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the 16th century due to the lack of prisoner care and the mass spread of sickness. It was the 17th century when the
Bridewell was created and had the main focus on inmate training and education. All within this time, the prisons introduced staffing to create a steadier system. As the 18th century approached, prisoners were forced into hard and manual labor that lasted from morning to dawn. English philosopher Jeremey Bentham introduced a utilitarianism theory to help create more of a moral standard for the treatment and rehabilitation of inmates. His idea was to bring the understanding that inmates were rehabilitable. He wanted to introduce ethical thinking and proper decision-making into the inmate's life's in hopes they could rejoin society.
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to spend large amounts of time doing nothing rather than becoming engaged in an activity. The amount of resources continues to reduce as more prisoners are admitted, and social support services become more limited. With a small amount of space and resources within the prisons, prisoners progress more slowly through the steps to release, and their numbers accumulate more quickly. The combination of those two factors could lead to the prison system slowing down, and prisoners' progress would also begin to move slowly. If the prisoners' progress is slowed, then their exit is slowed as well. This will heavily increase overcrowding and results in a facility reaching maximum capacity at a faster rate.
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projected population of 24,261” (p. 5). Overcrowding in prisons is often due to recidivism. One contributing factor to prison overcrowding is parolees who re-offend by violating their parole supervision. Colorado saw an increase of 8% from the fiscal year 2017 to the fiscal year 2018 for parolees who returned to prison for technical parole violations (Colorado
Division of Criminal Justice, 2019, p. 15). A possible solution for, “What would it take to reduce overcrowding in Colorado Prisons?”, is the implementation of technological systems. Technological systems involve the use of
249:, or good behavior, which are also referred to as "backdoor strategies" in that it strives to release prisoners earlier than their sentence expiration. In addition, the construction strategy is a good alternative to prison overcrowding. This comprises building more prisons for more prison admissions. Furthermore, more space would equal better conditions for inmates because there would be more resources left to distribute within the inmates. These alternatives would save tax dollar money and lessen conflicts within the criminal justice system.
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141:. Within that total, approximately $ 81 billion is spent on public corrections agencies and about $ 63 billion on policing. Much of this money is given to the staff to supervise large numbers of inmates for long periods of time. For example, in the state of Alabama, it's possible to witness a correctional officer supervising up to 250–300 high-risk offenders for an extended period of time. These circumstances can result in the increase of
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overcrowding problems within the state's corrections department. After the death of Floyd, more than 100 officers retired early or quit because of the increased dangers of working at Vaughn, thus leading to low staffing levels. Furthermore, by the end of 2010, California's prison facilities contained on average 175 percent over the required capacity, leading to the triple-bunking of prisoners. During the 2011 U.S. Supreme Court decision
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facilities. In addition, Alabama expanded alternative sentencing options that consisted of community and rehabilitative programs primarily for nonviolent offenders who have drug/substance abuse addictions. On the other hand, California initiated the transfer of approximately 33,000 nonviolent offenders from state to county jails in 2011, leading to an increase in early releases. The
49:. On the other hand, the Justice Department provides billions of dollars a year for state and local law enforcement to ensure they follow the policies set forth by the federal government concerning U.S. prisons. Prison overcrowding has affected some states more than others, but overall, the risks of overcrowding are substantial and there are solutions to this problem.
