Knowledge

Presbyterian Church of Korea

Source 📝

738: 44: 686: 400: 388: 824:). On September 17, 1911, during an assembly at Nammoon Church, Daegu, the Independent Council agreed on creating a General Assembly, and converting the seven sub-presbyteries into official presbyteries. On September 1, 1912, the first General Assembly of the PCK took place in Pyongyang. In 1916, the Presbytery of Gyeongsang was divided into the presbyteries of 848:
in 1910. Thus, initial relationships between the colonial government and the Presbyterians were peaceful. Missionaries accepted Japanese rule as "the powers that be," and asserted a position of "loyal recognition" of the Japanese occupation. Nevertheless, many Korean Presbyterians, were suspected of
882:
of the movement, sixteen were Christians, and seven were Presbyterians. As a result of the movement, the persecutions of Christians were exacerbated. Likewise, many Presbyterian missionaries were put under scrutiny, and their properties were often destroyed by police. 1,461 Presbyterians were
734:, and Pang Kich'ang became the first graduates of the Pyongyang Theological Seminary. The same year, the United Council decided to select a party committee member to handle church affairs for the five local councils of Pyeongan, Gyeongseong, Jeolla, Gyeongsang, and Hamgyeong. 745:
On September 17, 1907, under the approval of four presbyters from the Mission Council, 33 missionaries and 38 presbyters organized the Presbyterian Church of Korea into an independent church. The five local councils were re-organized into the seven sub-presbyteries
350:. Since the 1950s, the denomination has separated into various branches of the same name due to theological and political disputes. As of 2019, 286 branches in South Korea, many of which have separated from the PCK, use the title 'Presbyterian Church of Korea'. 883:
arrested by Japanese police by the end of June 1919; in less than four months, the total number of Presbyterian arrests increased to 3,804. 41 Presbyterian leaders were killed, and 12 churches were destroyed. Horace Underwood made detailed accounts of the
74: 88:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge. 3081: 595:), with John W. Heron as chairman, to settle issues over the unification of churches. In 1893, the United Council of Presbyterian Missions became the Council of Missions Holding the Presbyterian Form of Government ( 580: 849:
being political agents by the colonial government, and were arrested, often without proper explanation or trial. In one incident, a group of Presbyterians was accused of plotting an assassination of then-
671:
inaugurated as the first chairman. However, as the Council of Missions had jurisdiction over church affairs, the Presbyterian Church of Korea was then only a fraternal organization. In 1902,
3076: 872: 506: 518: 651:
were elected as elders. On September 20 of the same year, three Korean presbyters and six ministers organized the Council of the Presbyterian Church of Korea (Chosun) (
895: 906:
In the 1950s, the church suffered tensions because of issues of theology, ecumenism, and worship. The first of these occurred in 1951, over issues related to
2813: 2618: 486: 3207: 668: 890:
By 1937, the Presbyterian churches were largely independent of financial support from the United States. Presbyterianism in Korea was reconstructed after
3217: 618: 672: 3212: 2823: 2818: 2514: 641: 494: 2956: 2569: 702: 91:
Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
2921: 2846: 2748: 2916: 2906: 2881: 2758: 2653: 2453: 559: 456: 724: 466:
arrived and established the Korean mission church for the Northern Presbyterian Church. The Korean edition of the Bible was first translated by
2931: 2911: 2886: 2876: 2861: 2828: 2768: 2753: 713: 502: 3071: 3066: 2926: 2901: 2871: 2856: 2851: 2803: 2708: 514: 2966: 2783: 2613: 2529: 917: 498: 226: 32: 1969: 2971: 2891: 2778: 2663: 56: 2961: 2941: 2896: 2866: 2743: 2738: 2733: 2713: 2673: 2554: 3040: 2946: 2763: 2718: 2509: 2174:
Lee, Timothy S. (2000). "A Political Factor in the Rise of Protestantism in Korea: Protestantism and the 1919 March First Movement".
2936: 2519: 551: 3202: 2951: 2838: 2808: 2793: 2773: 2703: 2688: 2668: 2658: 2623: 2071: 3087: 2981: 2833: 2788: 2723: 2698: 2648: 2643: 2638: 2608: 2603: 925: 921: 369:
in 1887, as the true birthplace of the PCK. However, the PCK was first organized as an independent Korean church only in 1907.
234: 230: 24: 20: 3115: 2976: 2798: 2728: 2683: 2633: 2534: 2422: 2375:
Lee, Timothy S. "A Political Factor in the Rise of Protestantism in Korea: Protestantism and the 1919 March First Movement,"
2287: 222: 2693: 2678: 2564: 2228: 623: 2544: 2446: 2549: 913: 99: 28: 2539: 471: 121: 112:
Content in this edit is translated from the existing Korean Knowledge article at ]; see its history for attribution.
2276:"Towards Peace and Reconciliation between South and North Korean Churches: Contextual Analysis of the Two Churches" 2628: 2559: 1974: 877: 576: 347: 3005: 2483: 2478: 2439: 1925: 1821: 1164: 1114: 1042: 815: 694: 283: 605:, also succinctly known as the Council of Missions). The two councils consisted only of foreign missionaries. 3146: 537: 522: 3141: 3136: 510: 440: 3000: 3110: 3029: 3131: 2079: 850: 845: 2504: 2499: 920:. In the third schism, the Presbyterian Church of Korea broke into two equal sections in 1959: the 421: 107: 3058: 2524: 767: 698: 1862: 3048: 1047: 999: 633: 475: 467: 452: 366: 2275: 860:. Missionaries were also accused of distributing firearms for the alleged assassination plot. 562:
arrived in 1892 and organized the Korean mission church for the Southern Presbyterian Church (
2462: 1811: 844:
Korean Presbyterians were advised to stay uninvolved with any political cause even after the
697:
and became its first principal. The spread of Presbyterianism was further intensified by the
490: 413: 297: 170: 128: 2412: 966: 868: 779: 8: 3156: 2414:
Rev. Sang-Dong Han, The Founder of the Presbyterian Church in Korea (Koshin): A Biography
1884: 1029: 614: 555: 461: 436: 175: 428:, who was converted into Christianity by Scottish pastor John McIntyre in Manchuria, in 3181: 2321: 2191: 729: 718: 707: 677: 646: 2106:[The Independent Korean Presbyterian Church of 1907: its Origin and Meaning]. 528:
McKenzie died after a year and a half while working in evangelism and medical care in
3161: 2579: 2418: 2283: 1014: 984: 853: 775: 629: 533: 482: 207: 103: 2387:
Perspectives on Christianity in Korea and Japan: The Gospel and Culture in East Asia
737: 3176: 3166: 2183: 1081: 664: 481:
Subsequently, more Western missionaries set foot in Korea with Canadian missionary
362: 3171: 19:
This article is about the historical denomination. For its modern successors, see
2470: 2401: 2370:
Christianity in a Revolutionary Age: Vol. 5: The Twentieth century outside Europe
2262:
Christianity in a Revolutionary Age: Vol. 5: The Twentieth century outside Europe
2135: 2055: 2033: 2013: 1991: 1904: 1816: 884: 795: 783: 747: 596: 569: 329: 2102: 685: 3015: 1920: 1396: 1148: 857: 1947: 864: 637: 3196: 3151: 3010: 2574: 425: 358: 195: 1970:"Presbyterianism in the Hermit Kingdom: Presbyterian Church of Korea at 110" 2224: 891: 682:
was appointed as an elder, and more people were elected as elders in 1903.
