6801:
6797:
6787:
6785:
6776:
6775:
6771:
6748:
6744:
6697:
6693:
6652:
6645:
6597:
6591:
6587:
6550:
6546:
6501:
6497:
6460:
6456:
6447:
6445:
6439:"Immunizations"
6437:
6436:
6432:
6417:
6403:
6399:
6390:
6388:
6375:
6374:
6365:
6353:
6349:
6348:
6341:
6328:
6327:
6323:
6274:
6270:
6233:
6229:
6184:Obesity Reviews
6179:
6173:
6169:
6122:
6118:
6081:
6077:
6040:
6033:
5988:
5984:
5949:
5945:
5936:
5934:
5926:
5925:
5921:
5880:(5): e0217614.
5866:
5862:
5853:
5851:
5847:
5840:
5836:
5835:
5831:
5800:
5796:
5775:(11): 1918β25.
5765:
5761:
5721:
5714:
5673:(13): 5016β21.
5659:
5652:
5635:
5631:
5608:
5583:
5568:10.2307/1372967
5548:
5544:
5505:
5501:
5470:
5466:
5429:
5425:
5382:
5378:
5367:Krug E (2002).
5365:
5358:
5327:(10): e029424.
5313:
5309:
5274:
5270:
5239:
5232:
5189:
5180:
5168:
5162:
5158:
5141:
5140:
5136:
5096:
5090:
5083:
5052:
5048:
5031:
5030:
5026:
4981:
4977:
4932:
4928:
4897:
4893:
4883:
4881:
4877:
4870:
4862:
4853:
4844:
4842:
4833:
4832:
4828:
4819:
4817:
4809:
4808:
4804:
4785:
4781:
4764:
4763:
4759:
4728:(14): 1365β71.
4714:
4710:
4665:
4661:
4630:
4615:
4584:
4573:
4566:
4552:
4545:
4512:(8): e1001502.
4498:
4494:
4477:
4476:
4472:
4425:
4421:
4384:
4380:
4371:
4369:
4365:
4354:
4350:
4349:
4345:
4329:
4323:
4319:
4272:
4268:
4259:
4257:
4247:
4243:
4206:
4202:
4181:
4174:
4165:
4163:
4152:"Preterm birth"
4150:
4149:
4145:
4137:
4126:
4122:
4121:
4117:
4070:
4057:
4038:
4012:
4008:
3971:
3967:
3922:
3918:
3909:
3907:
3900:MedicineNet.com
3894:
3893:
3889:
3844:
3833:
3802:
3798:
3755:
3751:
3742:
3740:
3731:
3730:
3723:
3698:
3684:
3677:
3646:
3642:
3629:
3620:
3589:(262): 262sr5.
3575:
3571:
3556:
3552:
3501:
3497:
3484:
3477:
3462:
3448:
3444:
3401:
3394:
3363:
3356:
3311:
3304:
3253:
3246:
3231:
3216:
3171:
3167:
3136:
3127:
3118:
3116:
3108:
3107:
3103:
3058:
3047:
3040:
3018:
2987:
2971:
2970:
2934:
2927:
2912:
2911:
2907:
2897:
2895:
2890:
2889:
2885:
2880:. January 2023.
2870:
2869:
2865:
2856:
2854:
2846:
2845:
2841:
2832:
2830:
2822:
2821:
2817:
2808:
2806:
2793:
2792:
2788:
2773:
2766:
2756:
2754:
2741:
2740:
2736:
2681:
2677:
2668:
2666:
2656:
2649:
2618:(11): 948β953.
2604:
2600:
2591:
2589:
2581:
2580:
2576:
2567:
2565:
2560:
2559:
2555:
2513:
2507:
2503:
2494:
2492:
2484:
2483:
2479:
2470:
2468:
2459:
2458:
2449:
2445:
2440:
2439:
2434:
2430:
2422:
2418:
2413:
2409:
2400:
2396:
2391:
2381:Child mortality
2321:
2297:
2273:southern states
2247:
2210:
2166:Serena Williams
2125:premature birth
2112:
2018:
2001:
1861:
1659:
1655:
1649:
1605:
1599:
1596:
1553:
1551:
1541:
1529:
1518:
1506:perhaps because
1505:
1456:Czech Republic
1437:All live births
1421:
1412:vital statistic
1329:Life expectancy
1314:
1288:First 1000 days
1284:family planning
1280:
1186:
1169:
1146:salt iodization
1130:
1045:
1036:
1020:family planning
995:
974:
946:
914:
899:health policies
798:
763:
753:arrangements."
745:
740:
731:
726:
715:carbon monoxide
679:water pollution
671:
614:
556:
552:
550:
546:
544:
540:
538:
534:
532:
531: 5,0β14,9%
528:
526:
522:
520:
519: < 2,5%
516:
514:
503:
497:
479:
455:
449:
399:
390:
384:
349:
343:
230:gestational age
222:
216:
214:Premature birth
196:
175:
138:
91:prolonged labor
17:
12:
11:
5:
12232:
12222:
12221:
12216:
12211:
12194:
12193:
12191:
12190:
12178:
12166:
12153:
12150:
12149:
12146:
12145:
12143:
12142:
12137:
12132:
12127:
12122:
12117:
12112:
12107:
12102:
12097:
12091:
12089:
12085:
12084:
12082:
12081:
12080:
12079:
12074:
12069:
12064:
12056:
12050:
12048:
12044:
12043:
12041:
12040:
12033:
12028:
12023:
12022:
12021:
12016:
12011:
12006:
11998:
11997:
11996:
11991:
11983:
11982:
11981:
11973:
11972:
11971:
11966:
11958:
11957:
11956:
11948:
11947:
11946:
11937:
11935:
11928:
11923:Organizations,
11920:
11919:
11917:
11916:
11911:
11906:
11901:
11896:
11891:
11886:
11881:
11876:
11871:
11865:
11863:
11857:
11856:
11854:
11853:
11852:
11851:
11846:
11836:
11831:
11830:
11829:
11824:
11819:
11814:
11809:
11804:
11799:
11790:
11788:
11782:
11781:
11779:
11778:
11773:
11768:
11763:
11758:
11753:
11748:
11747:
11746:
11736:
11735:
11734:
11724:
11723:
11722:
11712:
11706:
11704:
11698:
11697:
11695:
11694:
11689:
11688:
11687:
11679:
11670:
11665:
11660:
11650:
11645:
11640:
11634:
11632:
11629:Biological and
11626:
11625:
11623:
11622:
11617:
11616:
11615:
11610:
11605:
11595:
11590:
11588:Multimorbidity
11585:
11580:
11575:
11570:
11565:
11560:
11555:
11550:
11545:
11539:
11537:
11531:
11530:
11528:
11527:
11525:Vector control
11522:
11517:
11512:
11510:School hygiene
11507:
11506:
11505:
11500:
11495:
11493:Sanitary sewer
11490:
11485:
11480:
11470:
11465:
11460:
11459:
11458:
11451:Patient safety
11448:
11447:
11446:
11441:
11436:
11431:
11426:
11421:
11411:
11410:
11409:
11404:
11399:
11394:
11384:
11383:
11382:
11377:
11367:
11362:
11357:
11356:
11355:
11344:
11342:
11336:
11335:
11333:
11332:
11327:
11322:
11317:
11312:
11307:
11302:
11297:
11292:
11287:
11282:
11277:
11272:
11267:
11266:
11265:
11260:
11255:
11250:
11245:
11235:
11230:
11225:
11215:
11210:
11205:
11200:
11195:
11190:
11189:
11188:
11183:
11173:
11168:
11163:
11162:
11161:
11156:
11146:
11141:
11136:
11134:Harm reduction
11131:
11126:
11121:
11116:
11115:
11114:
11109:
11099:
11094:
11089:
11084:
11079:
11074:
11068:
11066:
11062:
11061:
11054:
11053:
11046:
11039:
11031:
11022:
11021:
11019:
11018:
11013:
11008:
11007:
11006:
11001:
10991:
10985:
10983:
10979:
10978:
10976:
10975:
10970:
10969:
10968:
10958:
10953:
10952:
10951:
10946:
10941:
10939:herpes simplex
10936:
10926:
10920:
10918:
10914:
10913:
10910:
10909:
10907:
10906:
10905:
10904:
10899:
10887:
10881:
10879:
10873:
10872:
10870:
10869:
10864:
10858:
10856:
10854:Nervous system
10850:
10849:
10847:
10846:
10841:
10835:
10833:
10822:
10821:
10819:
10818:
10813:
10808:
10802:
10800:
10794:
10793:
10791:
10790:
10785:
10784:
10783:
10773:
10767:
10766:
10765:
10764:
10759:
10749:
10744:
10743:
10742:
10737:
10732:
10727:
10722:
10711:
10710:
10704:
10702:
10691:
10690:
10688:
10687:
10682:
10676:
10674:
10672:Cardiovascular
10668:
10667:
10665:
10664:
10659:
10654:
10653:
10652:
10647:
10635:
10630:
10625:
10620:
10614:
10612:
10603:
10599:
10598:
10596:
10595:
10594:
10593:
10588:
10578:
10577:
10576:
10571:
10566:
10561:
10548:
10546:
10540:
10539:
10537:
10536:
10531:
10522:
10512:
10510:
10506:
10505:
10502:
10501:
10499:
10498:
10493:
10488:
10482:
10480:
10470:
10469:
10467:
10466:
10461:
10456:
10450:
10448:
10444:umbilical cord
10438:
10437:
10435:
10434:
10428:
10426:
10412:
10411:
10409:
10408:
10403:
10398:
10392:
10390:
10377:
10369:
10368:
10356:
10355:
10348:
10341:
10333:
10324:
10323:
10321:
10320:
10310:
10299:
10296:
10295:
10293:
10292:
10287:
10275:
10274:
10273:
10263:
10262:
10261:
10251:
10246:
10241:
10236:
10231:
10226:
10221:
10216:
10211:
10206:
10201:
10196:
10191:
10186:
10181:
10176:
10171:
10166:
10161:
10156:
10151:
10146:
10141:
10136:
10131:
10126:
10121:
10116:
10111:
10106:
10101:
10096:
10091:
10090:
10089:
10084:
10079:
10069:
10064:
10059:
10054:
10049:
10044:
10039:
10034:
10032:Apparent death
10028:
10026:
10022:
10021:
10019:
10018:
10013:
10012:
10011:
10001:
9996:
9991:
9986:
9981:
9976:
9971:
9958:
9956:
9952:
9951:
9949:
9948:
9943:
9938:
9933:
9928:
9923:
9918:
9913:
9908:
9903:
9898:
9893:
9885:
9880:
9875:
9870:
9865:
9863:Cause of death
9860:
9855:
9853:Administration
9850:
9844:
9842:
9838:
9837:
9835:
9834:
9829:
9824:
9819:
9814:
9809:
9804:
9798:
9796:
9792:
9791:
9788:
9787:
9785:
9784:
9779:
9774:
9769:
9768:
9767:
9762:
9752:
9747:
9746:
9745:
9735:
9730:
9725:
9720:
9715:
9710:
9705:
9700:
9695:
9690:
9689:
9688:
9683:
9673:
9668:
9662:
9660:
9654:
9653:
9650:
9649:
9647:
9646:
9641:
9636:
9631:
9626:
9624:Death erection
9621:
9616:
9611:
9606:
9600:
9597:
9596:
9594:
9593:
9588:
9583:
9578:
9573:
9568:
9567:
9566:
9561:
9559:Natural burial
9550:
9548:
9542:
9541:
9539:
9538:
9533:
9528:
9523:
9518:
9513:
9508:
9507:
9506:
9501:
9490:
9488:
9484:
9483:
9481:
9480:
9475:
9470:
9465:
9460:
9455:
9450:
9445:
9439:
9437:
9430:
9419:
9415:
9414:
9412:
9411:
9406:
9401:
9400:
9399:
9392:Mortality rate
9389:
9384:
9377:
9372:
9370:Maternal death
9367:
9362:
9357:
9352:
9347:
9342:
9336:
9334:
9330:
9329:
9327:
9326:
9321:
9316:
9314:Unusual deaths
9311:
9306:
9301:
9296:
9291:
9286:
9281:
9275:
9273:
9267:
9266:
9263:
9262:
9260:
9259:
9254:
9249:
9247:Organ donation
9244:
9239:
9234:
9229:
9224:
9219:
9214:
9209:
9204:
9203:
9202:
9195:Clinical death
9192:
9191:
9190:
9180:
9175:
9170:
9164:
9161:
9160:
9158:
9157:
9152:
9147:
9142:
9137:
9132:
9127:
9122:
9117:
9112:
9107:
9106:
9105:
9100:
9095:
9090:
9085:
9080:
9075:
9070:
9065:
9060:
9055:
9045:
9044:
9043:
9038:
9033:
9028:
9023:
9018:
9013:
9008:
8997:
8995:
8986:
8982:
8981:
8974:
8973:
8966:
8959:
8951:
8945:
8944:
8937:
8936:External links
8934:
8932:
8931:
8904:(3): 313β326.
8888:
8837:
8786:
8735:
8720:
8694:
8667:(3): 385β402.
8651:
8608:
8590:
8575:
8557:
8539:
8504:
8465:
8458:
8436:
8400:
8376:
8358:
8339:
8321:
8295:
8269:
8241:
8212:(5): 988β995.
8192:
8164:
8123:
8098:
8070:
8041:
8020:
7991:(8): 1358β65.
7971:
7922:
7919:on 2013-11-05.
7899:
7874:
7839:
7797:
7746:
7743:on 2023-06-06.
7723:
7704:
7670:
7667:on 2012-04-18.
7648:
7641:
7616:
7595:
7571:
7549:
7519:
7462:
7413:
7384:
7370:
7319:
7312:
7294:
7275:(6): 843β862.
7259:
7224:
7166:
7151:
7126:
7105:
7062:
7036:
7010:
6991:
6934:
6918:United Nations
6905:
6874:
6844:
6820:
6817:on 2013-10-02.
6795:
6769:
6742:
6701:World Politics
6691:
6662:(1): 107β131.
6643:
6608:(3): 847β856.
6585:
6564:(1): 295β301.
6544:
6495:
6454:
6430:
6415:
6397:
6363:
6339:
6321:
6268:
6227:
6167:
6116:
6075:
6031:
5982:
5943:
5919:
5860:
5829:
5794:
5759:
5712:
5650:
5629:
5618:(3): 204β220.
5581:
5542:
5521:10.2307/172276
5499:
5464:
5423:
5376:
5356:
5307:
5268:
5230:
5203:(2): 321β333.
5178:
5173:The World Bank
5156:
5153:on 2009-07-25.
5134:
5081:
5046:
5024:
4975:
4946:(9): 1107β16.
4926:
4891:
4851:
4826:
4802:
4779:
4757:
4708:
4659:
4640:(2): 279β288.
4613:
4571:
4564:
4543:
4492:
4470:
4433:BMC Pediatrics
4419:
4378:
4343:
4317:
4286:(6): 1817β46.
4266:
4241:
4200:
4172:
4162:on Oct 2, 2013
4143:
4140:on 2019-12-30.
4115:
4055:
4036:
4027:10.17226/10649
4006:
3985:(21): 2241β7.
3965:
3916:
3887:
3831:
3812:(26): 4875β9.
3796:
3749:
3721:
3696:
3675:
3640:
3618:
3569:
3550:
3515:(4): 502β511.
3495:
3475:
3460:
3442:
3392:
3354:
3302:
3267:(2): 176β183.
3244:
3214:
3185:(3): 185β191.
3165:
3125:
3101:
3045:
3038:
2985:
2925:
2905:
2883:
2863:
2839:
2815:
2786:
2764:
2734:
2675:
2647:
2598:
2574:
2553:
2501:
2477:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2438:
2437:
2428:
2416:
2407:
2403:United Nations
2401:Data from the
2393:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2386:
2385:
2377:
2371:
2365:
2353:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2320:
2317:
2296:
2293:
2264:Pasteurization
2246:
2243:
2222:2 Samuel 12:23
2209:
2206:
2111:
2108:
2056:World Factbook
2043:New York Times
2017:
2014:
2000:
1999:United Kingdom
1997:
1994:
1993:
1990:
1985:
1981:
1980:
1977:
1972:
1968:
1967:
1964:
1959:
1955:
1954:
1951:
1946:
1942:
1941:
1938:
1933:
1929:
1928:
1925:
1920:
1916:
1915:
1912:
1907:
1903:
1902:
1899:
1894:
1890:
1889:
1886:
1881:
1877:
1876:
1873:
1868:
1864:
1863:
1858:
1855:
1818:
1817:
1814:
1811:
1808:
1804:
1803:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1790:
1789:
1786:
1783:
1780:
1776:
1775:
1772:
1769:
1766:
1762:
1761:
1758:
1755:
1752:
1748:
1747:
1744:
1741:
1738:
1734:
1733:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1720:
1719:
1716:
1713:
1710:
1706:
1705:
1702:
1699:
1696:
1692:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1682:
1678:
1677:
1674:
1671:
1668:
1648:
1645:
1607:
1606:
1532:
1530:
1523:
1517:
1514:
1510:catchment area
1490:
1489:
1486:
1482:
1481:
1478:
1474:
1473:
1470:
1466:
1465:
1462:
1458:
1457:
1454:
1450:
1449:
1446:
1442:
1441:
1438:
1434:
1433:
1430:
1420:
1417:
1313:
1310:
1299:A decrease in
1279:
1276:
1270:(AAP) and the
1185:
1182:
1168:
1165:
1129:
1126:
1044:
1041:
1035:
1032:
994:
991:
973:
970:
945:
942:
913:
910:
877:institutions.
