1920:
1641:, was published on 29 January 1780. This first effort at journalism enjoyed only a short stint yet it was a momentous development, as it gave birth to modern journalism in India. Following Hicky's efforts which had to be shut down just within two years of circulation, several English newspapers started publication in the aftermath. Most of them enjoyed a circulation figure of about 400 and were weeklies giving personal news items and classified advertisements about a variety of products. Later on, in the 1800s, English newspapers were started by Indian publishers with English-speaking Indians as the target audience. During that era vast differences in language was a major problem in facilitating smooth communication among the people of the country. This is because they hardly knew the languages prevalent in other parts of this vast land. However, English became a
1979:
2122:. Within the claim of credibility, journalists are expected to provide the public with reliable and trustworthy information, and allowing the public to question the nature of the information and its acquisition. The second claim of justifiable consequences centers on weighing the benefits and detriments of a potentially harmful story and acting accordingly. An example of justifiable consequence is exposing a professional with dubious practices; on the other hand, acting within justifiable consequence means writing compassionately about a family in mourning. The third claim is the claim of humanity which states that journalists are writing for a global population and therefore must serve everyone globally in their work, avoiding smaller loyalties to country, city, etc.
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859:
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standing by. Lippmann argued that high-powered journalism was wasted on ordinary citizens, but was of genuine value to an elite class of administrators and experts. Dewey, on the other hand, believed not only that the public was capable of understanding the issues created or responded to by the elite, but also that it was in the public forum that decisions should be made after discussion and debate. When issues were thoroughly vetted, then the best ideas would bubble to the surface. The danger of demagoguery and false news did not trouble Dewey. His faith in popular democracy has been implemented in various degrees, and is now known as "
1863:
851:
58:
2157:
5215:
903:
608:
5311:
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information is organized into sections. This makes clear the distinction between content based on fact and on opinion. In other media, many of these distinctions break down. Readers should pay careful attention to headings and other design elements to ensure that they understand the journalist's intent. Opinion pieces are generally written by regular columnists or appear in a section titled "Op-ed", these reflect a journalist's own opinions and ideology. While
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1362:, were even more distrusting of the journalistic press and effectively banned journalistic publications until the mid-19th century. As newspaper publication became a more and more established practice, publishers would increase publication to a weekly or daily rate. Newspapers were more heavily concentrated in cities that were centres of trade, such as
2012:. Their view is that journalism's first loyalty is to the citizenry and that journalists are thus obliged to tell the truth and must serve as an independent monitor of powerful individuals and institutions within society. In this view, the essence of journalism is to provide citizens with reliable information through the discipline of verification.
1697:. Still, critics note that although government's ability to suppress journalistic speech is heavily limited, the concentration of newspaper (and general media) ownership in the hands of a small number of private business owners leads to other biases in reporting and media self-censorship that benefits the interests of
2106:
There are over 242 codes of ethics in journalism that vary across various regions of the world. The codes of ethics are created through an interaction of different groups of people such as the public and journalists themselves. Most of the codes of ethics serve as a representation of the economic and
818:
Many debates centre on whether journalists are "supposed" to be "objective" and "neutral"; arguments include the fact that journalists produce news out of and as part of a particular social context, and that they are guided by professional codes of ethics and do their best to represent all legitimate
1495:
produced a surge in
Chinese nationalism, an end to censorship, and a demand for professional, nation-wide journalism. All the major cities launched such efforts. By the late 1920s, however, there was a much greater emphasis on advertising and expanding circulation, and much less interest in the sort
1759:
page, it goes into depth on how journalism has evolved into what it is today. As of right now, there are a couple different routes one can take if interested in journalism. If one wanting to expand their skills as a journalist, there are many college courses and workshops one can take. If going the
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Governments have widely varying policies and practices towards journalists, which control what they can research and write, and what press organizations can publish. Some governments guarantee the freedom of the press; while other nations severely restrict what journalists can research or publish.
2089:
Because of the pressure on journalists to report news promptly and before their competitors, factual errors occur more frequently than in writing produced and edited under less time pressure. Thus a typical issue of a major daily newspaper may contain several corrections of articles published the
2214:
court. However, federal courts will refuse to force journalists to reveal their sources, unless the information the court seeks is highly relevant to the case and there is no other way to get it. State courts provide varying degrees of such protection. Journalists who refuse to testify even when
1795:
debated the role of journalism in a democracy. Their differing philosophies still characterize an ongoing debate about the role of journalism in society. Lippmann's views prevailed for decades, helping to bolster the
Progressives' confidence in decision-making by experts, with the general public
1754:
Although it is not completely necessary to have attended college to be a journalist, over the past few years it has become more common to attend. With this becoming more popular, jobs are starting to require a degree to be hired. The first school of
Journalism opened as part of the University of
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to collect facts. From this, the conclusion can be drawn that breaking news nowadays often stems from user-generated content, including videos and pictures posted online in social media. However, though 69.2% of the surveyed journalists agreed that social media allowed them to connect to their
3238:
Hartmut
Walravens: "The Early East Asian Press in the Eyes of the West. Some bibliographical notes", World Library and Information Congress, 72nd General Conference and Council of the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA), 20β24 August 2006, Seoul, Korea, p.
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within nations, often give up any expectation of protection by government, if not giving up their rights to protection from the government. Journalists who are captured or detained during a conflict are expected to be treated as civilians and to be released to their national government. Many
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for those who publish "knowingly false information" about the
Russian armed forces and their operations, leading to some media outlets in Russia to stop reporting on Ukraine or shutting their media outlet. As of December 2022, more than 4,000 people were prosecuted under "fake news" laws in
799:
When crafting news stories, regardless of the medium, fairness and bias are issues of concern to journalists. Some stories are intended to represent the author's own opinion; others are more neutral or feature balanced points of view. In a traditional print newspaper and its online version,
2219:
and fined or jailed. On the journalistic side of keeping sources confidential, there is also a risk to the journalist's credibility because there can be no actual confirmation of whether the information is valid. As such it is highly discouraged for journalists to have confidential sources
1332:, stating: "licensing of the press in Britain was abolished in 1695. Remember how the freedoms won here became a model for much of the rest of the world, and be conscious how the world still watches us to see how we protect those freedoms." The first successful English daily, the
1561:(1865β1922), "More than anyone... shaped the modern press. Developments he introduced or harnessed remain central: broad contents, exploitation of advertising revenue to subsidize prices, aggressive marketing, subordinate regional markets, independence from party control. His
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edited its story packages into nearly half of their original time length. The compactness in coverage has been linked to broad audience attrition. According to the Pew
Research Center, the circulation for U.S. newspapers has fallen sharply in the 21st century. Digital-first,
1885:, and other electronic devices. News organizations are challenged to fully monetize their digital wing, as well as improvise on the context in which they publish in print. Newspapers have seen print revenues sink at a faster pace than the rate of growth for digital revenues.
1811:
increased in popularity starting in the 1920s, becoming widespread in the 1930s. While most radio programming was oriented toward music, sports, and entertainment, radio also broadcast speeches and occasional news programming. Radio reached the peak of its importance during
1824:, radio would be heavily utilized by the state to broadcast political speeches by leadership. These broadcasts would very rarely have any additional editorial content or analysis, setting them apart from modern news reporting. The radio would however soon be eclipsed by
2168:
Journalists in many nations have some privileges that members of the general public do not, including better access to public events, crime scenes and press conferences, and to extended interviews with public officials, celebrities and others in the public eye.
1677:, American newspapers began to abandon their partisan politics in favor of less political reporting starting around 1900. Newspapers of this era embraced sensationalized reporting and larger headline typefaces and layouts, a style that would become dubbed "
846:
on the workings of the government. A single publication (such as a newspaper) contains many forms of journalism, each of which may be presented in different formats. Each section of a newspaper, magazine, or website may cater to a different audience.
1522:; which lacked any political agenda and was dedicated to providing a mix of sensational reporting to aid circulation, and serious articles to build prestige. By 1939 its circulation was over 1.7 million, double that of its nearest rival the tabloid
2059:
This is in stark contrast to the media climate prior to the 20th century, where the media market was dominated by smaller newspapers and pamphleteers who usually had an overt and often radical agenda, with no presumption of balance or objectivity.
1713:
newspapers in
America were established in the early 19th century, in the 20th century these newspapers truly flourished in major cities, with publishers playing a major role in politics and business affairs. Representative leaders included
1090:
Because of these changes, the credibility ratings of news outlets has reached an all-time low. A 2014 study revealed that only 22% of
Americans reported a "great deal" or "quite a lot of confidence" in either television news or newspapers.
1086:
Consequently, this has resulted in arguments to reconsider journalism as a process distributed among many authors, including the socially mediating public, rather than as individual products and articles written by dedicated journalists.
2114:; individuals are not legally obliged to follow a certain set of rules like a doctor or a lawyer does. There have been discussions for creating a universal code of conduct in journalism. One suggestion centers on having three claims for
1850:, broadcast and reported to live on a variety of nationally syndicated television channels. During the 60s and 70s, television channels would begin adding regular morning or midday news shows. Starting in 1980 with the establishment of
2107:
political beliefs of the society where the code was written. Despite the fact that there are a variety of codes of ethics, some of the core elements present in all codes are: remaining objective, providing the truth, and being honest.
2968:
3288:
2056:. This includes points like respecting people's privacy and ensuring accuracy. However, the Media Standards Trust has criticized the PCC, claiming it needs to be radically changed to secure the public trust of newspapers.
823:
narrative with sufficient accuracy is sometimes challenged by the time available to spend with subjects, the affordances or constraints of the medium used to tell the story, and the evolving nature of people's identities.