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the time Nixon's act was introduced, another act was put in place allowing an individual to have two convictions with a serious felony, then placed in prison for life. Within the Three Strike Law, there was a 28 increase percent between 1977 and 1997, peaking at 758 offenses per 100,000 residents in 1991 and 1992
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not only by physical/mental torture, cruelty, or inhumanity but also by overcrowding of the prison cells with the arrested activists and rights defenders, despite the Covid-19 pandemic. According to the concerned
Amnesty spokesperson, Philip Luther, the Egyptian prison authorities showed no regard to
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Technological systems would aid parole officers in monitoring the parolees’ locations and actions. Bagaric, Hunter, and Wolf (2018) explain that, “If they attempt to escape, commit harmful acts, or disable or remove their body sensors, the computers monitoring the events will instantly activate the
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Prison overcrowding could create a range of consequences that have become prevalent in the world today. First, prison overcrowding could affect resources per prisoner. The more inmates that are admitted, the fewer resources there are to distribute. Due to the lack of resources, inmates may be forced
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Colorado is one of the many states dealing with the prison overcrowding issue. According to the
Colorado Division of Criminal Justice (2019), “The Colorado prison population is expected to increase by 20.5% between fiscal years 2018 and 2025, from an actual year-end inmate population of 20,136 to a
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As the Great
Depression hit, the crime rates increased due to individuals having to commit crimes for survival. Although there were still rising numbers of incarcerations from 1929–to 1970, the prison population increased dramatically when Nixon's War on Drugs called for mandatory sentencing. Around
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is when the interaction between the offender and the victim aids in the healing of the victim and the community. This, along with other therapeutic approaches would be more effective than retribution. Other diversion programs consist of intermediate sanctions, such as fines, probation, restitution,
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It was estimated in 2018 that there were a total of 2.3 million inmates incarcerated. Around 1.3 million of those inmates were incarcerated within the State Prison systems. The U.S. incarceration rate is twice that of China, and is at 103.9% of capacity. In comparison, Haiti is the most overcrowded
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The prison system started in Europe in the 16th century. The main focus of imprisonment at this time was for temporary holding before trials. Despite the crime committed, all assumed criminals were confined in cells with one another, even children. There were many deaths within the prison system in
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can aid in prisoners avoiding prison entry. Diversion programs are programs that divert, or turn prisoners away from prison time. This could also free up much space within the prisons and prevent faster maximum capacity. More programs that take on rehabilitative and restorative approaches are also
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One solution the state of
Alabama used to alleviate its prison overcrowding issues was the use of leased beds in 2008. Inmates were housed inside of leased facilities that had a strict capacity requirement under federal court order, which helped to reduce overcrowding within the main correctional
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correctional center in
Delaware were involved in the hostage of four correctional officers. This resulted in the murder of Lt. Steven Floyd and the injury of many others. Vaughn is Delaware's largest prison, and has been under much scrutiny for years; however, nothing has been done about the
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Although offenders are being released, most have not received proper rehabilitation tactics to keep them from committing another crime. This often leads reoccurring offenders back into the prison system. There has been an increase in waitlisted or lack of specialized programs (drug, alcohol,
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Technological systems are estimated to be less expensive than housing inmates in prison facilities. The
Federal Register of the United States reports the average cost for incarceration of federal inmates was $ 36,299.25 for fiscal year 2017. This breaks down to $ 99.45 per
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Another alternative to prison overcrowding is the use of early release incentives. These are ways to encourage the reduction of prison populations, while motivating the prisoners who are eligible for early release programs. Some early release incentives may include:
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intoxicated driving courses) that allow inmates to have the proper rehabilitation. Some crimes are just simply not given the option for parole, which holds inmates in the system for an extended time or even life.
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Bagaric, Hunter, and Wolf (2018) estimate, “An ongoing cost of technological incarceration of between $ 10,000 and $ 15,000 per annum per prisoner, including amortization of the initial development costs”
45:, the states were left responsible for solving the prison overcrowding issue with a limited amount of money. Moreover, federal prison populations may increase if states adhere to federal policies, such as
137:. The amount of money spent on mass incarceration annually could be allocated to other areas of need, such as public safety or the reduction of crime. Every year, $ 182 billion is spent on
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Newman, William J, and
Charles L Scott. "Brown v. Plata: Prison Overcrowding in California." The Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law 40.4 (2012): 547-552. Web.
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rights. Overcrowding in those prisons caused inmates to receive poor medical and mental health care, not including the inhumane conditions due to lack of resources and space.
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the wellbeing or lives of the prisoners and crammed them all into the country’s already overcrowded prisons, ignoring their health requirements. According to the report “
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In addition to
Alabama, Delaware, and California are also great examples of shown consequences due to prison overcrowding. In February 2017, a group of inmates from the
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Bagaric, M., Hunter, D., & Wolf, G. (2018). Technological incarceration and the end of the prison crisis. Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology, 108(1), 73-135.
182:”, despite overcrowding, the prisoners received no medication or toiletries from the prison authorities and had to rely on their visiting family members for the same.
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CEDs embedded in their ankle bracelets to administer the electric shock” (p. 109). Law enforcement would immediately be notified so the situation can be assessed.
