388:', which holds it under tension. The tension is released, by contraction of the ciliary muscle, to allow the lens to become more round, for close vision. This implies the ciliary muscle, which is outside the zonula, must be circumferential, contracting like a sphincter, to slacken the tension of the zonula pulling outwards on the lens. This is consistent with the fact that our eyes seem to be in the 'relaxed' state when focusing at infinity, and also explains why no amount of effort seems to enable a
49:
55:
336:
443:
In the visual system, images captured by the eye are translated into electric signals that are transmitted to the brain where they are interpreted. As such, in order to overcome presbyopia, two main components of the visual system can be addressed: image capturing by the optical system of the eye and
161:
that results in progressively worsening ability to focus clearly on close objects. Also known as age-related farsightedness (or age-related long sight in the UK), it affects many adults over the age of 40. A common sign of presbyopia is difficulty reading small print which results in having to hold
301:
can read comfortably without eyeglasses or contact lenses even after age forty, but higher myopes might require two pairs of glasses (one for distance, one for near), bifocal, or progressive lenses. However, their myopia does not disappear and the long-distance visual challenges remain. Myopes
255:
when reading for long periods, blurring of near objects or temporarily blurred vision when changing the viewing distance. Many extreme presbyopes complain that their arms have become "too short" to hold reading material at a comfortable distance.
3474:
463:
provide vision correction over a range as high as +4.0 diopters. People with presbyopia require a convex lens for reading glasses; specialized preparations of convex lenses usually require the services of an optometrist.
1822:
1807:
1638:
Korenfeld, Michael S.; Robertson, Stella M.; Stein, Jerry M.; Evans, David G.; Rauchman, Steven H.; Sall, Kenneth N.; Venkataraman, Subha; Chen, Bee-Lian; Wuttke, Mark; Burns, William (29 January 2021).
528:, eye drops that constrict the pupil, has been approved by the FDA for presbyopia. Research on other drugs is in progress. Eye drops intended to restore lens elasticity are also being investigated.
321:. Monovision can be created with contact lenses, so candidates for this procedure can determine if they are prepared to have their corneas reshaped by surgery to cause this effect permanently.
415:
only). The expected, maximum, and minimum amplitudes of accommodation in diopters (D) for a corrected patient of a given age can be estimated using
Hofstetter's formulas: expected amplitude
517:
and requiring the detection of briefly presented low-contrast Gabor stimuli; study participants with presbyopia were enabled to read smaller font sizes and to increase their reading speed.
314:
find near vision better, though not perfect, without glasses or contact lenses when presbyopia sets in, but the more astigmatism, the poorer the uncorrected near vision.
1026:
Pathai, S; Shiels, PG; Lawn, SD; Cook, C; Gilbert, C (March 2013). "The eye as a model of ageing in translational research--molecular, epigenetic and clinical aspects".
243:
People over 40 are at risk for developing presbyopia and all people become affected to some degree. Around 25% of people (1.8 billion globally) are currently affected.
497:. Concerns with refractive surgeries for presbyopia include people's eyes changing with time. Other side effects of multifocal corneal ablation include postoperative
474:
can be used to correct vision for both the near and the far. Some people choose contact lenses to correct one eye for near and one eye for far with a method called
452:
Solutions for presbyopia have advanced significantly in recent years due to widened availability of optometry care and over-the-counter vision correction options.
685:
PĂ©rez-Prados, Roque; Piñero, David P; PĂ©rez-CambrodĂ, Rafael J; Madrid-Costa, David (March 2017). "Soft multifocal simultaneous image contact lenses: a review".
306:
are advised that surgically correcting their nearsightedness may be a disadvantage after age forty, when the eyes become presbyopic and lose their ability to
259:
Presbyopia, like other focal imperfections, becomes less noticeable in bright sunlight when the pupil becomes smaller. As with any lens, increasing the
1641:"Topical lipoic acid choline ester eye drop for improvement of near visual acuity in subjects with presbyopia: a safety and preliminary efficacy trial"
289:
may notice presbyopic changes while diving before they recognize the symptoms in their normal routines due to the near focus in low light conditions.
731:
Fricke, Timothy R.; Tahhan, Nina; Resnikoff, Serge; Papas, Eric; Burnett, Anthea; Ho, Suit May; Naduvilath, Thomas; Naidoo, Kovin S. (October 2018).
317:
A surgical technique offered is to create a "reading eye" and a "distance vision eye", a technique commonly used in contact lens practice, known as
2924:
2321:
369:, the closest point at which an object can be brought into focus by the eye is called the eye's near point. A standard near point distance of
2993:
2919:
281:. In particular, farmers and homemakers seek correction later, whereas service workers and construction workers seek correction earlier.
62:
A person with presbyopia cannot easily read the small print of an ingredients list (top) compared to someone without presbyopia (bottom).