1767:
in the US for the school year of 2022 are: 1. Washington and Lee
University. 2. Northwestern University. 3. Georgetown University. 4. Columbia University in the City of New York. 5. University of Wisconsin - Madison.
946:β the practice of finding stories in numbers, and using numbers to tell stories. Data journalists may use data to support their reporting. They may also report about uses and misuses of data. The US news organization
4353:
1150:
It's clear now that we didn't do enough to prevent these tools from being used for harm as well. That goes for fake news, foreign interference in elections, and hate speech, as well as developers and data
815:, healthy journalism in a democratic country must provide an opinion of people in power and who wish to be in power, must include a range of opinions and must regard the informational needs of all people.
758:
requires that bloggers who write about products received as promotional gifts, disclose that they received the products for free. This is intended to eliminate conflicts of interest and protect consumers.
717:
has brought significant changes to the media landscape since the turn of the 21st century. This has created a shift in the consumption of print media channels, as people increasingly consume news through
1846:
broadcast television channels would air 10-to-15-minute segments of news programming one or two times per evening. The era of live-TV news coverage would begin in the 1960s with the assassination of
1110:
It is often published to intentionally mislead readers to ultimately benefit a cause, organization or an individual. A glaring example was the proliferation of fake news in social media during the
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4173:
2976:
1873:
The role and status of journalism, as well as mass media, has undergone changes over the last two decades, together with the advancement of digital technology and publication of news on the
1681:". Newspaper publishing became much more heavily professionalized in this era, and issues of writing quality and workroom discipline saw vast improvement. This era saw the establishment of
3188:
3296:
2814:
1146:, the CEO of Facebook, has acknowledged the company's role in this problem: in a testimony before a combined Senate Judiciary and Commerce committee hearing on 20 April 2018, he said:
1296:
spread, newspapers were established to provide increasingly literate audiences with the news. The first references to privately owned newspaper publishers in China date to the late
1908:
being possible through the
Internet. Using video camera-equipped smartphones, active citizens are now enabled to record footage of news events and upload them onto channels like
1234:
4317:
Yang, Aimei; Taylor, Maureen; Saffer, Adam J (1 March 2016). "Ethical convergence, divergence or communitas? An examination of public relations and journalism codes of ethics".
754:
Journalistic conventions vary by country. In the United States, journalism is produced by media organizations or by individuals. Bloggers are often regarded as journalists. The
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in the 16th century. These bulletins, however, were intended only for government officials, and thus were not journalistic news publications in the modern sense of the term.
1709:
The rampant discrimination and segregation against African-Americans led to the founding their own daily and weekly newspapers, especially in large cities. While the first
1557:
By 1900 popular journalism in Britain aimed at the largest possible audience, including the working class, had proven a success and made its profits through advertising.
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1424:
would reintroduce strict censorship laws in 1800, but after his reign print publications would flourish and play an important role in political culture. As part of the
4040:
1390:, newspapers motivated people to revolt against British rule by publishing grievances against the British crown and republishing pamphlets by revolutionaries such as
2942:
1276:
While publications reporting the news to the general public in a standardized fashion only began to appear in the 17th century and later, governments as early as
4208:
2002:, impartiality, fairness and public accountability β as these apply to the acquisition of newsworthy information and its subsequent dissemination to the public.
1892:
have reduced their staff and coverage as traditional media channels, such as television, grappling with declining audiences. For example, between 2007 and 2012,
3572:
888:β journalists who self-censor and voluntarily cease speaking about issues that might embarrass their hosts, guests, or powerful politicians or businesspersons.
3963:
3937:
2731:
Heflin, Heflin (2015). "The Internet Is Not the Antidote: A Cultural-Historical Analysis of Journalism's Crisis of Credibility and the Internet as a Remedy".
4230:
2892:
4145:"The Elements of Journalism: What Newspeople Should Know and the Public Should Expect β Introduction | Project for Excellence in Journalism (PEJ)"
746:
on the context in which they publish in print. Newspapers have seen print revenues sink at a faster pace than the rate of growth for digital revenues.
1118:
theories, hoaxes, and lies have been circulated under the guise of news reports to benefit specific candidates. One example is a fabricated report of
1074:. In a 2014 study of journalists in the United States, 40% of participants claimed they rely on social media as a source, with over 20% depending on
770:
departments. Many credible news organizations, or their employees, often belong to and abide by the ethics of professional organizations such as the
2874:
2671:
1568:
1919:
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2036:
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liberal reforms in the late 19th century, and supported increased political and economic freedoms for peasants as well as the establishment of a
3180:
3248:
Infelise, Mario. "Roman Avvisi: Information and Politics in the Seventeenth Century." Court and Politics in Papal Rome, 1492β1700. Cambridge:
2849:
3124:
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The African American press: a history of news coverage during national crises, with special reference to four black newspapers, 1827β1965
1558:
1552:
4048:
3914:
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1978:
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and other social media, results in a wider choice of official and unofficial sources, rather than only traditional media organizations.
3787:
3144:
1029:β the practice of journalism by students at an educational institution, often covering topics particularly relevant to the student body
4539:
Kaltenbrunner, Andy and Matthias Karmasin and Daniela Kraus, eds. "The Journalism Report V: Innovation and Transition", Facultas, 2017
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private even when demanded by police or prosecutors; withholding their sources can land journalists in contempt of court, or in jail.
3034:
1787:
In the 1920s in the United States, as newspapers dropped their blatant partisanship in search of new subscribers, political analyst
935:β tracks, records, analyzes and interprets the business, economic and financial activities and changes that take place in societies.
2053:
1163:
1111:
3811:
Noortje Marres, "The issues deserve more credit: Pragmatist contributions to the study of public involvement in the controversy."
1126:
Guardian. Many critics blamed Facebook for the spread of such material. Its news feed algorithm, in particular, was identified by
2211:
3851:
Carl Bybee, "Can democracy survive in the post-factual age?: A return to the Lippmann-Dewey debate about the politics of news."
2654:
2185:
governments around the world target journalists for intimidation, harassment, and violence because of the nature of their work.
1338:, was published from 1702 to 1735. While journalistic enterprises were started as private ventures in some regions, such as the
1130:
as the platform where the social media giant exercise billions of editorial decisions every day. Social media platforms such as
786:. Many news organizations also have their own codes of ethics that guide journalists' professional publications. For instance,
2535:
Stone, Gerald C.; O'Donnell, Mary K.; Banning, Stephen (1 January 1997). "Public perceptions of a newspaper's watchdog role".
4271:
3836:
3722:
3054:
2579:
2020:
1673:. Realizing that they could expand their audience by abandoning politically polarized content, thus making more money off of
1354:
kept tighter control of the press, treating it primarily as an outlet for government propaganda and subjecting it to uniform
690:
are controlled by government and are not independent. In others, news media are independent of the government and operate as
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4037:
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across the country. Notable among this breed is the one named 'Bengal Gazette' started by Gangadhar Bhattacharyya in 1816.
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4000:
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The French Revolution and the Creation of Modern Political Culture: The transformation of the political culture, 1789β1848
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5231:
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2255:
775:
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have grown in response to the need for high-quality information that the private sector has been struggling to provide.
1079:
audience, only 30% thought it had a positive influence on news credibility. In addition to this, a recent study done by
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Alfred Hermida, et al. "The active recipient: Participatory journalism through the lens of the Dewey-Lippmann debate."
1099:"Fake news" is also deliberately untruthful information, which can often spread quickly on social media or by means of
3106:
4542:
Marthoz, J.-P. (2016). Giving up on the graft and the grind: Why journalists are failing to cover difficult stories.
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Timothy B. Weston, "China, professional journalism, and liberal internationalism in the era of the First World War."
3275:
2260:
1614:
907:
3016:
2098:, based on early election returns that failed to anticipate the actual result of the 1948 US presidential election.
1912:(which is often discovered and used by mainstream news media outlets). News from a variety of online sources, like
1877:. This has created a shift in the consumption of print media channels, as people increasingly consume news through
1249:
771:
636:
17:
4707:
3088:
2910:
1973:
1155:
Readers can often evaluate credibility of news by examining the credibility of the underlying news organization.
82:
4144:
2696:
Robinson, Sue (2011). ""Journalism as Process": The Organizational Implications of Participatory Online News".
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1588:. While travelling from Poland to Germany, she spotted and reported German forces massed on the Polish border;
1395:
3074:
2998:
2788:
4108:
2498:
1990:
While various existing codes have some differences, most share common elements including the principles of β
3915:"Despite subscription surges for largest U.S. newspapers, circulation and revenue fall for industry overall"
2429:
1904:
The digital era also introduced journalism whose development is done by ordinary citizens, with the rise of
1516:; circulation inched up to six million a day from five million in 1910. The major postwar success story was
5178:
4879:
2596:
2314:
2300:
1800:". The 1920s debate has been endlessly repeated across the globe, as journalists wrestle with their roles.
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1505:
253:
132:
4086:
2039:
approved in 1993 Resolution 1003 on the Ethics of Journalism which recommends journalists to respect the
1617:"βa critique of vague, slovenly languageβto every new recruit. In 2003, literary editor at the newspaper
1254:
838:
There are several forms of journalism with diverse audiences. Journalism is said to serve the role of a "
629:
1592:
headline read: "1,000 tanks massed on Polish border "; three days later she was the first to report the
1035:β writing that is light-hearted and entertaining. Considered less legitimate than mainstream journalism.
5193:
4038:
IFJ (International Federation of Journalists) β Declaration of Principles on the Conduct of Journalists
3249:
2286:
2279:
2203:, an extension of freedom of the press giving journalists a legal protection to keep the identity of a
1470:
newspapers had wide followings in France, Russia and Germany despite being outlawed by the government.