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159:, the California prison system held about 156,000 inmates, which was twice as many as the requirement of approximately 85,000 maximum capacity. In a ruling of
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Pitts, James M.A.; Griffin, O. Hayden; Johnson, W. Wesley (2 January 2014). "Contemporary prison overcrowding: short-term fixes to a perpetual problem".
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has also made the efforts of reallocating parolees and inmates safely to other areas to maintain the mandatory population levels within the facilities.
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Pitts, James M. A.; Griffin, III, O. Hayden; Johnson, W. Wesley (2013). "Contemporary prison overcrowding: short-term fixes to a perpetual problem".
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One way to manage populations within the prison system would be to prevent new crimes from being committed. Some alternatives include:
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Findings resulting from the research conducted suggest that technological systems are a viable solution for prison overcrowding:
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Alternative programs that provide mental health services, drug diversion programs, or house arrest (especially for minor crimes)
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145:. In 2011, there was an approximately 40% increase from the prior year in inmate violence that lead to some serious injuries.
41:. The issues associated with prison overcrowding are not new, and have been brewing for many years. During the United States'
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Colorado Division of Criminal Justice. (2019a, b). Adult and juvenile correctional populations forecasts. Retrieved from
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Clements, Carl B. (January 1982). "The Relationship of Offender Classification to the Problems of Prison Overcrowding".
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Carson, A.E.. (30 September 2014). Prisoners in 2013 - Bureau of Justice Statistics. Retrieved 20 February 2018, from
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https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2018/04/30/2018-09062/annual-determination-of-average-cost-of-incarceration
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Colorado Division of Criminal Justice. (2019). Adult and juvenile correctional populations forecasts. Retrieved from
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Despite its risks and consequences, prison overcrowding can be solved in many different ways. First, the use of
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Impact of Three Strikes and Truth in Sentencing on the Volume and Composition of Correctional Populations
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Federal Register. (2018). The daily journal of the United States government. Retrieved from
487:"History of Corrections & its Impact on Modern Concepts - Video & Lesson Transcript"
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Tackling Prison Overcrowding: Build More Prisons? Sentence Fewer Offenders? - Google Books
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What do I care if you die? Negligence and denial of health care in the Egyptian prisons
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This proposed solution would be applied to individuals who commit non-violent crimes.
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When the number of prisoners in a society exceeds the capacity of prisons
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is a social phenomenon occurring when the demand for space in a U.S.
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Association for the Protection and Assistance of the Convicted
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The rise of overcrowding has resulted in many issues such as:
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462:"Underfunded, Overcrowded State Prisons Struggle With Reform"
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Releasing those that have committed crimes that are now legal
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623:"Infographic: The World's Most Overcrowded Prison Systems"
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Hough, Mike; Allen, Rob; Solomon, Enver (28 August 2007).
923:"Alternatives to Incarceration: Programs & Treatment"
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California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation
818:"A State of Emergency in Alabama: Prison Overcrowding"
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https://cdpsdocs.state.co.us/ors/data/PPP/2019_PPP.pdf
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https://cdpsdocs.state.co.us/ors/data/PPP/2019_PPP.pdf
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reported on 25 January 2021 the abuse of prisoners in
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232:needed to divert offenders from prison admission.
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783:"Following the Money of Mass Incarceration"
116:Increase in individual mental health issues
2198:http://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/p13.pdf
1798:International Network of Prison Ministries
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113:Increased gang activity within the prisons
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2212:Incarceration rates in the United States
1624:Mentally ill people in the United States
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598:"Mass Incarceration: The Whole Pie 2018"
572:"Mass Incarceration: The Whole Pie 2018"
559:. U.S. Department of Justice. p. 1.
31:Prison overcrowding in the United States
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298:List of countries by incarceration rate
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133:Prison overcrowding comes with an
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526:"A Brief History of the Drug War"
293:List of Connecticut state prisons
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781:Peter Wagner; Bernadette Rabuy.
358:List of Washington state prisons
288:List of California state prisons
200:Increasing the chances of parole
1948:Countries by incarceration rate
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338:List of Oklahoma state prisons
333:List of New York state prisons
323:List of Nebraska state prisons
318:List of Michigan state prisons
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460:Galvin, Gaby (26 July 2017).
