334:). She even murdered officials who opposed her, wrongfully occupied lands belonging to others, captured free people, especially children, as slaves, and engaged in other illegal activities. She spent money recklessly, building many magnificent buildings, palaces, parks, and temples on a large scale, especially on behalf of her father, which caused great strain on the imperial treasury and the burden of the common people. Although her father was aware of these violations, corruptions, and indiscretions, he refused to reprimand her. It was said that at times, she would even draft edicts for Emperor Zhongzong and then, covering the text of the edicts, ask him to sign them, and that he did so willingly. Also, many officials bribed her to be promoted to the emperor on her behalf or even to intercede for them to obtain the emperor's pardon for a sin she had committed. It seems that the taste of unlimited freedom, vast powers and the splendor of wealth increased her greed and arrogance, all because of her father's love and compassion. She also requested that she be made
486:). The wedding banquet was set within the palace, and when Li Guo'er came out to greet the guests, they all bowed to her. Her young son by Wu Chongxun was only a few years old, but was created the Duke of Gao. On the occasion of his daughter's wedding, Emperor Zhongzong, in a move rarely done by emperors, ordered a general amnesty for the entire empire, inviting all the nobility to a three-day and night celebration, and ordering that the empire be exempt from taxes for several months.
472:"), with many wondrous features that were intended to exceed those of Kunming Pond. She spent enormous amounts of money adorning her private pleasure park, having workers excavate a sixteen-mile circumference lake, dig out a river in the form of the milky way, and pile stones in the form of the sacred Mount Hua. Carpenters also made walkways and pavilions. After her death in 710, the government made the property a public place. She also built many
456:), were all extremely powerful, influential and rich. It was said that Li Guo'er was particularly powerful and arrogant and that many officials, including chancellors, received offices because of her recommendations. She competed with Princess Changning in their extravagance, building mansions that were even more luxurious than imperial palaces. At one point, she asked Emperor Zhongzong to bestow on her the imperial pond Kunming Pond (
255:) recalled Li Zhe to the capital. Li Dan offered to yield the position of crown prince to Li Zhe, and Wu Zetian agreed, creating Li Zhe crown prince (and subsequently changing his name, first to Li Xian, and then to Wu Xian). Wu Zetian was surprised to see her and stated that she was likeness of herself. Sometime after the end of exile, Li Guo'er married Wu Chongxun (
358:, born of a concubine, crown prince. Both Li Guo'er and her husband Wu Chongxun looked down on Li Chongjun, however, and at times they even called him "slave". Emperor Zhongzong did nothing to stop his daughter's abuse of Li Chongjun, who was the crown prince. In summer 707, in anger, Li Chongjun rose in rebellion with the ethnically
240:
that at her birth, Li Zhe took off his shirt and wrapped her in it; thereafter, she was named Guo'er (meaning "the child that was wrapped"). The same biography also recorded that as she was born in times of trouble, Guo'er was pampered by her parents; Empress Wei, in particular, favoured her when she
479:
In late 708, Li Guo'er remarried in a grand ceremony that included ceremonial guards that were only allowed for empresses, with Li Dan serving as the ceremonial commander. Also, her rival/aunt
Princess Taiping, also danced at her wedding, and she gave her very precious wedding gifts. Her new husband
561:
the Prince of Song, Li Dan took the throne again, displacing
Emperor Shang. He posthumously reduced Empress Wei to commoner rank and reduced Li Guo'er further to the unusual rank of "rebellious commoner." However, he still buried her with honors due an official of the second rank. Her husband Wu
301:
also became powerful figures. Li Guo'er, in particular, as she was favored by both
Emperor Zhongzong and Empress Wei, was said to be powerful, irritable, spendthrift, arrogant, and corrupt. She gets everything she wants; Almost everything she wanted was easily achieved through her father with the
313:
the Prince of Yong. It was said that among the seven, Li Guo'er had a particularly large staff, and she also sold governmental offices, even to people who were of low social stations, as long as they had the money. Because the offices she sold had their commissions placed in envelopes that were
293:
overthrew Wu Zetian and restored
Emperor Zhongzong to the throne. However, Wu Sansi, who was carrying on an affair with Empress Wei, became a trusted advisor of Emperor Zhongzong, and Zhang and his cohorts soon lost power (and eventually all were killed or died in exile in 706). Li Guo'er and
554:, during the attack, Li Guo'er was looking at herself in the mirror and putting on makeup when a soldier charged in and killed her. Also killed were Empress Dowager Wei, Wu Yanxiu, and Lady Helou. Subsequently, other members of the empress dowager's and Li Guo'er's factions were also killed.