31:
2623:
1935:
A worldwide sample of 27,500 journalists in 67 countries in 2012β2016 produced the following profile:
858:
4474:"No More Sources?: The impact of Snowden's revelations on journalists and their confidential sources"
4473:
3904:", the Pew Research Center's Project for Excellence in Journalism, 2 May 2012. Retrieved 23 May 2013.
3341:
Nurit Schleifman, "A Russian Daily Newspaper and Its New Readership:" Severnaia Pchela", 1825β1840."
3261:
2245:
1637:
920:
850:
4170:
Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe β Resolution 1003 (1993) on the ethics of journalism
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5266:
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4915:
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4785:
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4601:
2265:
2040:
1999:
1862:
1715:
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1420:, playing a particularly famous role in arguing for the rights of the revolutionary lower classes.
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to discredit what he perceived as negative news coverage of his candidacy and then the presidency.
979:
763:
755:
349:
289:
168:
163:
97:
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full college route, the average time is takes to graduate with a journalism degree is four years.
679:(professional or not), the methods of gathering information, and the organizing literary styles.
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2145:
1963:
50 percent worked in print, 23 percent in television, 17 percent in radio, and 16 percent online.
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957:
783:
344:
86:
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686:
to country, as do perceptions of the profession, and the resulting status. In some nations, the
57:
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4870:
4747:
2235:
2204:
2082:
1451:
973:
319:
244:
122:
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1854:, news channels began providing 24-hour news coverage, a format which persists through today.
1374:. The first newspapers in Latin America would be established in the mid-to-late 19th century.
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made use of regularly published news bulletins. Similar publications were established in the
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354:
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4411:"Canaries in a coal-mine? What the killings of journalists tell us about future repression"
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previous day. Perhaps the most famous journalistic mistake caused by time pressure was the
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Stephen Lovell, "Broadcasting Bolshevik: The radio voice of Soviet culture, 1920sβ1950s."
2015:
Some journalistic Codes of Ethics, notably the European ones, also include a concern with
8:
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Ward, Stephen (5 March 2018). "Philosophical Foundations for Global Journalism Ethics".
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3289:"Leveson Inquiry: British press freedom is a model for the world, editor tells inquiry"
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2713:
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has drastically changed the nature of journalistic reporting, giving rise to so-called
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726:, and other personal electronic devices, as opposed to the more traditional formats of
399:
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92:
2893:"Egypt is more concerned with controlling information than containing the coronavirus"
894:β writing to advocate particular viewpoints or influence the opinions of the audience.
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Stephen MacKinnon, "Toward a History of the Chinese Press in the Republican Period",
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This popular engine: New England newspapers during the American Revolution, 1775β1789
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The Struggle for the Soul of Journalism : The Pulpit Versus the Press 1833-1923
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2815:"Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg to Capitol Hill: 'It was my mistake, and I'm sorry.'"
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2705:
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2509:
2499:"The Evolution of Story: How Time and Modality Affect Visual and Verbal Narratives"
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Newspapers played a significant role in mobilizing popular support in favor of the
1051:β journalism that encompasses a global outlook focusing on intercontinental issues.
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Journalism in China before 1910 primarily served the international community. The
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throughout the 19th century. In France, political newspapers sprang up during the
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3901:
3522:
3035:"Authorities across West Africa attacking journalists covering COVID-19 pandemic"
2467:
2200:
2111:
1954:
62 percent identified as generalists and 23 percent as hard-news beat journalists
1847:
1788:
1780:
1739:
1731:
1670:
1491:
1417:
1323:
1143:
1119:
985:
943:
862:
801:
694:. In addition, countries may have differing implementations of laws handling the
589:
384:
304:
158:
148:
5249:
4387:
3824:
2156:
1377:
4990:
4742:
4663:
3059:
2709:
2548:
2078:
2016:
1443:
1359:
1343:
1301:
1293:
1245:
1104:
1083:
shows that eight-in-ten Americans are getting their news from digital devices.
1054:
1042:
584:
364:
117:
3894:
902:
5330:
5097:
5068:
5015:
4950:
4658:
4497:
4426:
4338:
3975:
3710:
3690:
3310:"First Journalism School". Columbia: University of Missouri Press. p. 1.
3107:"Malaysian journalist faces six years in prison over COVID-19 Facebook posts"
2828:
2475:
2069:
1983:
1843:
1674:
1662:
1643:
1618:
1600:
1459:
1334:
1127:
1075:
870:
839:
579:
469:
440:
389:
324:
5300:
4087:"APME (Associated Press Managing Editors) β Statement of Ethical Principles"
3125:"Singapore's Fake News and Contempt Laws a Threat to Media, Journalists Say"
2373:"Circulation, revenue fall for US newspapers overall despite gains for some"
2359:," Committee to Protect Journalists, 2 May 2012, page retrieved 23 May 2013.
2008:
and Tom Rosenstiel propose several guidelines for journalists in their book
1567:
held the world record for daily circulation until his death. Prime Minister
819:
points of view. Additionally, the ability to render a subject's complex and
5083:
5073:
4653:
4444:
3655:
1821:
1813:
1694:
1605:
1585:
1439:
1434:
1402:. News publications in the United States would remain proudly and publicly
1391:
1328:
1297:
1257:. At least 1,000 Russian journalists have fled Russia since February 2022.
1159:
1067:
735:
574:
455:
445:
4188:
3895:"The State of the News Media 2013: An Annual Report in American Journalism
3573:"Clare Hollingworth, Reporter Who Broke News of World War II, Dies at 105"
5161:
4727:
4061:"ASNE (American Society of Newspapers Editors) β Statement of Principles"
3682:
3471:
2789:"Mark Zuckerberg is in denial about how Facebook is harming our politics"
2115:
2005:
1882:
1735:
1698:
1610:
1536:
1512:
1277:
1226:
1021:
854:
Photojournalists photographing US President Barack Obama in November 2013
767:
714:
533:
102:
1820:
were major sources of up-to-date information on the ongoing war. In the
5093:
4900:
4850:
4737:
4697:
4633:
3964:"When the Local Paper Shrank, These Journalists Started an Alternative"
3828:
The Two W's of Journalism: The Why and What of Public Affairs Reporting
2850:"Trump finally admits that "fake news" just means news he doesn't like"
2181:
2063:
2045:
2032:
1792:
1776:
1690:
1563:
1518:
1383:
1355:
1309:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1182:
1115:
947:
723:
687:
676:
554:
499:
465:
274:
228:
112:
72:
3421:
Rhineland Radicals: The Democratic Movement and the Revolution of 1848
2969:"Coronavirus Law Used to Arrest Nigerian Journalist Over Health Story"
2672:"86% of Americans get news online from smartphone, computer or tablet"
5136:
5063:
4638:
4577:
4013:"Fourth Estate β Core Journalism Principles, Standards and Practices"
2929:"Bangladeshi journalists, cartoonist, arrested for Covid-19 coverage"
2875:"Turkey: COVID-19 pandemic increases climate of fear for journalists"
2135:
1878:
1467:
1463:
1363:
1313:
1222:
865:
and broadcast journalists interviewing a government official after a
805:
743:
727:
663:
on the interaction of events, facts, ideas, and people that are the "
559:
508:
435:
4122:
3447:
Fighting Words: Imperial Censorship and the Russian Press, 1804β1906
3434:"The Russian Bulletin," 1863β1917: A Liberal Voice in Tsarist Russia
2943:"Iran: Press freedom violations recounted in real time January 2020"
1574:
Described as "the scoop of the century", as a rookie journalist for
1122:'s email which was published by a non-existent newspaper called The
924:
Media greeting Cap Anamur II's Rupert Neudeck in Hamburg, 1986 at a
5146:
3618:
Politics and the American press: the rise of objectivity, 1865β1920
3395:
Politics and the American press: The rise of objectivity, 1865β1920
2911:"Journalists detained, assaulted in India during COVID-19 lockdown"
2052:
In the UK, all newspapers are bound by the Code of Practice of the
2024:
1995:
1889:
1874:
1817:
1421:
1218:
1194:
1131:
911:
874:
793:
739:
731:
719:
518:
3163:"Somali Journalists Arrested, Intimidated While Covering COVID-19"
2454:
McChesney, Robert W. (1 October 2012). "Farewell to Journalism?".
4701:
4648:
4148:
3222:"1K Journalists Have Fled Russia Since Ukraine Invasion β Report"
1982:
News photographers and reporters waiting behind a police line in
1924:
1909:
1351:
1230:
1190:
1135:
1013:
703:
683:
668:
569:
76:
3204:"In Russia, critiquing the Ukraine war could land you in prison"
3181:"Putin Signs Law Introducing Jail Terms for 'Fake News' on Army"
2210:
In the United States, there is no right to protect sources in a
808:
stories typically make efforts to remove opinion from the copy.
4673:
2085:
for his "efforts to safeguard freedom of expression" in Russia.
1771:
1730:
and president of the National Afro-American Press Association;
1540:
was modeled after the photojournalism of the American magazine
1371:
1367:
1347:
1170:
1139:
1123:
660:
594:
3462:
J.H.W. Dietz Nachf., Hannover 1963, S. 50. fes.de. German text
3267:
The Confusions of Pleasure: Commerce and Culture in Ming China
2188:
1951:
61 percent specialized in journalism/communications at college
1496:
of advocacy journalism that had inspired the revolutionaries.
