497:(CIS), and having experience in the domain, the company explored transitioning to a CAD company. In 1982, Prime built a development team around the MEDUSA software and subsequently released several enhanced versions of the CAD/CAM system, branded as Prime MEDUSA. Enhancements included support of SunOS (also supported by CIS MEDUSA), a shaded viewer (based on Movie.BYU), and additional 3d visualization. Prime embarked on a project headed by Vladimir Geisberg to build a CAD-CAM system of its own called PRIMEDesign. This product was to compete with the industry leader at that time, CADDS4 from
971:
786:
terminals like the PT25, PT45 and PST100, or on the partially intelligent PT65 terminal. The PT65 had to download the word processing software from the host minicomputer whenever the terminal was turned on. The terminal allowed the user to work on one page at a time, which was periodically saved to the minicomputer. This "intelligent workstation" concept for word processing was similar to the functions of popular systems from rival
400:
27:
269:, but still used earlier DOS for booting. One of the first minicomputers with microcode-supported virtual memory capability. The virtual memory was simpler than used in later systems. Addresses were 16 bits, with each of up to 32 time-sharing (time slice) users, receiving a virtual 64 K-word address space. It had
532:, and Vladimir Geisberg, then VP for CAD, tried to merge back together the Prime and Computervision versions of the Medusa CAD system, and launch Prime Design. As time passed, it became clear that Prime Design, while leading edge, in theory, was unsuitable for real engineering design work, and Prime Design was ended.
790:. Prime's intelligent workstation for word processing was faster because it used RS232C cabling runs instead of the coaxial links that Wang's systems used. Nonetheless, the word processing was not of the highest quality, and the PT65 was subject to software errors that scrambled the documents being worked on.
540:
By the late eighties, the company was having problems retaining customers who were moving to lower-cost systems, as minicomputers entered their decline to obsolescence. Prime failed to keep up with customers' increasing need for raw computing power. By the end, not a single Prime computer was subject
849:
Prime
Information was a re-implementation which deliberately left out some features and added others. Prime Information allowed rapid 4GL or 4GL-like development of applications around relational or quasi-relational database structures. After a series of evolutions and acquisitions Prime Information
485:
from Lundy for a display. At one time in the 1980s, PDGS was the world's largest integrated CAD system, spanning the US, Japan (Mazda was Ford's subsidiary/partner), (Cologne) Germany, (Dunton) England, and (Geelong) Australia. The creators of PDGS, located in building #3 of Ford's
Dearborn design
957:
Before MIME existed, PDN Mail was able to perform the same functions and was used to send software updates as well as all sorts of attachments between systems. In August 1993, Robert
Ullmann, David Robinson and Al Costanzo wrote RFC 1505. This RFC, documented the Encoding Header Field for Internet
785:
OAS included electronic mail and word processing. Electronic mail use was initially restricted to a single minicomputer. Much later, Prime released email that worked with multiple Prime computers in a network, and a synchronised global directory system. Word processing was available either on dumb
576:
servicing computers made by Prime (and other manufacturers), a significant contributor to its already-declining revenues. A planned 1989 layoff of 1,200 employees became much more: over 6,000, thus Prime's workforce dropped by over half, from 12,386 employees in 1988 to 5,900 by the end of 1991.
896:
Prime’s 2250 ("Rabbit") offered the combination Ford was looking for in a package smaller than the original CDCs. In addition, the PRIMOS operating system would run unaltered across all Prime platforms; from the 2250 up to 750 (what would be considered today as a server). As a result, the Data
575:
Prime's 1991 revenues of $ 1.2 billion were 25% lower than their 1988 revenues of $ 1.6 billion. Its computer sales were down by more than half ($ 377 million in 1989, $ 170 million in 1991), and by 1992 no new Prime
Computers were being sold, portending a decline in its lucrative business of
800:
for their AWS which Prime named the "Prime
Producer 100" (launched in mid 1983) and later for Convergent's modular NGEN, clip together system, the "Prime Producer 200" (launched in 1984), each of which had far superior WP to the initial Prime offering, and were document-based.
133:
642:"Phantoms" were a form of unattended background processes that immediately began to run in the background when initiated by the PHANTOM command. "Conventional" batch jobs were initiated via the JOB command, including the ability to schedule them for a particular time.
