417:
72:
264:
Basically, understanding of the etiology of perinatal asphyxia provides the platform on which to build on its pathophysiology. The general principles guiding the causes and the pathophysiology of perinatal asphyxia are grouped into antepartum causes and intra partum causes. As these are the various
446:
There is current controversy regarding the medicolegal definitions and impacts of birth asphyxia. Plaintiff's attorneys often take the position that birth asphyxia is often preventable, and is often due to substandard care and human error. They have utilized some studies in their favor that have
205:
or perfusion, impaired respiratory effort, or inadequate ventilation. Perinatal asphyxia happens in 2 to 10 per 1000 newborns that are born at term, and more for those that are born prematurely. WHO estimates that 4 million neonatal deaths occur yearly due to birth asphyxia, representing 38% of
240:
There has long been a scientific debate over whether newborn infants with asphyxia should be resuscitated with 100% oxygen or normal air. It has been demonstrated that high concentrations of oxygen lead to generation of oxygen
939:
156:
of 3 at the 5th minute, clinical neurologic sequelae in the immediate neonatal period, or evidence of multiorgan system dysfunction in the immediate neonatal period. Hypoxic damage can occur to most of the infant's organs
181:
is of most concern and perhaps the least likely to quickly or completely heal. In more pronounced cases, an infant will survive, but with damage to the brain manifested as either mental, such as developmental delay or
1216:
1127:
1112:
1209:
1069:"Summary of the Publication, "Neonatal Encephalopathy and Cerebral Palsy: Defining the Pathogenesis and Pathophysiology," by the ACOG Task Force on Neonatal Encephalopathy and Cerebral Palsy"
950:
447:
demonstrated that, "... although other potential causes exist, asphyxia and hypoxic-ihy affect a substantial number of babies, and they are preventable causes of cerebral palsy." The
1202:
451:
disputes that conditions such as cerebral palsy are usually attributable to preventable causes, instead associating them with circumstances arising prior to birth and delivery.
256:
There is considerable controversy over the diagnosis of birth asphyxia due to medicolegal reasons. Because of its lack of precision, the term is eschewed in modern obstetrics.
448:
574:
Davis, PG; Tan, A; O'Donnell, CPF; Schulze, A (2004). "Resuscitation of newborn infants with 100% oxygen or air: a systematic review and meta-analysis".
674:
515:
Aslam, Hafiz
Muhammad; Saleem, Shafaq; Afzal, Rafia; Iqbal, Umair; Saleem, Sehrish Muhammad; Shaikh, Muhammad Waqas Abid; Shahid, Nazish (2014-12-20).
398:
764:
253:
and others led to new international guidelines on newborn resuscitation in 2010, recommending the use of normal air instead of 100% oxygen.
1590:
1605:
1595:
861:
813:"Antenatal and intrapartum risk factors for birth asphyxia among emergency obstetric referrals in Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda"
625:"Hydrogen peroxide production in leukocytes during cerebral hypoxia and reoxygenation with 100% or 21% oxygen in newborn piglets"
1585:
201:
or some other substantial interference with blood flow to the infant's brain during delivery. This can occur due to inadequate
1488:
431:
estimates that 900,000 total infants die each year from birth asphyxia, making it a leading cause of death for newborns.
1493:
1271:
100:
to cause physical harm, usually to the brain. It remains a serious condition which causes significant mortality and
1814:
1789:
1580:
30:"Neonatal asphyxia" redirects here. For the more general term covering inadequate oxygen supply to the fetus, see
1881:
1831:
1399:
1194:
210:
765:"Committee Opinion, Number 326, December 2005: Inappropriate Use of the Terms Fetal Distress and Birth Asphyxia"
214:
17:
886:
1902:
1573:
975:
Cohen, Frances M. (2003). "Origin and Timing of Brain
Lesions in Term Infants with Neonatal Encephalopathy".