766:, have an editorial board, and exhibit separate editorial and
5225:
4586:
4565:
News Around the World: Content, Practitioners, and the Public
3556:"Clare Hollingworth: British war correspondent dies aged 105"
1991:
1913:
1378:
News media and the revolutions of the 18th and 19th centuries
1198:
1178:
1174:
1017:
970:, gonzo journalism is a "highly personal style of reporting".
820:
707:
4524:
Worlds of Journalism: Journalistic Cultures around the Globe
3997:
Worlds of Journalism: Journalistic Cultures around the Globe
3145:"Some leaders use pandemic to sharpen tools against critics"
4890:
4692:
4643:
2160:
Number of journalists reported killed between 2002 and 2013
1665:
saw the advent of media empires controlled by the likes of
1455:
1186:
994:β coverage of all aspects of politics and political science
672:
664:
564:
264:
67:
4209:"Italy β FNSI's La Carta dei Doveri (The Chart of Duties)"
4089:. 22 June 2008. Archived from the original on 22 June 2008
4015:. Fourth Estate Public Benefit Corporation. Archived from
3531:
The Oxford Companion to Twentieth-Century British Politics
2655:"The American Journalist in the Digital Age: Key Findings"
1446:. Other liberal publications played a more moderate role:
1045:) β writing which emphasizes exaggerated claims or rumors.
976:β a type of online journalism that is presented on the web
4211:(in Italian). Archived from the original on 12 April 2008
3593:"George Orwell and the eternal truths of good journalism"
2534:
2199:
Journalists' interaction with sources sometimes involves
2177:
2173:
1893:
1851:
1571:
quipped it was "written by office boys for office boys".
4123:"(Society of Professional Journalists) β Code of Ethics"
3938:"Independent websites team up to boost rural journalism"
2945:. Reporters Without Borders. 14 May 2020. Archived from
1510:
The Parisian newspapers were largely stagnant after the
1386:
revolutions of the late 18th and 19th centuries. In the
1322:
was formally established in Great Britain in 1695, with
792:
code of standards and ethics is considered particularly
4293:
PACE Resolution 1003 (1993) on the Ethics of Journalism
4248:
Spain β FAPE's CΓ³digo DeontolΓ³gico (Deontological Code)
1948:
College degree: 56 percent; graduate degree: 29 percent
4458:
3055:"Concern for Rights in Montenegro amid COVID-19 Fight"
2387:"The FTC's Endorsement Guides: What People Are Asking"
1306:
Relation aller FΓΌrnemmen und gedenckwΓΌrdigen Historien
900:β written or spoken journalism for radio or television
5191:
3075:"Kazakh journalists harassed over Covid-19 reporting"
1957:
47 percent were members of a professional association
988:β the practice of telling true stories through images
4189:
UK β Press Complaints Commission β Codes of Practice
1006:β the use of sensors to support journalistic inquiry
4558:
Global Journalism: Topical Issues and Media Systems
3663:: The End of Literacy and the Triumph of Spectacle.
3017:"Protect Kenya's Journalists Reporting on Covid-19"
1621:wrote, "Even now, it is quoted in our style book".
1142:are distributors of disinformation or "fake news".
982:β in-depth reporting that uncovers social problems.
4536:. Columbia Missouri: University of Missouri Press.
3763:"How Long Do You Go to School to Be a Journalist?"
3587:
3585:
3825:Davis "Buzz" Merritt; Maxwell E. McCombs (2014).
1689:tried and failed to sue newspapers for reporting
671:to at least some degree of accuracy. The word, a
5328:
4316:
4229:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
3749:The African American Newspaper: Voice of Freedom
3529:, "Northcliffe, Viscount." in John Ramsden, ed.
3089:"Azerbaijan: Crackdown on Critics Amid Pandemic"
762:In the US, many credible news organizations are
682:The appropriate role for journalism varies from
30:"Reportage" redirects here. For other uses, see
3582:
2037:Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe
1530:sponsored a highly successful women's magazine
1000:- conveys reporting about science to the public
4563:Shoemaker, Pamela J. and Akiba A. Cohen, eds.
4147:. Journalism.org. 19 June 2006. Archived from
939:Citizen journalism β participatory journalism.
4602:
2999:"Ethiopia: Free Speech at Risk Amid Covid-19"
2067:
1742:(1879β1940), the publisher and editor of the
738:. News organizations are challenged to fully
637:
4556:de Beer Arnold S. and John C. Merrill, eds.
4351:
3866:International Symposium on Online Journalism
3354:William Sloan and Julie Hedgepeth Williams,
3270:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
2118:, justifiable consequence, and the claim of
1772:Writing for experts or for ordinary citizens
1661:The late 19th and early 20th century in the
1492:overthrow of the old imperial regime in 1911
1237:for allegedly spreading fake news about the
4408:
3077:. Reporters Without Borders. 30 April 2020.
2813:Timberg, Craig; Romm, Tony (9 April 2018).
2812:
2189:Right to protect confidentiality of sources
1559:Alfred Harmsworth, 1st Viscount Northcliffe
1553:History of journalism in the United Kingdom
1428:, radical liberal publications such as the
1398:publications motivated support against the
780:Investigative Reporters & Editors, Inc.
4609:
4595:
4360:: 11 – via Academic Search Complete.
1888:Notably, in the American media landscape,
1438:would motivate people toward deposing the
1287:
1057:β the covering of wars and armed conflicts
644:
630:
4434:
3853:Journalism & Communication Monographs
3631:American Journalism: A History, 1690β1960
3397:(Cambridge University Press, 2002) p. 78.
2931:. Reporters Without Borders. 14 May 2020.
2763:"US election: Fake news becomes the news"
2698:Journalism & Communication Monographs
2453:
1704:
1103:. News cannot be regarded as "fake", but
950:is known as a pioneer of data journalism.
3889:
3887:
2695:
2594:
2155:
2139:
2062:
2054:Independent Press Standards Organisation
2043:, in particular in cases that are still
1977:
1918:
1861:
1775:
1584:was the first to report the outbreak of
919:
901:
857:
849:
4471:
4352:Wilson-Smith, Anthony (3 August 1998).
3687:A People's History of the United States
3460:Chronik der deutschen Sozialdemokratie.
2652:
2574:(2. ed., repr ed.). London: SAGE.
2496:
1967:
1930:
1693:in his handling of the purchase of the
1292:As mass-printing technologies like the
1158:The phrase was popularized and used by
27:Production of reports on current events
14:
5329:
4312:
4310:
4308:
3961:
3935:
3717:(1st ed.). London: Routiedge. p. 482.
2730:
2569:
1016:that reports on matters pertaining to
713:The proliferation of the Internet and
659:is the production and distribution of
4590:
4369:
4367:
3962:Seelye, Katharine Q. (20 June 2021).
3884:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2110:Journalism does not have a universal
1473:
5232:
4409:Gohdes, AR; Carey, SC (March 2017).
4373:
3760:
3715:The Media, Journalism, and Democracy
3633:(Macmillan, 3rd ed. 1962) pp. 603β05
3343:Cahiers du monde russe et sovietique
3201:
2367:
2365:
2307:
1233:journalists have been threatened or
4582:Society of Professional Journalists
4461:. Committee to Protect Journalists.
4305:
3369:Encyclopedia of American Journalism
3356:The early American press, 1690β1783
3191:from the original on 14 March 2022.
2602:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
2595:Corcoran, Mark (21 February 2012).
2572:Journalism: principles and practice
2256:List of journalists killed in India
1312:, is often recognized as the first
1248:signed into law a bill introducing
1244:On 4 March 2022, Russian President
776:Society of Professional Journalists
24:
4516:
4364:
3936:Bauder, David (18 November 2021).
3761:Rush, Morgan (28 September 2017).
3458:Franz Osterroth, Dieter Schuster:
2641:
2101:
1485:History of journalism Β§ China
1250:prison sentences of up to 15 years
25:
5348:
4571:
4265:"Brazil β FENAJ's Code of Ethics"
3295:. 14 October 2017. Archived from
2362:
2261:Attacks on RTI activists in India
1615:Politics and the English Language
1430:Rheinische Zeitung, Pesti HΓrlap,
1358:. Other governments, such as the
5309:
5292:
5275:
5258:
5241:
5213:
5201:
4549:Sterling, Christopher H. (ed.),
4465:
4191:(see item 12, "Discrimination")
3691:Harper Perennial Modern Classics
3111:Committee to Protect Journalists
2915:Committee to Protect Journalists
2146:imprisonment of their colleagues
1650:
1609:for seven years, and its editor
1546:
960:to capture journalistic footage.
772:American Society of News Editors
606:
56:
4451:
4402:
4345:
4286:
4270:(in Portuguese). Archived from
4257:
4238:
4201:
4182:
4163:
4137:
4115:
4079:
4053:
4031:
4005:
3989:
3955:
3929:
3907:
3879:Journal of Contemporary History
3871:
3858:
3845:
3818:
3805:
3780:
3754:
3741:
3728:
3703:
3676:
3649:
3636:
3623:
3610:
3566:
3548:
3543:Oxford Dictionary of Quotations
3536:
3516:
3507:
3494:
3481:
3474:(2003). "Print Media. France".
3465:
3452:
3439:
3426:
3413:
3400:
3387:
3374:
3361:
3348:
3335:
3303:
3281:
3255:
3242:
3232:
3214:
3195:
3173:
3155:
3137:
3117:
3099:
3081:
3067:
3047:
3027:
3009:
2991:
2975:. 20 April 2020. Archived from
2961:
2935:
2921:
2903:
2885:
2867:
2842:
2806:
2781:
2755:
2724:
2689:
2664:
2616:
2588:
2172:Journalists who elect to cover
2144:Turkish journalists protesting
2125:
1974:Journalism ethics and standards
1613:gave a copy of Orwell's essay "
1526:In addition to its daily paper
1112:2016 U.S. presidential election
1061:
742:their digital wing, as well as
4616:
4522:Hanitzsch, Thomas et al. eds.
