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1299:(completion of a BA degree), compared to a system-wide recidivism rate between 40 and 43 percent.10 One report, sponsored by the Correctional Education Association, focused on recidivism in three states, concluding that education prevented crime. More recently, a 2013 Department of Justice funded study from the RAND Corporation found that incarcerated individuals who participated in correctional education were 43% less likely to return to prison within 3 years than prisoners who did not participate in such programmes. The research implies that education has the potential to impact recidivism rates positively by lowering them.
1271:
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adapted to prison life he termed "prisonization", which he defined as the "taking on, in a greater or lesser degree, the folkways, mores, customs and general culture of the penitentiary". However, while
Clemmer argued that all prisoners experienced some degree of "prisonization" this was not a uniform process and factors such as the extent to which a prisoner involved himself in primary group relations in the prison and the degree to which he identified with the external society all had a considerable impact.
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code referred to the behaviour of inmates in antagonising staff members and to the mutual solidarity between inmates as well as the tendency to the non-disclosure to prison authorities of prisoner activities and to resistance to rehabilitation programmer. Thus, it was seen as providing an expression and form of communal resistance and allowed for the psychological survival of the individual under extremely repressive and regimented systems of carceral control.
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1141:"Prisonization" as the inculcation of a convict culture was defined by identification with primary groups in prison, the use of prison slang and argot, the adoption of specified rituals and a hostility to prison authority in contrast to inmate solidarity and was asserted by Clemmer to create individuals who were acculturated into a criminal and deviant way of life that stymied all attempts to reform their behaviour.
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The convict code was theorized as a set of tacit behavioural norms which exercised a pervasive impact on the conduct of prisoners. Competency in following the routines demanded by the code partly determined the inmate's identity as a convict. As a set of values and behavioural guidelines, the convict
1137:
In this world, for
Clemmer, these values, formalized as the "inmate code", provided behavioural precepts that unified prisoners and fostered antagonism to prison officers and the prison institution as a whole. The process whereby inmates acquired this set of values and behavioural guidelines as they
1027:
A psychopathological condition identified as "SHU syndrome" has been observed among such prisoners. Symptoms are characterized as problems with concentration and memory, distortions of perception, and hallucinations. Most convicts suffering from SHU syndrome exhibit extreme generalized anxiety and
1075:
Long durations may lead to depression and changes in brain physiology. In the absence of a social context that is needed to validate perceptions of their environment, prisoners become highly malleable, abnormally sensitive, and exhibit increased vulnerability to the influence of those controlling
1034:(STAI) was developed to understand the mechanisms behind anxiety. State anxiety describes anxiety that takes place in a stressful situation while trait anxiety is the tendency of feeling anxious in many situations because of a set of beliefs that an individual has that threatens their well-being
1293:
Growing research associates education with a number of positive outcomes for prisoners, the institution, and society. Although at the time of the ban's enactment there was limited knowledge about the relationship between education and recidivism, there is growing merit to idea that education in
1079:
Prisoners exhibit the paradoxical effect of social withdrawal after long periods of solitary confinement. A shift takes place from a craving for greater social contact to a fear of it. They may grow lethargic and apathetic, and no longer be able to control their own conduct when released from
1298:
reduced the likelihood of re-incarceration by 29 percent. In 2000, the Texas
Department of Education conducted a longitudinal study of 883 men and women who earned college degrees while incarcerated, finding recidivism rates between 27.2 percent (completion of an AA degree) and 7.8 percent
1040:
SHU syndrome is a term that was created by
Psychiatrist Stuart Grassian to describe the six basic mechanisms that happen in a cognitive matter in prisoners that are in solitary confinements or supermax level cell prison. The six basic mechanisms that occur together are:
1144:
Opposed to these theories, several
European sociologists have shown that inmates were often fragmented and the links they have with society are often stronger than those forged in prison, particularly through the action of work on time perception
1099:
describes a paradoxical phenomenon where, over time, hostages develop positive feelings towards their captors. The victim's ego develops a series of defense mechanisms to achieve survival and cope with stress in a traumatic situation.
1083:
Long-term stays in solitary confinement can cause prisoners to develop clinical depression, and long-term impulse control disorder. Those with pre-existing mental illnesses are at a higher risk for developing psychiatric
1108:
The founding of ethnographic prison sociology as a discipline, from which most of the meaningful knowledge of prison life and culture stems, is commonly credited to the publication of two key texts: Donald
Clemmer's
1121:
where he worked as a clinical sociologist, propagated the notion of the existence of a distinct inmate culture and society with values and norms antithetical to both the prison authority and the wider society.
1373:
are historically defined as prisoners held as security for the fulfillment of an agreement, or as a deterrent against an act of war. In modern times, it refers to someone who is seized by a criminal abductor.
1407:
are prisoners that are illegally held captive for their use as illegal laborers. Various methods have been used throughout history to deprive slaves of their liberty, including forcible restraint., which is
1294:
prison is a preventative to re-incarceration. Several studies help illustrate the point. For example, one study in 1997 that focused on 3,200 prisoners in
Maryland, Minnesota, and Ohio, showed that
2186:
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is a frequent term used by certain governments to refer to individuals who are held in custody and are not liable to be classified and treated under the law as either
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their environment. Social connection and the support provided by social interaction are prerequisites to long-term social adjustment as a prisoner.