536:. His efforts led to the organization of the Korean mission church for the 529: 354: 2992: 2363:
Christ and Caesar in Modern Korea: A History of Christianity and Politics
444: 435:
Full-scale missions were only able to take place twenty years later when
412:
Calvinism is believed to have first arrived in Korea in 1865 when pastor
399: 339: 2431: 2325: 2309: 2380: 2195: 916:. The second occurred in 1953 when progressives separated, forming the 794:. The PCK was also known during this era as the "Independent Council" ( 791: 153: 110:
to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
387: 288: 2403:
History of the Korea mission: Presbyterian church U. S. A., 1884-1934
2278:. In Kim, Sebastian C. H.; Kollontai, Pauline; Hoyland, Greg (eds.). 1549: 1532: 1515: 1481: 1430: 1413: 1379: 1348: 1280: 1263: 1198: 829: 825: 470:
during the 1870s. The edition was first printed and published by the
343: 163: 2187: 787: 771: 429: 417: 1792: 1498: 1447: 1246: 85: 1707: 1297: 1098: 908: 741:
First General Assembly of the PCK, Pyongyang, September 1, 1912
547: 448: 361:, as the origin of Korean Presbyterianism. Others consider the 251: 836:(west Pyongan) was separated from the presbytery of Pyongbuk. 1775: 1758: 1741: 1724: 1690: 1673: 1656: 1640: 1623: 1606: 1589: 1569: 1464: 1331: 1314: 1215: 1181: 1131: 1064: 805: 757: 267: 211: 185: 689:
Organization of the Independent Council, September 17, 1907
663:) with 25 missionaries in a missionary council held at the 863:
Like other Christian groups, Korean Presbyterians such as
839: 302: 701:
of 1907. On June 20, 1907, Kil Sŏn-chu, Yang Chŏn-paek,
2280:
Peace and Reconciliation: In Search of Shared Identity
636:) were elected as elders in 1900. The following year, 424:. The first Korean Presbyterian church was founded by 2143: 918:
Presbyterian Church of the Republic of Korea (KiJang)
819: 81: 2399: 2176:
Church History: Studies in Christianity and Culture
77:
a machine-translated version of the Korean article.
2515:Conservative Reformed Presbyterian Church in Korea 2242: 2202: 2155: 2101: 912:shrine worship, resulting in the formation of the 575:In 1889, the Northern Presbyterian Church and the 2570:Independent Reformed Presbyterian Church in Korea 1948:"The Presbyterian Church of Korea : History" 3194: 2133:정인과 (June 28, 1934). "朝鮮長老敎會의今昔 可驚할五十年發達史 (中)". 1840:I Yŏng-ŭn died before he was given an ordination 2053:김만형 (September 10, 1934). "宣敎五十週年맛는 長老會懷舊錄 ㈣". 2099: 2031:김만형 (September 9, 1934). "宣敎五十週年맛는 長老會懷舊錄 ㈢". 357:, which was established in the early 1880s by 106:accompanying your translation by providing an 68:Click for important translation instructions. 55:expand this article with text translated from 2447: 2410: 2406:. Chosen mission Presbyterian church U. S. A. 2310:"The Presbyterians and the Japanese in Korea" 1989:정인과 (1934-06-28). "朝鮮長老敎會의今昔 可驚할五十年發達史 (中)". 2614:Presbyterian Church in the Republic of Korea 2530:Presbyterian Church in the Republic of Korea 887:during a trip to Suwon with his colleagues. 809: 799: 761: 751: 658: 652: 600: 590: 584: 563: 541: 333: 273: 257: 33:Presbyterian Church in the Republic of Korea 3208:Religious organizations established in 1884 2385:Mullins, Mark, and Richard Fox Young, eds. 2365:( State University of New York Press, 1997) 2314:Journal of Presbyterian History (1962-1985) 581:The United Council of Presbyterian Missions 3218:Korean independence movement organizations 2555:Women Pastors Presbyterian Church in Korea 2454: 2440: 1557:1943–45: Discontinued due to World War II 493:in 1890. In 1891, female teachers such as 489:arriving in 1889, and American missionary 3213:Presbyterian denominations in South Korea 3041:Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople 2510:Conservative Presbyterian Church in Korea 2461: 2011:김만형 (1934-09-08). "宣敎五十週年맛는 長老會懷舊錄 (二)". 894:in 1947. The church adopted the name the 338:), is a Protestant denomination based in 2520:Korean Christian Fundamentalist Assembly 2103:"1907년 대한예수교장로회(독노회) 설립과정 및 그 의의에 대한 연구" 736: 693:In 1901, Samuel Moffett established the 684: 901: 840:Involvement in the March First Movement 3195: 2982:Presbyterian Church in Korea (GaeHyuk) 1940: 926:Presbyterian Church in Korea (HapDong) 922:Presbyterian Church of Korea (TongHap) 632:), Kim Chong-sŏp, and I Yŏng-ŭn (both 353:Some biblical historians consider the 25:Presbyterian Church in Korea (HapDong) 21:Presbyterian Church of Korea (TongHap) 3116:National Council of Churches in Korea 2535:National Council of Churches in Korea 2435: 2219: 2217: 2048: 2046: 2044: 2026: 2024: 1902:김만형 (1934-09-07). "宣敎五十週年맛는 長老會懷舊錄". 