3995:Thomas Hanitzsch, et al. eds.
3788:"2022 Best Journalism Schools"
3202:Weir, Fred (5 December 2022).
2741:10.1080/00947679.2015.12059127
2563:
2528:
2506:Visual Communication Quarterly
2490:
2447:
2422:
2401:
2379:
2349:
1857:
1734:(1865β1946), publisher of the
1718:(1870β1940), publisher of the
1685:as a legal norm, as President
1657:History of American journalism
1635:The first newspaper of India,
37:For the academic journal, see
13:
1:
4674:Pundit / commentator
4490:10.1080/17512786.2016.1179587
4472:Lashmar, Paul (3 July 2017).
4354:"The Conflict of Journalists"
3406:Keith Michael Baker, et al.,
2514:10.1080/15551393.2018.1498742
2342:
1831:
1169:In some countries, including
749:
667:of the day" and that informs
595:Pundit / commentator
4376:Journal of Mass Media Ethics
4331:10.1016/j.pubrev.2015.08.001
3478:. Retrieved 1 November 2014.
2597:"Drone journalism takes off"
2468:10.1080/17512786.2012.683273
2301:Ryerson Review of Journalism
2019:references in news based on
1631:History of Indian journalism
1506:History of French journalism
1271:
1094:
133:Index of journalism articles
7:
5179:List of journalism articles
4388:10.1207/s15327728jmme2001_2
2430:"What Is an Op-Ed Article?"
2223:
2215:ordered to can be found in
2068:
1960:80 percent worked full-time
1945:Mean years of experience:13
1726:(1863β1929), editor of the
1255:Russian invasion of Ukraine
10:
5353:
4551:Encyclopedia of journalism
3646:(3rd ed, 1962) pp. 605β08.
3250:Cambridge University Press
2710:10.1177/152263791101300302
2549:10.1177/073953299701800108
2537:Newspaper Research Journal
2434:The Balance Small Business
2357:10 Most Censored Countries
2287:Columbia Journalism Review
2280:American Journalism Review
2272:
2192:
2129:
2010:The Elements of Journalism
1971:
1923:Journalist interviewing a
1835:
1749:
1654:
1628:
1603:worked as a journalist at
1550:
1503:
1482:
1458:in Russia. Farther to the
1346:, other countries such as
1264:
1260:
831:
36:
32:Reportage (disambiguation)
29:
5176:
5128:
5055:
4860:
4762:
4684:
4624:
4532:Rodgers, Ronald R. 2018.
4415:Journal of Peace Research
4283:(see Article 6, item XIV)
4107:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
3831:. Routledge. p. 21.
3813:Social studies of science
3423:(Princeton, 1991), p. 99;
2246:List of journalism awards
2031:, and physical or mental
1755:Missouri in 1908. In the
1594:German invasion of Poland
1499:
618:Category: Journalism
4427:10.1177/0022343316680859
4195:14 December 2012 at the
4043:14 November 2012 at the
3252:, 2002. 212, 214, 216β17
2266:Journalistic objectivity
2041:presumption of innocence
1716:Robert Sengstacke Abbott
1624:
1478:
1452:Alexander II of Russia's
980:Investigative journalism
827:
756:Federal Trade Commission
736:television news channels
4634:Journalists (reporters)
4553:, *(6 vol, SAGE, 2009).
4319:Public Relations Review
2628:Encyclopædia Britannica
1842:Starting in the 1940s,
1828:starting in the 1950s.
1667:William Randolph Hearst
1308:, published in 1605 in
1288:Early modern newspapers
784:Online News Association
555:Journalists (reporters)
4748:Editorial independence
4459:"Press Freedom Online"
3900:26 August 2017 at the
3792:www.collegefactual.com
3476:Encyclopedia Americana
2653:Willnat, Lars (2014).
2508:. 25: 4 (4): 199β210.
2497:Thomson, T.J. (2018).
2409:"Standards and Ethics"
2236:Glossary of journalism
2205:confidential informant
2161:
2153:
2086:
2083:2021 Nobel Peace Prize
1987:
1927:
1870:
1784:
1705:African-American press
1638:Hicky's Bengal Gazette
1153:
974:Interactive journalism
966:β first championed by
928:
915:
878:
855:
123:Editorial independence
5104:Pink-slime journalism
5089:Horse race journalism
3747:Patrick S. Washburn,
2879:Amnesty International
2570:Harcup, Tony (2011).
2195:Protection of sources
2159:
2143:
2096:Chicago Daily Tribune
2066:
1981:
1922:
1865:
1779:
1757:History Of Journalism
1599:During World War II,
1483:Further information:
1267:History of journalism
1164:presidential campaign
1148:
923:
905:
861:
853:
804:, breaking news, and
764:incorporated entities
613:Journalism portal
476:Pink-slime journalism
461:Horse race journalism
5079:Freedom of the press
4578:Journalist's Toolbox
4298:26 June 2009 at the
4252:Principios Generales
4235:(section "Principi")
4176:26 June 2009 at the
3815:37.5 (2007): 759β80.
3734:Charles A. Simmons,
3709:Scammell, Margaret;
3616:Richard Lee Kaplan,
3504:83.2 (2010): 327β47.
3491:23#1 (1997) pp. 3β32
3380:Carol Sue Humphrey,
3278:(Paperback). p. xxi.
2251:Lists of journalists
2132:Freedom of the press
2092:Dewey Defeats Truman
1968:Ethics and standards
1931:Demographics in 2016
1899:non-profit newsrooms
1826:broadcast television
1798:community journalism
1701:and the government.
1683:freedom of the press
1456:parliamentary system
1448:The Russian Bulletin
1320:Freedom of the press
1253:connection with the
992:Political journalism
898:Broadcast journalism
881:Some forms include:
700:freedom of the press
451:Freedom of the press
39:Journalism (journal)
5141:Newspaper of record
4544:Index on Censorship
4478:Journalism Practice
3881:48.1 (2013): 78β97.
3644:American Journalism
3629:Frank Luther Mott,
3419:Sperber, Jonathan,
3393:Richard L. Kaplan,
2820:The Washington Post
2676:Pew Research Center
2456:Journalism Practice
2329:Journalism Practice
2231:Creative nonfiction
2180:between nations or
1590:The Daily Telegraph
1577:The Daily Telegraph
1426:Revolutions of 1848
1400:American Revolution
1326:, former editor of
1081:Pew Research Center
1072:citizen journalists
933:Business journalism
906:Journalists in the
892:Advocacy journalism
513:Newspaper of record
4277:on 3 October 2009.
3999:(2019) pp. 73β74.
3968:The New York Times
3855:1.1 (1999): 28β66.
3661:Empire of Illusion
3577:The New York Times
3562:. 10 January 2017.
3299:on 7 October 2011.
3228:. 3 February 2023.
3093:Human Rights Watch
3021:Human Rights Watch
3003:Human Rights Watch
2897:The Globe and Mail
2733:Journalism History
2624:"Gonzo Journalism"
2389:. 7 September 2017
2336:Journalism Studies
2315:Digital Journalism
2294:Health News Review
2162:
2154:
2152:, 10 December 2016
2087:
2029:sexual orientation
1988:
1928:
1906:citizen journalism
1871:
1809:Radio broadcasting
1785:
1765:journalism schools
1744:Pittsburgh Courier
1687:Theodore Roosevelt
1582:Clare Hollingworth
1524:Le Petit Parisien.
1474:Early 20th century
1282:Republic of Venice
1101:fake news websites
1033:Tabloid journalism
1027:Student journalism
998:Science journalism
968:Hunter S. Thompson
929:
916:
879:
856:
789:The New York Times
5189:
5188:
5167:Alternative media
5119:Yellow journalism
4753:Journalism school
4151:on 2 October 2013
3838:978-1-135-70471-1
3738:(McFarland, 2006)
3723:978-1-351-74711-0
3579:, 10 January 2017
3527:Colin Seymour-Ure
3445:Charles A. Ruus,
3371:(2008), pp. 17β21
3323:Missing or empty
2769:. 7 November 2016
2581:978-1-84787-250-0
2308:Academic journals
2217:contempt of court
1866:Journalists at a
1838:News broadcasting
1763:The top 5 ranked
1724:John Mitchell Jr.