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303:List of Florida state prisons
283:List of Arizona state prisons
273:List of Alabama state prisons
1840:Prison Advice and Care Trust
1000:10.1080/10282580.2014.883844
686:10.1080/10282580.2014.883844
596:Peter Wagner; Wendy Sawyer.
570:Peter Wagner; Wendy Sawyer.
550:Chen, Elsa (March 6, 2001).
512:"Jeremy Bentham (1748—1832)"
328:List of Nevada state prisons
308:List of Hawaii state prisons
278:List of Alaska state prisons
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674:Contemporary Justice Review
348:List of Texas state prisons
313:List of Idaho state prisons
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1962:Films featuring prisons
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66:Comparative statistics
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627:Statista Infographics
378:Prisons in California
373:Prisons in California
197:Building more prisons
171:Amnesty International
87:electronic monitoring
2031:Ireland, Republic of
1721:Solitary confinement
1282:Prisoner-of-war camp
787:www.prisonpolicy.org
602:www.prisonpolicy.org
576:www.prisonpolicy.org
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368:Mandatory sentencing
1898:Prison Reform Trust
234:Restorative justice
18:Prison overcrowding
1905:WriteAPrisoner.com
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1217:Extermination camp
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268:Attica Prison riot
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139:mass incarceration
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878:. 25 January 2021
629:. 30 January 2018
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143:prisoner violence
122:Spread of disease
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564:
556:
548:
544:
534:
532:
524:
523:
519:
510:
509:
505:
495:
493:
485:
484:
480:
470:
468:
458:
441:
431:
429:
427:
411:
407:
402:
397:
393:Supermax prison
263:
188:
150:James T. Vaughn
119:Violence/Racism
104:
95:
82:
77:
68:
55:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2230:
2220:
2219:
2214:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2187:
2175:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2155:
2148:
2147:
2146:
2139:
2132:
2125:
2113:
2106:
2099:
2098:
2097:
2083:
2076:
2069:
2062:
2055:
2048:
2041:
2034:
2027:
2020:
2013:
2006:
1999:
1992:
1985:
1977:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1965:
1958:
1951:
1943:
1941:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1933:
1926:
1923:Rehabilitation
1918:
1916:
1915:Leaving prison
1912:
1911:
1909:
1908:
1901:
1894:
1887:
1880:
1873:
1864:
1857:
1850:
1843:
1836:
1829:
1822:
1815:
1808:
1805:Justice Action
1801:
1794:
1787:
1784:Black and Pink
1780:
1771:
1769:
1765:
1764:
1762:
1761:
1760:
1759:
1745:
1738:
1731:
1724:
1717:
1710:
1703:
1702:
1701:
1687:
1686:
1685:
1671:
1664:
1663:
1662:
1648:
1641:
1634:
1627:
1620:
1613:
1606:
1599:
1592:
1591:
1590:
1575:
1573:
1569:
1568:
1566:
1565:
1558:
1551:
1544:
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1542:
1535:
1521:
1520:
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1505:
1498:
1490:
1488:
1484:
1483:
1480:
1479:
1477:
1476:
1469:
1468:
1467:
1457:Prison escapes
1452:
1450:
1444:
1443:
1441:
1440:
1433:
1426:
1419:
1412:
1405:
1398:
1391:
1384:
1377:
1369:
1367:
1363:
1362:
1360:
1359:
1352:
1345:
1338:
1331:
1324:
1316:
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1310:
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1307:
1306:
1299:
1292:
1285:
1278:
1271:
1264:
1263:
1262:
1255:
1241:
1234:
1227:
1220:
1213:
1206:
1199:
1191:
1189:
1182:
1176:
1175:
1173:
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1165:
1158:
1151:
1144:
1137:
1130:
1123:
1115:
1113:
1107:
1106:
1104:
1103:
1096:
1089:
1082:
1075:
1067:
1065:
1061:
1060:
1053:
1052:
1045:
1038:
1030:
1022:
1021:
994:(1): 124–139.