1762:
897:
1933:
1720:
2941:
2936:
2761:
1694:
974:
652:
263:
of the lens increases depth of field by reducing the level of blur of out-of-focus objects (compare the effect of aperture on
1303:
1080:
806:
1138:
Li, G; Mathine, DL; Valley, P; AyrÀs, P; Haddock, JN; Giridhar, MS; Williby, G; Schwiegerling, J; et al. (April 2006).
959:
2801:
847:
2914:
1208:
Kim, Tae-im; del Barrio, Jorge L AliĂł; Wilkins, Mark; Cochener, Beatrice; Ang, Marcus (May 2019). "Refractive surgery".
2909:
2796:
2363:
1109:
2664:
2524:
1756:
1490:
Sterkin A, Levy Y, Pokroy R, Lev M, Levian L, Doron R, Yehezkel O, Fried M, Frenkel-Nir Y, Gordon B, Polat U (2018).
822:
493:
procedure may be used to correct presbyopia. Results are, however, more variable and some people have a decrease in
178:
or far-sightedness which starts in childhood and exhibits similar symptoms of blur in the vision for close objects.
2629:
1540:
3204:
2722:
2634:
435:
A basic eye exam, which includes a refraction assessment and an eye health exam, is used to diagnose presbyopia.
2624:
2353:
330:
251:
The first symptoms most people notice are difficulty reading fine print, particularly in low light conditions,
154:
513:
A number of studies have claimed improvements in near visual acuity by the use of training protocols based on
2717:
2608:
2474:
1012:
546:
189:(decreased strength and ability to move the lens), causing the eye to focus right behind rather than on the
3115:
2806:
2791:
471:
3479:
2003:
1961:
1926:
373:
is typically assumed in the design of optical instruments, and in characterizing optical devices such as
221:
2931:
2727:
2701:
2659:
2654:
2519:
2392:
2380:
2336:
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2998:
2904:
2751:
2596:
2397:
2343:
1251:
Pallikaris IG, Panagopoulou SI (July 2015). "PresbyLASIK approach for the correction of presbyopia".
1443:"Optimization of perceptual learning: Effects of task difficulty and external noise in older adults"
2649:
2620:
2244:
2209:
1837:
604:
in the 4th century BC. Glass lenses first came into use for the problem in the late 13th century.
3120:
2874:
2674:
2194:
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3389:
3359:
3294:
3289:
3016:
2294:
2159:
1919:
1070:
537:
489:
has been done to create multifocal corneas. PresbyLASIK, a type of multifocal corneal ablation
286:
181:
Presbyopia is a typical part of the aging process. It occurs due to age related changes in the
1888:
1779:
3332:
3008:
1746:
1384:
Polat U, Schor C, Tong J, Zomet A, Lev M, Yehezkel O, Sterkin A, Levi DM (23 February 2012).
1006:
2976:
1140:"Switchable electro-optic diffractive lens with high efficiency for ophthalmic applications"
380:
There is some confusion over how the focusing mechanism of the eye works. In the 1977 book,
3105:
2691:
2686:
2644:
2459:
2375:
1397:
1340:
1294:
Azar, Dimitri T. (2007). "Terminology, classification, and history of refractive surgery".
1151:
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8:
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396:
310:
or change focus, because they will then need to use glasses for reading. Myopes with low
307:
88:
Difficulty reading small print, having to hold reading material farther away, headaches,
3040:
1401:
1344:
1155:
797:
Khurana, AK (September 2008). "Asthenopia, anomalies of accommodation and convergence".
344:
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2771:
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1328:
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1182:
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710:
486:
303:
228:(PresbyLASIK) surgery. The most common treatment is glass correction using appropriate
83:
1831:
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1221:
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802:
764:
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702:
460:
311:
115:
67:
1690:
1595:
Dick, HB (July 2019). "Small-aperture strategies for the correction of presbyopia".
1525:
1280:
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1217:
1177:
1159:
1035:
754:
744:
733:"Global Prevalence of Presbyopia and Vision Impairment from Uncorrected Presbyopia"
694:
374:
274:
The onset of presbyopia varies among those with certain professions and those with
237:
171:
20:
1329:"Training improves visual processing speed and generalizes to untrained functions"
1098:
1072:
Physics for
Scientists and Engineers: Foundations and Connections, Advance Edition
3219:
3183:
3147:
2766:
2591:
2578:
2512:
2469:
2387:
2199:
2131:
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2036:
1842:
1608:
1508:
1491:
1458:
1264:
928:
759:
749:
732:
206:
194:
470:
can also be used to correct the focusing loss that comes along with presbyopia.