893:(CDC) stand-alone computers. Data was shared via reel tape and stored in "Data Collector" rooms at each facility. Ford began looking for a small computer that had all the advantages of the CDC computers, but could also connect to a network.
869:, Prime developed a system to conflict with OAS and confuse the market. Prime Information Connection added word processing to Prime Information, giving the company two office oriented suites to offer in a marketplace dominated by
572:. Various problems dogged this project, the holding company organized by Whitney went bankrupt, and the resulting severe financial distress made it much harder for Prime to deal with the accelerating downturn in its core business.
462:. In 1985, the company was the sixth largest in the minicomputer sector, with estimated revenues of US $ 564 million Much of this was based on the U.S. Banking industry where the Prime Info database was widely accepted.
1304:
465:
As of later 1989, Surrey
University had the largest Prime Site in Europe, having multiple copies of virtually every 50 series machine (mostly running Primos 20.x, but some still running 19.x).
331:
The Prime 750 was a major upgrade. It ran at 1.0 MIPS, had 2–8 MB of memory and 1200 MB of disc storage and a 9-track tape unit. This was very competitive with a similarly priced
433:) were installed at the University of Salford (along with other systems such as the 2250, 2550, and 750); a Prime 9955 was installed at UMIST and a Prime 9655 at Nottingham University.
102:
and the decline of the minicomputer industry, Prime was forced out of the market in the early 1990s, and by the end of 2010 the trademarks for both PRIME and PRIMOS no longer existed.
296:
The Prime 400 ran at 0.5 MIPS, had a main store of up to 8 MB and 160 MB of disc storage. The name PRIMOS was now used for the operating system, and the P400 ran
366:
1354:
1657:
1372:
591:, which was acquired in a hostile takeover 1988. Prime was renamed Computervision, which in 1992 sold the declining remnants of its Prime Information subsidiary to
1677:
1662:
918:
Prime Medusa versions 5 and CV Medusa 7 were merged/recombined into a product that was called Medusa version 12. Prime also picked up Calma CAD systems from
322:
The Prime 550 was an upgrade in performance over the Prime 400. It ran at 0.7 MIPS, had up 2 MB of memory and 500 MB of disc storage and a
189:
804:
In the UK, Prime had a very active OAS User Group whose suggestions were acted upon in new product development. UK Pioneers of the system included the
1697:
1687:
1652:
1637:
825:
1622:
1692:
1647:
1632:
1336:
185:
1617:
1667:
1672:
477:(CAD) product, Product Design Graphics System (PDGS). Design engineers used PDGS for auto body design, and finite element analysis using
545:
export controls, as they were insufficiently powerful for the US Government to fear their falling into the hands of hostile powers.
805:
579:
After the computer design and manufacturing portions of the company were shut down, the only viable business that remained was the
1642:
1156:
1627:
843:
126:
1579:
1121:
907:
Prime gained expertise over the years with its collaboration with Ford and continued to expand into the CAD market with its
525:. Computervision acquired Cambridge Interactive Systems in 1983, and Prime independently developed their version of MEDUSA.
451:
By 1987, Prime
Computer had introduced an alternative line of Intel 80386-based computers, the EXL-316 series, running the
1268:
1380:
362:
1399:
897:
Collector (rooms) would contain several 750 class machines, each with rows of CDC 300 or 600 MB drives. Primenet (
493:
The company also acquired marketing and development rights to the MEDUSA CAD system, initially developed in
England by
1135:
1025:
1199:
1021:
1017:
1013:
942:, PDN Mail, developed by Robert Ullmann, was designed to use the encoding header field that was later explained in a
779:
Prime acquired the OAS application from its developer, ACS America Inc., a now-defunct New York City software house.
599:
514:
225:
The first Prime system was similar to the 16-bit DDP 516. It ran an operating system called DOS, also referred to as
77:
842:
Unlike the Pick operating system, a complete operating system, Prime
Information was not an operating system, but a
634:
languages were used in the Kernel. A number of new PRIMOS utilities were written in SP/L which was similar to PL/P.
1597:
346:
1436:
426:
The 9955 ran at 4.0 MIPS, had 8–16 MB of memory and 2.7 GB of disc storage and a 9-track tape unit.