2197:
51:
1714:
Bruce A. Arrigo, Jennifer Leslie
Bullock (November 2007). "The Psychological Effects of Solitary Confinement on Prisoners in Supermax Units".
1345:, who is then incarcerated at a federal prison that exclusively houses similar criminals. The term most often applies to those convicted of a
1290:. However, the mass incarcerations in the United States prisons raise concerns about the 8th Amendment being overridden by these conditions.
963:
Glanville
Williams described as "invidious" the practice of using the term "prisoner" in reference to a person who had not been convicted.
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describe those imprisoned for participation or connection to political activity. Such inmates challenge the legitimacy of the detention.
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Both federal and state laws govern the rights of prisoners. Prisoners in the United States do not have full rights under the
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1991:
1759:"Separate Roles for State and Trait Anxiety in the Formation of SHU Syndrome: Testing a Moderated Mediation Hypothesis"
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Sykes outlined some of the most salient points of this code as it applied in the post-war period in the United States:
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1117:, which was also published in 1958. Clemmer's text, based on his study of 2,400 convicts over three years at the
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solitary confinement. They can come to depend upon the prison structure to control and limit their conduct.
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246:
1878:"Stockholm Syndrome - Law Enforcement Policy and Ego Defenses of the Hostage | Office of Justice Programs"
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The earliest evidence of the existence of the prisoner dates back to 8,000 BC from prehistoric graves in
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1824:
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2158:, T. (1965) The Defences of the Weak: a Study of Norwegian Correctional Institution, London: Tavistock
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2008:
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1930:
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1392:
649:
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290:
213:
28:
2466:
Victorian
Prisoners' Photograph Albums from Wandsworth prison on The National Archives' website.
2465:
1928:
Crewe, Ben (2006). "Male prisoners' orientations towards female officers in an English prison".
1901:
Simon, Jonathan (1 August 2000). "The 'Society of Captives' in the Era of Hyper-Incarceration".
4775:
4404:
4146:
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2752:
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2483:
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Prison overcrowding and the eighth amendments' prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment
1411:
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Stuart Grassian proposed that the symptoms are unique and are not found in any other situation.
815:
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1543:
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1113:, which was first published in 1940 and republished in 1958; and Gresham Sykes classic study
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717:
614:
567:
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450:
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371:
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133:
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who is deprived of liberty against their will. This can be by confinement or captivity in a
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2132:
The Powers that Punish : Prison and Politics in the Era of the "Big House," 1920-2009
1024:
and lack of social contact that can have a severe negative impact on their mental health.
8:
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3087:
1823:
Pratt, John; Brown, David; Brown, Mark; Hallsworth, Simon; Morrison, Wayne (2013-06-17).
1594:
1021:
1020:
for long durations. When held in "Special Housing Units" (SHU), prisoners are subject to
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2030:
1947:
1918:
1739:
1682:
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1255:
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956:. The abolition of the distinction between felony and misdemeanour by section 1 of the
892:
777:
752:
409:
359:
315:
208:
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Some of the most extreme adverse effects suffered by prisoners appear to be caused by
941:
as a result of any requirement imposed by a court or otherwise that he be detained in
4943:
4437:
4355:
4092:
4045:
3983:
3812:
3552:
3529:
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2535:
2339:
2319:
2167:
Guilbaud, Fabrice (2010) "Working in Prison: Time as Experienced by Inmate-Workers",
2136:
2109:
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1987:
1951:
1922:
1857:
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1731:
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587:
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310:
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cases. It is generally defined with the broad definition: "someone held in custody".
236:
50:
deal primarily with the United States and the United Kingdom and do not represent a
4881:
4755:
4655:
4485:
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4134:
4107:
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1939:
1910:
1805:
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1609:
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435:
381:
2417:
Psychopathological effects of solitary confinement. American Journal of Psychiatry
59:
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2424:
Effects of sensory deprivation in psychiatric seclusion and solitary confinement.
1981:
1851:
1533:
1473:
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772:
414:
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1914:
1595:
Johan Knutsonin kivipiirros moninkertaisesta murhamiehestÀ Juhani Aataminpojasta
1153:
1087:
Some common behaviours are self-mutilation, suicidal tendencies, and psychosis.
860:
4583:
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for security reasons. They can either be friendly, neutral, or enemy nationals.
1130:
915:
896:
864:
856:
531:
148:
2075:
Faine, John R. (Autumn 1973). "A self-consistency approach to prisonization".
1809:
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2360:
Gillen, S. & Nebraska Legislature Legislative Research Division. (1989).
1943:
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63:
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SpearIt, Restoring Pell Grants for Prisoners- Growing Momentum for Reform
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2823:
2784:
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2673:
2521:
2169:
1792:"Subjects Without a World? A Husserlian Analysis of Solitary Confinement"
1575:"Prisoner - Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary"
1306:
Unsentenced detainees as a proportion of overall prison population, 2017.