3449:
3301:
3246:
3089:
2857:
2786:
2568:
2538:
2484:
2438:
2309:
2182:
2116:
2106:
1853:
1657:
1144:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
660:
498:
467:
385:
264:
198:
186:
182:
1816:
1039:
927:
GarcĂa
Serrano, JL; LĂłpez Raya, R; Mylonopoulos Caripidis, T (November 2002).
926:
48:
3475:
Disorders of ocular muscles, binocular movement, accommodation and refraction
3468:
3369:
3224:
3164:
2881:
2829:
2776:
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2502:
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2407:
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2121:
2026:
1552:
1313:
1173:
947:
901:
494:
175:
108:
76:
1911:
1492:"Vision improvement in pilots with presbyopia following perceptual learning"
1164:
684:
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3062:
2443:
2358:
2266:
2144:
2139:
2084:
2079:
1676:
1616:
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1427:
1370:
1272:
1229:
1191:
1047:
990:
955:
768:
706:
282:
217:
193:
when looking at close objects. It is a type of refractive error along with
170:. Different people will have different degrees of problems. Other types of
134:
411:), and levels off at 0.5 to 1 dioptre at age 60 (ability to focus down to
3433:
3384:
3327:
3322:
3279:
3257:
3168:
3159:
3079:
3057:
2869:
2841:
2639:
2507:
2348:
2169:
2046:
1998:
1945:
1883:
525:
350:, a process which may be sped up by higher temperatures. It results in a
268:
229:
202:
174:
may exist at the same time as presbyopia. This condition is similar to
3354:
3317:
3241:
3229:
3134:
2955:
2845:
2204:
2069:
1573:
475:
395:
The ability to focus on near objects declines throughout life, from an
351:
318:
252:
130:
1799:
1409:
1352:
872:
698:
3405:
3379:
3253:
3199:
3187:
3072:
3067:
3052:
3048:
2586:
2284:
2261:
2074:
2021:
2016:
1993:
1894:
1859:
1386:"Training the brain to overcome the effect of aging on the human eye"
1104:(3rd ed. rev. and update. ed.). New York; Toronto: McGraw-Hill.
601:
167:
158:
89:
72:
384:, for example, the lens is said to be suspended by a membrane, the '
232:. Glasses used to correct presbyopia may be simple reading glasses,
54:
3444:
3209:
2743:
2546:
2177:
823:"5 Facts About Age-Related Farsightedness You Probably Didn't Know"
577:
502:
260:
233:
163:
120:
343:
The cause of presbyopia is lens hardening by decreasing levels of
3271:
3214:
2756:
2563:
2494:
2464:
2454:
2061:
1864:
1783:
1327:
Lev M, Ludwig K, Gilaie-Dotan S, et al. (28 November 2014).
400:
359:
213:
162:
reading material farther away. Other symptoms associated can be
3374:
2276:
2253:
1973:
1811:
389:
366:
298:
275:
190:
3346:
613:
490:
335:
278:
225:
1637:
1207:
2426:
1988:
587:
570:
551:
730:
1126:
Anomalies of
Binocular Vision: Diagnosis & Management
975:"New thoughts on the correction of presbyopia for divers"
600:
The condition was mentioned as early as the writings of
1541:"New Eye Drops Offer an Alternative to Reading Glasses"
1440:
1250:
929:"Variables related to the first presbyopia correction"
1326:
1789:
1489:
1137:
1025:
19:"Old Eyes" redirects here. For the music album, see
2975:
1383:
904:: Eye Associates of Marquette. 2008. Archived from
581:
564:
1097:
185:(decreased elasticity and increased hardness) and
99:Progressively worsening in those over 40 years old
16:Medical condition associated with aging of the eye
2920:arteritic anterior (AAION or arteritic AION)
3466:
1483:
1298:(2nd ed.). Philadelphia: Mosby / Elsevier.
936:Archivos de la Sociedad Española de OftalmologĂa
508:
1434:
1377:
1941:
1927:
1100:Eye and brain : the psychology of seeing
993:. Archived from the original on 19 April 2013
792:
790:
788:
786:
784:
782:
780:
778:
647:
645:
643:
641:
639:
637:
635:
633:
631:
629:
447:
2994:Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia
1320:
966:
801:(2nd ed.). Elsevier. pp. 100â107.
799:Theory and practice of optics and refraction
407:away) in a child, to 10 dioptres at age 25 (
2322:Thygeson's superficial punctate keratopathy
1981:
1441:DeLoss DJ, Watanabe T, Andersen GJ (2014).
890:
1934:
1920:
1745:Wade, Nicholas J.; Wade, Nicholas (2000).
1740:
1738:
1539:Moyer, Melinda Wenner (14 December 2021).
1203:
1201:
972:
775:
626:
292:
1666:
1656:
1507:
1466:
1417:
1360:
1181:
1163:
758:
748:
726:
724:
680:
678:
1744:
334:
1735:
1198:
1095:
796:
3467:
1765:from the original on 8 September 2017.