420:
416:
1809:
1732:
1550:
1498:
234:
1309:
1799:
1704:
1641:
1646:
1636:
1527:
1522:
1676:
1385:
1381:
1341:
428:
141:
797:
71:
1742:
1663:
1142:
225:), perfusion, responsiveness, muscle tone, and respiratory effort, as reflected in a low 5 minute
1838:
1804:
1409:
1329:
1319:
1266:
377:
183:
768:
1719:
1537:
1446:
1429:
1653:
1361:
784:
1907:
1691:
1681:
1483:
1439:
435:
31:
865:
8:
1876:
1859:
1709:
1565:
1475:
1131:
620:
283:
250:
1794:
1750:
1617:
1394:
1000:
713:
688:
629:
601:
551:
516:
486:
470:"Brain damage from perinatal asphyxia: correlation of MR findings with gestational age"
246:
202:
137:
988:
589:
108:
upon delivery of the newborn, an emergency condition that requires adequate and quick
1627:
1545:
1515:
1456:
1434:
1251:
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1041:
1036:
1019:
992:
921:
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648:
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491:
469:
383:
56:
1136:
1004:
605:
1869:
1696:
1356:
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1261:
1031:
984:
911:
824:
708:
700:
638:
585:
546:
528:
481:
117:
1224:
1182:
233:
and death. If resuscitation is successful, the infant is usually transferred to a
1826:
1612:
1504:
1424:
1147:
275:
1451:
704:
230:
198:
145:
1158:
533:
1896:
1390:
1230:
1068:
1045:
838:
542:
242:
218:
170:
112:
measures. Perinatal asphyxia is also an oxygen deficit from the 28th week of
109:
1121:
829:
812:
438:
and birth asphyxia was listed as the tenth leading cause of neonatal death.
104:. It is also the inability to establish and sustain adequate or spontaneous
1510:
1351:
1053:
996:
925:
846:
722:
652:
597:
560:
178:
749:
495:
1854:
1756:
1622:
1324:
382:
B= Breathing: Through tactile stimulation, PPV, bag and mask, or through
289:
226:
153:
1104:
423:
for birth asphyxia and birth trauma per 100,000 inhabitants in 2002
1864:
1821:
1762:
1600:
916:
899:
576:
392:
194:
187:
149:
97:
65:
61:
1767:
1226:
1177:
279:
129:
125:
113:
105:
101:
736:
Dhar, KK; Ray, SN; Dhall, GI (1995). "Significance of nuchal cord".
388:
C= Circulation: Through chest compressions and medications if needed
1560:
316:
300:
222:
221:. An infant with severe perinatal asphyxia usually has poor color (
93:
1283:
174:
1287:
1116:
1024:
1671:
1418:
293:
166:
158:
121:
618:
573:
162:
116:
to the first seven days following delivery. It is also an
133:
675:
Norwegian paediatrician honoured by
University of Athens
128:
to various organs and may be associated with a lack of
96:
to a newborn infant that lasts long enough during the
514:
1094:
940:"APFEL Handout: Birth Asphyxia & Cerebral Palsy"
449:
American
Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
324:
Knotting of umbilical cord around the neck of infant
376:A= Establish open airway: Suctioning, if necessary
136:, perinatal asphyxia is characterised by: profound
265:points to which insults can occur to the foetus.
1018:Becher, J-C; Stenson, Bj; Lyon, Aj (2007-11-01).
1017:
468:Truwit, C. L.; Barkovich, A. J. (November 1990).
1894:
274:Inadequate oxygenation of maternal blood due to
467:
315:Inadequate relaxation of uterus due to excess
1210:
904:Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica
735:
665:ILCOR Neonatal Resuscitation Guidelines 2010
124:or newborn due to lack of oxygen or lack of
1217:
1203:
686:
92:) is the medical condition resulting from
70:
1035:
915:
897:
828:
738:Journal of the Indian Medical Association
712:
642:
550:
532:
485:
206:deaths of children under 5 years of age.
862:"Preventing those so-called stillbirths"
853:
693:Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine
415:
229:. Extreme degrees of asphyxia can cause
859:
209:Perinatal asphyxia can be the cause of
14:
1895:
1066:
1020:"Is intrapartum asphyxia preventable?"