992:
953:
727:
514:
419:
366:
218:
178:
101:
2471:
A Voice From Prison, NGO reporting from within the Federal prison system
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548:
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4102:
3817:
3749:
2805:
1716:
International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology
1352:
1320:
386:
322:
2453:
2388:"Unsentenced detainees as a proportion of overall prison population"
2375:
2259:
2026:
1453:
1379:, also known as a POWs, are individuals incarcerated in relation to
1250:
1125:
4522:
4480:
4347:
4313:
4271:
4256:
4216:
3961:
2528:
2470:
2431:"Infamous punishment": The psychological consequences of isolation.
1384:
1364:
1333:
are prisoners that are incarcerated under the legal system. In the
1330:
1274:
1912 illustration of an inmate being punished in an American prison
473:
113:
105:
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4203:
4193:
4097:
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3944:
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2569:
2244:
Language and Social Reality: The Case of Telling the Convict Code
1498:
1370:
1360:
1161:
1000:
911:
557:
2475:
2108:. Ontario: Jones & Bartlett Publishers Inc. pp. 95â96.
1701:
Simon and Schuster; Rockefeller Centre; New York, New York; 1997
4490:
4303:
4236:
4176:
4171:
3978:
3645:
2629:
1427:
1404:
1346:
1259:
949:
937:, the word "prisoner" means any person for the time being in a
888:
884:
504:
128:
3226:
Association for the Protection and Assistance of the Convicted
2242:
Brannigan, Augustine (May 1976). "Review: D. Lawrence Wieder,
907:
4298:
4226:
3777:
3543:
2576:
2364:. Nebraska Legislative Council Legislative Research Division.
1983:
The Society of Captives: A Study of a Maximum Security Prison
1263:
499:
280:
2340:"Prisoners' rights | LII / Legal Information Institute"
2318:. Ontario: Jones & Bartlett Publishers Inc. p. 94.
4308:
3850:
1380:
918:, also known as "Kerpeikkari", in the 1849 lithography by
1822:
1324:
2054:(1. publ. ed.). Westport, CT: Praeger. p. 23.
948:"Prisoner" was a legal term for a person prosecuted for
1011:
2135:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. p. 6.
1246:
Human rights in the United States § Prison system
1449:
16:
Person who is deprived of liberty against their will
2281:Colvin, Mark (February 2010). "Review: David Ward.
2187:"Conversational actions and organizational actions"
1853:
Six Days in August: The Story of Stockholm Syndrome
1165:
US Marshals and prisoners on board a Con Air flight
952:. It was not applicable to a person prosecuted for
2426:International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 8(1).
1672:. Eleventh Edition. Stevens. 1982. Page 3, note 3.
1426:Other types of prisoners can include those under
4930:
3566:United Kingdom and British overseas territories
1391:, or combatants acting within the bounds of the
1341:or a felon, is a person convicted of violating
2051:Living Inside Prison Walls: Adjustment Behavior
926:"Prisoner" is a legal term for a person who is
2184:
2175:-Annual English Selection-Supplement, p. 41-68
1028:panic disorder, with some suffering amnesia.
3661:
2491:
1683:Historical survey > Slave-owning societies
1442:, and peoples restricted to a specific area.
837:
48:The examples and perspective in this article
27:"Inmate" redirects here. For other uses, see
4565:
4345:
2009:"Leadership Phenomena in a Prison Community"
895:. The term usually applies to one serving a
3668:
3654:
3248:International Network of Prison Ministries
2498:
2484:
995:. This evidence suggests that people from
844:
830:
2422:Grassian, S., & Friedman, N. (1986).
2241:
1986:. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
1969:. New York: Holt, Rhineheart and Winston.
86:Learn how and when to remove this message
4553:
3074:Mentally ill people in the United States
1789:
1301:
1269:
1249:
1160:
1152:
1124:
1006:
970:
960:has rendered this distinction obsolete.
906:
855:
2311:
2101:
2047:
2014:Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology
2006:
1964:
1756:
1529:List of countries by incarceration rate
1494:History of United States Prison Systems
1414:are anyone imprisoned because of their
4931:
3327:Prison Officers' Association (Ireland)
2433:National Prison Project Journal, 8(1).
2359:
2280:
2128:
1178:Don't interfere with inmate interests.
4552:
3909:
3649:
2479:
2074:
1979:
1927:
1900:
1282:, however, they are protected by the
1090:
1045:Hyperresponsivity to External Stimuli
3629:
2342:. Topics.law.cornell.edu. 2012-03-02
1849:
1709:
1707:
1095:The psychological syndrome known as
1012:Special Housing Units (SHU) syndrome
34:
2185:Watson, Rod; Sharrock, Wes (1990).
1816:
13:
3911:
3910:
2409:
2089:10.1111/j.1533-8525.1973.tb01392.x
14:
4965:
2505:
2437:
2376:https://ssrn.com/abstract=2814358
1704:
1656:. Fourth Edition. 1960. Page 151.
1323:who are detained by a party to a
1103:
1032:The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory
863:'s image of the exercise yard at
4913:
4912:
3675:
3628:
3617:
3616:
2007:Clemmer, Donald (MarâApr 1938).