852:per capita GDP
797:
794:
762:
759:
738:
724:
670:
667:
613:
610:
568:stunted growth
551:
545:
539:
533:
527:
525: 2,5β5,0%
521:
515:
499:Main article:
496:
493:
451:Main article:
448:
445:
398:
395:
386:Main article:
383:
380:
345:Main article:
342:
339:
258:fetal distress
224:Premature, or
218:Main article:
215:
212:
195:
192:
174:
171:
170:
169:
159:
152:
137:
136:Classification
134:
126:United Nations
55:birth asphyxia
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
12231:
12220:
12219:Public health
12217:
12215:
12212:
12210:
12207:
12206:
12204:
12189:
12188:
12179:
12177:
12176:
12167:
12165:
12164:
12155:
12154:
12151:
12141:
12138:
12136:
12133:
12131:
12128:
12126:
12123:
12121:
12118:
12116:
12113:
12111:
12110:Joseph Lister
12108:
12106:
12103:
12101:
12098:
12096:
12093:
12092:
12090:
12086:
12078:
12075:
12073:
12070:
12068:
12065:
12063:
12060:
12059:
12057:
12055:
12052:
12051:
12049:
12045:
12038:
12034:
12032:
12029:
12027:
12024:
12020:
12017:
12015:
12012:
12010:
12007:
12005:
12002:
12001:
11999:
11995:
11992:
11990:
11989:Health Canada
11987:
11986:
11984:
11980:
11977:
11976:
11974:
11970:
11967:
11965:
11962:
11961:
11959:
11955:
11952:
11951:
11949:
11945:
11942:
11941:
11939:
11938:
11936:
11934:Organizations
11932:
11929:
11921:
11915:
11912:
11910:
11907:
11905:
11902:
11900:
11897:
11895:
11892:
11890:
11887:
11885:
11882:
11880:
11877:
11875:
11872:
11870:
11867:
11866:
11864:
11858:
11850:
11847:
11845:
11842:
11841:
11840:
11837:
11835:
11832:
11828:
11825:
11823:
11820:
11818:
11815:
11813:
11810:
11808:
11805:
11803:
11800:
11798:
11795:
11794:
11792:
11791:
11789:
11783:
11777:
11774:
11772:
11771:Vaccine trial
11769:
11767:
11764:
11762:
11759:
11757:
11754:
11752:
11749:
11745:
11742:
11741:
11740:
11737:
11733:
11730:
11729:
11728:
11725:
11721:
11718:
11717:
11716:
11713:
11711:
11708:
11707:
11705:
11699:
11693:
11690:
11686:
11684:
11680:
11678:
11676:
11671:
11669:
11666:
11664:
11661:
11659:
11656:
11655:
11654:
11651:
11649:
11648:Relative risk
11646:
11644:
11641:
11639:
11636:
11635:
11633:
11627:
11621:
11618:
11614:
11611:
11609:
11608:Health equity
11606:
11604:
11601:
11600:
11599:
11596:
11594:
11591:
11589:
11586:
11584:
11581:
11579:
11576:
11574:
11573:Health system
11571:
11569:
11566:
11564:
11563:Global health
11561:
11559:
11556:
11554:
11551:
11549:
11546:
11544:
11543:Biostatistics
11541:
11540:
11538:
11536:
11532:
11526:
11523:
11521:
11518:
11516:
11513:
11511:
11508:
11504:
11501:
11499:
11496:
11494:
11491:
11489:
11486:
11484:
11481:
11479:
11476:
11475:
11474:
11471:
11469:
11466:
11464:
11461:
11457:
11454:
11453:
11452:
11449:
11445:
11442:
11440:
11437:
11435:
11432:
11430:
11427:
11425:
11422:
11420:
11417:
11416:
11415:
11412:
11408:
11405:
11403:
11400:
11398:
11395:
11393:
11390:
11389:
11388:
11385:
11381:
11378:
11376:
11373:
11372:
11371:
11368:
11366:
11363:
11361:
11358:
11354:
11351:
11350:
11349:
11346:
11345:
11343:
11341:
11337:
11331:
11328:
11326:
11323:
11321:
11318:
11316:
11313:
11311:
11308:
11306:
11303:
11301:
11298:
11296:
11293:
11291:
11288:
11286:
11285:Right to food
11283:
11281:
11278:
11276:
11273:
11271:
11268:
11264:
11261:
11259:
11256:
11254:
11251:
11249:
11246:
11244:
11241:
11240:
11239:
11236:
11234:
11231:
11229:
11226:
11223:
11219:
11218:Mental health
11216:
11214:
11211:
11209:
11206:
11204:
11201:
11199:
11196:
11194:
11191:
11187:
11184:
11182:
11179:
11178:
11177:
11174:
11172:
11169:
11167:
11166:Housing First
11164:
11160:
11157:
11155:
11154:Health system
11152:
11151:
11150:
11149:Health policy
11147:
11145:
11142:
11140:
11137:
11135:
11132:
11130:
11127:
11125:
11122:
11120:
11117:
11113:
11110:
11108:
11105:
11104:
11103:
11100:
11098:
11095:
11093:
11090:
11088:
11085:
11083:
11080:
11078:
11075:
11073:
11070:
11069:
11067:
11063:
11059:
11058:Public health
11052:
11047:
11045:
11040:
11038:
11033:
11032:
11029:
11017:
11014:
11012:
11009:
11005:
11002:
11000:
10997:
10996:
10995:
10992:
10990:
10987:
10986:
10984:
10980:
10974:
10971:
10967:
10964:
10963:
10962:
10959:
10957:
10954:
10950:
10947:
10945:
10942:
10940:
10937:
10935:
10932:
10931:
10930:
10927:
10925:
10922:
10921:
10919:
10915:
10903:
10900:
10898:
10895:
10894:
10893:
10892:
10888:
10886:
10883:
10882:
10880:
10878:
10874:
10868:
10865:
10863:
10860:
10859:
10857:
10855:
10851:
10845:
10842:
10840:
10837:
10836:
10834:
10832:
10827:
10823:
10817:
10814:
10812:
10809:
10807:
10804:
10803:
10801:
10799:
10795:
10789:
10786:
10782:
10779:
10778:
10777:
10774:
10772:
10769:
10768:
10763:
10760:
10758:
10755:
10754:
10753:
10750:
10748:
10745:
10741:
10738:
10736:
10733:
10731:
10728:
10726:
10723:
10721:
10718:
10717:
10716:
10713:
10712:
10709:
10706:
10705:
10703:
10701:
10696:
10692:
10686:
10683:
10681:
10678:
10677:
10675:
10673:
10669:
10663:
10660:
10658:
10655:
10651:
10648:
10646:
10643:
10642:
10641:
10640:
10636:
10634:
10631:
10629:
10626:
10624:
10621:
10619:
10616:
10615:
10613:
10611:
10607:
10604:
10600:
10592:
10589:
10587:
10584:
10583:
10582:
10579:
10575:
10572:
10570:
10567:
10565:
10562:
10560:
10557:
10556:
10555:
10554:
10550:
10549:
10547:
10545:
10541:
10535:
10532:
10530:
10526:
10525:Preterm birth
10523:
10521:
10517:
10514:
10513:
10511:
10507:
10497:
10494:
10492:
10489:
10487:
10484:
10483:
10481:
10478:
10477:
10471:
10465:
10462:
10460:
10457:
10455:
10452:
10451:
10449:
10446:
10445:
10439:
10433:
10430:
10429:
10427:
10424:
10423:
10419:
10413:
10407:
10404:
10402:
10399:
10397:
10394:
10393:
10391:
10388:
10387:
10381:
10378:
10370:
10366:
10365:fetal disease
10362:
10354:
10349:
10347:
10342:
10340:
10335:
10334:
10331:
10319:
10311:
10309:
10301:
10300:
10297:
10291:
10288:
10284:
10279:
10276:
10272:
10269:
10268:
10267:
10264:
10260:
10257:
10256:
10255:
10252:
10250:
10247:
10245:
10242:
10240:
10237:
10235:
10232:
10230:
10227:
10225:
10222:
10220:
10217:
10215:
10212:
10210:
10207:
10205:
10202:
10200:
10197:
10195:
10192:
10190:
10187:
10185:
10182:
10180:
10177:
10175:
10172:
10170:
10167:
10165:
10162:
10160:
10157:
10155:
10152:
10150:
10147:
10145:
10142:
10140:
10137:
10135:
10132:
10130:
10127:
10125:
10122:
10120:
10117:
10115:
10112:
10110:
10107:
10105:
10102:
10100:
10097:
10095:
10092:
10088:
10085:
10083:
10080:
10078:
10075:
10074:
10073:
10070:
10068:
10067:Death anxiety
10065:
10063:
10060:
10058:
10055:
10053:
10052:Darwin Awards
10050:
10048:
10045:
10043:
10040:
10038:
10035:
10033:
10030:
10029:
10027:
10023:
10017:
10014:
10010:
10009:Biostratinomy
10007:
10006:
10005:
10002:
10000:
9997:
9995:
9992:
9990:
9987:
9985:
9982:
9980:
9977:
9975:
9972:
9968:
9963:
9960:
9959:
9957:
9953:
9947:
9944:
9942:
9939:
9937:
9934:
9932:
9929:
9927:
9924:
9922:
9921:Necropolitics
9919:
9917:
9914:
9912:
9909:
9907:
9904:
9902:
9899:
9897:
9894:
9892:
9891:
9886:
9884:
9881:
9879:
9876:
9874:
9871:
9869:
9866:
9864:
9861:
9859:
9856:
9854:
9851:
9849:
9846:
9845:
9843:
9839:
9833:
9830:
9828:
9825:
9823:
9820:
9818:
9815:
9813:
9810:
9808:
9805:
9803:
9800:
9799:
9797:
9793:
9783:
9780:
9778:
9775:
9773:
9770:
9766:
9763:
9761:
9758:
9757:
9756:
9755:Reincarnation
9753:
9751:
9748:
9744:
9741:
9740:
9739:
9736:
9734:
9731:
9729:
9726:
9724:
9721:
9719:
9716:
9714:
9711:
9709:
9706:
9704:
9701:
9699:
9696:
9694:
9691:
9687:
9684:
9682:
9679:
9678:
9677:
9674:
9672:
9669:
9667:
9664:
9663:
9661:
9659:
9658:Other aspects
9655:
9645:
9642:
9640:
9637:
9635:
9632:
9630:
9627:
9625:
9622:
9620:
9617:
9615:
9612:
9610:
9609:Body donation
9607:
9605:
9602:
9601:
9598:
9592:
9589:
9587:
9584:
9582:
9579:
9577:
9576:Dismemberment
9574:
9572:
9569:
9565:
9562:
9560:
9557:
9556:
9555:
9552:
9551:
9549:
9547:
9543:
9537:
9534:
9532:
9529:
9527:
9524:
9522:
9521:Mummification
9519:
9517:
9514:
9512:
9509:
9505:
9502:
9500:
9497:
9496:
9495:
9492:
9491:
9489:
9485:
9479:
9478:Fossilization
9476:
9474:
9471:
9469:
9468:Decomposition
9466:
9464:
9461:
9459:
9456:
9454:
9451:
9449:
9446:
9444:
9443:Pallor mortis
9441:
9440:
9438:
9434:
9431:
9429:
9428:
9423:
9420:
9416:
9410:
9407:
9405:
9402:
9398:
9395:
9394:
9393:
9390:
9388:
9385:
9383:
9382:
9378:
9376:
9373:
9371:
9368:
9366:
9363:
9361:
9358:
9356:
9353:
9351:
9348:
9346:
9343:
9341:
9338:
9337:
9335:
9331:
9325:
9322:
9320:
9317:
9315:
9312:
9310:
9307:
9305:
9302:
9300:
9297:
9295:
9292:
9290:
9287:
9285:
9282:
9280:
9277:
9276:
9274:
9272:
9268:
9258:
9255:
9253:
9250:
9248:
9245:
9243:
9240:
9238:
9235:
9233:
9230:
9228:
9225:
9223:
9220:
9218:
9215:
9213:
9210:
9208:
9205:
9201:
9198:
9197:
9196:
9193:
9189:
9186:
9185:
9184:
9181:
9179:
9176:
9174:
9171:
9169:
9166:
9165:
9162:
9156:
9153:
9151:
9148:
9146:
9143:
9141:
9138:
9136:
9133:
9131:
9128:
9126:
9123:
9121:
9118:
9116:
9113:
9111:
9108:
9104:
9101:
9099:
9096:
9094:
9091:
9089:
9086:
9084:
9081:
9079:
9076:
9074:
9071:
9069:
9066:
9064:
9061:
9059:
9056:
9054:
9051:
9050:
9049:
9046:
9042:
9039:
9037:
9034:
9032:
9029:
9027:
9024:
9022:
9019:
9017:
9014:
9012:
9009:
9007:
9004:
9003:
9002:
8999:
8998:
8996:
8994:
8990:
8987:
8983:
8979:
8972:
8967:
8965:
8960:
8958:
8953:
8952:
8949:
8943:
8940:
8939:
8927:
8923:
8919:
8915:
8911:
8907:
8903:
8899:
8892:
8884:
8880:
8876:
8872:
8868:
8864:
8860:
8856:
8853:(3): 349β64.
8852:
8848:
8841:
8833:
8829:
8825:
8821:
8817:
8813:
8809:
8805:
8802:(4): 501β11.
8801:
8797:
8790:
8782:
8778:
8774:
8770:
8766:
8762:
8758:
8754:
8750:
8746:
8739:
8731:
8727:
8723:
8721:9780231544511
8717:
8713:
8709:
8705:
8698:
8690:
8686:
8682:
8678:
8674:
8670:
8666:
8662:
8655:
8647:
8643:
8639:
8635:
8631:
8627:
8623:
8619:
8612:
8604:
8600:
8594:
8586:
8582:
8578:
8572:
8568:
8561:
8550:
8543:
8535:
8531:
8527:
8523:
8519:
8515:
8508:
8500:
8496:
8492:
8488:
8485:(2): 478β85.
8484:
8480:
8476:
8469:
8461:
8455:
8450:
8449:
8440:
8426:on 2018-09-25
8422:
8418:
8411:
8404:
8390:
8386:
8380:
8372:
8368:
8362:
8354:
8350:
8343:
8335:
8331:
8325:
8310:
8306:
8299:
8284:
8280:
8273:
8257:
8256:
8248:
8246:
8237:
8233:
8228:
8223:
8219:
8215:
8211:
8207:
8203:
8196:
8181:
8176:
8168:
8160:
8156:
8151:
8146:
8142:
8138:
8134:
8127:
8113:
8109:
8106:Geronimus A.
8102:
8087:
8083:
8077:
8075:
8060:on 2017-03-08
8059:
8055:
8051:
8045:
8030:
8024:
8016:
8012:
8007:
8002:
7998:
7994:
7990:
7986:
7982:
7975:
7967:
7963:
7958:
7953:
7949:
7945:
7941:
7937:
7933:
7926:
7918:
7914:
7910:
7903:
7895:
7891:
7887:
7881:
7879:
7870:
7866:
7862:
7858:
7854:
7850:
7843:
7835:
7831:
7827:
7823:
7819:
7815:
7808:
7801:
7793:
7789:
7784:
7779:
7774:
7769:
7765:
7761:
7760:PLOS Medicine
7757:
7750:
7742:
7738:
7734:
7727:
7719:
7715:
7708:
7700:
7696:
7692:
7688:
7681:
7674:
7666:
7662:
7658:
7652:
7644:
7638:
7634:
7630:
7626:
7620:
7612:
7611:
7606:
7599:
7585:
7581:
7575:
7559:
7553:
7537:
7533:
7529:
7523:
7515:
7511:
7506:
7501:
7497:
7493:
7489:
7485:
7481:
7477:
7473:
7466:
7458:
7454:
7449:
7444:
7440:
7436:
7432:
7428:
7424:
7417:
7403:on 2019-01-14
7402:
7398:
7394:
7388:
7380:
7374:
7366:
7362:
7357:
7352:
7347:
7342:
7338:
7334:
7333:PLOS Medicine
7330:
7323:
7315:
7309:
7305:
7298:
7290:
7286:
7282:
7278:
7274:
7270:
7263:
7255:
7251:
7247:
7243:
7240:(4): 705β38.
7239:
7235:
7228:
7220:
7216:
7212:
7208:
7203:
7198:
7194:
7190:
7187:(4): 577β88.
7186:
7182:
7175:
7173:
7171:
7162:
7155:
7141:
7137:
7130:
7122:
7115:
7109:
7101:
7097:
7093:
7089:
7085:
7081:
7078:(6): 357β60.
7077:
7073:
7066:
7047:
7040:
7021:
7014:
7006:
7002:
6995:
6987:
6983:
6979:
6975:
6971:
6967:
6962:
6957:
6954:(3): 459β79.
6953:
6949:
6945:
6938:
6924:on 2011-05-03
6923:
6919:
6915:
6909:
6895:on 2013-12-13
6891:
6884:
6878:
6863:
6859:
6855:
6848:
6834:
6830:
6824:
6813:
6806:
6799:
6783:
6779:
6773:
6765:
6761:
6758:(4): 467β81.
6757:
6753:
6746:
6738:
6734:
6730:
6726:
6722:
6718:
6714:
6710:
6707:(4): 623β58.
6706:
6702:
6695:
6687:
6683:
6678:
6673:
6669:
6665:
6661:
6657:
6650:
6648:
6639:
6635:
6631:
6627:
6623:
6619:
6615:
6611:
6607:
6603:
6596:
6589:
6581:
6577:
6572:
6567:
6563:
6559:
6555:
6548:
6540:
6536:
6531:
6526:
6522:
6518:
6515:(3): 328β41.
6514:
6510:
6506:
6499:
6491:
6487:
6482:
6477:
6473:
6469:
6465:
6458:
6444:
6440:
6434:
6426:
6422:
6418:
6416:0-309-07447-9
6412:
6408:
6401:
6386:
6382:
6378:
6372:
6370:
6368:
6359:
6352:
6346:
6344:
6335:
6331:
6325:
6317:
6313:
6309:
6305:
6300:
6295:
6291:
6287:
6284:(467): 3β13.