1878: 1876: 377: 365:, established by American missionary 2565:Independent Reformed Church in Korea 2307: 2248: 2229:National Institute of Korean History 2208: 2161: 2149: 2006: 2004: 2002: 914:Presbyterian Church in Korea (Kosin) 37: 2545:United Presbyterian Church in Korea 2394:Protestantism and Politics in Korea 2351:(University Press of America, 1986) 2273: 2173: 2132: 2052: 2030: 2010: 1988: 1901: 1882: 1860: 931: 608: 13: 3111:The Communion of Churches in Korea 2550:Union Presbyterian Church in Korea 2341: 2214: 2041: 2021: 1873: 525:arrived to serve as missionaries. 509:arrived in 1893, and in 1898, Dr. 29:Kosin Presbyterian Church in Korea 14: 3229: 3072:Russian Orthodox diocese of Korea 3067:Church of the Life-Giving Trinity 2540:Pure Presbyterian Church in Korea 1999: 1982: 1967: 1895: 472:British and Foreign Bible Society 16:Historical Christian denomination 1885:"공의회시대, 혹은 그 선교시대로 돌아간 한국의 장로교회" 1863:"전국 교단 총 374개, '대한예수교장로회'만 286개" 398: 386: 145:The Presbyterian Church of Korea 42: 2560:Korea Campus Crusade for Christ 2300: 2267: 2254: 2167: 2126: 2093: 2069: 2063: 1975:Presbyterian Historical Society 1918: 617:for the council began in 1900. 613:Elections for the first Korean 577:Presbyterian Church of Victoria 348:Westminster Confession of Faith 3203:Presbyterianism in South Korea 3006:Pyongyang Theological Seminary 2484:Catholic Church in North Korea 2479:Catholic Church in South Korea 2396:(U. of Washington Press, 2003) 1961: 1926:Encyclopedia of Korean Culture 1912: 1854: 1834: 1822:Presbyterianism in South Korea 1165:Pyongyang Theological Seminary 1115:Pyongyang Theological Seminary 1043:Pyongyang Theological Seminary 810: 800: 762: 752: 695:Pyongyang Theological Seminary 659: 653: 601: 591: 585: 564: 542: 334: 274: 258: 116:You may also add the template 1: 3147:Marie-Nicolas-Antoine Daveluy 3077:Korean Ecclesiastical Mission 1847: 1771:September 25–October 1, 1958 867:were closely involved in the 538:Presbyterian Church in Canada 523:Presbyterian Church in Canada 3137:Laurent-Joseph-Marius Imbert 2417:. The Hermit Kingdom Press. 2400:Harry Andrew Rhodes (1934). 2349:Christianity in Modern Korea 1827: 1144:August 31–September 5, 1918 873:thirty-three representatives 846:Japanese annexation of Korea 552:Southern Presbyterian Church 505:arrived from Australia. Dr. 441:Northern Presbyterian Church 318:Presbyterian Church of Korea 7: 3001:Korean Christian Federation 2368:Latourette, Kenneth Scott. 1805: 820: 303: 289: 10: 3234: 2580:The Church of Almighty God 2282:. Routledge. p. 137. 2260:Kenneth Scott Latourette, 1968:K, David (March 1, 2017). 667:in Seoul, with missionary 372: 118:{{Translated|ko|대한예수교장로회}} 80:Machine translation, like 18: 3124: 3101: 3057: 3039: 3028: 2990: 2588: 2492: 2469: 2356:Korea—A Religious History 2080:Academy of Korean Studies 1556: 970: 851:Governor-General of Korea 451:as a physician. In 1885, 310: 304:Taehan yesugyo changnohoe 296: 282: 266: 250: 245: 241: 218: 201: 191: 181: 169: 159: 149: 144: 57:the corresponding article 2505:Korea Baptist Convention 2500:Anglican Church of Korea 2358:(Routledge Curzon, 2002) 896:Reformed Church in Korea 832:, and the presbytery of 422:General Sherman incident 290:Daehan yesugyo jangnohoe 3142:Siméon-François Berneux 3059:Russian Orthodox Church 2525:Korean Methodist Church 2100:Jae Buhm Hwang (2007). 1861:최승현 (January 2, 2019). 699:Great Pyongyang Revival 405:Horance Grant Underwood 324:), also abbreviated as 127:For more guidance, see 3049:Korean Orthodox Church 2814:Ko-Ryu-Anti-Accusation 2411:Koon Sik Shim (2008). 2379:2000. 69#1 pp 116–42. 