1452:
1239:
189:Risk & actuarial criminology
112:
39:
3398:Countries by incarceration rate
3311:Prison Fellowship International
2444:Human Rights Watch on Detainees
2380:
2368:
2353:
2332:
2305:
2274:
2235:
2178:
2161:
2149:
2122:
2095:
2068:
2041:
2000:
1973:
1958:
1894:
1870:
1843:
1783:
1750:
1422:, religion, or political views.
1148:
4554:
2287:The American Historical Review
1691:
1675:
1659:
1639:
1623:
1599:
1588:
1567:
1469:Arbitrary arrest and detention
1063:Intrusive Obsessional Thoughts
902:
1:
2312:Pollack, Joycelyn M. (2006).
2102:Pollack, Joycelyn M. (2006).
2048:DeRosia, Victoria R. (1998).
1856:. National Geographic Books.
1560:
1214:Be wary, and try to be a man.
1051:Illusions, and Hallucinations
982:
3290:Prison Advice and Care Trust
2283:Alcatraz: The Gangster Years
1524:Judicial corporal punishment
1288:cruel and unusual punishment
1190:Don't put a guy on the spot.
7:
2315:Prisons: Today and Tomorrow
2105:Prisons: Today and Tomorrow
1915:10.1177/1362480600004003003
1650:A First Book of English Law
1519:Independent custody visitor
1445:
62:, discuss the issue on the
10:
4970:
4949:Imprisonment and detention
3760:Weberian (three-component)
3622:Imprisonment and detention
2550:Stanford prison experiment
1980:Sykes, Gresham M. (1958).
1850:King, David (2020-08-04).
1243:
1232:
1119:Menard Correctional Center
1057:Difficulties with Thinking
966:
169:Expressive function of law
18:
4908:
4849:
4741:
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4602:
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4548:
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4423:
4383:
4365:
4284:
4202:
4162:
4071:
4064:
4019:
3922:
3918:
3905:
3768:
3722:
3718:
3689:
3611:
3421:
3389:
3364:
3283:Prison abolition movement
3241:Florida Justice Institute
3217:
3021:
2936:
2896:
2815:
2762:
2637:
2628:
2559:
2513:
1810:10.1007/s10746-011-9182-0
1777:10.1177/00328855211069142
1254:A police bus used by the
1228:
22:Prisoner (disambiguation)
4882:Pre-industrial East Asia
3334:The Prison Phoenix Trust
2778:Administrative detention
2454:Prisoner Search in U.S.A
2129:Bright, Charles (1996).
1965:Clemmer, Donald (1940).
1944:10.1177/1462474506067565
1931:Punishment & Society
1728:10.1177/0306624X07309720
1687:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica.
1631:Prison Security Act 1992
1436:psychiatric institutions
1310:
1157:Inmates in a prison yard
1060:Concentration and Memory
935:Prison Security Act 1992
159:Differential association
3930:Administrative detainee
3412:Films featuring prisons
3269:Mount Tamalpais College
2923:Prisoner-of-war escapes
2653:Corrective labor colony
2196:(2): 26. Archived from
1903:Theoretical Criminology
1757:Walters, G. D. (2022).
1393:laws and customs of war
1193:Be loyal to your class.
1115:The Society of Captives
976:To Visit the Imprisoned
922:while he was imprisoned
214:Symbolic interactionism
29:Inmate (disambiguation)
4346:
3046:Contemplative programs
2753:Youth detention center
2605:Prisoner of conscience
2248:Contemporary Sociology
2223:Cite journal requires
2077:Sociological Quarterly
1412:Prisoner of conscience
1307:
1275:
1267:
1217:Never talk to a screw.
1205:Don't exploit inmates.
1187:Keep off a man's back.
1166:
1158:
1134:
1048:Perceptual Distortions
988:
923:
868:
4887:Pre-industrial Europe
3297:Prison-Ashram Project
2415:Grassian, S. (1983).
2299:10.1086/ahr.115.1.246
1790:Guenther, L. (2011).
1577:. Merriam-webster.com
1484:Detention of suspects
1383:. They can be either
1305:
1273:
1253:
1244:Further information:
1164:
1156:
1128:
1007:Psychological effects
974:
958:Criminal Law Act 1967
910:
859:
718:Biosocial criminology
425:Uniform Crime Reports
134:Biosocial criminology
4744: or countries
4555:By country or region
3793:Class discrimination
3481:Ireland, Republic of
3171:Solitary confinement
2732:Prisoner-of-war camp
1967:The Prison Community
1826:The New Punitiveness
1111:The Prison Community
1018:solitary confinement
933:In section 1 of the
593:Solitary confinement
257:Alexandre Lacassagne
68:create a new article
60:improve this article
20:For other uses, see
4954:Criminals by status
4276:Vanniar (Chieftain)
3348:Prison Reform Trust
1399:Political prisoners
1181:Never rat on a con.