441:
27:Oxygen deprivation to a newborn infant
1198:
974:
887:National Center for Health Statistics
404:Epinephrine 1:10000 (0.1-0.3ml/kg) IV
1489:Infant respiratory distress syndrome
810:
689:"Cerebral palsy—medicolegal aspects"
619:Kutzsche, S; Ilves, P; Kirkeby, OJ;
401:to reduce the extent of brain injury
357:Augmentation of labour with oxytocin
756:
288:Low maternal blood pressure due to
278:during anesthesia, heart diseases,
24:
1494:Transient tachypnea of the newborn
900:"Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica"
474:American Journal of Neuroradiology
363:Severe eclampsia and pre-eclampsia
292:e.g. compression of vena cava and
25:
1919:
1272:Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome
1090:
366:Antepartum and intrapartum anemia
1790:Vertically transmitted infection
1037:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2007.01487.x
762:
644:10.1203/00006450-200106000-00020
517:"Risk factors of birth asphyxia"
1882:Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder
1832:Group B streptococcal infection
1400:Intrauterine growth restriction
1060:
1011:
968:
932:
891:
880:
804:
411:
407:Saline solution for hypovolemia
330:
211:hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy
197:causes like a drop in maternal
1225:Conditions originating in the
729:
680:
668:
659:
612:
567:
508:
461:
339:Prolonged rupture of membranes
193:It results most commonly from
13:
1:
1574:Vitamin K deficiency bleeding
989:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12658-X
590:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17189-4
521:Italian Journal of Pediatrics
454:
421:Disability-adjusted life year
1733:Periventricular leukomalacia
1551:Persistent fetal circulation
1499:Meconium aspiration syndrome
817:East African Medical Journal
370:
249:after asphyxia. Research by
235:neonatal intensive care unit
7:
1642:Intraventricular hemorrhage
215:intraventricular hemorrhage
10:
1924:
1647:Germinal matrix hemorrhage
1637:Velamentous cord insertion
1528:Bronchopulmonary dysplasia
705:10.1177/014107680109401205
29:
1847:
1782:
1741:
1718:
1690:
1677:Necrotizing enterocolitis
1662:
1559:
1536:
1474:
1467:
1408:
1386:Large for gestational age
1382:Small for gestational age
1374:
1338:
1306:
1280:
1248:
1237:
1168:
1098:
898:Andreasen, Stine (2014).
534:10.1186/s13052-014-0094-2
429:World Health Organization
427:A 2008 bulletin from the
55:
47:
42:
947:Colorado Bar Association
351:Low birth weight infants
336:Elderly or young mothers
299:Premature separation of
259:
1839:Neonatal conjunctivitis
1330:Single umbilical artery
1320:Umbilical cord prolapse
1267:Placental insufficiency
1240:complicating pregnancy,
830:10.4314/eamj.v80i3.8683
811:Kaye, D. (2003-03-01).
378:endotracheal intubation
305:Placental insufficiency
245:, which have a role in
186:, or physical, such as
184:intellectual disability
1815:ureaplasma urealyticum
1523:Wilson–Mikity syndrome
1447:Brachial plexus injury
792:Cite journal requires
687:Blumenthal, I (2001).
434:In the United States,
424:
348:Lack of antenatal care
342:Meconium-stained fluid
1763:Congenital hypertonia
1654:Anemia of prematurity
1362:Shoulder presentation
864:. WHO. Archived from
419:
399:Hypothermia treatment
360:Antepartum hemorrhage
296:, excess anaesthesia.
132:. In accordance with
94:deprivation of oxygen
1903:Respiratory diseases
1768:Congenital hypotonia
1682:Meconium peritonitis
1484:Intrauterine hypoxia
1440:Subgaleal hemorrhage
868:on November 30, 2009
436:intrauterine hypoxia
152:, persistence of an
32:intrauterine hypoxia
1877:Neonatal withdrawal
1860:Perinatal mortality
1710:Sclerema neonatorum
1566:hematologic disease
1067:Van Eerden, Peter.
860:Spector J, Daga S.
584:(9442): 1329–1333.
442:Medicolegal aspects
311:Intra partum causes
284:respiratory failure
251:Ola Didrik Saugstad
1810:mycoplasma hominis
1795:Neonatal infection
1751:Gray baby syndrome
1728:Perinatal asphyxia
1618:Hyperbilirubinemia
1395:Postterm pregnancy
1242:labour or delivery
1169:External resources
917:10.1111/aogs.12276
630:Pediatric Research
425:
395:.01 of .1 solution
321:Prolonged delivery
247:reperfusion injury
144:less than 7.20 on
138:metabolic acidosis
82:Perinatal asphyxia
43:Perinatal asphyxia
1890:
1889:
1778:
1777:
1628:Neonatal jaundice
1546:Pneumopericardium
1516:Pneumomediastinum
1457:Klumpke paralysis
1435:Caput succedaneum
1370:
1369:
1238:Maternal factors
1192:
1191:
1030:(11): 1442–1444.