1788:September 24–29, 1959 1754:September 19–24, 1957 1737:September 20–25, 1956 1460:September 10–16, 1937 1443:September 11–19, 1936 1361:September 11–17, 1931 1344:September 12–18, 1930 1276:September 11–17, 1926 1259:September 12–18, 1925 1242:September 13–18, 1924 1211:September 10–15, 1922 1194:September 10–15, 1921 1048:Horace Grant Underwood 1000:Horace Grant Underwood 742: 690: 476:Scottish Bible Society 453:Horace Grant Underwood 443:was admitted into the 2463:Christianity in Korea 1812:Christianity in Korea 1669:April 29–May 2, 1952 1528:November 21–26, 1941 1511:September 6–13, 1940 1497:Sineuiju Jei Church, 1494:September 8–15, 1939 1477:September 9–15, 1938 1426:September 6–13, 1935 1409:September 7–14, 1934 1395:Seoncheonnam Church, 1392:September 8–15, 1933 1375:September 9–16, 1932 1327:September 6–12, 1929 1310:September 7–13, 1928 1293:September 9–15, 1927 1228:September 8–13, 1923 1197:Jangdaehyeon Church, 1169:Samuel Austin Moffet 1094:September 4–18, 1915 1060:September 7–11, 1913 1052:General assembly era 740: 688: 491:Samuel Austin Moffett 414:Robert Jermain Thomas 129:Knowledge:Translation 100:copyright attribution 3132:Barthélemy Bruguière 2824:HapDongChongShin II. 2389:(Edwin Mellen, 1995) 2308:Kang, Wi Jo (1984). 2274:Kim, In Soo (2016). 1545:October 16–20, 1942 1147:Sincheonbuk Church, 1127:September 1–6, 1917 1111:September 2–6, 1916 1080:Namsanhyeon Church, 1077:September 6–9, 1914 1039:September 1–4, 1912 967:Samuel Austin Moffet 902:Schisms in the 1950s 869:March First Movement 284:Revised Romanization 3157:Horace Newton Allen 3102:Interdenominational 2819:HapDongChongShin I. 1883:장대선 (May 1, 2019). 1639:Daegu Jeil Church, 1588:Daegu Jeil Church, 1463:Daegu Jeil Church, 1364:Geumgangsan Church 1245:Sinchangni Church, 556:William D. Reynolds 487:Joseph Henry Davies 437:Horace Newton Allen 432:province in 1884. 393:Horace Newton Allen 3182:Ambrosios Zografos 2957:GaeHyukHapDong III 2392:Park, Chung-shin. 2354:Grayson, James H. 1720:April 22–26, 1955 1703:April 23–27, 1954 1686:April 24–28, 1953 1636:April 21–25, 1950 1619:April 19–23, 1949 1602:April 20–23, 1948 1585:April 18–22, 1947 1568:Seungdong Church, 1548:Seomunbak Church, 1531:Changdong Church, 1514:Changdong Church, 1480:Seomunbak Church, 1429:Seomunbak Church, 1412:Seomunbak Church, 1378:Changdong Church, 1347:Seomunbak Church, 1296:Gwangseok Church, 1279:Seomunbak Church, 1262:Seomunbak Church, 1214:Seungdong Church, 1177:October 2–7, 1920 1161:October 4–9, 1919 1130:Seungdong Church, 1097:Seomunbak Church, 743: 691: 669:William L. Swallen 378:Early Missionaries 214:(Saemoonan Church) 210:(Sorae Church) or 108:interlanguage link 3190: 3189: 3162:Henry Appenzeller 3097: 3096: 3024: 3023: 2922:GaeHyukHapDong II 2847:JeongTongGyeSeung 2749:JeongTongChongHap 2424:978-1-59689-073-2 2347:Clark, Donald N. 2289:978-1-317-08290-3 2225:"3) 일제통치와 한국 기독교" 2152:, pp. 35–36. 1803: 1802: 1774:Yeongnak Church, 1740:Saemunan Church, 1723:Yeongnak Church, 1622:Saemunan Church, 1605:Saemunan Church, 1565:June 11–14, 1946 1330:Saemunan Church, 1313:Sinjeong Church, 1063:Soandong Church, 1015:James Scarth Gale 985:James Scarth Gale 950:General Secretary 854:Terauchi Masatake 534:Hwanghae Province 483:James Scarth Gale 416:was captured and 346:theology and the 314: 313: 298:McCune–Reischauer 208:Hwanghae Province 140: 139: 69: 65: 3225: 3177:Sotirios Trambas 3167:Mary F. Scranton 3085: 3037: 3036: 2917:GaeHyukHapDong I 2907:HapDongYeChong I 2882:HapDongBoSu III. 2759:HapDongJeongShin 2654:HapDongChongShin 2586: 2585: 2456: 2449: 2442: 2433: 2432: 2428: 2407: 2372:(1962) pp 412–23 2336: 2334: 2332: 2294: 2293: 2271: 2265: 2258: 2252: 2246: 2240: 2239: 2237: 2235: 2221: 2212: 2206: 2200: 2199: 2171: 2165: 2159: 2153: 2147: 2141: 2140: 2130: 2124: 2123: 2121: 2119: 2105: 2097: 2091: 2090: 2088: 2086: 2067: 2061: 2060: 2050: 2039: 2038: 2028: 2019: 2018: 2008: 1997: 1996: 1986: 1980: 1979: 1965: 1959: 1958: 1956: 1955: 1944: 1938: 1937: 1935: 1933: 1916: 1910: 1909: 1899: 1893: 1892: 1880: 1871: 1870: 1858: 1841: 1838: 1791:Jungang Church, 1757:Jungang Church, 1706:Jungang Church, 1695:Myeong Sin-hong 1655:Jungang Church, 1652:May 25–29, 1951 1577:South Korea era 1446:Yangnim Church, 1401:Jang Heung-beom 1367:Jang Gyu-myeong 936: 935: 932:General assembly 885:Jeam-ni Massacre 881: 871:of 1919. Of the 823: 813: 812: 803: 802: 765: 764: 755: 754: 733: 723:, Sŏ Kyŏng-cho, 722: 711: 681: 665:Saemoonan Church 662: 661: 656: 655: 650: 627: 609:Birth of the PCK 604: 603: 594: 593: 588: 587: 567: 566: 545: 544: 495:Isabella Menzies 465: 402: 390: 