1679:yellow journalism
1534:Another magazine
1408:French Revolution
1388:American Colonies
1340:Holy Roman Empire
1278:Han dynasty China
1239:COVID-19 pandemic
1049:Global journalism
1039:Yellow journalism
1010:Sports journalism
1004:Sensor journalism
886:Access journalism
867:building collapse
834:Journalism genres
696:freedom of speech
675:, applies to the
654:
653:
539:Alternative media
491:Yellow journalism
128:Journalism school
16:(Redirected from
5344:
5322:
5321:from Wikiversity
5314:
5313:
5312:
5305:
5297:
5296:
5295:
5288:
5280:
5279:
5278:
5271:
5263:
5262:
5261:
5254:
5246:
5245:
5244:
5234:
5218:
5217:
5216:
5206:
5205:
5204:
5197:
5114:Propaganda model
5109:Public relations
4611:
4604:
4597:
4588:
4587:
4510:
4509:
4469:
4463:
4462:
4455:
4449:
4448:
4438:
4406:
4400:
4399:
4371:
4362:
4361:
4349:
4343:
4342:
4314:
4303:
4290:
4284:
4282:
4278:
4276:
4269:
4261:
4255:
4246:
4242:
4236:
4234:
4228:
4220:
4218:
4216:
4205:
4199:
4186:
4180:
4172:(see clause 33)
4167:
4161:
4160:
4158:
4156:
4141:
4135:
4134:
4132:
4130:
4119:
4113:
4112:
4106:
4098:
4096:
4094:
4083:
4077:
4076:
4074:
4072:
4063:. Archived from
4057:
4051:
4035:
4029:
4028:
4026:
4024:
4019:on 25 March 2019
4009:
4003:
3993:
3987:
3986:
3984:
3982:
3959:
3953:
3952:
3950:
3948:
3933:
3927:
3926:
3924:
3922:
3911:
3905:
3891:
3882:
3875:
3869:
3862:
3856:
3849:
3843:
3842:
3822:
3816:
3809:
3803:
3802:
3800:
3798:
3784:
3778:
3777:
3775:
3773:
3758:
3752:
3745:
3739:
3732:
3726:
3707:
3701:
3680:
3674:
3653:
3647:
3640:
3634:
3627:
3621:
3614:
3608:
3607:
3605:
3603:
3589:
3580:
3570:
3564:
3563:
3552:
3546:
3540:
3534:
3520:
3514:
3511:
3505:
3498:
3492:
3485:
3479:
3469:
3463:
3456:
3450:
3443:
3437:
3432:Daniel Balmuth,
3430:
3424:
3417:
3411:
3404:
3398:
3391:
3385:
3378:
3372:
3365:
3359:
3352:
3346:
3339:
3333:
3332:
3326:
3321:
3319:
3311:
3307:
3301:
3300:
3285:
3279:
3259:
3253:
3246:
3240:
3236:
3230:
3229:
3226:The Moscow Times
3218:
3212:
3211:
3199:
3193:
3192:
3187:. 4 March 2022.
3177:
3171:
3170:
3169:. 18 April 2020.
3167:Voice of America
3159:
3153:
3152:
3151:. 16 April 2020.
3141:
3135:
3134:
3130:Voice of America
3121:
3115:
3114:
3103:
3097:
3096:
3095:. 16 April 2020.
3085:
3079:
3078:
3071:
3065:
3064:
3063:. 26 March 2020.
3051:
3045:
3044:
3043:. 22 April 2020.
3031:
3025:
3024:
3013:
3007:
3006:
2995:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2984:
2965:
2959:
2958:
2956:
2954:
2939:
2933:
2932:
2925:
2919:
2918:
2917:. 28 April 2020.
2907:
2901:
2900:
2889:
2883:
2882:
2871:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2860:
2846:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2835:
2810:
2804:
2803:
2801:
2799:
2785:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2774:
2759:
2753:
2752:
2728:
2722:
2721:
2693:
2687:
2686:
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2668:
2662:
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2659:
2650:
2639:
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2636:
2634:
2620:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2609:
2592:
2586:
2585:
2567:
2561:
2560:
2532:
2526:
2525:
2503:
2494:
2488:
2487:
2451:
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2444:
2442:
2440:
2426:
2420:
2419:
2417:
2415:
2405:
2399:
2398:
2396:
2394:
2383:
2377:
2376:
2369:
2360:
2353:
2241:Hallin's spheres
2150:Human Rights Day
2081:was awarded the
2077:editor-in-chief
2076:
2073:
1939:57 percent male;
1868:press conference
1791:and philosopher
1720:Chicago Defender
964:Gonzo journalism
954:Drone journalism
926:press conference
908:Radio-Canada/CBC
813:Robert McChesney
692:private industry
646:
639:
632:
611:
610:
609:
486:Propaganda model
481:Public relations
60:
46:
45:
21:
18:Print journalism
5352:
5351:
5347:
5346:
5345:
5343:
5342:
5341:
5327:
5326:
5325:
5315:
5310:
5308:
5298:
5293:
5291:
5281:
5276:
5274:
5264:
5259:
5257:
5253:from Wiktionary
5247:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5233:sister projects
5230:at Knowledge's
5224:
5214:
5212:
5202:
5200:
5192:
5190:
5185:
5172:
5171:
5170:
5124:
5123:
5122:
5051:
5050:
5049:
5011:Photojournalism
4880:Interventionism
4856:
4855:
4854:
4758:
4757:
4756:
4680:
4679:
4678:
4620:
4615:
4574:
4546:, 45(2), 22β27.
4519:
4517:Further reading
4514:
4513:
4470:
4466:
4457:
4456:
4452:
4407:
4403:
4372:
4365:
4350:
4346:
4315:
4306:
4302:(see clause 22)
4300:Wayback Machine
4291:
4287:
4280:
4274:
4267:
4263:
4262:
4258:
4244:
4243:
4239:
4222:
4221:
4214:
4212:
4207:
4206:
4202:
4197:Wayback Machine
4187:
4183:
4178:Wayback Machine
4168:
4164:
4154:
4152:
4143:
4142:
4138:
4128:
4126:
4121:
4120:
4116:
4100:
4099:
4092:
4090:
4085:
4084:
4080:
4070:
4068:
4059:
4058:
4054:
4045:Wayback Machine
4036:
4032:
4022:
4020:
4011:
4010:
4006:
3994:
3990:
3980:
3978:
3960:
3956:
3946:
3944:
3934:
3930:
3920:
3918:
3913:
3912:
3908:
3902:Wayback Machine
3892:
3885:
3876:
3872:
3863:
3859:
3850:
3846:
3839:
3823:
3819:
3810:
3806:
3796:
3794:
3786:
3785:
3781:
3771:
3769:
3759:
3755:
3746:
3742:
3733:
3729:
3708:
3704:
3693:, 2005. p. 671
3681:
3677:
3654:
3650:
3641:
3637:
3628:
3624:
3615:
3611:
3601:
3599:
3591:
3590:
3583:
3571:
3567:
3554:
3553:
3549:
3541:
3537:
3523:P. P. Catterall
3521:
3517:
3513:Hutton 2:692β94
3512:
3508:
3502:Pacific Affairs
3499:
3495:
3486:
3482:
3470:
3466:
3457:
3453:
3444:
3440:
3431:
3427:
3418:
3414:
3405:
3401:
3392:
3388:
3379:
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3366:
3362:
3353:
3349:
3340:
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3324:
3322:
3313:
3312:
3309:
3308:
3304:
3287:
3286:
3282:
3260:
3256:
3247:
3243:
3237:
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3220:
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3215:
3200:
3196:
3179:
3178:
3174:
3161:
3160:
3156:
3143:
3142:
3138:
3123:
3122:
3118:
3105:
3104:
3100:
3087:
3086:
3082:
3073:
3072:
3068:
3053:
3052:
3048:
3033:
3032:
3028:
3015:
3014:
3010:
2997:
2996:
2992:
2982:
2980:
2967:
2966:
2962:
2952:
2950:
2941:
2940:
2936:
2927:
2926:
2922:
2909:
2908:
2904:
2899:. 3 April 2020.
2891:
2890:
2886:
2873:
2872:
2868:
2858:
2856:
2848:
2847:
2843:
2833:
2831:
2811:
2807:
2797:
2795:
2787:
2786:
2782:
2772:
2770:
2761:
2760:
2756:
2729:
2725:
2694:
2690:
2680:
2678:
2670:
2669:
2665:
2657:
2651:
2642:
2632:
2630:
2622:
2621:
2617:
2607:
2605:
2593:
2589:
2582:
2568:
2564:
2543:(1β2): 86β102.
2533:
2529:
2501:
2495:
2491:
2462:(5β6): 614β26.
2452:
2448:
2438:
2436:
2428:
2427:
2423:
2413:
2411:
2407:
2406:
2402:
2392:
2390:
2385:
2384:
2380:
2371:
2370:
2363:
2354:
2350:
2345:
2310:
2275:
2270:
2226:
2201:confidentiality
2197:
2191:
2138:
2130:Main articles:
2128:
2112:code of conduct
2104:
2102:Codes of ethics
2094:edition of the
2074:
1976:
1970:
1933:
1860:
1848:John F. Kennedy
1840:
1834:
1816:, as radio and
1789:Walter Lippmann
1781:Walter Lippmann
1774:
1752:
1740:Robert Lee Vann
1732:Anthony Overton
1728:Richmond Planet
1707:
1671:Joseph Pulitzer
1659:
1653:
1633:
1627:
1555:
1549:
1513:First World War
1508:
1502:
1487:
1481:
1476:
1442:governments of
1418:Jean-Paul Marat
1413:L'Ami du peuple
1380:
1324:Alan Rusbridger
1290:
1274:
1269:
1263:
1144:Mark Zuckerberg
1120:Hillary Clinton
1097:
1064:
986:Photojournalism
944:Data journalism
842:", acting as a
836:
830:
802:feature stories
752:
650:
607:
605:
385:Photojournalism
254:Interventionism
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5350:
5340:
5339:
5324:
5323:
5306:
5304:from Wikiquote
5289:
5272:
5255:
5226:
5223:
5222:
5210:
5208:Current events
5187:
5186:
5177:
5174:
5173:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5134:
5133:
5132:
5130:
5126:
5125:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5060:
5059:
5057:
5053:
5052:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4991:New Journalism
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4961:Human-interest
4958:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4941:Digital/Online
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4873:
4868:
4867:
4866:
4864:
4858:
4857:
4853:
4848:
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4828:
4823:
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4803:
4798:
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4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4767:
4766:
4764:
4760:
4759:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4743:Sensationalism
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4712:code of ethics
4705:
4695:
4690:
4689:
4688:
4686:
4682:
4681:
4677:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4664:News presenter
4661:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4636:
4630:
4629:
4628:
4626:
4622:
4621:
4614:
4613:
4606:
4599:
4591:
4585:
4584:
4573:
4572:External links
4570:
4569:
4568:
4567:(2nd ed. 2005)
4561:
4560:(5th ed. 2008)
4554:
4547:
4540:
4537:
4530:
4518:
4515:
4512:
4511:
4484:(6): 665β688.