375:
Emperor
Zhongzong buried Wu Sansi and Wu Chongxun with great honor, creating Wu Chongxun the Prince of Lu posthumously. Li Guo'er wanted Wu Chongxun to be buried with honors due an emperor, and Emperor Zhongzong initially was inclined to agree, but after the official Lu Can
513:). Zheng was initially reduced to commoner rank and exiled, while Cui Shi was reduced in rank to military advisor to a prefectural prefect, but at the urging of Consort Shangguan, Li Guo'er, and Wu Yanxiu, their punishments were subsequently reduced.
534:), and Li Guo'er—with Li Guo'er's motive being that she hoped that Empress Wei would become "emperor" like her grandmother Wu Zetian and that she could become crown princess. After Emperor Zhongzong's death, Empress Wei placed his son (not by her)
462:)—a request Emperor Zhongzong denied on the account that many commoners fish at Kunming Pond to feed themselves. Li Guo'er, in anger, seized much private property to create a pond of her own, known as the Dingkun Pond (
521:
In summer 710, Emperor
Zhongzong died suddenly. Traditional historians assert that it was a poisoning (with the poison placed into a cake), carried out after a conspiracy by Empress Wei, her new lovers Ma Qinke
302:
support of her mother, no matter how much she overdid it, it was rare that her request was ignored. Thus, she was a formidable force in the world of court politics, beneficial to some and detrimental to others.
407:
stopped the investigations into Li Dan and
Princess Taiping. Li Guo'er actions worsened the conflict between her and her aunt, Princess Taiping, and became apparent in the eyes of Emperor Zhongzong.
1469:
Accounts of Li Guo'er's birth imply, but do not definitively state, that she was born during her parents' journey to their place of exile, which would make her birth in 684. See
1433:
day of the 6th month of the 4th year of the
Jinglong era of Tang Zhongzong's reign. This date corresponds to 28 July 710 in the Gregorian calendar. However, volume 209 of the
372:) the Prince of Cheng. Li Chongjun killed Wu Sansi and Wu Chongxun, but in his subsequent attack on the palace was defeated and forced to flee; he was then killed in flight.
399:
Meanwhile, in the aftermaths of Li
Chongjun's rebellion, Emperor Zhongzong had his alleged coconspirators investigated, at both Li Guo'er and the minister of defense
350:. What right does he have to comment on affairs of state? If that Wu woman could become the Emperor, why cannot the daughter of the Emperor become an Emperor?
403:
tried to implicate both Li Dan and
Princess Taiping into the plot, but at the urging of the deputy minister of civil services and deputy imperial censor
190:
After Emperor Zhongzong died in 710 — a death that traditional historians assert was due to poison, and carried out by Empress Wei and Li Guo'er. A
1443:
day of the 6th month of the 1st year of the Jingyun era of Tang Ruizong's reign; this date corresponds to 21 July 710 on the Gregorian calendar.
305:
In spring 706, Emperor Zhongzong issued an edict that, in an unprecedented manner, established staffs for seven princesses: his sister
187:. Popular history holds that she was doted upon heavily by her parents and siblings, which contributed to her later drive for power.