367:Horace Underwood 363:Saemoonan Church 337: 336: 306: 292: 277: 276: 261: 260: 142: 141: 119: 113: 86:Google Translate 67: 63: 46: 45: 38: 3233: 3232: 3228: 3227: 3226: 3224: 3223: 3222: 3193: 3192: 3191: 3186: 3120: 3103: 3093: 3079: 3053: 3031: 3020: 2986: 2932:HapDongJangShin 2912:HapDongSeongHoe 2887:HapDongBoSu II. 2877:HapDongBoSu IV. 2862:HapDongBoSu II. 2843:HapDongChongHoe 2829:HapDongSeungHoe 2769:HapDongEunChong 2754:HapDongChungYun 2659:HapDongChunTong 2595: 2593: 2590: 2584: 2488: 2465: 2460: 2425: 2344: 2342:Further reading 2339: 2330: 2328: 2303: 2298: 2297: 2290: 2272: 2268: 2264:(1962) pp 414-5 2259: 2255: 2247: 2243: 2233: 2231: 2223: 2222: 2215: 2207: 2203: 2188:10.2307/3170582 2172: 2168: 2160: 2156: 2148: 2144: 2136:The Dong-A Ilbo 2131: 2127: 2117: 2115: 2098: 2094: 2084: 2082: 2068: 2064: 2056:The Chosun Ilbo 2051: 2042: 2034:The Chosun Ilbo 2029: 2022: 2014:The Chosun Ilbo 2009: 2000: 1992:The Dong-A Ilbo 1987: 1983: 1966: 1962: 1953: 1951: 1946: 1945: 1941: 1931: 1929: 1917: 1913: 1905:The Chosun Ilbo 1900: 1896: 1881: 1874: 1859: 1855: 1850: 1845: 1844: 1839: 1835: 1830: 1817:Presbyterianism 1808: 1729:Han Gyeong-jik 1689:Seomun Church, 1672:Seomun Church, 1336:Cha Jae-myeong 1231:Sinuiju Church 1220:Kim Seong-taek 1180:Andong Church, 1119:Yang Jeon-baek 940: 934: 904: 875: 842: 727: 716: 705: 675: 644: 621: 611: 570:Jeolla Province 511:Robert Grierson 507:James MacKenzie 485:and Australian 459: 410: 409: 408: 407: 406: 403: 395: 394: 391: 380: 375: 278: 262: 206: 136: 135: 134: 117: 111: 70: 47: 43: 36: 17: 12: 11: 5: 3231: 3221: 3220: 3215: 3210: 3205: 3188: 3187: 3185: 3184: 3179: 3174: 3169: 3164: 3159: 3154: 3149: 3144: 3139: 3134: 3128: 3126: 3122: 3121: 3119: 3118: 3113: 3107: 3105: 3099: 3098: 3095: 3094: 3092: 3091: 3074: 3069: 3063: 3061: 3055: 3054: 3052: 3051: 3045: 3043: 3034: 3026: 3025: 3022: 3021: 3019: 3018: 3016:Chilgol Church 3013: 3008: 3003: 2997: 2995: 2988: 2987: 2985: 2984: 2979: 2974: 2969: 2964: 2959: 2954: 2949: 2944: 2939: 2934: 2929: 2927:HapDongGaeHyuk 2924: 2919: 2914: 2909: 2904: 2902:DaeHanShinChuk 2899: 2894: 2889: 2884: 2879: 2874: 2872:HapDongHwanWon 2869: 2864: 2859: 2857:HapDongBoSu I. 2854: 2852:HapDongTongHap 2849: 2844: 2841: 2836: 2831: 2826: 2821: 2816: 2811: 2806: 2804:HapDongYeChong 2801: 2796: 2791: 2786: 2781: 2776: 2771: 2766: 2761: 2756: 2751: 2746: 2741: 2736: 2731: 2726: 2721: 2716: 2711: 2709:JapDongJungAng 2706: 2701: 2696: 2691: 2686: 2681: 2676: 2671: 2666: 2661: 2656: 2651: 2646: 2641: 2636: 2631: 2626: 2621: 2619:Fundamentalist 2616: 2611: 2606: 2600: 2598: 2583: 2582: 2577: 2572: 2567: 2562: 2557: 2552: 2547: 2542: 2537: 2532: 2527: 2522: 2517: 2512: 2507: 2502: 2496: 2494: 2490: 2489: 2487: 2486: 2481: 2475: 2473: 2467: 2466: 2459: 2458: 2451: 2444: 2436: 2430: 2429: 2423: 2408: 2397: 2390: 2383: 2377:Church History 2373: 2366: 2359: 2352: 2343: 2340: 2338: 2337: 2304: 2302: 2299: 2296: 2295: 2288: 2266: 2253: 2241: 2213: 2201: 2182:(1): 116–142. 2166: 2154: 2142: 2125: 2092: 2062: 2040: 2020: 1998: 1981: 1960: 1939: 1911: 1894: 1872: 1852: 1851: 1849: 1846: 1843: 1842: 1832: 1831: 1829: 1826: 1825: 1824: 1819: 1814: 1807: 1804: 1801: 1800: 1797: 1795: 1789: 1786: 1782: 1781: 1778: 1772: 1769: 1765: 1764: 1761: 1755: 1752: 1748: 1747: 1746:Lee Dae-yeong 1744: 1738: 1735: 1731: 1730: 1727: 1721: 1718: 1714: 1713: 1712:Lee Won-yeong 1710: 1704: 1701: 1697: 1696: 1693: 1687: 1684: 1680: 1679: 1676: 1670: 1667: 1663: 1662: 1659: 1653: 1650: 1646: 1645: 1643: 1637: 1634: 1630: 1629: 1626: 1620: 1617: 1613: 1612: 1609: 1603: 1600: 1596: 1595: 1592: 1586: 1583: 1579: 1578: 1575: 1572: 1566: 1563: 1559: 1558: 1555: 1552: 1546: 1543: 1539: 1538: 1535: 1529: 1526: 1522: 1521: 1520:Kwak Jin-geun 1518: 1512: 1509: 1505: 1504: 1501: 1495: 1492: 1488: 1487: 1484: 1478: 1475: 1471: 1470: 1467: 1461: 1458: 1454: 1453: 1452:Lee Seung-gil 1450: 1444: 1441: 1437: 1436: 1433: 1427: 1424: 1420: 1419: 1416: 1410: 1407: 1403: 1402: 1399: 1393: 1390: 1386: 1385: 1384:Namgung Hyeok 1382: 1376: 1373: 1369: 1368: 1365: 1362: 1359: 1355: 1354: 1353:Hong Jong-pil 1351: 1345: 1342: 1338: 1337: 1334: 1328: 1325: 1321: 1320: 1319:Yeom Bong-nam 1317: 1311: 1308: 1304: 1303: 1302:Kim Yeong-hun 1300: 1294: 1291: 1287: 1286: 1285:Kim