6283:
6279:
6272:
6264:
6260:
6255:
6250:
6246:
6242:
6238:
6231:
6223:
6219:
6215:
6211:
6206:
6201:
6197:
6193:
6190:(8): 621β38.
6189:
6185:
6178:
6171:
6163:
6159:
6154:
6149:
6144:
6139:
6135:
6131:
6127:
6120:
6112:
6108:
6103:
6098:
6095:(1): 214β26.
6094:
6090:
6086:
6079:
6071:
6067:
6062:
6057:
6053:
6049:
6045:
6038:
6036:
6027:
6023:
6018:
6013:
6009:
6005:
6002:(1): e24-34.
6001:
5997:
5993:
5986:
5978:
5974:
5970:
5966:
5962:
5958:
5954:
5947:
5933:
5932:www.acphd.org
5929:
5923:
5915:
5911:
5906:
5901:
5896:
5891:
5887:
5883:
5879:
5875:
5871:
5864:
5846:
5839:
5833:
5825:
5821:
5817:
5813:
5810:(5): 275β81.
5809:
5805:
5798:
5790:
5786:
5782:
5778:
5774:
5770:
5763:
5755:
5751:
5747:
5743:
5739:
5735:
5731:
5727:
5719:
5717:
5708:
5704:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5680:
5676:
5672:
5668:
5664:
5657:
5655:
5646:
5641:
5633:
5625:
5621:
5617:
5613:
5606:
5604:
5602:
5600:
5598:
5596:
5594:
5592:
5590:
5588:
5586:
5577:
5573:
5569:
5565:
5562:(1): 91β133.
5561:
5557:
5553:
5546:
5538:
5534:
5530:
5526:
5522:
5518:
5514:
5510:
5503:
5495:
5491:
5487:
5483:
5480:(1): 97β102.
5479:
5475:
5468:
5460:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5442:
5438:
5434:
5427:
5419:
5415:
5411:
5407:
5403:
5399:
5395:
5391:
5387:
5380:
5372:
5371:
5363:
5361:
5352:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5334:
5330:
5326:
5322:
5318:
5311:
5303:
5299:
5295:
5291:
5288:(1): 165β78.
5287:
5283:
5279:
5272:
5264:
5260:
5256:
5252:
5249:(2): 360β74.
5248:
5244:
5237:
5235:
5226:
5222:
5218:
5214:
5210:
5206:
5202:
5198:
5194:
5187:
5185:
5183:
5174:
5167:
5160:
5152:
5148:
5147:The Economist
5144:
5138:
5130:
5126:
5122:
5118:
5114:
5110:
5107:(3): 418β28.
5106:
5102:
5095:
5088:
5086:
5077:
5073:
5069:
5065:
5061:
5057:
5050:
5042:
5038:
5034:
5028:
5020:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5002:
4998:
4995:(2): 341β66.
4994:
4990:
4986:
4979:
4971:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4953:
4949:
4945:
4941:
4937:
4930:
4922:
4918:
4914:
4910:
4906:
4902:
4895:
4876:
4869:
4868:
4860:
4858:
4856:
4840:
4836:
4830:
4816:
4812:
4806:
4798:
4794:
4790:
4783:
4775:
4771:
4767:
4761:
4753:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4735:
4731:
4727:
4723:
4719:
4712:
4704:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4686:
4682:
4678:
4674:
4670:
4663:
4655:
4651:
4647:
4643:
4639:
4635:
4628:
4626:
4624:
4622:
4620:
4618:
4609:
4605:
4601:
4597:
4593:
4589:
4582:
4580:
4578:
4576:
4567:
4561:
4557:
4550:
4548:
4539:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4511:
4507:
4506:PLOS Medicine
4503:
4496:
4488:
4484:
4483:PubMed Health
4480:
4474:
4466:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4438:
4434:
4430:
4423:
4415:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4397:
4393:
4389:
4382:
4368:on 2021-05-25
4364:
4360:
4353:
4347:
4339:
4335:
4328:
4321:
4313:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4285:
4281:
4277:
4270:
4256:
4252:
4245:
4237:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4220:(6): 703β12.
4219:
4215:
4211:
4204:
4196:
4192:
4187:
4179:
4177:
4161:
4157:
4153:
4147:
4136:
4132:
4125:
4119:
4111:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4084:(5): 670β81.
4083:
4079:
4075:
4068:
4066:
4064:
4062:
4060:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4019:
4018:
4010:
4002:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3969:
3961:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3920:
3906:on 2020-04-01
3905:
3901:
3897:
3891:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3842:
3840:
3838:
3836:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3800:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3753:
3738:
3734:
3728:
3726:
3717:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3699:
3697:9781925261677
3693:
3689:
3682:
3680:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3644:
3636:
3635:
3627:
3625:
3623:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3573:
3565:
3561:
3554:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3499:
3491:
3490:
3482:
3480:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3457:
3453:
3446:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3399:
3397:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3361:
3359:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3309:
3307:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3251:
3249:
3240:
3236:
3229:
3227:
3225:
3223:
3221:
3219:
3210:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3169:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3134:
3132:
3130:
3115:
3111:
3105:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3056:
3054:
3052:
3050:
3041:
3039:9780123708779
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3016:
3014:
3012:
3010:
3008:
3006:
3004:
3002:
3000:
2998:
2996:
2994:
2992:
2990:
2981:
2975:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2932:
2930:
2921:
2920:
2915:
2909:
2893:
2887:
2879:
2878:
2873:
2867:
2853:
2849:
2843:
2829:
2825:
2819:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2790:
2782:
2778:
2771:
2769:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2738:
2730:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2679:
2665:
2661:
2654:
2652:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2602:
2588:
2584:
2578:
2563:
2557:
2549:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2512:
2505:
2491:
2487:
2481:
2466:
2462:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2447:
2432:
2426:
2420:
2411:
2404:
2398:
2394:
2383:
2382:
2378:
2375:
2372:
2369:
2366:
2363:
2362:
2358:
2357:
2356:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2322:
2316:
2313:
2312:social stigma
2309:
2304:
2302:
2292:
2288:
2286:
2282:
2277:
2274:
2268:
2265:
2259:
2257:
2253:
2245:United States
2242:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2223:
2219:
2214:
2205:
2203:
2198:
2192:
2189:
2183:
2180:
2175:
2169:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2153:
2151:
2147:
2146:pre-eclampsia
2142:
2137:
2135:
2129:
2126:
2120:
2116:
2107:
2105:
2101:
2095:
2087:
2083:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2060:
2058:
2057:
2051:
2046:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2030:
2022:
2016:United States
2013:
2011:
2010:child poverty
2006:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1970:
1969:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1957:
1956:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1931:
1930:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1892:
1891:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1859:
1856:
1853:
1852:
1846:
1843:
1839:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1815:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1805:
1801:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1791:
1787:
1784:
1781:
1778:
1777:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1763:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1749:
1745:
1742:
1739:
1736:
1735:
1731:
1728:
1725:
1722:
1721:
1717:
1714:
1711:
1708:
1707:
1703:
1700:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1680:
1679:
1675:
1672:
1669:
1666:
1665:
1654:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1634:
1630:
1625:
1623:
1619:
1613:
1603:
1592:
1589:
1585:
1582:
1578:
1575:
1571:
1568:
1564:
1561: β
1560:
1556:
1555:Find sources:
1549:
1545:
1539:
1538:
1537:single source
1533:This section
1531:
1527:
1522:
1521:
1513:
1511:
1501:
1498:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1479:
1476:
1475:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1431:
1428:
1427:
1419:Europe and US
1416:
1413:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1379:
1374:
1372:
1368:
1365:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1348:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1337:state failure
1330:
1326:
1318:
1309:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1294:
1289:
1285:
1275:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1260:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1245:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1181:
1178:
1177:breastfeeding
1174:
1164:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1149:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1134:prenatal care
1125:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1109:
1107:
1103:
1098:
1094:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1079:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1060:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1040:
1031:
1029:
1023:
1021:
1016:
1012:
1004:
999:
993:Birth spacing
990:
988:
987:heterogeneous
984:
978:
969:
967:
963:
959:
955:
950:
941:
937:
933:
931:
930:Yugoslav Wars
925:
923:
919:
909:
907:
902:
900:
895:
892:
888:
884:
878:
875:
871:
866:
864:
860:
859:socioeconomic
855:
853:
848:
847:
846:The Economist
839:
834:
830:
827:
823:
819:
814:
807:
802:
793:
791:
787:
782:
779:
776:
771:
767:
758:
754:
751:
743:
737:
729:
723:
718:
716:
711:
708:
707:air pollution
704:
699:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
675:
669:Environmental
666:
663:
662:bronchiolitis
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
634:
632:
628:
624:
620:
609:
607:
602:
601:public health
598:
594:
592:
588:
584:
580:
575:
573:
572:breastfeeding
569:
564:
563:immune system
555: No data
512:
507:
502:
492:
490:
486:
477:
472:
470:
469:prenatal care
465:
464:
459:
454:
444:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
420:
415:
410:
408:
404:
394:
389:
379:
377:
373:
367:
365:
360:
359:Back to Sleep
355:
348:
338:
336:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
297:
295:
291:
287:
286:immune system
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
261:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
238:
234:
231:
227:
226:preterm birth
221:
220:Preterm birth
211:
209:
205:
201:
200:preterm birth
191:
189:
185:
181:
167:
163:
160:
156:
153:
150:
147:
146:
145:
142:
133:
131:
127:
123:
118:
116:
115:breastfeeding
110:
108:
107:public health
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
51:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
21:
12185:
12173:
12161:
12130:Radium Girls
12125:Typhoid Mary
11812:Microbiology
11682:
11674:
11577:
11558:Epidemiology
11456:Organization
11407:Oral hygiene
11397:Hand washing
11375:Healthy diet
11305:Right to sit
11198:Labor rights
11003:
10889:
10645:Pneumothorax
10637:
10551:
10544:Birth trauma
10486:Breech birth
10476:presentation
10474:
10442:
10416:
10384:
10164:Death threat
10047:Dark tourism
9989:Necrobiology
9931:Right to die
9889:
9848:Abortion law
9772:Resurrection
9760:Palingenesis
9657:
9619:Coffin birth
9526:Plastination
9487:Preservation
9463:Putrefaction
9458:Rigor mortis
9453:Algor mortis
9448:Livor mortis
9425:
9381:Memento mori
9379:
9359:
9232:Lazarus sign
9212:Death rattle
9155:Suicide gene
9140:Karyorrhexis
9031:Fat necrosis
8901:
8897:
8891:
8850:
8846:
8840:
8799:
8795:
8789:
8748:
8744:
8738:
8703:
8697:
8664:
8660:
8654:
8621:
8617:
8611:
8602:
8593:
8566:
8560:
8542:
8517:
8513:
8507:
8482:
8478:
8468:
8447:
8439:
8428:. Retrieved
8421:the original
8416:
8403:
8392:. Retrieved
8388:
8379:
8370:
8361:
8352:
8342:
8334:Child Trends
8333:
8324:
8312:. Retrieved
8308:
8298:
8286:. Retrieved
8282:
8272:
8260:. Retrieved
8254:
8209:
8205:
8195:
8183:. Retrieved
8179:
8167:
8140:
8136:
8126:
8115:. Retrieved
8111:
8101:
8090:. Retrieved
8088:. 2014-03-03
8085:
8062:. Retrieved
8058:the original
8053:
8044:
8033:. Retrieved
8023:
7988:
7984:
7974:
7939:
7935:
7925:
7917:the original
7912:
7902:
7893:
7889:
7852:
7848:
7842:
7820:(4): 483β5.
7817:
7813:
7800:
7763:
7759:
7749:
7741:the original
7736:
7726:
7717:
7707:
7690:
7686:
7673:
7665:the original
7660:
7651:
7632:
7625:O'Sullivan A
7619:
7608:
7598:
7587:. Retrieved
7583:
7574:
7562:. Retrieved
7552:
7542:December 18,
7540:. Retrieved
7536:the original
7531:
7522:
7479:
7475:
7465:
7430:
7426:
7416:
7405:. Retrieved
7401:the original
7396:
7387:
7373:
7339:(10): e449.
7336:
7332:
7322:
7303:
7297:
7272:
7268:
7262:
7237:
7233:
7227:
7184:
7180:
7154:
7143:. Retrieved
7139:
7129:
7120:
7108:
7075:
7071:
7065:
7053:. Retrieved
7039:
7027:. Retrieved
7013:
7004:
6994:
6951:
6947:
6937:
6926:. Retrieved
6922:the original
6917:
6908:
6897:. Retrieved
6890:the original
6877:
6866:. Retrieved
6862:the original
6857:
6847:
6836:. Retrieved
6832:
6823:
6812:the original
6798:
6786:. Retrieved
6782:the original
6772:
6755:
6751:
6745:
6704:
6700:
6694:
6659:
6655:
6605:
6601:
6588:
6561:
6557:
6547:
6512:
6508:
6498:
6471:
6467:
6457:
6446:. Retrieved
6442:
6433:
6406:
6400:
6389:. Retrieved
6385:the original
6380:
6357:
6333:
6324:
6281:
6277:
6271:
6244:
6240:
6230:
6187:
6183:
6170:
6133:
6129:
6119:
6092:
6088:
6078:
6051:
6047:
5999:
5995:
5985:
5952:
5946:
5935:. Retrieved
5931:
5922:
5877:
5873:
5863:
5852:. Retrieved
5832:
5807:
5803:
5797:
5772:
5768:
5762:
5729:
5725:
5670:
5666:
5644:
5632:
5615:
5611:
5559:
5555:
5545:
5515:(3): 300β8.
5512:
5508:
5502:
5477:
5473:
5467:
5440:
5436:
5426:
5393:
5389:
5379:
5369:
5324:
5320:
5310:
5285:
5281:
5271:
5246:
5242:
5200:
5196:
5172:
5159:
5151:the original
5146:
5137:
5104:
5100:
5062:(3): 481β7.
5059:
5055:
5049:
5041:the original
5036:
5027:
4992:
4988:
4978:
4943:
4939:
4929:
4907:(1): 25β36.
4904:
4900:
4894:
4882:. Retrieved
4875:the original
4866:
4843:. Retrieved
4841:. 2014-03-03
4838:
4829:
4818:. Retrieved
4814:
4805:
4796:
4792:
4782:
4774:the original
4760:
4725:
4721:
4711:
4679:(1): 110β5.
4676:
4672:
4662:
4637:
4633:
4591:
4587:
4555:
4509:
4505:
4495:
4487:the original
4482:
4479:"Folic Acid"
4473:
4436:
4432:
4422:
4395:
4391:
4381:
4370:. Retrieved
4363:the original
4358:
4346:
4337:
4333:
4320:
4283:
4279:
4269:
4258:. Retrieved
4255:World Vision
4254:
4244:
4217:
4213:
4203:
4190:
4164:. Retrieved
4160:the original
4155:
4146:
4135:the original
4130:
4118:
4081:
4077:
4016:
4009:
3982:
3978:
3968:
3936:(9): 660β6.
3933:
3929:
3919:
3908:. Retrieved
3904:the original
3899:
3890:
3855:
3851:
3809:
3805:
3799:
3769:(5): 814β9.
3766:
3762:
3752:
3741:. Retrieved
3739:. 2020-01-28
3736:
3687:
3653:
3649:
3643:
3633:
3586:
3582:
3572:
3563:
3559:
3553:
3512:
3508:
3498:
3488:
3451:
3445:
3412:
3408:
3370:
3366:
3322:
3318:
3264:
3260:
3182:
3178:
3168:
3146:(1): 74β81.
3143:
3139:
3117:. Retrieved
3113:
3104:
3069:
3065:
3021:
2974:cite journal
2941:
2937:
2917:
2908:
2896:. Retrieved
2886:
2875:
2866:
2855:. Retrieved
2851:
2842:
2831:. Retrieved
2827:
2818:
2807:. Retrieved
2803:the original
2798:
2789:
2780:
2755:. Retrieved
2751:the original
2746:
2737:
2692:
2688:
2678:
2667:. Retrieved
2663:
2615:
2611:
2601:
2590:. Retrieved
2586:
2577:
2566:. Retrieved
2556:
2521:
2517:
2504:
2493:. Retrieved
2489:
2480:
2469:. Retrieved
2467:. 2022-09-08
2464:
2431:
2419:
2410:
2397:
2379:
2373:
2367:
2359:
2354:
2305:
2298:
2289:
2278:
2269:
2260:
2248:
2235:social class
2231:middle class
2227:
2193:
2184:
2170:
2154:
2150:hypertension
2138:
2130:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2096:
2092:
2061:
2054:
2047:
2042:
2031:
2027:
2002:
1844:
1840:
1821:
1647:Epidemiology
1641:
1637:
1626:
1621:
1618:ethnographic
1614:
1610:
1597:
1587:
1580:
1573:
1566:
1554:
1542:Please help
1534:
1502:
1493:
1480:Netherlands
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:Ansley Coale
1384:miscarriages
1381:
1376:
1369:
1361:
1349:
1334:
1298:
1281:
1261:
1246:
1187:
1184:Vaccinations
1170:
1150:
1142:spina bifida
1131:
1121:toxic stress
1110:
1099:
1095:
1087:hand washing
1080:
1061:
1049:institutions
1046:
1037:
1024:
1007:
979:
975:
951:
947:
938:
934:
926:
915:
903:
896:
879:
867:
856:
844:
842:
813:Social class
811:
783:
780:
764:
755:
747:
741:
734:
727:
720:
712:
700:
676:
672:
635:
615:
595:
576:
559:
495:Malnutrition
475:
473:
461:
456:
418:
411:
400:
391:
368:
350:
310:interleukins
298:
262:
254:preeclampsia
242:amniotic sac
239:
235:
223:
197:
176:
143:
139:
119:
111:
105:, and other
99:immunization
79:malnutrition
52:
47:
43:
39:
35:
27:
26:
12187:WikiProject
11927:and history
11807:Engineering
11520:Vaccination
11392:Food safety
10989:Miscarriage
10891:muscle tone
10757:Kernicterus
10610:Respiratory
10586:Erb's palsy
10491:Asynclitism
10459:Nuchal cord
10281: [
10239:Necrophobia
10234:Necrophilia
10204:Immortality
10159:Death squad
10139:Death panel
10124:Death march
10119:Death knell
10099:Death drive
10072:Death deity
10016:Thanatology
9965: [
9911:Legal death
9890:in absentia
9868:Civil death
9713:Examination
9698:Crematorium
9581:Excarnation
9418:After death
9217:Dysthanasia
9183:Brain death
9115:Autoschizis
9093:Phenoptosis
9088:Parthanatos
9078:Necroptosis
8985:In medicine
8751:(1): 31β7.