4464:
4450:
4401:
4363:
4344:
4304:
4285:
4281:(20.8 KB)
4256:
4254:, item 7, "a")
4237:
4200:
4181:
4162:
4136:
4114:
4078:
4067:on 5 June 2008
4052:
4030:
4004:
3988:
3954:
3928:
3906:
3883:
3870:
3857:
3844:
3837:
3817:
3804:
3779:
3753:
3740:
3727:
3713:(11/22/2017).
3711:Semetko, Holli
3702:
3675:
3665:Nation Books.
3648:
3635:
3622:
3609:
3581:
3565:
3547:
3535:
3533:(2002) p. 475.
3515:
3506:
3493:
3480:
3464:
3451:
3438:
3425:
3412:
3399:
3386:
3373:
3360:
3347:
3345:(1987): 127β44
3334:
3302:
3280:
3262:Brook, Timothy
3254:
3241:
3231:
3213:
3194:
3172:
3154:
3136:
3116:
3098:
3080:
3066:
3060:Balkan Insight
3046:
3026:
3008:
2990:
2979:on 21 May 2020
2960:
2934:
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2902:
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2780:
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2688:
2663:
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2527:
2489:
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2361:
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2269:
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2263:
2258:
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2248:
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2238:
2233:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2193:Main article:
2190:
2187:
2127:
2124:
2103:
2100:
2079:Dmitry Muratov
2017:discriminatory
1972:Main article:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1952:
1949:
1946:
1943:
1942:Mean age of 38
1940:
1932:
1929:
1859:
1856:
1836:Main article:
1833:
1830:
1773:
1770:
1751:
1748:
1706:
1703:
1655:Main article:
1652:
1649:
1629:Main article:
1626:
1623:
1569:Lord Salisbury
1551:Main article:
1548:
1545:
1504:Main article:
1501:
1498:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1444:Central Europe
1379:
1376:
1360:Russian Empire
1344:British Empire
1302:Johann Carolus
1294:printing press
1289:
1286:
1273:
1270:
1265:Main article:
1262:
1259:
1246:Vladimir Putin
1105:disinformation
1096:
1093:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1058:
1055:War journalism
1052:
1046:
1043:sensationalism
1036:
1030:
1024:
1007:
1001:
995:
989:
983:
977:
971:
961:
951:
941:
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895:
889:
832:Main article:
829:
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751:
748:
652:
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641:
634:
626:
623:
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621:
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592:
587:
585:News presenter
582:
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549:
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377:
372:
367:
365:New Journalism
362:
357:
352:
347:
342:
337:
335:Human-interest
332:
327:
322:
317:
315:Digital/Online
312:
307:
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137:
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125:
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118:Sensationalism
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
87:code of ethics
80:
70:
62:
61:
53:
52:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5349:
5338:
5335:
5334:
5332:
5320:
5319:
5307:
5303:
5302:
5290:
5287:from Wikinews
5286:
5285:
5273:
5269:
5268:
5256:
5252:
5251:
5239:
5238:
5235:
5229:
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5211:
5209:
5199:
5198:
5195:
5184:
5180:
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5168:
5165:
5163:
5162:News agencies
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5142:
5138:
5135:
5131:
5127:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5099:
5098:False balance
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5069:Fourth Estate
5067:
5065:
5062:
5058:
5056:Social impact
5054:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5016:Press release
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4976:Investigative
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4951:Fact-checking
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4916:Collaborative
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
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4877:
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4872:
4869:
4865:
4863:
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4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
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4822:
4819:
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4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
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4787:
4786:Entertainment
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4765:
4761:
4754:
4751:
4749:
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4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4713:
4709:
4706:
4703:
4699:
4698:Writing style
4696:
4694:
4691:
4687:
4683:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4659:Meteorologist
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4631:
4627:
4623:
4619:
4612:
4607:
4605:
4600:
4598:
4593:
4592:
4589:
4583:
4579:
4576:
4575:
4566:
4562:
4559:
4555:
4552:
4548:
4545:
4541:
4538:
4535:
4531:
4529:
4528:online review
4525:
4521:
4520:
4507:
4503:
4499:
4495:
4491:
4487:
4483:
4479:
4475:
4468:
4460:
4454:
4446:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4428:
4424:
4421:(2): 157β74.
4420:
4416:
4412:
4405:
4397:
4393:
4389:
4385:
4381:
4377:
4370:
4368:
4359:
4355:
4348:
4340:
4336:
4332:
4328:
4325:(1): 146β60.
4324:
4320:
4313:
4311:
4309:
4301:
4297:
4294:
4289:
4273:
4266:
4260:
4253:
4249:
4241:
4232:
4226:
4210:
4204:
4198:
4194:
4190:
4185:
4179:
4175:
4171:
4166:
4150:
4146:
4140:
4124:
4118:
4110:
4104:
4088:
4082:
4066:
4062:
4056:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4039:
4034:
4018:
4014:
4008:
4002:
3998:
3992:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3965:
3958:
3943:
3939:
3932:
3917:. 1 June 2017
3916:
3910:
3903:
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3896:
3890:
3888:
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3874:
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3861:
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3731:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3706:
3700:
3699:0-06-083865-5
3696:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3679:
3672:
3671:1-56858-613-2
3668:
3664:
3662:
3657:
3656:Hedges, Chris
3652:
3645:
3639:
3632:
3626:
3619:
3613:
3598:
3594:
3588:
3586:
3578:
3574:
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3468:
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3435:
3429:
3422:
3416:
3409:
3403:
3396:
3390:
3383:
3377:
3370:
3367:Vaughn, ed.,
3364:
3357:
3351:
3344:
3338:
3330:
3317:
3306:
3298:
3294:
3293:The Telegraph
3290:
3284:
3277:
3276:0-520-22154-0
3273:
3269:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3251:
3245:
3235:
3227:
3223:
3217:
3209:
3208:CSMonitor.com
3205:
3198:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3176:
3168:
3164:
3158:
3150:
3146:
3140:
3133:. 6 May 2020.
3132:
3131:
3126:
3120:
3113:. 5 May 2020.
3112:
3108:
3102:
3094:
3090:
3084:
3076:
3070:
3062:
3061:
3056:
3050:
3042:
3041:
3036:
3030:
3023:. 4 May 2020.
3022:
3018:
3012:
3005:. 6 May 2020.
3004:
3000:
2994:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2964:
2949:on 5 May 2020
2948:
2944:
2938:
2930:
2924:
2916:
2912:
2906:
2898:
2894:
2888:
2881:. 1 May 2020.
2880:
2876:
2870:
2855:
2851:
2845:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2821:
2816:
2809:
2794:
2790:
2784:
2768:
2764:
2758:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2727:
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2202:
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2166:
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2147:
2142:
2137:
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2123:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2108:
2099:
2097:
2093:
2084:
2080:
2072:
2071:
2070:Novaya Gazeta
2065:
2061:
2057:
2055:
2050:
2048:
2047:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2013:
2011:
2007:
2003:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1986:, in May 1994
1985:
1984:New York City
1980:
1975:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1953:
1950:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1936:
1926:
1921:
1917:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1902:
1900:
1895:
1891:
1886:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1869:
1864:
1855:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1844:United States
1839:
1829:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1810:
1806:
1805:
1801:
1799:
1794:
1790:
1782:
1778:
1769:
1766:
1761:
1758:
1747:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1712:
1702:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1663:United States
1658:
1651:United States
1648:
1646:
1645:
1644:lingua franca
1640:
1639:
1632:
1622:
1620:
1619:Robert McCrum
1616:
1612:
1608:
1607:
1602:
1601:George Orwell
1597:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1578:
1572:
1570:
1566:
1565:
1560:
1554:
1547:Great Britain
1544:
1543:
1539:
1538:
1533:
1532:Marie-Claire.
1529:
1525:
1521:
1520:
1515:
1514:
1507:
1497:
1494:
1493:
1486:
1471:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1436:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1414:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1375:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1336:
1335:Daily Courant
1331:
1330:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1285:
1283:
1279:
1268:
1258:
1256:
1251:
1247:
1242:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1203:Cote dβIvoire
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1167:
1165:
1161:
1156:
1152:
1147:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1082:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1002:
999:
996:
993:
990:
987:
984:
981:
978:
975:
972:
969:
965:
962:
959:
955:
952:
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942:
940:
937:
934:
931:
930:
927:
922:
913:
909:
904:
899:
896:
893:
890:
887:
884:
883:
882:
877:. March 2013.