1022:sensory deprivation
783:Radical criminology
144:Collective efficacy
4857:18th-century Spain
4711:Standard of living
4415:Upper middle class
4410:Lower middle class
4001:Political prisoner
3783:Chattering classes
3755:Spoon class theory
3355:WriteAPrisoner.com
3118:Protective custody
2667:Extermination camp
2598:Political prisoner
2459:2020-08-12 at the
2429:Haney, C. (1993).
1666:Glanville Williams
1612:. 1636. Page 202.
1544:Prisoner's dilemma
1420:sexual orientation
1317:Civilian internees
1308:
1276:
1268:
1256:Maharashtra Police
1220:Have a connection.
1167:
1159:
1135:
1097:Stockholm syndrome
1091:Stockholm syndrome
989:
978:by Flemish artist
924:
893:physical restraint
875:(also known as an
869:
4926:
4925:
4904:
4903:
4900:
4899:
4737:
4736:
4544:
4543:
4540:
4539:
4536:
4535:
4438:Lumpenproletariat
3940:illegal immigrant
3901:
3900:
3813:Classless society
3643:
3642:
3579:England and Wales
3319:Prison Legal News
3304:Prison Fellowship
3262:Justice Defenders
2932:
2931:
2536:Prison healthcare
2449:ACLU on Detainees
2392:Our World in Data
2325:978-0-7637-2904-2
2142:978-0-472-10732-2
2115:978-0-7637-2904-2
2061:978-0-275-95895-4
1863:978-0-393-63508-9
1836:978-1-134-01855-0
1654:Sweet and Maxwell
1549:Prisoners' rights
1235:Prisoners' rights
1202:Don't bring heat.
1199:Do your own time.
854:
853:
600:
599:
537:Prisoners' rights
441:Positivist school
96:
95:
88:
70:, as appropriate.
4961:
4916:
4915:
4743:
4644:Mexican-American
4572:
4571:
4563:
4562:
4550:
4549:
4351:
4294:Business magnate
4184:Knowledge worker
4069:
4068:
3957:dual or multiple
3920:
3919:
3907:
3906:
3861:Social exclusion
3856:Social cleansing
3770:
3720:
3719:
3709:Economic classes
3670:
3663:
3656:
3647:
3646:
3636:
3632:
3631:
3624:
3620:
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3604:
3595:
3588:
3586:Northern Ireland
3581:
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2875:
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2861:
2854:
2847:
2840:
2833:
2826:
2808:
2801:
2794:
2792:Maximum security
2787:
2780:
2773:
2755:
2748:
2741:
2734:
2727:
2720:
2711:
2704:
2697:
2690:
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2156:Thomas Mathiesen
2153:
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2099:
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2066:
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2004:
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1997:
1977:
1971:
1970:
1962:
1956:
1955:
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1787:
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1754:
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1711:
1702:
1695:
1689:
1679:
1673:
1670:Learning the Law
1663:
1657:
1646:O. Hood Phillips
1643:
1637:
1627:
1621:
1610:Termes de la Ley
1603:
1597:
1592:
1586:
1585:
1583:
1582:
1571:
1539:Prisoner support
1462:
1457:
1456:
1440:internment camps
1387:affiliated with
1377:Prisoners of war
1357:prisoners of war
1296:prison education
1286:which prohibits
1284:Eighth Amendment
987:
984:
980:Cornelis de Wael
846:
839:
832:
479:
478:
436:Crime statistics
362:
116:
98:
97:
91:
84:
80:
77:
71:
43:
42:
35:
32:
25:
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4733:
4705:
4672:
4656:Underprivileged
4598:
4557:
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4532:
4462:
4419:
4379:
4361:
4280:
4198:
4158:
4060:
4015:
3914:
3913:
3897:
3876:Social position
3866:Social mobility
3764:
3714:
3685:
3684:
3674:
3644:
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3627:
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3199:Women in prison
3197:
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3183:
3176:
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3155:
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3130:
3123:
3116:
3107:
3102:Private prisons
3100:
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2797:
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2776:
2769:
2763:Security levels
2758:
2751:
2744:
2737:
2730:
2723:
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2707:
2700:
2693:
2686:
2679:
2672:
2665:
2658:
2651:
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2612:Prisoner of war
2610:
2603:
2596:
2589:
2582:
2575:
2568:
2555:
2548:
2541:
2534:
2527:
2520:
2509:
2504:
2461:Wayback Machine
2440:
2412:
2410:Further reading
2407:
2406:
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2385:
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2326:
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2279:
2275:
2260:10.2307/2064132
2240:
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2222:
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2200:
2189:
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2127:
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2116:
2100:
2096:
2073:
2069:
2062:
2046:
2042:
2027:10.2307/1136755
2005:
2001:
1994:
1978:
1974:
1963:
1959:
1899:
1895:
1886:
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1876:
1875:
1871:
1864:
1848:
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1699:The Slave Trade
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1604:
1600:
1593:
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1568:
1563:
1558:
1534:Older prisoners
1474:Civil liberties
1458:
1451:
1448:
1313:
1248:
1242:
1237:
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1226:
1151:
1106:
1093:
1014:
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850:
821:
820:
796:
788:
787:
713:Anthropological
703:
695:
694:
610:
602:
601:
476:
466:
465:
415:Critical theory
400:
392:
391:
372:State-corporate
360:
283:
272:
271:
267:Archibald Reiss
262:Cesare Lombroso
252:Michel Foucault
232:
231:Major theorists
224:
223:
199:Social learning
184:Rational choice
174:Labeling theory
154:Criminalization
124:
92:
81:
75:
72:
57:
44:
40:
33:
26:
19:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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4877:Ottoman Empire
4874:
4869:
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4862:Ancient Greece
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4836:United Kingdom
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4729:Home-ownership
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4584:American Dream
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3998:
3996:Migrant worker
3993:
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3975:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3949:
3948:
3947:
3942:
3932:
3926:
3924:
3916:
3915:
3912:By demographic
3903:
3902:
3899:
3898:
3896:
3895:
3892:Status Anxiety
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
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3846:Ranked society
3843:
3838:
3825:
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3815:
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3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3788:Class conflict
3785:
3780:
3774:
3772:
3771: topics
3766:
3765:
3763:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3745:Mudsill theory
3742:
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3373:Rehabilitation
3368:
3366:
3365:Leaving prison
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3359:
3358:
3351:
3344:
3337:
3330:
3323:
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3255:Justice Action
3251:
3244:
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3234:Black and Pink
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2907:Prison escapes
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2438:External links
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2254:(3): 349â350.