350:
1070:
729:
494:
332:
205:
912:
588:
670:
839:, was used for database applications. It was then sold to Prime Computer and renamed Prime INFORMATION.
768:, Queo was a step up: a procedural language more compact than COBOL, and with additional capabilities.
686:
central processor with floating point hardware, error detection and system integrity checking features.
1602:
1192:
Inventing the electronic century: the epic story of the consumer electronics and computer industries
978:
A series of memorable advertisements created by
Australian artist Rone Waugh in 1980 featured actors
809:
569:
911:
product. With the acquisition of ComputerVision, Prime appeared to be a formidable force in the CAD/
904:
Ford pushed PDGS out to its suppliers and engineering contractors throughout the northern Midwest.
890:
771:
It was offered by Computer Techniques, Inc. of Olyphant, Pa. Queo later was reimplemented for PCs.
1212:
797:
561:
247:
The Prime 100 was a stripped down version of the Prime 200 (no memory parity or floating point).
1682:
1107:
994:
882:
821:
796:
Recognising the drawbacks of the downloadable WP workstation, Prime formed an agreement with
793:
OAS also had a bilingual language lookup feature, sometimes marketed as machine translation.
745:
584:
474:
354:
91:
992:. All four of these adverts have since been included on the DVD release of the 1979 serial
455:
operating system. A "new line of Unix-based EXL-7000 computers" was announced in late 1990.
1418:
943:
835:
and assembler in 1979 to run on Prime Computer 50-series systems. INFO/BASIC, a variant of
733:
8:
305:
458:
The company was successful in the 1970s and 1980s, peaking in 1988 at number 334 of the
1245:
1243:
It didn't have to come from Prime; some tape drive vendors sold them to Prime customers
886:
831:
Devcom, a Microdata reseller, wrote a Pick-style database system called INFORMATION in
649:
592:
378:
1195:
870:
787:
765:
704:
646:
502:
487:
342:
99:
1583:
919:
657:
565:
553:
549:
518:
510:
506:
358:
283:
1542:
1505:
1478:
939:
836:
404:
373:
in Cambridge, and Southeastern University in Washington, DC, Teesside University.
213:
181:
163:
509:
created the platform for PRIMEDesign as well as being the genesis of modern-day
1461:
1416:"I'm a long-time user of Prime EMACS for the Prime 50 Series under PRIMOS, and"
580:
557:
529:
498:
282:
An example of the Prime 300 was installed in the mathematics department of the
37:
1611:
1510:
201:
901:) network connected all CAD stations in a building with its Data Collector.
1174:
970:
828:(GIRLS), developed by Richard Pick for the American Department of Defense.
710:
Support for up to 31 users for a total purchase price of about US$ 165,000.
323:
209:
141:
95:
1592:
761:
317:
1979: Prime 450, 550, 650, 750—the beginning of the 50 series nomenclature
662:
560:
company. To stave off LeBow, Prime management organized a $ 1.3 billion "
522:
513:. During this period, in 1985, Sam Geisberg left Computervision to found
482:
459:
304:
instruction set, along with the S-mode and R-mode instructions. It had a
1574:
1007:
764:
one or more compilers/interpreters for COBOL, FORTRAN, BASIC, RPG and 2
665:. It could record a command sequence and replay it on different files.
1528:
1289:
988:
983:
959:
898:
106:
1559:
121:
The company was started by seven founders, some of whom worked on the
26:
1582:
by David Mandel; last available version of 27 September 2007 via the
1031:
979:
947:
851:
429:
Five Prime 9955 computers (uk.ac.salford.sysa to .syse, connected to
370:
782:
It competed in the UK DTI Office Automation Pilot, but did not win.
261:
had a main store of 32 KB to 512 KB and from 6 MB of
749:
631:
297:
266:
226:
974:
A paperclip distributed by Prime Computer as promotional material.
958:
Messages that PDN mail used and was published by the RFC editor,
832:
696:
623:
478:
399:
309:
265:
disk storage. It ran DOSVM operating system, also referred to as
122:
1287:
Tim Mead (November 1990). "Shielding Prime From Mini Downturn".