721:
675:
144:25% currently; all eventually affected
3431:
2827:
2230:
1959:
1915:
1538:
920:
501:, halos, ghost images, and monocular
246:
2802:Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy
1594:
1293:
1068:
962:from the original on 7 October 2011.
455:
2925:non-arteritic anterior (NAION)
2762:Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy
1723:from the original on 18 August 2017
687:Clinical and Experimental Optometry
13:
2797:Persistent tunica vasculosa lentis
1697:from the original on 12 April 2013
1287:
1124:Robert P. Rutstein, Kent M. Daum,
423:(age in years); minimum amplitude
419:(age in years); maximum amplitude
212:Presbyopia can be corrected using
153:is physiological insufficiency of
14:
3491:
2525:Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy
1773:
1096:Gregory, Richard Langton (1977).
898:"Presbyopia: Patient Information"
157:associated with the aging of the
2630:Central retinal artery occlusion
1597:Current Opinion in Ophthalmology
1253:Current Opinion in Ophthalmology
53:
47:
2635:Branch retinal artery occlusion
2364:Terrien's marginal degeneration
1709:
1683:
1631:
1588:
1566:
1532:
1244:
1131:
1118:
1089:
1062:
1019:
444:image processing in the brain.
107:Aging-related hardening of the
3432:
2665:Bietti's crystalline dystrophy
2625:Central retinal vein occlusion
2354:Pellucid marginal degeneration
865:
840:
815:
659:. October 2010. Archived from
358:(or equivalently, less than 4
331:Accommodation (vertebrate eye)
1:
2718:Vitelliform macular dystrophy
2609:Posterior vitreous detachment
2475:Persistent pupillary membrane
1222:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)33209-4
619:
509:Image processing in the brain
222:multifocal intraocular lenses
3205:Leber's congenital amaurosis
3116:Internuclear ophthalmoplegia
2828:
2807:Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease
2792:Persistent fetal vasculature
2723:Leber's congenital amaurosis
1693:. Dictionary.reference.com.
1609:10.1097/ICU.0000000000000576
1509:10.1016/j.visres.2017.09.003
1459:10.1016/j.visres.2013.11.003
1265:10.1097/icu.0000000000000162
750:10.1016/j.ophtha.2018.04.013
588:
571:
552:
531:
520:
438:
430:
392:person to see farther away.
324:
7:
2004:Meibomian gland dysfunction
1748:A Natural History of Vision
607:
10:
3496:
2728:Birdshot chorioretinopathy
2702:Central serous retinopathy
2520:Focal choroidal excavation
2393:Corneal neovascularization
2210:Subconjunctival hemorrhage
1960:
1658:10.1038/s41433-020-01391-z
595:
582:
565:
541:
481:
448:Image capturing in the eye
328:
18:
3440:
3427:
3398:
3345:
3310:
3270:
3195:
3182:
3133:
3111:Convergence insufficiency
3098:
3039:
3007:
2984:
2954:
2895:
2853:
2840:
2836:
2823:
2752:Primary juvenile glaucoma
2736:
2597:Cytomegalovirus retinitis
2577:
2537:
2493:
2434:
2425:
2275:
2252:
2243:
2239:
2231:
2226:
2168:
2130:
2097:
2060:
2012:
1972:
1968:
1955:
1946:Diseases of the human eye
1874:
1793:
1786:Plus Medical Encyclopedia
1751:. MIT Press. p. 50.
1040:10.1016/j.arr.2012.11.002
1011:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
472:Multifocal contact lenses
140:
126:
114:
103:
95:
82:
66:
61:
46:
38:
33:
2621:Ocular ischemic syndrome
1069:Katz, Debora M. (2015).
973:Bennett QM (June 2008).
848:"Age-related Long Sight"
653:"Facts About Presbyopia"
3121:One and a half syndrome
2875:Foster Kennedy syndrome
1165:10.1073/pnas.0600850103
1028:Ageing Research Reviews
873:"PresbyLASIK - EyeWiki"
293:Interaction with myopia
42:The aging eye condition
3360:Argyll Robertson pupil
2160:Periorbital cellulitis
657:National Eye Institute
340:
287:underwater photography
3333:Scintillating scotoma
2999:KearnsâSayre syndrome
2942:Toxic and nutritional
2915:posterior (PION)
2398:KayserâFleischer ring
760:1959.4/unsworks_79548
403:(ability to focus at
338:
205:. Diagnosis is by an
3106:Conjugate gaze palsy
2977:Paralytic strabismus
2910:anterior (AION)
2692:Retinitis pigmentosa
2687:Macular degeneration
2460:Intermediate uveitis
2376:Keratoconjunctivitis
1216:(10185): 2085â2098.
1075:. Cengage Learning.