963:
951:
939:
914:
889:
863:
849:
799:
770:
724:
699:
664:
652:
640:
614:
588:
562:
542:
517:
503:
478:
439:
425:
404:
403:
401:
398:
396:
395:
390:
388:Private prison
385:
380:
375:
370:
365:
360:
355:
350:
345:
340:
335:
330:
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320:
315:
310:
305:
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295:
290:
285:
280:
275:
270:
264:
262:
259:
225:
224:
220:
219:(p. 121).
216:
212:
205:
204:
201:
198:
195:
187:
184:
161:Brown v. Plata
156:Brown v. Plata
127:
126:
123:
120:
117:
114:
111:
103:
100:
94:
91:
81:
78:
76:
73:
67:
64:
54:
53:Prison history
51:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2229:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2200:
2199:
2185:
2176:
2173:
2164:
2163:
2160:
2153:
2152:United States
2149:
2144:
2140:
2137:
2133:
2130:
2126:
2123:
2119:
2118:
2114:
2111:
2107:
2104:
2100:
2095:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2084:
2081:
2077:
2074:
2070:
2067:
2063:
2060:
2056:
2053:
2049:
2046:
2042:
2039:
2035:
2032:
2028:
2025:
2021:
2018:
2014:
2011:
2007:
2004:
2000:
1997:
1993:
1990:
1986:
1983:
1979:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1970:
1963:
1959:
1956:
1952:
1949:
1945:
1944:
1942:
1938:
1931:
1927:
1924:
1920:
1919:
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1913:
1906:
1902:
1899:
1895:
1892:
1888:
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1862:
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1834:
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1827:
1823:
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1788:
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1777:
1773:
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1770:
1768:Organizations
1766:
1757:
1756:United States
1753:
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1746:
1743:
1739:
1736:
1732:
1729:
1725:
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1718:
1715:
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1698:United States
1695:
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1688:
1683:
1682:United States
1679:
1678:
1676:
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1669:
1665:
1660:
1659:United States
1656:
1655:
1653:
1649:
1646:
1642:
1639:
1635:
1632:
1631:Mobile phones
1628:
1625:
1621:
1618:
1614:
1611:
1607:
1604:
1600:
1597:
1593:
1588:
1587:United States
1584:
1583:
1581:
1577:
1576:
1574:
1572:Social issues
1570:
1563:
1559:
1556:
1552:
1549:
1545:
1540:
1536:
1533:
1529:
1528:
1526:
1522:
1517:
1516:United States
1513:
1512:
1510:
1506:
1503:
1499:
1496:
1492:
1491:
1489:
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1474:
1470:
1465:
1461:
1460:
1458:
1454:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1445:
1438:
1434:
1431:
1430:Trusty system
1427:
1424:
1420:
1417:
1413:
1410:
1406:
1403:
1399:
1396:
1392:
1389:
1385:
1382:
1378:
1375:
1371:
1370:
1368:
1364:
1357:
1353:
1350:
1346:
1343:
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1336:
1332:
1329:
1325:
1322:
1318:
1317:
1315:
1311:
1304:
1300:
1297:
1293:
1290:
1286:
1283:
1279:
1276:
1272:
1269:
1265:
1260:
1256:
1253:
1249:
1248:
1246:
1242:
1239:
1235:
1232:
1228:
1225:
1221:
1218:
1214:
1211:
1207:
1204:
1200:
1197:
1193:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1177:
1170:
1166:
1163:
1159:
1156:
1152:
1149:
1145:
1142:
1138:
1135:
1131:
1128:
1124:
1121:
1117:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1108:
1101:
1097:
1094:
1090:
1087:
1083:
1080:
1076:
1073:
1069:
1068:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1057:Incarceration
1051:
1046:
1044:
1039:
1037:
1032:
1031:
1028:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
982:
980:
978:
976:
974:
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968:
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949:
943:
928:
924:
918:
903:
899:
893:
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873:
867:
858:
856:
854:
845:
841:
836:
831:
827:
823:
819:
812:
810:
808:
806:
804:
788:
784:
777:
775:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
731:
729:
713:
709:
703:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
668:
662:
656:
650:
644:
628:
624:
618:
603:
599:
592:
577:
573:
566:
555:
554:
546:
531:
527:
521:
513:
507:
492:
488:
482:
467:
463:
456:
454:
452:
450:
448:
446:
444:
428:
426:9781847421104
422:
418:
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210:
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176:
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146:
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99:
90:
88:
72:
63:
59:
50:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
19:
2195:
2087:Soviet Union
1930:Work release
1891:Prison Radio
1867:
1638:Overcrowding
1321:House arrest
1275:Penal colony
991:
987:
942:
930:. Retrieved
926:
917:
905:. Retrieved
901:
892:
880:. Retrieved
875:
866:
825:
821:
790:. Retrieved
786:
743:(1): 72–81.