1190:
Alfred Dupont Chandler, Takashi Hikino, Andrew Von Nordenflycht
1394:
1043:
908:
683:
626:
IV programming language with some assembler. Subsequently, the
618:
611:
602:
in 1998, a company founded in 1985 by a former Prime employee.
393:
339:
335:
262:
234:
230:
1588:
1258:
described both by Prime and NYTimes as a "superminicomputer."
935:
700:
666:
542:
430:
367:
University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology
105:
The alternative spellings "PR1ME" and "PR1MOS" were used as
1225:
although some 50-numbered machines had a 55-ending followup
951:
627:
452:
132:
110:
598:
Computervision was subsequently successfully acquired by
200:
The initial offerings by Prime were clones of Honeywell's
692:
6 MB cartridge disk. 165 cps character printer.
137:
846:
system that ran from the Prime PRIMOS operating system.
286:, UK and at the Medical University of Hannover, Germany.
1462:"INTRODUCTION TO THE PRIMOS OPERATING SYSTEM, Part II"
695:
System software including a disk operating system and
1529:"General Overview of Classic Pick - a short history"
645:
CPL, the PRIMOS Command Processing Language was the
1397:
and it took me a couple of years to later feel ..."
689:
128 KB, 600 nanosecond access MOS main memory.
204:and 516 minicomputers. Their main competitors were
1337:"Buyout of Prime Computer Limps Toward Completion"
1276:. Prime Computer, Inc. August 1987. pp. 2–17.
412:1982: Prime 2250 also known internally as "Rabbit"
1658:Defunct computer companies based in Massachusetts
826:Generalized Information Retrieval Language System
736:-based producer of software for Prime computers.
403:A Prime 9950 computer system with CRT console in
308:virtual memory architecture, somewhat similar to
1609:
1305:"COMPANY NEWS; MAI Basic Pursues Prime Computer"
473:Prime was heavily involved with Ford’s internal
1678:Defunct software companies of the United States
1663:Defunct computer companies of the United States
1157:"Computer History Museum - Prime Computer, Inc"
857:
381:software product named RINGNET were announced.
938:for Prime Computer. The software used on this
752:word processing software for Prime computers.
486:headquarters, began working on the concept of
192:, had briefly been the interim top executive.
1122:"Prime MAN2602 Primos Interactive User Guide"
755:
1495:".. nonprocedural methods for adhoc inquiry"
1334:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1059:
258:
1419:"GNU EMACS For Prime Computer under PRIMOS"
774:
1246:"Tape Drives: 9 Track Tape Drives - Comco"
1136:"PR1ME Computer 9650 - RI Computer Museum"
724:
676:
184:. His successor was 27-year IBM executive
25:
1698:Software companies disestablished in 1998
1688:Software companies based in Massachusetts
1653:Computer companies disestablished in 1998
1638:American companies disestablished in 1998
1355:"PRIME COMPUTER TO LAY OFF 1,200 WORKERS"
1330:
1328:
1326:
1151:
1149:
1056:
438:1986: Prime 2350, 2450, 9755, and 9955-II
169:John Carter (Director of Human Resources)
98:from 1972 until 1992. With the advent of
1473:
1471:
1286:
1186:
1184:
969:
934:, which was the hub that relayed global
824:and Prime Information were based on the
806:London Docklands Development Corporation
398:
195:
131:
1623:1998 disestablishments in Massachusetts
1114:
986:as their characters from the TV series
925:
714:
157:Joseph Cashen (VP Hardware Engineering)
1693:Software companies established in 1972
1648:Computer companies established in 1972
1633:American companies established in 1972
1610:
1323:
1146:
930:Electronic messaging was developed on
760:While Prime's PRIMOS operating system
637:
556:of Prime, leveraging his much smaller
444:1989: Prime 2850, 4050, 6450, and 6650
441:1987: Prime 2455, 2755, 6350, and 6550
345:. Prime 750 systems were installed at
154:James Campbell (Director of Marketing)
1479:"Prime Users Offered Queo-IV Package"
1468:
1347:
1311:. Associated Press. November 24, 1988
1181:
744:Marc Software International, Inc. of
622:was originally written mostly in the
490:, which led to a PRIMEDesign system.