Seok-chan 1283: 1277: 1274: 1270: 1269: 1266: 1260: 1257: 1253: 1252: 1249: 1243: 1240: 1236: 1235: 1234:Ham Tae-yeong 1232: 1229: 1226: 1222: 1221: 1218: 1212: 1209: 1205: 1204: 1201: 1195: 1192: 1188: 1187: 1184: 1178: 1175: 1171: 1170: 1167: 1162: 1159: 1155: 1154: 1151: 1145: 1142: 1138: 1137: 1134: 1128: 1125: 1121: 1120: 1117: 1112: 1109: 1105: 1104: 1101: 1095: 1092: 1088: 1087: 1084: 1078: 1075: 1071: 1070: 1067: 1061: 1058: 1054: 1053: 1050: 1045: 1040: 1037: 1033: 1032: 1030:W. D. Reynolds 1027: 1025: 1022: 1018: 1017: 1012: 1010: 1007: 1003: 1002: 997: 995: 992: 988: 987: 982: 980: 977: 973: 972: 969: 964: 962: 959: 955: 954: 951: 948: 945: 942: 933: 930: 903: 900: 841: 838: 673:Yang Chŏn-paek 610: 607: 404: 397: 396: 392: 385: 384: 383: 382: 381: 379: 376: 374: 371: 312: 311: 308: 307: 300: 294: 293: 286: 280: 279: 272: 270: 264: 263: 256: 254: 248: 247: 243: 242: 239: 238: 229: (1953), 225: (1952), 220: 216: 215: 203: 199: 198: 193: 189: 188: 183: 179: 178: 173: 167: 166: 161: 157: 156: 151: 150:Classification 147: 146: 138: 137: 133: 132: 125: 114: 92: 89: 78: 71: 52: 51: 50: 48: 41: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3230: 3219: 3216: 3214: 3211: 3209: 3206: 3204: 3201: 3200: 3198: 3183: 3180: 3178: 3175: 3173: 3172:Karl Gützlaff 3170: 3168: 3165: 3163: 3160: 3158: 3155: 3153: 3152:Charles Corfe 3150: 3148: 3145: 3143: 3140: 3138: 3135: 3133: 3130: 3129: 3127: 3123: 3117: 3114: 3112: 3109: 3108: 3106: 3104:organisations 3100: 3089: 3083: 3078: 3075: 3073: 3070: 3068: 3065: 3064: 3062: 3060: 3056: 3050: 3047: 3046: 3044: 3042: 3038: 3035: 3033: 3027: 3017: 3014: 3012: 3011:Bongsu Church 3009: 3007: 3004: 3002: 2999: 2998: 2996: 2994: 2989: 2983: 2980: 2978: 2975: 2973: 2970: 2968: 2967:BoSuJeongTong 2965: 2963: 2960: 2958: 2955: 2953: 2950: 2948: 2945: 2943: 2940: 2938: 2935: 2933: 2930: 2928: 2925: 2923: 2920: 2918: 2915: 2913: 2910: 2908: 2905: 2903: 2900: 2898: 2895: 2893: 2890: 2888: 2885: 2883: 2880: 2878: 2875: 2873: 2870: 2868: 2865: 2863: 2860: 2858: 2855: 2853: 2850: 2848: 2845: 2842: 2840: 2837: 2835: 2832: 2830: 2827: 2825: 2822: 2820: 2817: 2815: 2812: 2810: 2807: 2805: 2802: 2800: 2797: 2795: 2792: 2790: 2787: 2785: 2784:HapDongYunHap 2782: 2780: 2777: 2775: 2772: 2770: 2767: 2765: 2762: 2760: 2757: 2755: 2752: 2750: 2747: 2745: 2742: 2740: 2737: 2735: 2732: 2730: 2727: 2725: 2722: 2720: 2717: 2715: 2712: 2710: 2707: 2705: 2702: 2700: 2697: 2695: 2692: 2690: 2687: 2685: 2682: 2680: 2677: 2675: 2672: 2670: 2667: 2665: 2662: 2660: 2657: 2655: 2652: 2650: 2647: 2645: 2642: 2640: 2637: 2635: 2632: 2630: 2627: 2625: 2622: 2620: 2617: 2615: 2612: 2610: 2607: 2605: 2602: 2601: 2599: 2597: 2587: 2581: 2578: 2576: 2575:Victory Altar 2573: 2571: 2568: 2566: 2563: 2561: 2558: 2556: 2553: 2551: 2548: 2546: 2543: 2541: 2538: 2536: 2533: 2531: 2528: 2526: 2523: 2521: 2518: 2516: 2513: 2511: 2508: 2506: 2503: 2501: 2498: 2497: 2495: 2493:Protestantism 2491: 2485: 2482: 2480: 2477: 2476: 2474: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2457: 2452: 2450: 2445: 2443: 2438: 2437: 2434: 2426: 2420: 2416: 2415: 2409: 2405: 2404: 2398: 2395: 2391: 2388: 2384: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2371: 2367: 2364: 2361:Kang, Wi Jo. 2360: 2357: 2353: 2350: 2346: 2345: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2306: 2305: 2291: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2270: 2263: 2257: 2251:, p. 42. 2250: 2245: 2230: 2226: 2220: 2218: 2211:, p. 41. 2210: 2205: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2170: 2164:, p. 37. 2163: 2158: 2151: 2146: 2138: 2137: 2129: 2113: 2110:(in Korean). 2109: 2104: 2096: 2081: 2078:(in Korean). 