3411:Childhood blindness
3390:Parinaud's syndrome
2960:Extraocular muscles
2748:Ocular hypertension
2712:Epiretinal membrane
2697:Retinal haemorrhage
2552:Congenital cataract
1402:2012NatSR...2E.278P
1345:2014NatSR...4E7251L
1156:2006PNAS..103.6100L
575:, 'sight' (
515:perceptual learning
3480:Disability by type
2937:Leber's hereditary
2604:Retinal detachment
2557:Childhood cataract
2369:Post-LASIK ectasia
2150:Orbital cellulitis
2099:Lacrimal apparatus
1875:External resources
1719:. Etymonline.com.
1545:The New York Times
1390:Scientific Reports
1333:Scientific Reports
1296:Refractive surgery
908:on 2 December 2008
563:'old' and
487:Refractive surgery
417:(D) = 18.5 â 0.3 Ă
375:magnifying glasses
341:
304:refractive surgery
247:Signs and symptoms
238:progressive lenses
3462:
3461:
3458:
3457:
3423:
3422:
3419:
3418:
3365:Marcus Gunn pupil
3341:
3340:
3262:Visual impairment
3129:
3128:
3035:
3034:
3022:Fourth-nerve (IV)
2950:
2949:
2887:Optic disc drusen
2819:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2533:
2532:
2421:
2420:
2327:Corneal dystrophy
2222:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2093:
2092:
1909:
1908:
1651:(12): 3292â3301.
1410:10.1038/srep00278
1353:10.1038/srep07251
1305:978-0-323-03599-6
1082:978-1-305-53720-0
979:Diving Hyperb Med
808:978-81-312-1132-8
743:(10): 1492â1499.
699:10.1111/cxo.12488
663:on 4 October 2016
580:
562:
550:
536:The term is from
461:Corrective lenses
456:Corrective lenses
425:(D) = 15 â 0.25 Ă
285:with interest in
172:refractive errors
148:
147:
116:Diagnostic method
28:Medical condition
3487:
3429:
3428:
3193:
3192:
3184:Vision disorders
3143:Refractive error
3085:Brown's syndrome
3041:Other strabismus
3027:Sixth-nerve (VI)
3017:Oculomotor (III)
2989:Ophthalmoparesis
2982:
2981:
2973:
2972:
2964:Binocular vision
2897:Optic neuropathy
2863:optic papillitis
2851:
2850:
2838:
2837:
2825:
2824:
2714:(Macular pucker)
2432:
2431:
2413:Band keratopathy
2250:
2249:
2241:
2240:
2228:
2227:
2155:Orbital lymphoma
2042:Blepharophimosis
2032:Blepharochalasis
1979:
1978:
1970:
1969:
1957:
1956:
1936:
1929:
1922:
1913:
1912:
1791:
1790:
1767:
1766:
1742:
1733:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1687:
1681:
1680:
1670:
1660:
1635:
1629:
1628:
1592:
1586:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1570:
1564:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1536:
1530:
1529:
1511:
1487:
1481:
1480:
1470:
1438:
1432:
1431:
1421:
1381:
1375:
1374:
1364:
1324:
1318:
1317:
1291:
1285:
1284:
1248:
1242:
1241:
1205:
1196:
1195:
1185:
1167:
1135:
1129:
1122:
1116:
1115:
1103:
1093:
1087:
1086:
1066:
1060:
1059:
1023:
1017:
1016:
1010:
1002:
1000:
998:
970:
964:
963:
933:
932:(Free full text)
924:
918:
917:
915:
913:
894:
888:
887:
885:
883:
869:
863:
862:
860:
858:
844:
838:
837:
835:
833:
819:
813:
812:
794:
773:
772:
762:
752:
728:
719:
718:
682:
673:
672:
670:
668:
649:
591:
585:
584:
576:
574:
568:
567:
557:
555:
545:
543:
427:(age in years).
426:
422:
421:(D) = 25 â 0.4 Ă
418:
414:
410:
406:
372:
357:
347:
299:near-sightedness
297:People with low
236:, trifocals, or
57:
51:
31:
30:
21:Old Eyes (album)
3495:
3494:
3490:
3489:
3488:
3486:
3485:
3484:
3465:
3464:
3463:
3454:
3436:
3415:
3394:
3337:
3306:
3266:
3220:Color blindness
3186:
3178:
3125:
3099:Other binocular
3094:
3031:
3003:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2946:
2891:
2844:
2832:
2811:
2767:Ocular hypotony
2732:
2592:Chorioretinitis
2573:
2529:
2513:Chorioretinitis
2489:
2470:Rubeosis iridis
2448:
2417:
2388:Corneal opacity
2344:Corneal ectasia
2271:
2235:
2214:
2200:Pseudopterygium
2164:
2126:
2089:
2056:
2052:Ankyloblepharon
2008:
1964:
1951:
1950:
1940:
1910:
1905:
1904:
1900:article/1219573
1870:
1869:
1802:
1776:
1771:
1770:
1759:
1743:
1736:
1726:
1724:
1715:
1714:
1710:
1700:
1698:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1636:
1632:
1593:
1589:
1579:
1577:
1572:
1571:
1567:
1557:
1555:
1537:
1533:
1496:Vision Research
1488:
1484:
1447:Vision Research
1439:
1435:
1382:
1378:
1325:
1321:
1306:
1292:
1288:
1249:
1245:
1206:
1199:
1136:
1132:
1123:
1119:
1112:
1094:
1090:
1083:
1067:
1063:
1024:
1020:
1004:
1003:
996:
994:
971:
967:
942:(11): 597â604.