1618:1972 establishments in Massachusetts
1234:A 9955-II followed the high-end 9955
1108:"The Ultimate Fate of Prime, PRIMOS"
815:
1668:Defunct computer hardware companies
719:
605:
468:
365:(SIO), University of Rhode Island,
363:Scripps Institution of Oceanography
173:The company started with the motto
160:Robert Berkowitz (VP Manufacturing)
13:
1673:Defunct computer systems companies
1598:Prime 300 marketing material c1975
1543:"In Depth - Pick Operating System"
1194:, Harvard University Press, 2005,
535:
388:1981: Prime 850 (dual CPU machine)
14:
1709:
1568:
812:, now Oxford Brookes University.
600:Parametric Technology Corporation
515:Parametric Technology Corporation
284:University of Aston in Birmingham
78:Parametric Technology Corporation
1335:Floyd Norris (August 12, 1992).
739:
583:subsidiary, an early pioneer in
447:1990: Prime 2950, 4150, and 6150
347:Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
16:Former producer of minicomputers
1580:What Happened to Prime Computer
1553:
1535:
1521:
1498:
1489:
1454:
1429:
1410:
1400:"EMACS keybinding hall of fame"
1387:
1365:
1297:
1280:
1261:
1252:
1237:
1228:
1219:
1205:
1008:Photos of several Prime systems
850:is now an obsolete part of the
180:Poduska left in 1981, to start
1643:Computer-aided design software
1270:Authorized Reseller Price Book
1167:
1128:
1105:abandoned, expired,"cancelled"
1099:
1090:
1081:
889:. At the time, Ford was using
616:The company operating system,
488:parametrically driven geometry
351:Rutherford Appleton Laboratory
188:, although Prime's president,
1:
1628:1998 mergers and acquisitions
1549:. March 24, 1986. p. 93.
1516:QUEO-V IBM PCs or compatibles
1049:
998:in which both actors appear.
881:Prime originally entered the
863:
730:Advent Online Knowledge, Inc.
528:Prime subsequently purchased
505:and graphics processors from
495:Cambridge Interactive Systems
206:Digital Equipment Corporation
1514:. July 25, 1988. p. 3.
1373:"Parametric Technology Corp"
1202:, pages 104,108,118,148,149.
1124:. Prime Computer. June 1976.
1071:"PRIME COMPUTER'S REVERSALS"
965:
946:. PDN Mail was also used by
858:Prime Information Connection
421:1985: Prime 9955, 9655, 2655
418:1984: Prime 2550, 9650, 9750
7:
1037:
116:
49:; 52 years ago
10:
1714:
1575:History of Prime Computers
1393:"I learned Emacs first on
1175:"Profile: John W. Podusko"
876:
756:Computer Techniques (Queo)
609:
570:J.H. Whitney & Company
151:Sidney Halligan (VP Sales)
1096:US Trademark No. 73122880
1087:US Trademark No. 73123025
1001:
338:and was one of the first
229:(not to be confused with
166:(VP Software Engineering)
69:
61:
43:
33:
24:
891:Control Data Corporation
775:Office Automation System
148:Robert Baron (President)
1591:of Malcolm Hoar, incl.
798:Convergent Technologies
725:Advent Online Knowledge
677:Prime 300 specification
655:The PRIMOS text editor
501:. RISC processors from
385:1980: Prime 150 and 250
1437:"Application Packages"
975:
673:, was also available.
408:
144:
1589:Prime Computer Corner
995:Destiny of the Daleks
973:
948:Microsoft Corporation
746:Palo Alto, California
475:computer-aided design
402:
379:local area networking
355:University of Paisley
196:Minicomputer products
135:
92:Natick, Massachusetts
1425:. November 18, 1988.
1361:. December 29, 1988.
1140:RIcomputerMuseum.com
1012:RI Computer museum:
944:Request for Comments
926:Electronic messaging
734:Schaumburg, Illinois
715:Specialised software
392:Prime also marketed
88:Prime Computer, Inc.
20:Prime Computer, Inc.
1603:ICF Prime computers
1359:The Washington Post
1161:ComputerHistory.org
638:Phantom, CPL and ED
548:In 1988, financier
94:-based producer of
21:
1593:Comp.Sys.Prime FAQ
1485:. August 31, 1981.