309:; his daughters Princesses Changning, Yicheng, Xindu, Ding'an, and Anle; and Princess Jincheng, the daughter of his cousin
1650:
1640:
1645:
1635:
1599:
1595:
382:) advised against it, changed his mind—and Li Guo'er, in anger, had Lu demoted to be the prefect of Chen Prefecture (
1615:
218:. She is said to have been born at a time when Li Zhe had, after a brief reign in 684, been deposed by his mother
222:(later known as Wu Zetian), reduced to the title of Prince of Lulin, and exiled to Fang Prefecture (房州, in modern
1655:
245:
1583:
1476:
1630:
1245:
215:
184:
144:
797:
211:
180:
134:
547:
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354:
Despite this irreverence, Emperor Zhongzong did not rebuke her. He did, however, make her brother
683:
628:
314:
sealed in a slanted manner to indicate that they need not be approved by the examination bureau (
231:
410:
By 708, Li Guo'er, her older sister Princess Changning, Empress Wei's sister the Lady of Cheng (
494:
602:
535:
8:
1625:
1620:
298:
557:
Afterwards, at the urging of Princess Taiping, Li Longji, and Li Longji's elder brother
95:
67:
61:
347:
251:, Wu Zetian (who had taken the throne herself in 690, reducing Li Dan to the rank of
75:
1578:
1509:
1471:
1425:
742:
306:
236:
199:
538:
the Prince of Wen on the throne (as Emperor Shang), but retained power herself as
539:
423:
103:
1590:
1435:
335:
234:
the Prince of Yu (as Emperor Ruizong). It was recorded in her biography in the
172:
546:. Less than a month later, however, imperial guards, incited by Li Dan's son
1609:
404:
339:
274:
202:, Li Guo'er's paternal aunt, overthrew and killed Empress Wei and Li Guo'er.
550:
the Prince of Linzi and Princess Taiping, attacked the palace. According to
252:
176:
124:
42:
504:
359:
355:
286:
278:
558:
400:
290:
476:
temples, as did her mother Empress Wei and sister Princess Changning.
338:(huangtainü). Emperor Zhongzong, as advised by the senior chancellor
1525:(安乐...)，卖官鬻狱，势倾朝廷，常自草制敕，掩其文而请帝书焉，帝笑而从之，竟不省视。...所署府僚，皆猥滥非才。又广营第宅，侈靡过甚。
1460:
Fathered by Princess Anle's first husband; he was created Duke of Gao
915:
860:
363:
310:
295:
248:
219:
473:
282:
262:
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469:
389:
119:
543:
489:
In 709, two corrupt chancellors with connections to Li Guo'er,
342:, refused, and she, disappointed, replied rather irreverently:
223:
38:
416:), Consort Shangguan, Consort Shangguan's mother Lady Zheng (
393:
227:
191:
268:
346:
Wei Yuanzhong is simply a stubborn man from east of the
261:) the Prince of Gaoyang, the son of Wu Zetian's nephew
324:), they were known as the "slanted-sealed officials" (
1423:
According to her mother Lady Wei's biography in the
497:, were indicted by the assistant censors Jin Heng (
241:became older, as she was beautiful and eloquent.
210:Li Guo'er was the youngest of four children that
1607:
562:Chongxun's grand tomb, however, was destroyed.