2234:
2225:|journal=
2177:
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2114:
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2067:
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2021:(6): 861â872.
1999:
1993:978-0691130644
1992:
1972:
1957:
1938:(4): 395â421.
1893:
1869:
1862:
1842:
1835:
1815:
1804:(3): 257â276.
1782:
1764:Prison Journal
1749:
1703:
1697:Thomas, Hugh:
1690:
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1622:
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1554:Prison uniform
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1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1465:
1464:
1463:
1447:
1444:
1428:police custody
1424:
1423:
1409:
1402:
1396:
1374:
1368:
1350:
1339:federal inmate
1328:
1312:
1309:
1241:
1238:
1233:Main article:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1208:Don't cop out.
1206:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1184:Don't be nosy.
1182:
1179:
1175:
1150:
1147:
1131:Newgate Prison
1105:
1104:Inmate culture
1102:
1092:
1089:
1068:
1067:
1066:Overt Paranoia
1064:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
968:
965:
916:Johan Adamsson
914:serial killer
904:
901:
865:Newgate Prison
852:
851:
849:
848:
841:
834:
826:
823:
822:
819:
818:
813:
808:
803:
797:
794:
793:
790:
789:
786:
785:
780:
775:
770:
768:Organizational
765:
760:
755:
750:
745:
740:
735:
730:
725:
720:
715:
710:
704:
701:
700:
697:
696:
693:
692:
691:
690:
685:
677:
672:
667:
662:
657:
652:
647:
642:
637:
632:
627:
622:
617:
611:
608:
607:
604:
603:
598:
597:
596:
595:
590:
585:
580:
578:Transformative
575:
570:
562:
561:
554:
553:
552:
551:
546:
544:Rehabilitation
541:
540:
539:
534:
532:Prisoner abuse
524:
523:
522:
517:
512:
502:
497:
495:Incapacitation
492:
487:
477:
472:
471:
468:
467:
464:
463:
458:
453:
448:
443:
438:
433:
427:
422:
417:
412:
407:
401:
398:
397:
394:
393:
390:
389:
384:
379:
374:
369:
364:
357:
352:
347:
342:
337:
332:
331:
330:
320:
319:
318:
313:
305:
304:
303:
298:
293:
284:
278:
277:
274:
273:
270:
269:
264:
259:
254:
249:
244:
239:
237:Ămile Durkheim
233:
230:
229:
226:
225:
222:
221:
216:
211:
206:
201:
196:
194:Social control
191:
186:
181:
176:
171:
166:
161:
156:
151:
149:Crime analysis
146:
141:
139:Broken windows
136:
131:
125:
122:
121:
118:
117:
109:
108:
94:
93:
54:of the subject
52:worldwide view
47:
45:
38:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4966:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4936:
4934:
4919:
4911:
4910:
4907:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4854:
4852:
4848:
4842:
4841:United States
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4748:
4746:
4742:Other regions
4740:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4716:
4714:
4712:
4708:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4683:
4681:
4679:
4675:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4658:
4657:
4654:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4636:
4635:
4632:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4614:
4613:
4610:
4609:
4607:
4605:
4601:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4576:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4567:United States
4564:
4560:
4551:
4547:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4473:
4471:
4469:
4465:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4430:
4428:
4426:
4422:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4399:
4396:
4395:
4394:
4391:
4390:
4388:
4386:
4382:
4376:
4373:
4372:
4370:
4368:
4364:
4358:
4357:
4353:
4350:
4349:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4316:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4291:
4289:
4287:
4283:
4277:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4209:
4207:
4205:
4201:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4178:
4175:
4174:
4173:
4170:
4169:
4167:
4165:
4161:
4155:
4152:
4148:
4145:
4141:
4138:
4137:
4136:
4133:
4132:
4131:
4128:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4115:
4113:
4109:
4106:
4105:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4087:
4084:
4083:
4082:
4079:
4078:
4076:
4074:
4070:
4067:
4063:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4018:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4006:Socioeconomic
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3985:
3982:
3981:
3980:
3977:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3954:
3953:
3950:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3937:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3927:
3925:
3921:
3917:
3908:
3904:
3894:
3893:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3881:Social stigma
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3871:Social orphan
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3836:
3831:
3830:
3829:Nouveau riche
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3803:Class traitor
3801:
3799:
3798:Class society
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3775:
3773:
3767:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3735:Gilbert model
3733:
3731:
3728:
3727:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3711:
3710:
3706:
3704:
3703:
3699:
3697:
3696:
3692:
3691:
3688:
3681:
3678:
3677:
3671:
3666:
3664:
3659:
3657:
3652:
3651:
3648:
3635:
3626:
3623:
3614:
3613:
3610:
3603:
3602:United States
3599:
3594:
3590:
3587:
3583:
3580:
3576:
3573:
3569:
3568:
3564:
3561:
3557:
3554:
3550:
3545:
3541:
3540:
3538:
3534:
3531:
3527:
3524:
3520:
3517:
3513:
3510:
3506:
3503:
3499:
3496:
3492:
3489:
3485:
3482:
3478:
3475:
3471:
3468:
3464:
3461:
3457:
3454:
3450:
3447:
3443:
3440:
3436:
3433:
3429:
3428:
3426:
3424:
3420:
3413:
3409:
3406:
3402:
3399:
3395:
3394:
3392:
3388:
3381:
3377:
3374:
3370:
3369:
3367:
3363:
3356:
3352:
3349:
3345:
3342:
3338:
3335:
3331:
3328:
3324:
3321:
3320:
3315:
3312:
3308:
3305:
3301:
3298:
3294:
3291:
3287:
3284:
3280:
3277:
3273:
3270:
3266:
3263:
3259:
3256:
3252:
3249:
3245:
3242:
3238:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3222:
3220:
3218:Organizations
3216:
3207:
3206:United States
3203:
3202:
3200:
3196:
3193:
3189:
3186:
3182:
3179:
3175:
3172:
3168:
3165:
3161:
3158:
3154:
3149:
3148:United States
3145:
3144:
3142:
3138:
3133:
3132:United States
3129:
3128:
3126:
3122:
3119:
3115:
3110:
3109:United States
3106:
3105:
3103:
3099:
3096:
3092:
3089:
3085:
3082:
3081:Mobile phones
3078:
3075:
3071:
3068:
3064:
3061:
3057:
3054:
3050:
3047:
3043:
3038:
3037:United States
3034:
3033:
3031:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3022:Social issues
3020:
3013:
3009:
3006:
3002:
2999:
2995:
2990:
2986:
2983:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2972:
2967:
2966:United States
2963:
2962:
2960:
2956:
2953:
2949:
2946:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2935:
2924:
2920:
2915:
2911:
2910:
2908:
2904:
2903:
2901:
2899:
2895:
2888:
2884:
2881:
2880:Trusty system
2877:
2874:
2870:
2867:
2863:
2860:
2856:
2853:
2849:
2846:
2842:
2839:
2835:
2832:
2828:
2825:
2821:
2820:
2818:
2814:
2807:
2803:
2800:
2796:
2793:
2789:
2786:
2782:
2779:
2775:
2772:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2761:
2754:
2750:
2747:
2743:
2740:
2736:
2733:
2729:
2726:
2722:
2719:
2715:
2710:
2706:
2703:
2699:
2698:
2696:
2692:
2689:
2685:
2682:
2678:
2675:
2671:
2668:
2664:
2661:
2657:
2654:
2650:
2647:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2627:
2620:
2616:
2613:
2609:
2606:
2602:
2599:
2595:
2592:
2588:
2585:
2581:
2578:
2574:
2571:
2567:
2566:
2564:
2562:
2558:
2551:
2547:
2544:
2540:
2537:
2533:
2530:
2526:
2523:
2519:
2518:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2507:Incarceration
2501:
2496:
2494:
2489:
2487:
2482:
2481:
2478:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2458:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2432:
2428:
2425:
2421:
2418:
2414:
2413:
2393:
2389:
2383:
2377:
2371:
2363:
2356:
2341:
2335:
2327:
2321:
2317:
2316:
2308:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2277:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2238:
2230:
2217:
2203:on 2015-09-24
2199:
2195:
2188:
2181:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2164:
2157:
2152:
2144:
2138:
2134:
2133:
2125:
2117:
2111:
2107:
2106:
2098:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2071:
2063:
2057:
2053:
2052:
2044:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2015:
2010:
2003:
1995:
1989:
1985:
1984:
1976:
1968:
1961:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1932:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1897:
1883:
1879:
1873:
1865:
1859:
1855:
1854:
1846:
1838:
1832:
1829:. Routledge.
1828:
1827:
1819:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1798:
1797:Human Studies
1793:
1786:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1765:
1760:
1753:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1722:(6): 622â40.