7629:Sheffrin SM
6793:. WHO. 2011
6677:10419/81795
6474:: 669β708.
5443:(1): 10β6.
3737:www.cdc.gov
3566:(1): 13β15.
3373:(2): 74β9.
2852:www.who.int
2799:www.who.int
2524:(4): 1β28.
2465:www.cdc.gov
2345:Miscarriage
2141:segregation
1871:Afghanistan
1826:(LDCs) and
1388:stillbirths
1341:development
1232:(MMR), and
1194:Hepatitis B
1028:underweight
983:homogeneous
788:, parental
585:, fatigue,
431:(IPV), and
364:co-sleeping
330:fibronectin
194:Main causes
12214:Population
12203:Categories
11940:Caribbean
11817:Processing
11751:Quarantine
11673:Student's
11473:Sanitation
11107:History of
10999:Stillbirth
10956:Omphalitis
10917:Infections
10826:Integument
10209:Last rites
10179:Extinction
10149:Death pose
10144:Death poem
10114:Death hoax
10094:Death camp
10087:Psychopomp
9962:Death tech
9817:Necromancy
9795:Paranormal
9777:Underworld
9629:Dissection
9591:Resomation
9586:Promession
9564:Sky burial
9531:Prosection
9516:Maceration
9227:Euthanasia
9145:Karyolysis
9103:Pyroptosis
9083:Paraptosis
8993:Cell death
8624:: 94β106.
8479:Pediatrics
8430:2018-05-13
8394:2017-03-07
8303:Bonnor L.
8262:22 October
8117:2017-03-07
8092:2017-03-16
8064:2017-03-07
8035:2017-03-07
7589:2019-12-18
7564:1 December
7407:2013-09-29
7397:Unicef.org
7145:2009-11-04
6948:Demography
6928:2013-09-29
6899:2013-09-29
6868:2014-03-24
6838:2013-09-29
6788:2013-08-26
6622:10986/4916
6448:2020-07-30
6391:2020-07-30
6299:1956/11852
6241:Pediatrics
6205:2262/75578
5937:2020-08-03
5854:2023-08-15
4989:Demography
4884:22 October
4845:2017-02-07
4820:2024-03-16
4594:: 147β70.
4439:(1): 189.
4398:(5): 648.
4372:2018-07-27
4260:2018-07-27
4166:2013-09-29
3910:2018-07-25
3852:Pediatrics
3763:Pediatrics
3743:2020-07-30
3509:Pediatrics
3470:1027675119
3261:Pediatrics
3119:2017-03-07
2857:2020-07-31
2833:2019-03-24
2809:2017-03-16
2757:22 October
2669:2020-07-30
2592:2017-03-16
2568:2017-04-25
2539:1903/24216
2495:2017-03-07
2471:2023-04-07
2443:References
2350:Stillbirth
2252:penicillin
2239:pediatrics
2174:Misogynoir
2134:weathering
2082:by 329.3.
2068:stillbirth
1651:See also:
1570:newspapers
1293:sanitation
1234:Diphtheria
1138:folic acid
1102:physicians
1085:, such as
1081:Promoting
1076:sanitation
1068:chlorinate
863:technology
820:tended to
658:bronchitis
619:meningitis
597:Folic acid
314:chemokines
308:, various
292:, and the
180:infections
158:countries.
95:sanitation
12120:John Snow
12047:Education
12037:Full list
11925:education
11849:ISO 22000
11802:Chemistry
11715:Epidemics
11668:ROC curve
11478:Emergency
11258:Radiation
11238:Pollution
11222:Ministers
11119:Euthenics
10725:Anti-Kell
10363:period /
10361:perinatal
10254:Sacrifice
10249:Predation
10214:Longevity
10004:Taphonomy
9941:Trust law
9896:Death row
9681:Afterlife
9634:Gibbeting
9571:Cremation
9536:Taxidermy
9511:Embalming
9387:Micromort
9333:Mortality
9110:Autolysis
9068:Autophagy
9063:Apoptosis
8926:143548315
8646:144927978
6686:0258-6770
6490:1435-9871
6425:928430099
6222:206228471
5977:219379303
5969:1556-5068
5121:154583453
4654:154147986
3791:245121375
3529:0031-4005
3281:0031-4005
2958:2383-0271
2894:. UN-DESA
2695:(1): 61.
2325:Baby boom
2197:diversity
2162:oxycodone
2158:ibuprofen
1949:Singapore
1813:2045β2050
1807:1995β2000
1799:2040β2045
1793:1990β1995
1785:2035β2040
1779:1985β1990
1771:2030β2035
1765:1980β1985
1757:2025β2030
1751:1975β1980
1743:2020β2025
1737:1970β1975
1729:2015β2020
1723:1965β1970
1715:2010β2015
1709:1960β1965
1701:2005β2010
1695:1955β1960
1687:2000β2005
1681:1950β1955
1600:July 2023
1218:Varicella
1214:Influenza
1208:(PCV13),
1198:Rotavirus
1167:Nutrition
822:correlate
691:microbial
687:parasitic
683:pathogens
654:pneumonia
587:blindness
322:defensins
318:cytokines
59:pneumonia
12163:Category
11862:sciences
11797:Additive
11468:Safe sex
11439:Medicine
11353:Theories
11124:Genomics
11102:Eugenics
11092:Deviance
11072:Auxology
10695:Bleeding
10386:placenta
10308:Category
10278:Thanabot
10229:Necronym
10199:Homicide
9750:Obituary
9738:Mourning
9728:Internet
9671:Cemetery
9546:Disposal
9499:Cryonics
9168:Abortion
9135:Pyknosis
9001:Necrosis
8918:27522168
8883:25288570
8875:21896686
8867:23033284
8773:24967721
8689:19209565
8681:41288095
8585:39269607
8314:11 April
8236:22420817
8159:18974059
8015:15284044
7966:15569964
7869:22051817
7834:10904513
7792:21918640
7699:24974591
7631:(2003).
7514:31619795
7457:31097275
7365:17076568
7211:21058532
7100:35350473
7055:March 8,
7029:March 8,
6986:24724998
6729:18089096
6721:25054167
6638:57566653
6630:23016081
6580:30008571
6539:25276592
6316:23206368
6308:26249674
6263:22371471
6214:26016557
6162:26472248
6111:23905882
6070:22742616
6026:26562127
5914:31150468
5874:PLOS ONE
5845:Archived
5824:12726975
5789:19362762
5754:37743580
5746:15820369
5707:18362357
5494:18275542
5459:12640470
5351:31578197
5321:BMJ Open
5302:16457924
5263:16046041
5217:15110423
5019:24402794
4970:23018311
4921:24094272
4752:15471726
4703:18197308
4608:12348279
4538:23976885
4465:26586172
4414:15292091
4312:21776204
4195:Archived
4110:19753945
4050:Archived
4046:25057654
4001:22078432
3960:10942444
3874:27940805
3826:17400342
3716:30035964
3670:15891711
3605:25391484
3545:21632987
3429:22682464
3387:26740166
3349:33268768
3341:12763108
3297:42744378
3160:17141591
3096:26219456
3088:15820364
2966:73614487
2898:23 April
2729:26195213
2642:29303225
2634:27467563
2548:11837053
2423:Causes:
2405:is used.