956:on April 16, 2016
384:endotracheal tube
270:Antepartum causes
86:neonatal asphyxia
79:
78:
51:Neonatal asphyxia
37:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
1915:
1870:Infant mortality
1705:Erythema toxicum
1697:thermoregulation
1664:Gastrointestinal
1472:
1471:
1468:Affected systems
1345:
1313:
1298:Chorioamnionitis
1291:
1262:Placenta praevia
1255:
1246:
1245:
1219:
1212:
1205:
1196:
1195:
1096:
1095:
1084:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1064:
1058:
1057:
1039:
1015:
1009:
1008:
983:(9359): 736–42.
972:
966:
965:
963:
961:
955:
949:. Archived from
944:
936:
930:
929:
919:
895:
889:
884:
878:
877:
875:
873:
857:
851:
850:
832:
808:
802:
801:
795:
790:
788:
780:
778:
776:
771:on April 7, 2020
767:. Archived from
760:
754:
753:
733:
727:
726:
716:
684:
678:
672:
666:
663:
657:
656:
646:
616:
610:
609:
571:
565:
564:
554:
536:
512:
506:
505:
503:
502:
489:
480:(6): 1087–1096.
465:
217:, especially in
75:
74:
40:
39:
21:
1923:
1922:
1918:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1913:
1912:
1893:
1892:
1891:
1886:
1843:
1827:Neonatal sepsis
1774:
1743:Musculoskeletal
1737:
1714:
1695:
1686:
1658:
1613:Hydrops fetalis
1564:
1555:
1532:
1505:Pleural disease
1463:
1425:Cephalohematoma
1404:
1366:
1339:
1334:
1307:
1302:
1281:
1276:
1249:
1241:
1239:
1233:
1223:
1193:
1188:
1187:
1164:
1163:
1107:
1093:
1088:
1087:
1077:
1075:
1065:
1061:
1016:
1012:
973:
969:
959:
957:
953:
942:
938:
937:
933:
896:
892:
885:
881:
871:
869:
858:
854:
809:
805:
793:
791:
782:
781:
774:
772:
761:
757:
734:
730:
685:
681:
673:
669:
664:
660:
617:
613:
572:
568:
513:
509:
500:
498:
466:
462:
457:
444:
414:
373:
354:Malpresentation
345:Multiple births
333:
276:hypoventilation
262:
84:(also known as
69:
38:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1921:
1911:
1910:
1905:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1873:
1872:
1867:
1857:
1851:
1849:
1845:
1844:
1842:
1841:
1836:
1835:
1834:
1824:
1819:
1818:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1805:herpes simplex
1802:
1792:
1786:
1784:
1780:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1773:
1772:
1771:
1770:
1765:
1753:
1747:
1745:
1739:
1738:
1736:
1735:
1730:
1724:
1722:
1720:Nervous system
1716:
1715:
1713:
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1707:
1701:
1699:
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1684:
1679:
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1598:
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1577:
1576:
1570:
1568:
1557:
1556:
1554:
1553:
1548:
1542:
1540:
1538:Cardiovascular
1534:
1533:
1531:
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1525:
1520:
1519:
1518:
1513:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
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1469:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1461:
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1459:
1454:
1444:
1443:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1414:
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1406:
1405:
1403:
1402:
1397:
1388:
1378:
1376:
1372:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1365:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1348:
1346:
1336:
1335:
1333:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1316:
1314:
1310:umbilical cord
1304:
1303:
1301:
1300:
1294:
1292:
1278:
1277:
1275:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1258:
1256:
1243:
1235:
1234:
1222:
1221:
1214:
1207:
1199:
1190:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1173:
1172:
1170:
1166:
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1162:
1161:
1150:
1139:
1124:
1108:
1103:
1102:
1100:
1099:Classification
1092:
1091:External links
1089:
1086:
1085:
1059:
1010:
967:
931:
910:(2): 152–158.