931:
925:
921:
911:
909:
896:
895:
891:
881:
879:
877:eyewiki.aao.org
871:
870:
866:
856:
854:
846:
845:
841:
831:
829:
821:
820:
816:
809:
795:
776:
729:
722:
683:
676:
666:
664:
651:
650:
627:
622:
610:
598:
534:
523:
511:
484:
458:
450:
441:
433:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
370:
355:
345:
333:
327:
295:
249:
207:eye examination
195:nearsightedness
109:lens of the eye
52:
29:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3493:
3483:
3482:
3477:
3460:
3459:
3456:
3455:
3453:
3452:
3450:Onchocerciasis
3447:
3441:
3438:
3437:
3425:
3424:
3421:
3420:
3417:
3416:
3414:
3413:
3408:
3402:
3400:
3396:
3395:
3393:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3351:
3349:
3343:
3342:
3339:
3338:
3336:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3314:
3312:
3308:
3307:
3305:
3304:
3302:Quadrantanopia
3299:
3298:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3276:
3274:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3264:
3251:
3250:
3249:
3247:Oguchi disease
3239:
3238:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3196:
3190:
3180:
3179:
3177:
3176:
3171:
3162:
3157:
3156:
3155:
3150:
3139:
3137:
3131:
3130:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3102:
3100:
3096:
3095:
3093:
3092:
3090:Duane syndrome
3087:
3082:
3077:
3076:
3075:
3070:
3060:
3055:
3045:
3043:
3037:
3036:
3033:
3032:
3030:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3013:
3011:
3005:
3004:
3002:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2985:
2979:
2970:
2952:
2951:
2948:
2947:
2945:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2928:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2901:
2899:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2878:
2877:
2867:
2866:
2865:
2858:Optic neuritis
2854:
2848:
2834:
2833:
2821:
2820:
2817:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2810:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2787:Phthisis bulbi
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2740:
2738:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2683:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2670:Coats' disease
2667:
2662:
2660:of prematurity
2657:
2652:
2647:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2618:
2613:
2612:
2611:
2601:
2600:
2599:
2594:
2583:
2581:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2571:
2569:Ectopia lentis
2566:
2561:
2560:
2559:
2554:
2543:
2541:
2535:
2534:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2516:
2515:
2505:
2499:
2497:
2491:
2490:
2488:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2446:
2441:
2435:
2429:
2427:Vascular tunic
2423:
2422:
2419:
2418:
2416:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2384:
2383:
2373:
2372:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2341:
2340:
2339:
2334:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2313:
2312:
2310:Photokeratitis
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2281:
2279:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2269:
2264:
2258:
2256:
2247:
2237:
2236:
2224:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2213:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2191:
2190:
2183:Conjunctivitis
2180:
2174:
2172:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2136:
2134:
2128:
2127:
2125:
2124:
2119:
2117:Dacryocystitis
2114:
2109:
2107:Dacryoadenitis
2103:
2101:
2095:
2094:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2066:
2064:
2058:
2057:
2055:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1985:
1983:
1976:
1966:
1965:
1953:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1931:
1924:
1916:
1907:
1906:
1903:
1902:
1891:
1879:
1878:
1876:
1872:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1856:
1845:
1834:
1819:
1803:
1798:
1797:
1795:
1794:Classification
1788:
1787:
1775:
1774:External links
1772:
1769:
1768:
1757:
1734:
1708:
1682:
1630:
1603:(4): 236â242.
1587:
1565:
1531:
1502:(152): 61â73.
1482:
1433:
1376:
1319:
1304:
1286:
1243:
1197:
1150:(16): 6100â4.
1130:
1128:, Mosby, 1998.
1117:
1111:978-0070246652
1110:
1088:
1081:
1061:
1034:(2): 490â508.
1018:
985:(2): 163â164.
965:
919:
889:
864:
839:
814:
807:
774:
720:
693:(2): 107â127.