1341:The New York Times
1213:"Prime 750 System"
1075:The New York Times
976:
810:Oxford Polytechnic
703:and assembler for
682:A microprogrammed
671:full screen editor
650:scripting language
593:VMark Software Inc
521:CAD system called
409:
343:superminicomputers
145:
19:
1423:groups.google.com
1404:stackoverflow.com
1293:. pp. 95–96.
885:industry through
871:Wang Laboratories
816:Prime Information
788:Wang Laboratories
705:assembly language
503:MIPS Technologies
190:Kenneth G. Fisher
140:board of a Prime
85:
84:
81:
1705:
1584:Internet Archive
1562:
1557:
1551:
1550:
1539:
1533:
1532:
1525:
1519:
1518:
1506:"QUEO-V package"
1502:
1496:
1493:
1487:
1486:
1475:
1466:
1465:
1458:
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1451:
1449:
1448:
1433:
1427:
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1414:
1408:
1407:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1379:. Archived from
1377:IndustryWeek.com
1369:
1363:
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1345:
1344:
1332:
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1125:
1118:
1112:
1111:
1103:
1097:
1094:
1088:
1085:
1079:
1078:
1077:. July 22, 1983.
1067:
962:that same year.
954:was introduced.
868:
865:
854:software suite.
822:Pick environment
720:General business
606:Operating system
566:leveraged buyout
554:hostile takeover
550:Bennett S. LeBow
519:parameter driven
507:Silicon Graphics
469:CAD/CAM Business
415:1983: Prime 9950
359:Leeds University
175:"Software First"
113:by the company.
75:
57:
55:
50:
29:
22:
18:
1713:
1712:
1708:
1707:
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1704:
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1100:
1095:
1091:
1086:
1082:
1069:
1068:
1057:
1052:
1040:
1004:
968:
940:computer system
936:electronic mail
932:relay.prime.com
928:
879:
866:
860:
837:Dartmouth BASIC
818:
777:
758:
742:
727:
722:
717:
679:
640:
614:
608:
538:
536:Decline and end
471:
405:Kean University
377:PRIMENET and a
291:1976: Prime 400
252:1974: Prime 300
242:1973: Prime 100
220:1972: Prime 200
214:Hewlett-Packard
198:
182:Apollo Computer
164:William Poduska
119:
74:
53:
51:
48:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1711:
1701:
1700:
1695:
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136:Part of the
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663:line editor
523:ProEngineer
483:vectorscope
460:Fortune 500
300:. It ran a
125:project at
107:brand names
1612:Categories
1447:2016-05-22
1290:Datamation
1050:References
989:Doctor Who
984:Lalla Ward
960:Jon Postel
915:industry.
899:Token Ring
766:Assemblers
336:VAX-11/780
1315:April 12,
980:Tom Baker
966:Marketing
852:Rocket U2
820:Both the
762:supported
748:produced
371:CADCentre
306:segmented
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1038:See also
750:WordMARC
632:Modula-2
298:PRIMOS 4
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237:, etc.).
227:PRIMOS 2
117:Founders
73:Acquired
1560:RFC1154
1531:. 1995.
877:CAD/CAM
833:FORTRAN
697:FORTRAN
624:Fortran
479:NASTRAN
353:(RAL),
349:(RPI),
310:Multics
202:DDP 316
123:Multics
62:Defunct
52: (
44:Founded
1395:PRIMOS
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1024:, and
1002:Photos
950:until
909:Medusa
732:was a
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661:was a
619:PRIMOS
612:PRIMOS
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340:32-bit
302:V-mode
275:R-mode
271:S-mode
263:Pertec
235:PC DOS
231:MS-DOS
90:was a
38:Public
1274:(PDF)
701:BASIC
667:EMACS
647:shell
543:COCOM
431:JANET
326:unit.
111:logos
1317:2011
1196:ISBN
1026:9650
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952:MIME
887:Ford
808:and
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630:and
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453:Unix
273:and
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212:and
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65:1998
54:1972
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913:CAM
883:CAD
862:In
844:4GL
589:CAM
585:CAD
568:by
541:to
511:SGI
333:DEC
138:CPU
127:MIT
109:or
100:PCs
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