2077: 2073: 2066: 2058: 2057: 2049: 2047: 2045: 2036: 2035: 2027: 2025: 2016: 2015: 2007: 2005: 2003: 1994: 1993: 1985: 1977: 1976: 1971: 1964: 1949: 1943: 1928: 1927: 1922: 1915: 1907: 1906: 1898: 1890: 1886: 1879: 1877: 1868: 1864: 1857: 1853: 1837: 1833: 1823: 1820: 1818: 1815: 1813: 1810: 1809: 1798: 1796: 1794: 1790: 1787: 1784: 1783: 1780:No Jin-hyeon 1779: 1777: 1773: 1770: 1767: 1766: 1763:Jeon Pil-sun 1762: 1760: 1756: 1753: 1750: 1749: 1745: 1743: 1739: 1736: 1733: 1732: 1728: 1726: 1722: 1719: 1716: 1715: 1711: 1709: 1705: 1702: 1699: 1698: 1694: 1692: 1688: 1685: 1682: 1681: 1678:Kim Jae-seok 1677: 1675: 1671: 1668: 1665: 1664: 1661:Kwon Yeon-ho 1660: 1658: 1654: 1651: 1648: 1647: 1644: 1642: 1638: 1635: 1632: 1631: 1628:Choi Jae-hwa 1627: 1625: 1621: 1618: 1615: 1614: 1610: 1608: 1604: 1601: 1598: 1597: 1593: 1591: 1587: 1584: 1581: 1580: 1576: 1573: 1571: 1567: 1564: 1561: 1560: 1554:Kim Eung-sun 1553: 1551: 1547: 1544: 1541: 1540: 1536: 1534: 1530: 1527: 1524: 1523: 1519: 1517: 1513: 1510: 1507: 1506: 1503:Yun Ha-yeong 1502: 1500: 1496: 1493: 1490: 1489: 1486:Hong Taek-gi 1485: 1483: 1479: 1476: 1473: 1472: 1468: 1466: 1462: 1459: 1456: 1455: 1451: 1449: 1445: 1442: 1439: 1438: 1435:Jeong In-gwa 1434: 1432: 1428: 1425: 1422: 1421: 1417: 1415: 1411: 1408: 1405: 1404: 1400: 1398: 1394: 1391: 1388: 1387: 1383: 1381: 1377: 1374: 1371: 1370: 1366: 1363: 1360: 1357: 1356: 1352: 1350: 1346: 1343: 1340: 1339: 1335: 1333: 1329: 1326: 1323: 1322: 1318: 1316: 1312: 1309: 1306: 1305: 1301: 1299: 1295: 1292: 1289: 1288: 1284: 1282: 1278: 1275: 1272: 1271: 1268:Im Taek-gwon 1267: 1265: 1261: 1258: 1255: 1254: 1250: 1248: 1244: 1241: 1238: 1237: 1233: 1230: 1227: 1224: 1223: 1219: 1217: 1213: 1210: 1207: 1206: 1202: 1200: 1196: 1193: 1190: 1189: 1185: 1183: 1179: 1176: 1173: 1172: 1168: 1166: 1163: 1160: 1157: 1156: 1152: 1150: 1146: 1143: 1140: 1139: 1136:Han Seok-jin 1135: 1133: 1129: 1126: 1123: 1122: 1118: 1116: 1113: 1110: 1107: 1106: 1102: 1100: 1096: 1093: 1090: 1089: 1085: 1083: 1079: 1076: 1073: 1072: 1068: 1066: 1062: 1059: 1056: 1055: 1051: 1049: 1046: 1044: 1041: 1038: 1035: 1034: 1031: 1028: 1026: 1023: 1020: 1019: 1016: 1013: 1011: 1008: 1005: 1004: 1001: 998: 996: 993: 990: 989: 986: 983: 981: 978: 975: 974: 968: 965: 963: 960: 957: 956: 952: 949: 946: 943: 938: 937: 929: 927: 923: 919: 915: 911: 910: 899: 897: 893: 888: 886: 879: 874: 870: 866: 861: 859: 855: 852: 847: 837: 835: 831: 827: 822: 817: 807: 797: 793: 789: 785: 781: 777: 773: 769: 759: 749: 739: 735: 731: 726: 720: 715: 709: 704: 700: 696: 687: 683: 679: 674: 670: 666: 648: 643: 642:Pang Kich'ang 639: 635: 634:South Pyongan 631: 625: 620: 616: 606: 598: 582: 578: 573: 571: 561: 560:Lewis B. Tate 557: 553: 549: 539: 535: 531: 526: 524: 520: 519:Duncan MacRae 516: 512: 508: 504: 500: 496: 492: 488: 484: 479: 477: 473: 469: 463: 458: 457:John W. Heron 454: 450: 446: 442: 438: 433: 431: 427: 426:Seo Sang-ryun 423: 419: 415: 401: 389: 370: 368: 364: 360: 359:Seo Sang-ryun 356: 351: 349: 345: 342:that follows 341: 331: 327: 323: 319: 309: 305: 301: 299: 295: 291: 287: 285: 281: 271: 269: 265: 255: 253: 249: 244: 240: 236: 232: 228: 224: 221: 217: 213: 209: 204: 200: 197: 196:Seo Sang-ryun 194: 190: 187: 184: 180: 177: 174: 172: 168: 165: 162: 158: 155: 152: 148: 143: 130: 126: 123: 115: 109: 105: 101: 97: 93: 90: 87: 83: 79: 76: 73: 72: 66: 64:(August 2024) 60: 58: 53:You can help 49: 40: 39: 34: 30: 26: 22: 3125:Missionaries 2972:HapDongYeSun 2892:ChongHoe II. 2779:HapDongJinRi 2664:HapDongBokUm 2592:Presbyterian 2591: 2589:Branches of 2413: 2402: 2393: 2386: 2376: 2369: 2362: 2355: 2348: 2329:. Retrieved 2320:(1): 35–50. 2317: 2313: 2301:Bibliography 2279: 2269: 2261: 2256: 2244: 2232:. Retrieved 2204: 2179: 2175: 2169: 2157: 2145: 2134: 2128: 2116:. Retrieved 2111: 2107: 2095: 2083:. Retrieved 2075: 2065: 2054: 2032: 2012: 1990: 1984: 1973: 1963: 1952:. Retrieved 1942: 1930:. Retrieved 1924: 1914: 1903: 1897: 1888: 1866: 1856: 1836: 1574:Bae Eun-hui 1537:Choi Ji-hwa 1203:Lee Ki-pung 1153:Kim Seon-du 1086:Eugene Bell 907: 905: 892:World War II 889: 862: 843: 833: 744: 703:Han Sŏk-chin 692: 619:Sŏ Kyŏng-cho 612: 574: 530:Sorae Church 527: 503:Mary Fawcett 480: 434: 411: 355:Sorae Church 352: 325: 321: 317: 315: 237: (1959) 205:early 1880s 176:Presbyterian 104:edit summary 95: 62: 54: 3080: [ 2993:North Korea 2962:DokNoHoe II 2942:ChongHoe II 2897:TongHapBoSu 2867:DaeShin II. 2744:BoSuTongHap 2739:SungHapChuk 2734:HapDongBoSu 2714:YeJangHapBo 2674:BoSuHapDong 2471:Catholicism 1950:. Pck.or.kr 1921:"서상륜 (徐相崙)" 1469:Lee Mun-ju 1418:Lee In-sik 1103:Kim Pil-su 876: [ 865:Kil Sŏn-chu 818::  808::  798::  780:Chungcheong 760::  750::  728: [ 717: [ 706: [ 676: [ 660:朝鮮예수敎長老會公議會 654:조선예수교장로회공의회 645: [ 638:Kil Sŏn-chu 622: [ 599::  543:캐나다장로회조선선교회 515:W. R. Foote 460: [ 445:royal court 420:during the 