1561:
1544:左仆射魏元忠谏不可，主曰：“元忠，山东木强，乌足论国事？阿武子尚为天子，天子女有不可乎？”
1542:
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468:, i.e., "the pond that would compete with
366:and Emperor Zhongzong's cousin Li Qianli (
1411:
269:During Emperor Zhongzong's second reign
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574:Ancestors of Li Guo'er, Princess Anle
161:; 684? – 21 July 710), personal name
480:was Wu Chongxun's cousin Wu Yanxiu (
179:. She was the youngest daughter of
16:Chinese princess of the Tang dynasty
1439:recorded that Li was killed on the
230:). He was replaced by his brother
13:
14:
1667:
438:), the sorceress Diwu Ying'er (
1554:
1535:
1516:
1501:
1482:
1463:
1454:
1429:, Li Guo'er was killed on the
1417:
530:
524:
446:
418:
1:
244:In 698, at the urging of the
205:
861:Wu Shihuo, Duke Ding of Ying
110:悖逆庶人 ("rebellious commoner")
52:21 July 710 (aged about 26)
7:
565:
214:(Li Zhe) had with his wife
198:, the Prince of Linzi, and
10:
1672:
1651:8th-century Chinese people
1641:7th-century Chinese people
1263:
1255:
1147:
1045:
1041:
925:
815:
807:
693:
590:
586:
194:led by Li Guo'er's cousin
1646:8th-century Chinese women
1636:7th-century Chinese women
1562:
1543:
1524:
1490:
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1313:
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1159:
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1049:
1007:
989:
981:
956:
937:
933:
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878:
870:
842:
823:
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798:Emperor Zhongzong of Tang
779:
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665:
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638:
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594:
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384:
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326:
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167:
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140:
135:Emperor Zhongzong of Tang
130:
118:
109:
102:
93:
88:
84:
74:
56:
48:
32:
25:
21:
1026:Li Guo'er, Princess Anle
516:
299:Consort Shangguan Wan'er
1616:Tang dynasty princesses
684:Emperor Gaozong of Tang
629:Emperor Taizong of Tang
426:of the families Chai (
352:
273:In 705, a coup led by
1656:Daughters of emperors
603:Emperor Gaozu of Tang
422:), along with senior
344:
265:the Prince of Liang.
1412:Notes and references
294:Emperor Zhongzong's
1563:又请自立为皇太女，帝虽不从，亦不加谴。
1631:People from Shiyan
718:18. Zhangsun Sheng
444:), and Lady Zhao (
220:Empress Dowager Wu
1408:
1407:
1404:
1403:
916:Empress Wu Zetian
424:ladies in waiting
388:, roughly modern
348:Taihang Mountains
212:Emperor Zhongzong
181:Emperor Zhongzong
150:
149:
114:
113:
1663:
1579:New Book of Tang
1571:
1568:Old Book of Tang
1565:
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1558:
1552:
1549:New Book of Tang
1546:
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1539:
1533:
1530:Old Book of Tang
1527:
1526:
1520:
1514:
1510:New Book of Tang
1505:
1499:
1496:Old Book of Tang
1493:
1492:
1486:
1480:
1472:New Book of Tang
1467:
1461:
1458:
1452:
1445:Old Book of Tang
1426:Old Book of Tang
1421:
1088:12. Wei Hongbiao
743:Empress Zhangsun
580:
579:
571:
570:
533:
532:
528:) and Yang Jun (
527:
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512:
511:
502:
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485:
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467:
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387:
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371:
370:
329:
328:
319:
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307:Princess Taiping
260:
259:
237:New Book of Tang
200:Princess Taiping
175:princess of the
170:
169:
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159:
86:
85:
28:
27:
19:
18:
1671:
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1666:
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1487:
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1422:
1418:
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1409:
1139:6. Wei Xuanzhen