740:
736:
715:. Retrieved
711:
702:
677:
673:
667:
655:
643:
631:. Retrieved
626:
617:
605:. Retrieved
601:
591:
579:. Retrieved
575:
565:
552:
545:
533:. Retrieved
529:
520:
506:
494:. Retrieved
490:
481:
469:. Retrieved
465:
430:. Retrieved
415:
408:
251:
247:house arrest
239:
226:
206:
189:
179:
169:
160:
154:
147:
132:
128:
125:Staff stress
105:
96:
83:
69:
60:
56:
43:War on Drugs
30:
29:
2059:North Korea
2052:New Zealand
1645:Pay-to-stay
1072:Criminology
932:25 February
792:26 November
717:25 February
680:: 124–139.
633:13 February
607:13 February
581:13 February
535:13 February
496:13 February
471:21 November
383:Prison riot
89:bracelets.
71:at 454.4%.
2206:Categories
1973:By country
1610:Informants
1525:Literature
1464:Helicopter
1423:Sally port
1388:Commissary
1366:Components
1259:Chain gang
1245:Labor camp
1231:Internment
1196:Black site
1093:Punishment
907:25 January
882:25 January
432:13 October
400:References
1982:Australia
1714:Sexuality
1603:Education
1562:Tattooing
1356:Death row
1252:Battalion
1111:Prisoners
1016:145136375
1008:1028-2580
927:Study.com
844:2158-2440
822:SAGE Open
765:144911740
757:0011-1287
694:145136375
491:Study.com
186:Solutions
39:prisoners
2143:Scotland
1778:(Brazil)
1742:Violence
1691:Religion
1532:American
1381:Cemetery
1349:Supermax
1268:Military
1210:Debtors'
1134:Detainee
1127:Criminal
1079:Penology
261:See also
80:Colorado
2184:Commons
2122:Bermuda
2110:Ukraine
2038:Jamaica
2017:Iceland
2010:Germany
2003:Estonia
1955:Prisons
1735:Suicide
1728:Strikes
1487:Culture
1416:Officer
1409:Nursery
1402:Library
1289:Private
1180:Prisons
1141:Hostage
1120:Convict
1064:Science
466:US News
2217:Crowds
2103:Turkey
2080:Russia
2066:Norway
1448:Escape
1437:Warden
1238:Island
1014:
1006:
842:
763:
755:
692:
423:
243:parole
93:Causes
75:States
35:prison
2094:Gulag
2045:Japan
2024:India
1996:China
1989:Chile
1940:Lists
1707:Riots
1580:Abuse
1555:Slang
1539:Blogs
1188:Types
1169:Slave
1012:S2CID
761:S2CID
690:S2CID
557:(PDF)
175:Egypt
102:Risks
2073:Peru
1675:Rape
1617:LGBT
1548:Ring
1509:Gang
1502:Film
1395:Food
1374:Cell
1335:Open
1296:Ship
1224:Farm
1004:ISSN
934:2019
909:2021
884:2021
840:ISSN
794:2019
753:ISSN
719:2019
635:2019
609:2019
583:2019
537:2019
498:2019
473:2019
434:2013
421:ISBN
215:day.
1826:POA
1495:Art
996:doi
830:doi
745:doi
682:doi
2208::
1010:.
1002:.
992:17
990:.
966:^
954:^
925:.
900:.
874:.
852:^
838:.
824:.
820:.
802:^
785:.
773:^
759:.
751:.
741:28
739:.
727:^
710:.
688:.
678:17
676:.
625:.
600:.
574:.
528:.
489:.
464:.
442:^
245:,
1049:e
1042:t
1035:v
1018:.
998::
936:.
911:.
886:.
846:.
832::
826:2
796:.
767:.
747::
721:.
696:.
684::
637:.
611:.
585:.
539:.
514:.
500:.
475:.
436:.
20:)
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