890:
879:
852:
823:(3): 140–143.
803:
794:|journal=
755:
728:
679:
667:
658:
637:(6): 834–842.
611:
566:
507:
459:
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308:
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297:
286:
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258:
231:cardiac arrest
219:preterm births
199:blood pressure
146:umbilical cord
90:birth asphyxia
77:
76:
59:
53:
52:
49:
45:
44:
36:
26:
18:Birth asphyxia
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1920:
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1883:
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1729:
1726:
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1717:
1711:
1708:
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1703:
1702:
1700:
1698:
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1529:
1526:
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1428:
1426:
1423:
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1421:
1420:
1416:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1407:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1392:
1391:Preterm birth
1389:
1387:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1377:
1373:
1363:
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744:(12): 451–3.
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33:
19:
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1727:
1511:Pneumothorax
1503:
1417:
1410:Birth trauma
1352:Breech birth
1342:presentation
1340:
1308:
1282:
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1176:
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1126:
1111:
1076:. Retrieved
1072:
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958:. Retrieved
951:the original
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870:. Retrieved
866:the original
855:
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785:cite journal
773:. Retrieved
769:the original
758:
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634:
628:
621:Saugstad, OD
614:
581:
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524:
520:
510:
499:. Retrieved
477:
473:
463:
445:
433:
426:
412:Epidemiology
331:Risk factors
310:
269:
263:
255:
239:
208:
192:
179:brain damage
150:blood sample
89:
85:
81:
80:
1908:Neonatology
1855:Miscarriage
1757:muscle tone
1623:Kernicterus
1476:Respiratory
1452:Erb's palsy
1357:Asynclitism
1325:Nuchal cord
872:13 December
677:, Norway.gr
290:hypotension
227:Apgar score
203:circulation
154:Apgar score
130:ventilation
106:respiration
48:Other names
1897:Categories
1865:Stillbirth
1822:Omphalitis
1783:Infections
1692:Integument
1154:DiseasesDB
977:The Lancet
577:The Lancet
501:2008-03-27
455:References
393:Adrenaline
391:D= Drugs:
195:antepartum
188:spasticity
66:obstetrics
62:Pediatrics
1591:Anti-Kell
1229:period /
1227:perinatal
1178:eMedicine
1046:1471-0528
839:0012-835X
543:1824-7288
371:Treatment
280:pneumonia
148:arterial
140:, with a
126:perfusion
114:gestation
102:morbidity
57:Specialty
1561:Bleeding
1252:placenta
1078:April 8,
1073:Medscape
1054:17877776
1005:31057958
997:12620738
960:April 8,
926:24237480
847:12762429
723:11733588
653:11385146
623:(2001).
606:24825982
598:15474135
561:25526846
317:oxytocin
301:placenta
223:cyanosis
1800:rubella
1430:Chignon
1284:chorion
1183:ped/149
1148:D001238
775:June 9,
750:8773129
714:1282294
552:4300075
496:2124034
487:8332119
177:), but
175:kidneys
120:to the
1375:Growth
1288:amnion
1052:
1044:
1003:
995:
924:
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763:ACOG.
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604:
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559:
549:
541:
527:: 94.
494:
484:
118:insult
68:
1848:Other
1672:Ileus
1419:scalp
1001:S2CID
954:(PDF)
943:(PDF)
602:S2CID
294:aorta
260:Cause
167:liver
163:lungs
159:heart
122:fetus
1606:Rh E
1601:Rh D
1596:Rh c
1159:1416
1143:MeSH
1132:9-CM
1080:2016
1050:PMID
1042:ISSN
993:PMID
962:2016
922:PMID
874:2013
843:PMID
835:ISSN
798:help
777:2010
746:PMID
719:PMID
649:PMID
594:PMID
557:PMID
539:ISSN
492:PMID
1694:and
1586:ABO
1581:HDN
1563:and
1137:768
1128:ICD
1122:P21
1113:ICD
1032:doi
1028:114
985:doi
981:361
912:doi
825:doi
709:PMC
701:doi
639:doi
586:doi
582:364
547:PMC
529:doi
482:PMC
213:or
171:gut
134:WHO
88:or
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