674:
624:
623:
621:
618:
617:
616:
609:
606:
597:
594:
533:
530:
522:
519:
510:
507:
483:
480:
468:Contact lenses
457:
454:
449:
446:
440:
437:
432:
429:
326:
323:
294:
291:
265:depth of field
248:
245:
218:contact lenses
199:farsightedness
187:ciliary muscle
146:
145:
142:
138:
137:
135:contact lenses
128:
124:
123:
118:
112:
111:
105:
101:
100:
97:
93:
92:
86:
80:
79:
70:
64:
63:
59:
58:
44:
43:
40:
36:
35:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3492:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3472:
3470:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3442:
3439:
3435:
3430:
3426:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3403:
3401:
3397:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3370:Adie syndrome
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3352:
3350:
3348:
3344:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3315:
3313:
3309:
3303:
3300:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3282:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3273:
3269:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3252:
3248:
3245:
3244:
3243:
3240:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3225:Achromatopsia
3223:
3222:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3197:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3166:
3165:Anisometropia
3163:
3161:
3158:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3145:
3144:
3141:
3140:
3138:
3136:
3132:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3097:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3065:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3050:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3042:
3038:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3014:
3012:
3010:
3006:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2968:Accommodation
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2907:
2906:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2894:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2882:Optic atrophy
2880:
2876:
2873:
2872:
2871:
2868:
2864:
2861:
2860:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2826:
2822:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2782:Keratomycosis
2780:
2778:
2777:Globe rupture
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2735:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2707:Macular edema
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2642:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2616:Retinoschisis
2614:
2610:
2607:
2606:
2605:
2602:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2589:
2588:
2585:
2584:
2582:
2580:
2576:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2549:
2548:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2536:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2514:
2511:
2510:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2503:Choroideremia
2501:
2500:
2498:
2496:
2492:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2480:Iridodialysis
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2424:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2408:Arcus senilis
2406:
2404:
2403:Haab's striae
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2382:
2379:
2378:
2377:
2374:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2346:
2345:
2342:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2329:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2317:Corneal ulcer
2315:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2295:acanthamoebic
2293:
2291:
2288:
2287:
2286:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2278:
2274:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2245:Fibrous tunic
2242:
2238:
2234:
2229:
2225:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2167:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2129:
2123:
2122:Xerophthalmia
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2096:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2059:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2027:Lagophthalmos
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2011:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1958:
1954:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1937:
1932:
1930:
1925:
1923:
1918:
1917:
1914:
1901:
1897:
1896:
1892:
1890:
1886:
1885:
1881:
1880:
1877:
1873:
1866:
1862:
1861:
1857:
1855:
1851:
1850:
1846:
1844:
1840:
1839:
1835:
1833:
1829:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1818:
1814:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1804:
1801:
1796:
1792:
1785:
1781:
1778:
1777:
1764:
1760:
1758:9780262731294
1754:
1750:
1749:
1741:
1739:
1722:
1718:
1712:
1696:
1692:
1686:
1678:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1634:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1591:
1575:
1569:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1535:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1486:
1478:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1437:
1429:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1380:
1372:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1323:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1301:
1297:
1290:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1259:(4): 265â72.
1258:
1254:
1247:
1239:
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3260: /
3256: /
3235:Monochromacy
3173:
3167: /
3063:Heterophoria
3051: /
2750: /
2746: /
2650:hypertensive
2623: /
2444:Ciliary body
2359:Keratoglobus
2267:Episcleritis
2145:Enophthalmos
2140:Exophthalmos
2085:Trichomegaly
2080:Distichiasis
1982:Inflammation
1893:
1882:
1858:
1847:
1836:
1821:
1806:
1780:"Presbyopia"
1747:
1725:. Retrieved
1717:"Presbyopia"
1711:
1699:. Retrieved
1691:"Presbyopia"
1685:
1648:
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995:. Retrieved
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906:the original
892:
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867:
855:. Retrieved
852:patient.info
851:
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826:
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667:11 September
665:. Retrieved
661:the original
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316:
302:considering
296:
283:Scuba divers
273:
258:
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242:
211:
180:
150:
149:
25:
3385:Cycloplegia
3328:Photophobia
3323:Hemeralopia
3280:Hemianopsia
3258:Vision loss
3169:Aniseikonia
3160:Astigmatism
3080:Cyclotropia
3058:Hypertropia
2870:Papilledema
2842:Optic nerve
2675:Sickle cell
2655:Purtscher's
2640:Retinopathy
2508:Choroiditis
2349:Keratoconus
2170:Conjunctiva
2047:Xanthelasma
1999:Blepharitis
1884:MedlinePlus
1576:. drugs.com
1558:15 December
1339:(1): 7251.