1721:
1717:
1710:
1708:
1700:
1694:
1688:
1684:
1678:
1671:
1667:
1662:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1642:
1636:
1632:
1626:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1602:
1596:
1591:
1576:
1570:
1566:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1514:Incarceration
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1489:Foot whipping
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1461:
1455:
1450:
1443:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1410:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1351:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1335:United States
1332:
1329:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1304:
1300:
1297:
1291:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1272:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1240:United States
1236:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1163:
1155:
1146:
1142:
1139:
1132:
1127:
1123:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1101:
1098:
1088:
1086:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1072:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1054:Panic Attacks
1053:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1042:
1038:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1004:
1003:-like tribe.
1002:
998:
994:
981:
977:
973:
964:
961:
959:
955:
951:
946:
944:
943:legal custody
940:
936:
931:
929:
921:
920:Johan Knutson
917:
913:
909:
900:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
866:
862:
858:
847:
842:
840:
835:
833:
828:
827:
825:
824:
817:
814:
812:
811:Organizations
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
798:
792:
791:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
758:Environmental
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
714:
711:
709:
706:
705:
699:
698:
689:
686:
684:
681:
680:
678:
676:
675:Postmodernist
673:
671:
668:
666:
665:Neo-classical
663:
661:
658:
656:
653:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
640:Environmental
638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
612:
606:
605:
594:
591:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
569:
568:Participatory
566:
565:
564:
563:
559:
556:
555:
550:
547:
545:
542:
538:
535:
533:
530:
529:
528:
525:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
507:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
482:
481:
480:
475:
470:
469:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
431:
430:Crime mapping
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
402:
396:
395:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
377:Transnational
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
345:International
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
329:
326:
325:
324:
321:
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1614:Digital copy
1606:John Rastell
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316:White-collar
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242:Hans Eysenck
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4811:New Zealand
4528:Untouchable
4453:Proletariat
4443:Pea-pickers
4393:Bourgeoisie
4081:Aristocracy
3967:naturalized
3962:native-born
3509:North Korea
3502:New Zealand
3095:Pay-to-stay
2522:Criminology
1882:www.ojp.gov
1434:, those in
1343:federal law
1129:A scene in
999:enslaved a
993:Lower Egypt
986: 1640
903:English law
899:in prison.
753:Development
728:Criminology
650:Integrative
588:Utilitarian
583:Retributive
573:Restorative
560:in penology
446:Qualitative
420:Ethnography
405:Comparative
311:Blue-collar
219:Victimology
179:Psychopathy
102:Criminology
4933:Categories
4801:Luxembourg
4691:Inequality
4356:Superclass
4147:Hereditary
4123:Post-Roman
4114:Patrician
3984:adolescent
3808:Classicide
3423:By country
3060:Informants
2975:Literature
2914:Helicopter
2873:Sally port
2838:Commissary
2816:Components
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2646:Black site
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1581:2012-04-19
1561:References
1460:Law portal
1389:combatants
928:imprisoned
748:Demography
670:Positivist
549:Recidivism
490:Deterrence
382:Victimless
209:Subculture
4826:Sri Lanka
4719:Education
4686:Household
4579:Affluence
4514:Rat tribe
4476:Ant tribe
4448:Precariat
4433:Lazzaroni
4375:Bohemians
4336:Overclass
4331:Old money
4267:Spartiate
4242:Kshatriya
4232:Hashashin
4189:Professor
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4103:Oligarchy
4093:Hanseaten
4011:Stateless
3991:Convicted
3923:By status
3886:Subaltern
3818:Euthenics
3750:New class
3432:Australia
3164:Sexuality
3053:Education
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2806:Death row
2702:Battalion
2561:Prisoners
1952:145696051
1923:145534095
1479:Detention
1385:civilians
1353:Detainees
1321:civilians
1223:Be sharp.
1211:Be tough.
1084:symptoms.
773:Political
702:Subfields
625:Classical
615:Anarchist
510:abolition
410:Profiling
355:Political
350:Organized
335:Corporate
323:Cold case
279:Types of
64:talk page
4944:Penology
4918:Category
4850:Historic
4771:Colombia
4761:Cambodia
4696:Personal
4594:Mobility
4523:Freedman
4509:Plebeian
4495:Prisoner
4481:Commoner
4367:Creative
4348:Seigneur
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4257:Pendekar
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3851:Snobbery
3723:Theories
3593:Scotland
3228:(Brazil)
3192:Violence
3141:Religion
2982:American
2831:Cemetery
2799:Supermax
2718:Military
2660:Debtors'
2584:Detainee
2577:Criminal
2529:Penology
2457:Archived
1744:10433547
1736:18025074
1446:See also
1408:illegal.
1371:Hostages
1365:criminal
1361:suspects
1331:Convicts
1196:Be cool.
1133:, London
897:sentence
881:detainee
873:prisoner
806:Journals
733:Critical
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708:American
679:Realism
645:Feminist
635:Critical
630:Conflict
527:Prisoner
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340:Juvenile
291:Humanity
287:Against
164:Deviance
106:penology
76:May 2021
58:You may
4821:Romania
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1499:Hostage
967:History
912:Finnish
883:) is a
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660:Marxist
655:Italian
620:Chicago
609:Schools
558:Justice
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328:Perfect
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