340:South Korea 332::  246:Korean name 219:Separations 160:Orientation 3197:Categories 2947:ChongHoe I 2764:HanGukBoSu 2719:DaeShin II 2624:GaeHyuk I. 2331:August 24, 2234:August 24, 2118:August 24, 2085:August 20, 1954:2008-04-16 1932:August 23, 1848:References 1611:Lee Ja-ik 1594:Lee Ja-ik 1251:Lee Ja-ik 1186:Kim Ik-du 971:Dongnohoe 792:Gyeongsang 725:Song In-sŏ 615:presbyters 592:長老敎宣敎聯合公議會 586:장로교선교연합공의회 554:, pastors 499:Jean Perry 154:Protestant 3032:Orthodoxy 2937:HoHun III 2594:Church of 2249:Kang 1984 2209:Kang 1984 2162:Kang 1984 2150:Kang 1984 2114:: 281–313 1889:bohnd.net 1828:Footnotes 1550:Pyongyang 1533:Pyongyang 1516:Pyongyang 1482:Pyongyang 1431:Pyongyang 1414:Pyongyang 1380:Pyongyang 1349:Pyongyang 1281:Pyongyang 1264:Pyongyang 1199:Pyongyang 1082:Chaeryong 1069:G. Engel 830:Gyeongbuk 826:Gyeongnam 821:Dongnohoe 714:I Kip'ung 565:남장로회조선선교회 550:. In the 513:, pastor 478:in 1886. 468:John Ross 344:Calvinist 164:Calvinist 122:talk page 59:in Korean 2952:HyukShin 2839:PyungAhn 2809:ChanYang 2794:JangShin 2774:DongShin 2704:DokNoHoe 2689:JeongRip 2669:ChanYang 2381:in JSTOR 2326:23328501 2076:부산역사문화대전 1867:Newsnjoy 1806:See also 941:assembly 939:General 924:and the 834:Pyongseo 788:Hamgyong 776:Hwanghae 772:Pyongnam 768:Pyongbuk 630:Hwanghae 602:장로교선교공의회 579:created 474:and the 430:Hwanghae 418:martyred 275:大韓예수敎長老會 259:대한예수교장로회 98:provide 3030:Eastern 2834:JungRip 2789:YunShin 2724:BupTong 2699:HwanWon 2649:Daeshin 2644:JungAng 2639:KoRyuPa 2609:TongHap 2604:HapDong 2196:3170582 2108:한국교회사학회 2072:"경상대리회" 1799:Schism 1793:Daejeon 1499:Sinuiju 1448:Gwangju 1397:Sonchon 1247:Hamhung 1149:Sinchon 858:Sonchon 521:of the 439:of the 373:History 235:Hapdong 231:Tonghap 192:Founder 120:to the 102:in the 61:. 2977:JaeGun 2799:SunGyo 2729:NamBuk 2684:YeJong 2634:KoShin 2421:  2324:  2286:  2194:  1708:Andong 1298:Wonsan 1099:Jeonju 909:shinto 814:; 804:; 796:Korean 790:, and 784:Jeolla 756:; 748:Korean 657:; 597:Korean 589:; 548:Wonsan 517:, and 449:Joseon 330:Korean 326:Yejang 252:Hangul 227:Gijang 202:Origin 182:Region 171:Polity 31:, and 3088:ROCOR 3084:] 2694:Logos 2679:BokUm 2629:Jesus 2596:Korea 2322:JSTOR 2192:JSTOR 2070:이상규. 1919:민경배. 1776:Seoul 1759:Busan 1742:Seoul 1725:Seoul 1691:Daegu 1674:Daegu 1657:Busan 1641:Daegu 1624:Seoul 1607:Seoul 1590:Daegu 1570:Seoul 1465:Daegu 1332:Seoul 1315:Daegu 1216:Seoul 1182:Seoul 1132:Seoul 1065:Seoul 953:Note 880:] 806:Hanja 766:) of 758:Hanja 732:] 721:] 710:] 680:] 649:] 626:] 568:) in 546:) in 464:] 268:Hanja 223:Gosin 212:Seoul 186:Korea 82:DeepL 2419:ISBN 2333:2024 2284:ISBN 2236:2024 2120:2024 2087:2024 1934:2024 1024:1911 1009:1910 994:1909 979:1908 961:1907 947:Host 944:Date 828:and 640:and 558:and 501:and 455:and 316:The 233:and 96:must 94:You 75:View 2991:In 2184:doi 1785:44 1768:43 1751:42 1734:41 1717:40 1700:39 1683:38 1666:37 1649:36 1633:36 1616:35 1599:34 1582:33 1562:32 1542:31 1525:30 1508:29 1491:28 1474:27 1457:26 1440:25 1423:24 1406:23 1389:22 1372:21 1358:20 1341:19 1324:18 1307:17 1290:16 1273:15 1256:14 1239:13 1225:12 1208:11 1191:10 856:in 811:獨老會 801:독노회 763:代理會 753:대리회 447:of 322:PCK 84:or 3199:: 3082:ru 2318:62 2316:. 2312:. 2227:. 2216:^ 2190:. 2180:69 2178:. 2112:20 2074:. 2043:^ 2023:^ 2001:^ 1972:. 1923:. 1887:. 1875:^ 1865:. 1174:9 1158:8 1141:7 1124:6 1108:5 1091:4 1074:3 1057:2 1036:1 928:. 898:. 878:ko 816:RR 786:, 782:, 778:, 774:, 770:, 730:ko 719:ko 712:, 708:ko 678:ko 647:ko 624:ko 572:. 532:, 497:, 462:ko 335:예장 27:, 23:, 3090:) 3086:( 2455:e 2448:t 2441:v 2427:. 2335:. 2292:. 2238:. 2198:. 2186:: 2139:. 2122:. 2089:. 2059:. 2037:. 2017:. 1995:. 1978:. 1957:. 1936:. 1908:. 1891:. 1869:. 1021:5 1006:4 991:3 976:2 958:1 746:( 628:( 583:( 540:( 328:( 320:( 131:. 124:. 35:.

Index

Presbyterian Church of Korea (TongHap)
Presbyterian Church in Korea (HapDong)
Kosin Presbyterian Church in Korea
Presbyterian Church in the Republic of Korea
the corresponding article
View
DeepL
Google Translate
copyright attribution
edit summary
interlanguage link
talk page
Knowledge:Translation
Protestant
Calvinist
Polity
Presbyterian
Korea
Seo Sang-ryun
Hwanghae Province
Seoul
Gosin
Gijang
Tonghap
Hapdong
Hangul
Hanja
Revised Romanization
McCune–Reischauer
Korean

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.