659:17. Duchess Dou
568:
540:empress dowager
519:
507:, and Pei Cui (
271:
208:
104:Posthumous name
65:
39:Fang Prefecture
37:
23:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1669:
1659:
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1653:
1648:
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1638:
1633:
1628:
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1604:
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1591:Zizhi Tongjian
1587:
1573:
1572:
1553:
1534:
1515:
1500:
1481:
1462:
1453:
1449:Zizhi Tongjian
1436:Zizhi Tongjian
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569:
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552:Zizhi Tongjian
518:
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336:crown princess
270:
267:
207:
204:
148:
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22:Princess Anle
15:
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1016:
1011:
1010:
1005:
1004:
999:
998:
995:
994:
985:
984:
979:
978:
973:11. Lady Yang
970:
969:
966:
965:
960:
959:
954:
953:
947:
946:
943:
942:
929:
928:
923:
922:
917:
911:
910:
907:
906:
901:
900:
895:
894:
891:21. Lady Zhao
888:
887:
884:
883:
874:
873:
868:
867:
862:
856:
855:
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851:
846:
845:
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549:
545:
541:
537:
514:
506:
496:
492:
487:
477:
475:
471:
450:) of Longxi (
432:) and Helou (
425:
408:
406:
405:Xiao Zhizhong
402:
397:
395:
391:
373:
365:
361:
357:
351:
349:
343:
341:
340:Wei Yuanzhong
337:
333:
323:
312:
308:
303:
300:
297:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
275:Zhang Jianzhi
266:
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254:
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242:
239:
238:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
203:
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197:
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188:
186:
183:and his wife
182:
178:
174:
164:
154:
153:Princess Anle
146:
143:
139:
136:
133:
129:
126:
123:
121:
117:
108:
105:
101:
97:
92:
87:
83:
79:
77:
73:
69:
63:
60:Wu Chongxun (
59:
55:
51:
47:
44:
40:
35:
31:
20:
1589:
1577:
1567:
1556:
1548:
1537:
1529:
1518:
1508:
1507:(姝秀辩敏，后尤爱之)
1503:
1495:
1484:
1470:
1465:
1456:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1434:
1430:
1424:
1419:
1025:
773:19. Lady Gao
556:
551:
520:
488:
478:
409:
398:
374:
353:
345:
332:xiefeng guan
331:
322:Menxia Sheng
321:
304:
272:
253:crown prince
243:
235:
209:
189:
177:Tang dynasty
162:
152:
151:
125:Tang dynasty
1447:vol 51. /
1356:7. Lady Cui
1246:Empress Wei
950:22. Yang Dá
536:Li Chongmao
505:Li Shangyin
356:Li Chongjun
287:Huan Yanfan
279:Cui Xuanwei
216:Empress Wei
185:Empress Wei
145:Empress Wei
94:Li Guo'er (
66:Wu Yanxiu (
1626:710 deaths
1621:684 births
1610:Categories
836:20. Wu Hua
559:Li Chengqi
401:Zong Chuke
291:Yuan Shuji
246:chancellor
206:Background
43:Tang China
1513:, vol. 83
1451:vol. 209.
548:Li Longji
495:Zheng Yin
364:Li Duozuo
311:Li Shouli
296:concubine
249:Di Renjie
196:Li Longji
171:), was a
163:Li Guo'er
1594:, vols.
1570:, vol 51
1551:, vol.83
1532:, vol 51
1498:, vol 51
566:Ancestry
474:Buddhist
362:general
283:Jing Hui
263:Wu Sansi
1431:dingwei
491:Cui Shi
470:Kunming
390:Zhoukou
173:Chinese
80:one son
1584:vol.83
1528:]
1491:安乐恃宠骄恣
1477:vol.83
1441:gengzi
544:regent
289:, and
232:Li Dan
224:Shiyan
141:Mother
131:Father
57:Spouse
1522:[
517:Death
394:Henan
228:Hubei
120:House
89:Names
76:Issue
859:10.
601:16.
542:and
493:and
441:第五英兒
360:Mohe
192:coup
158:安樂公主
49:Died
36:684?
33:Born
26:安樂公主
1600:209
1596:208
1244:3.
1024:1.
914:5.
796:2.
741:9.
682:4.
627:8.
525:馬秦客
503:),
483:武延秀
465:定昆池
459:昆明池
396:).
369:李千里
327:斜封官
317:門下省
258:武崇訓
168:李裹兒
96:李裹兒
68:武延秀
62:武崇訓
1612::
1598:,
1582:,
1566:)
1547:)
1494:)
1475:,
531:楊均
510:裴漼
500:靳恆
453:隴西
435:賀婁
392:,
385:陳州
379:盧粲
330:,
320:,
285:,
281:,
277:,
226:,
64:)
41:,
1602:.
1586:.
1560:(
1541:(
1488:(
1479:.
522:(
447:趙
429:柴
419:鄭
413:郕
376:(
165:(
155:(
98:)
70:)
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