876:
872:
871:Dar es Salaam
868:
864:
860:
852:
848:
845:
841:
840:fourth estate
835:
825:
822:
816:
814:
811:According to
809:
807:
803:
797:
795:
791:
790:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
760:
757:
747:
745:
741:
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733:
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725:
721:
716:
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709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
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678:
674:
670:
666:
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658:
647:
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640:
635:
633:
628:
627:
625:
624:
619:
616:
614:
604:
603:
602:
601:
596:
593:
591:
588:
586:
583:
581:
580:Meteorologist
578:
576:
573:
571:
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
552:
551:
550:
546:
545:
540:
537:
535:
534:News agencies
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
514:
510:
507:
506:
505:
504:
501:
498:
497:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
471:
470:False balance
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
441:Fourth Estate
439:
437:
434:
433:
432:
431:
428:Social impact
427:
426:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
390:Press release
388:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
368:
366:
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
350:Investigative
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
325:Fact-checking
323:
321:
318:
316:
313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
301:
298:
296:
293:
291:
290:Collaborative
288:
286:
283:
281:
278:
276:
273:
271:
268:
266:
263:
261:
258:
255:
251:
248:
246:
243:
242:
241:
240:
236:
235:
230:
227:
225:
222:
220:
217:
215:
212:
210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
172:
170:
167:
165:
164:Entertainment
162:
160:
157:
155:
152:
150:
147:
146:
145:
144:
140:
139:
134:
131:
129:
126:
124:
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116:
114:
111:
109:
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104:
101:
99:
96:
94:
91:
88:
84:
81:
78:
74:
73:Writing style
71:
69:
66:
65:
64:
63:
59:
55:
54:
51:
48:
47:
44:
40:
33:
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5270:from Commons
5265:
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5152:TV and radio
5084:Infotainment
5074:Fifth Estate
4971:Interpretive
4921:Comics-based
4669:Photographer
4617:
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4550:
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4533:
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4375:
4357:
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4288:
4272:the original
4259:
4251:
4245:(in Spanish)
4240:
4213:. Retrieved
4203:
4184:
4165:
4153:. Retrieved
4149:the original
4139:
4127:. Retrieved
4117:
4091:. Retrieved
4081:
4069:. Retrieved
4065:the original
4055:
4049:DOC version)
4033:
4021:. Retrieved
4017:the original
4007:
3996:
3991:
3979:. Retrieved
3967:
3957:
3945:. Retrieved
3941:
3931:
3919:. Retrieved
3909:
3878:
3873:
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3860:
3852:
3847:
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3812:
3807:
3795:. Retrieved
3791:
3782:
3770:. Retrieved
3767:Career Trend
3766:
3756:
3748:
3743:
3735:
3730:
3714:
3705:
3689:. New York:
3686:
3683:Zinn, Howard
3678:
3659:
3651:
3643:
3638:
3630:
3625:
3620:(2002) p. 76
3617:
3612:
3600:. Retrieved
3597:The Guardian
3596:
3576:
3568:
3559:
3550:
3542:
3538:
3530:
3518:
3509:
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3489:Modern China
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3297:the original
3292:
3283:
3265:
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3234:
3225:
3216:
3207:
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3185:Moscow Times
3184:
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3110:
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3069:
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2993:
2981:. Retrieved
2977:the original
2973:Market Watch
2972:
2963:
2951:. Retrieved
2947:the original
2937:
2923:
2914:
2905:
2896:
2887:
2878:
2869:
2857:. Retrieved
2853:
2844:
2832:. Retrieved
2818:
2808:
2796:. Retrieved
2792:
2783:
2771:. Retrieved
2766:
2757:
2732:
2726:
2701:
2697:
2691:
2681:30 September
2679:. Retrieved
2675:
2666:
2631:. Retrieved
2627:
2618:
2606:. Retrieved
2600:
2590:
2571:
2565:
2540:
2536:
2530:
2505:
2492:
2459:
2455:
2449:
2437:. Retrieved
2433:
2424:
2412:. Retrieved
2403:
2391:. Retrieved
2381:
2351:
2334:
2327:
2320:
2313:
2299:
2292:
2285:
2278:
2209:
2198:
2182:insurgencies
2171:
2167:
2163:
2126:Legal status
2109:
2105:
2088:
2058:
2051:
2044:
2033:disabilities
2014:
2009:
2004:
1992:truthfulness
1989:
1934:
1903:
1887:
1872:
1841:
1822:Soviet Union
1814:World War II
1807:
1803:
1802:
1786:
1762:
1753:
1727:
1708:
1699:corporations
1695:Panama Canal
1660:
1642:
1636:
1634:
1606:The Observer
1604:
1598:
1589:
1586:World War II
1575:
1573:
1562:
1556:
1541:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1517:
1511:
1509:
1490:
1488:
1447:
1440:aristocratic
1435:Morgenbladet
1433:
1429:
1416:, edited by
1411:
1392:Thomas Paine
1381:
1333:
1329:The Guardian
1327:
1318:
1305:
1298:Ming dynasty
1291:
1275:
1243:
1168:
1160:Donald Trump
1157:
1154:
1149:
1109:
1098:
1089:
1085:
1068:social media
1066:The rise of
1065:
1062:Social media
1022:competitions
910:newsroom in
880:
837:
817:
810:
798:
787:
761:
753:
712:
681:
656:
655:
590:Photographer
524:TV and radio
456:Infotainment
446:Fifth Estate
345:Interpretive
295:Comics-based
49:
43:
5250:Definitions
5031:Underground
4946:Explanatory
4871:Adversarial
4836:Video games
4791:Environment
4733:Attribution
4728:News values
4723:Objectivity
4654:Copy editor
4215:24 December
4155:23 February
4001:see excerpt
3868:1#2 (2011).
3472:John Tebbel
2859:26 November
2116:credibility
2006:Bill Kovach
2000:objectivity
1883:smartphones
1858:Digital age
1736:Chicago Bee
1675:advertising
1611:David Astor
1316:in Europe.
1227:Philippines
1162:during his
1020:topics and
768:advertising
724:smartphones
715:smartphones
708:libel cases
702:as well as
575:Copy editor
405:Underground
320:Explanatory
245:Adversarial
214:Video games
169:Environment
108:Attribution
103:News values
98:Objectivity
5337:Journalism
5301:Quotations
5228:Journalism
5220:Journalism
5137:Newspapers
5129:News media
5094:Media bias
4996:Non-profit
4981:Multimedia
4901:Churnalism
4826:Technology
4738:Defamation
4685:Profession
4618:Journalism
4023:2 December
3797:12 October
3772:12 October
3325:|url=
3264:. (1998).
2704:(3): 137.
2633:14 October
2343:References
2322:Journalism
2176:, whether
2046:sub judice
1832:Television
1793:John Dewey
1691:corruption
1564:Daily Mail
1528:Paris Soir
1519:Paris Soir
1356:censorship
1310:Strasbourg
1215:Azerbaijan
1211:Kazakhstan
1207:Montenegro
1183:Bangladesh
1116:Conspiracy
1076:microblogs
948:ProPublica
750:Production
728:newspapers
688:news media
677:occupation
657:Journalism
509:Newspapers
500:News media
466:Media bias
370:Non-profit
355:Multimedia
275:Churnalism
204:Technology
113:Defamation
50:Journalism
5318:Resources
5147:Magazines
5064:Fake news
4986:Narrative
4966:Immersion
4926:Community
4896:Broadcast
4639:Columnist
4506:147752393
4498:1751-2786
4396:144636048
4358:Maclean's
4339:0363-8111
3976:0362-4331
2829:0190-8286
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2718:146669105
2557:107456650
2522:149906671
2484:149010028
2476:1751-2786
2174:conflicts
2136:Media law
1925:cosplayer
1890:newsrooms
1879:e-readers
1818:newsreels
1468:communist
1464:socialist
1364:Amsterdam
1314:newspaper
1300:in 1582.
1272:Antiquity
1223:Singapore
1095:Fake news
956:β use of
806:hard news
782:, or the
744:improvise
732:magazines
720:e-readers
560:Columnist
519:Magazines
436:Fake news
360:Narrative
340:Immersion
300:Community
270:Broadcast
5331:Category
5181:–
5157:Internet
5046:Watchdog
4936:Database
4891:Blogging
4886:Analytic
4876:Advocacy
4811:Politics
4801:Medicine
4776:Business
4445:28546646
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4296:Archived
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4041:Archived
3898:Archived
3658:(2009).
3560:BBC News
3316:cite web
3189:Archived
3149:ABC News
2767:BBC News
2608:25 March
2224:See also
2120:humanity
2025:religion
1996:accuracy
1875:Internet
1580:in 1939
1450:praised
1422:Napoleon
1404:partisan
1396:loyalist
1394:, while
1342:and the
1235:arrested
1219:Malaysia
1195:Ethiopia
1151:privacy.
1132:Facebook
1107:rather.
1018:sporting
914:, Canada
912:Montreal
875:Tanzania
844:watchdog
794:rigorous
740:monetize
529:Internet
420:Watchdog
310:Database
265:Blogging
260:Analytic
250:Advocacy
189:Politics
179:Medicine
154:Business
5194:Portals
5183:Outline
5026:Tabloid
5001:Opinion
4906:Citizen
4846:Weather
4831:Traffic
4816:Science
4796:Fashion
4718:Culture
4702:Five Ws
4644:Blogger
4580:by the
4526:(2019)
4436:5427995
4129:1 March
4093:1 March
4071:1 March
3981:25 July
3947:25 July
3942:AP News
3751:(2006).
3673:p. 146.
3602:19 July
3545:(1975).
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3410:(1989).
2273:Reviews
2212:federal
1910:YouTube
1783:in 1914
1750:College
1410:, with
1384:liberal
1352:Prussia
1261:History
1231:Somalia
1191:Nigeria
1136:Twitter
1014:writing
704:slander
684:country
669:society
661:reports
565:Blogger
400:Tabloid
375:Opinion
280:Citizen
224:Weather
209:Traffic
194:Science
174:Fashion
93:Culture
77:Five Ws
5041:Visual
5021:Sensor
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1124:Denver
958:drones
774:, the
570:Editor
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395:Sensor
237:Genres
199:Sports
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5267:Media
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5006:Peace
4956:Gonzo
4911:Civic
4851:World
4806:Music
4763:Areas
4625:Roles
4502:S2CID
4392:S2CID
4275:(PDF)
4268:(PDF)
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2393:1 May
1914:blogs
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863:Photo
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2178:wars
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