2319:See also
2306:China's
2281:Medicaid
1622:anjinhos
1472:Ireland
1432:Country
1196:(HepB),
962:diabetes
739:β
725:β
677:Organic
642:diarrhea
376:pacifier
326:bacteria
306:ferritin
188:asphyxia
101:against
67:diarrhea
12175:Commons
12088:History
11985:Canada
11960:Europe
11444:Nursing
11424:Hygiene
11387:Hygiene
11112:Liberal
11065:General
10934:rubella
10564:Chignon
10418:chorion
10318:Outline
10266:Suicide
9906:Inquest
9873:Coroner
9765:SaαΉsΔra
9733:Midwife
9718:Funeral
9693:Customs
9666:Carrion
9365:Karoshi
9178:Autopsy
9058:Anoikis
8832:1977035
8824:1287043
8816:3342538
8781:4001915
8753:Bibcode
8638:1020363
8534:8123283
8499:9925845
8288:May 13,
8227:3483921
8185:May 13,
8006:1448456
7957:1448602
7783:3168874
7505:6800389
7484:Bibcode
7448:6527519
7356:1621099
7289:1532733
7254:1973432
7219:3190009
7092:8578873
6978:7828766
6970:2061752
6737:1082922
6571:6039738
6530:4168626
6443:AAP.org
6358:CDC.gov
6334:CDC.gov
6153:4608184
6136:: 327.
6017:4695937
5905:6544253
5882:Bibcode
5698:2278210
5675:Bibcode
5576:1372967
5537:9789323
5450:2572309
5418:7743798
5410:8098086
5342:6954495
5129:1630138
5076:2921696
5010:3974908
4961:3438254
4940:Clinics
4743:1247561
4694:2199284
4529:3747995
4456:4653928
4303:3137999
4236:8313488
4227:2393544
4101:2728659
3951:1731756
3882:5744617
3806:Vaccine
3783:8165085
3613:8162848
3537:3658568
3289:2371093
3239:2173553
3209:7199074
3200:1052154
2720:4508882
2697:Bibcode
2208:History
1962:Bermuda
1914:103.72
1910:Somalia
1901:109.08
1888:109.98
1875:121.63
1857:Country
1584:scholar
1488:Poland
1464:France
1448:Norway
1238:tetanus
1230:Rubella
1222:Measles
1204:(HIB),
1064:hygiene
1015:chronic
966:smoking
958:obesity
944:Culture
818:incomes
786:poverty
650:malaria
646:measles
579:wasting
124:of the
75:measles
71:malaria
11975:India
11950:China
11822:Safety
11503:Worker
10509:Growth
10422:amnion
10219:Martyr
9955:Fields
9916:Murder
9832:SΓ©ance
9802:Ghosts
9686:Tukdam
9554:Burial
9436:Stages
9120:Eschar
8924:
8916:
8881:
8873:
8865:
8830:
8822:
8814:
8779:
8771:
8728:
8718:
8687:
8679:
8644:
8636:
8583:
8573:
8532:
8497:
8456:
8234:
8224:
8157:
8013:
8003:
7964:
7954:
7890:Weekly
7867:
7832:
7790:
7780:
7697:
7639:
7512:
7502:
7476:Nature
7455:
7445:
7363:
7353:
7310:
7287:
7252:
7217:
7209:
7098:
7090:
6984:
6976:
6968:
6735:
6727:
6719:
6684:
6636:
6628:
6578:
6568:
6537:
6527:
6488:
6423:
6413:
6314:
6306:
6261:
6220:
6212:
6160:
6150:
6109:
6068:
6024:
6014:
5975:
5967:
5912:
5902:
5822:
5787:
5752:
5744:
5705:
5695:
5574:
5535:
5529:172276
5527:
5492:
5457:
5447:
5416:
5408:
5390:Lancet
5349:
5339:
5300:
5261:
5225:616916
5223:
5215:
5127:
5119:
5074:
5017:
5007:
4968:
4958:
4919:
4750:
4740:
4701:
4691:
4652:
4606:
4562:
4536:
4526:
4463:
4453:
4412:
4310:
4300:
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4224:
4108:
4098:
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3958:
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3880:
3872:
3824:
3789:
3781:
3714:
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3611:
3603:
3543:
3535:
3527:
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3458:
3437:253520
3435:
3427:
3409:Lancet
3385:
3347:
3339:
3295:
3287:
3279:
3237:
3207:
3197:
3158:
3094:
3086:
3036:
2964:
2956:
2919:UNICEF
2877:UNICEF
2727:
2717:
2640:
2632:
2546:
2490:UNICEF
2202:doulas
2104:CARDIA
1988:Monaco
1936:Sweden
1927:97.17
1586:
1579:
1572:
1565:
1557:
1516:Brazil
1371:UNICEF
1200:(RV),
1106:nurses
1091:toilet
1051:, and
1043:Policy
964:, and
872:, and
770:Trauma
660:, and
648:, and
606:anemia
591:goiter
583:anemia
553:
547:
541:
535:
529:
523:
517:
513:, 2020
324:, and
288:, the
206:, and
173:Causes
32:infant
12000:U.S.
11844:HACCP
11793:Food
11685:-test
11677:-test
11263:Light
11248:Water
10982:Other
10806:Ileus
10553:scalp
10285:]
10259:human
10025:Other
9969:]
9841:Legal
9782:Vigil
9723:Grief
9271:Lists
8978:Death
8922:S2CID
8914:JSTOR
8879:S2CID
8863:JSTOR
8828:S2CID
8812:JSTOR
8769:JSTOR
8726:JSTOR
8677:JSTOR
8642:S2CID
8634:JSTOR
8552:(PDF)
8424:(PDF)
8413:(PDF)
7810:(PDF)
7683:(PDF)
7285:JSTOR
7250:JSTOR
7215:S2CID
7140:WebMD
7117:(PDF)
7096:S2CID
7049:(PDF)
7023:(PDF)
6982:S2CID
6966:JSTOR
6893:(PDF)
6886:(PDF)
6815:(PDF)
6808:(PDF)
6725:S2CID
6717:JSTOR
6634:S2CID
6626:JSTOR
6598:(PDF)
6354:(PDF)
6312:S2CID
6218:S2CID
6180:(PDF)
5973:S2CID
5848:(PDF)
5841:(PDF)
5750:S2CID
5572:JSTOR
5525:JSTOR
5414:S2CID
5221:S2CID
5169:(PDF)
5117:S2CID
5097:(PDF)
4878:(PDF)
4871:(PDF)
4650:S2CID
4366:(PDF)
4355:(PDF)
4330:(PDF)
4138:(PDF)
4127:(PDF)
3878:S2CID
3787:S2CID
3702:JSTOR
3609:S2CID
3541:S2CID
3433:S2CID
3345:S2CID
3293:S2CID
3092:S2CID
2962:S2CID
2944:(1).
2638:S2CID
2587:WebMD
2514:(PDF)
2389:Notes
2295:China
1992:1.80
1979:2.21
1975:Japan
1966:2.47
1953:2.65
1940:2.74
1884:Niger
1676:Rate
1673:Years
1667:Years
1591:JSTOR
1577:books
1226:Mumps
883:trade
826:races
625:or a
278:apnea
89:, or
11776:WASH
11732:List
11720:List
11253:Soil
10740:Rh E
10735:Rh D
10730:Rh c
9946:Will
9427:Body
9397:RAMR
9053:AICD
8871:PMID
8820:PMID
8777:PMID
8716:ISBN
8685:PMID
8581:OCLC
8571:ISBN
8530:PMID
8495:PMID
8454:ISBN
8316:2021
8290:2018
8264:2020
8232:PMID
8187:2018
8155:PMID
8011:PMID
7962:PMID
7865:PMID
7830:PMID
7814:JAMA
7788:PMID
7695:PMID
7637:ISBN
7584:OECD
7566:2019
7544:2012
7510:PMID
7453:PMID
7361:PMID
7308:ISBN
7207:PMID
7088:PMID
7057:2019
7031:2019
6974:PMID
6733:SSRN
6682:ISSN
6576:PMID
6535:PMID
6486:ISSN
6421:OCLC
6411:ISBN
6304:PMID
6259:PMID
6210:PMID
6158:PMID
6107:PMID
6066:PMID
6022:PMID
5965:ISSN
5910:PMID
5820:PMID
5785:PMID
5742:PMID
5703:PMID
5533:PMID
5490:PMID
5455:PMID
5406:PMID
5347:PMID
5298:PMID
5259:PMID
5213:PMID
5125:SSRN
5072:PMID
5015:PMID
4966:PMID
4917:PMID
4886:2020
4799:(4).
4748:PMID
4699:PMID
4604:PMID
4560:ISBN
4534:PMID
4461:PMID
4410:PMID
4392:JAMA
4308:PMID
4232:PMID
4106:PMID
4042:PMID
4032:ISBN
3997:PMID
3956:PMID
3870:PMID
3822:PMID
3779:PMID
3712:PMID
3692:ISBN
3666:PMID
3601:PMID
3533:PMID
3525:ISSN
3466:OCLC
3456:ISBN
3425:PMID
3383:PMID
3337:PMID
3319:BJOG
3285:PMID
3277:ISSN
3235:SSRN
3205:PMID
3156:PMID
3084:PMID
3034:ISBN
2980:link
2954:ISSN
2900:2016
2759:2020
2725:PMID
2630:PMID
2544:PMID
2425:SIDS
2148:and
1897:Mali
1854:Rank
1670:Rate
1563:news
1188:The
689:and
208:SIDS
11243:Air
10828:and
10720:ABO
10715:HDN
10697:and
9200:DOA
8906:doi
8855:doi
8804:doi
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