526:Pilocarpine
409:100 mm
348:-crystallin
312:astigmatism
308:accommodate
269:photography
261:focal ratio
230:convex lens
203:astigmatism
96:Usual onset
39:Other names
3469:Categories
3434:Infections
3355:Anisocoria
3318:Asthenopia
3311:subjective
3295:homonymous
3290:bitemporal
3242:Nyctalopia
3230:Dichromacy
3174:Presbyopia
3135:Refraction
2956:Strabismus
2846:Optic disc
2205:Pinguecula
2070:Trichiasis
1849:DiseasesDB
1580:9 February
1210:The Lancet
912:31 October
857:2 February
832:2 February
620:References
476:monovision
413:1â2 m
405:50 mm
371:25 cm
356:25 cm
352:near point
339:Presbyopia
329:See also:
319:monovision
151:Presbyopia
131:Eyeglasses
34:Presbyopia
3406:Nystagmus
3380:Mydriasis
3254:Blindness
3200:Amblyopia
3188:Blindness
3148:Hyperopia
3073:Exophoria
3068:Esophoria
3053:Exotropia
3049:Esotropia
2587:Retinitis
2285:Keratitis
2262:Scleritis
2195:Pterygium
2075:Madarosis
2022:Ectropion
2017:Entropion
1994:Chalazion
1895:eMedicine
1860:SNOMED CT
1625:139101960
1553:0362-4331
1453:: 37â45.
1314:853286620
1174:0027-8424
948:0365-6691
882:27 August
715:205049139
602:Aristotle
547:romanized
532:Etymology
521:Eye drops
439:Treatment
431:Diagnosis
325:Mechanism
253:eyestrain
168:eyestrain
164:headaches
141:Frequency
127:Treatment
90:eyestrain
73:Optometry
68:Specialty
3445:Trachoma
3210:Diplopia
2905:Ischemic
2830:Pathways
2744:Glaucoma
2645:diabetic
2547:Cataract
2485:Synechia
2337:Meesmann
2305:Exposure
2290:herpetic
2188:allergic
2178:Chemosis
2112:Epiphora
1865:41256004
1763:Archived
1721:Archived
1701:19 April
1695:Archived
1677:33514891
1617:31033734
1526:20260936
1518:29154795
1477:24269381
1428:22363834
1371:25431233
1281:35434343
1273:26058023
1230:31106754
1192:16597675
1056:26015190
1048:23274270
997:19 April
991:22692711
960:Archived
956:12410405
769:29753495
707:27800638
608:See also
503:diplopia
401:dioptres
360:diopters
234:bifocals
121:Eye exam
84:Symptoms
3285:binasal
3272:Anopsia
3215:Scotoma
3009:palsies
2772:Red eye
2757:Floater
2564:Aphakia
2495:Choroid
2465:Hyphema
2455:Uveitis
2062:Eyelash
1843:D011305
1784:MedLine
1668:8602643
1574:"Vuity"
1468:4029927
1419:3284862
1398:Bibcode
1396:: 278.
1362:4246693
1341:Bibcode
1238:4474834
1183:1458838
1152:Bibcode
596:History
561:
553:presbys
549::
542:ÏÏÎÏÎČÏ
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482:Surgery
214:glasses
3375:Miosis
3153:Myopia
2932:Kjer's
2680:photic
2579:Retina
2332:Fuchs'
2300:fungal
2277:Cornea
2254:Sclera
2037:Ptosis
1974:Eyelid
1962:Adnexa
1889:001026
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1675:
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767:
713:
705:
390:myopic
386:zonula
367:optics
279:pupils
276:miotic
201:, and
191:retina
104:Causes
3399:Other
3347:Pupil
2737:Other
2381:sicca
2233:Globe
2132:Orbit
1854:29647
1832:367.4
1817:H52.4
1727:4 May
1621:S2CID
1522:S2CID
1277:S2CID
1234:S2CID
1052:S2CID
711:S2CID
614:Vuity
499:glare
491:LASIK
226:LASIK
224:, or
2539:Lens
2439:Iris
1989:Stye
1838:MeSH
1827:9-CM
1753:ISBN
1729:2017
1703:2013
1673:PMID
1613:PMID
1582:2022
1560:2021
1549:ISSN
1514:PMID
1473:PMID
1424:PMID
1367:PMID
1310:OCLC
1300:ISBN
1269:PMID
1226:PMID
1188:PMID
1170:ISSN
1106:ISBN
1077:ISBN
1044:PMID
1013:link
999:2013
987:PMID
952:PMID
944:ISSN
914:2010
884:2020
859:2022
834:2022
803:ISBN
765:PMID
703:PMID
669:2016
589:Ćpos
583:ᜠÏÏÏ
559:lit.
183:lens
166:and
1823:ICD
1808:ICD
1782:at
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1653:doi
1645:Eye
1605:doi
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1500:152
1463:PMC
1455:doi
1414:PMC
1406:doi
1357:PMC
1349:doi
1261:doi
1218:doi
1214:393
1178:PMC
1160:doi
1148:103
1036:doi
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745:doi
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