MKUltra - Knowledge

641:, the chemist who directed MKUltra, had other ideas: he thought it could be used in covert operations. Since its effects were temporary, he believed it could be given to high-ranking officials and in this way affect the course of important meetings, speeches, etc. Since he realized there was a difference in testing the drug in a laboratory and using it in clandestine operations, he initiated a series of experiments where LSD was given to people in "normal" settings without warning. At first, everyone in Technical Services tried it; a typical experiment involved two people in a room where they observed each other for hours and took notes. As the experimentation progressed, a point arrived where outsiders were drugged with no explanation whatsoever and surprise acid trips became something of an occupational hazard among CIA operatives. Adverse reactions often occurred, such as an operative who received the drug in his morning coffee, became psychotic and ran across Washington, D.C., seeing a monster in every car passing him. The experiments continued even after 1094:. It was learned that not only had the CIA funded Cameron's efforts, but also that the Canadian government was fully aware of this, and had later provided another $ 500,000 in funding to continue the experiments. This revelation largely derailed efforts by the victims to sue the CIA as their U.S. counterparts had, and the Canadian government eventually settled out of court for $ 100,000 to each of the 127 victims. Cameron died on September 8, 1967, after suffering a heart attack while he and his son were mountain climbing. None of Cameron's personal records of his involvement with MKUltra survived because his family destroyed them after his death. 6200: 751: 1038: 583:, and the sessions were filmed for later viewing and study. In other experiments where people were given LSD without their knowledge, they were interrogated under bright lights with doctors in the background taking notes. They told subjects they would extend their "trips" if they refused to reveal their secrets. The people under this interrogation were CIA employees, U.S. military personnel, and agents suspected of working for the other side in the Cold War. Long-term debilitation and several deaths resulted from this. 1140: 1819: 5309: 923:) so that the U.S. could avoid criminal prosecution. The CIA captured people suspected of being enemy agents and other people it deemed "expendable" to undertake various types of torture and human experimentation on them. The prisoners were interrogated while being administered psychoactive drugs, electroshocked and subjected to extremes of temperature, sensory isolation and the like to develop a better understanding of how to destroy and to control human minds. 47: 1053:, then Director of Central Intelligence, revealed that the CIA had found a set of records, consisting of about 20,000 pages, that had survived the 1973 destruction orders because they had been incorrectly stored at a records center not usually used for such documents. These files dealt with the financing of MKUltra projects and contained few project details, but much more was learned from them than from the Inspector General's 1963 report. 1470:). He said the experience resulted in "a slight paranoia that hung on all my acid experiences through the mid-1960s until I learned from meditation how to disperse that." He became an outspoken advocate for psychedelics in the 1960s and, after hearing suspicions that the experiment was CIA-funded, wrote, "Am I, Allen Ginsberg, the product of one of the CIA's lamentable, ill-advised, or triumphantly successful experiments in mind control?" 948: 314: 1364:, after hearing about the project's existence in 1990, alleged the CIA laced his food or drink with LSD at a 1957 Christmas party which resulted in his attempting to commit a robbery at a bar and his subsequent arrest. While the government admitted it was, at that time, drugging people without their consent and that Ritchie's behavior was typical of someone on LSD, U.S. District Judge 552:

also administered LSD to CIA employees, military personnel, doctors, other government agents, and members of the general public to study their reactions. The aim was to find drugs that would bring out deep confessions or wipe a subject's mind clean and program them as "a robot agent". Military personnel who received the mind-altering drugs were also threatened with

135:. The program engaged in illegal activities, including the use of U.S. and Canadian citizens as unwitting test subjects. MKUltra's scope was broad, with activities carried out under the guise of research at more than 80 institutions aside from the military, including colleges and universities, hospitals, prisons, and pharmaceutical companies. The CIA operated using 500:, a testimony by the Deputy Director of the CIA stated that over 30 institutions and universities were involved in the experimentation program of testing drugs on unknowing citizens "at all social levels, high and low, native Americans and foreign." Several of these tests involved the issuing of LSD to unaware subjects in social situations. 4120:. 103rd Congress, second Session-S. Prt. 103-97; Staff Report prepared for the committee on veterans' affairs December 8, 1994 John D. Rockefeller IV, West Virginia, Chairman. Online copy provided by gulfweb.org, which describes itself as "Serving the Gulf War Veteran Community Worldwide Since 1994". (The same document is available from 4560: 2160:"Project MKUltra, the Central Intelligence Agency's Program of Research into Behavioral Modification. Joint Hearing before the Select Committee on Intelligence and the Subcommittee on Health and Scientific Research of the Committee on Human Resources, United States Senate, Ninety-Fifth Congress, First Session" 1003:, had died after administration of LSD. Much of what the Church Committee and the Rockefeller Commission learned about MKUltra was contained in a report, prepared by the Inspector General's office in 1963, that had survived the destruction of records ordered in 1973. However, it contained little detail. 1251:

Since 2001 (or earlier) the Olson family disputes the official version of events. They maintain that Frank Olson was murdered because, especially in the aftermath of his LSD experience, he had become a security risk who might divulge state secrets associated with highly classified CIA programs, about

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Olson's prior knowledge, although neither Olson nor the other men taking part in the experiment were informed as to the exact nature of the drug until some 20 minutes after its ingestion. The report further suggested that Gottlieb was nonetheless due a reprimand, as he had failed to take into account

1122:. (Note 37) Many of these tests were conducted under the so-called MKULTRA program, established to counter perceived Soviet and Chinese advances in brainwashing techniques. Between 1953 and 1964, the program consisted of 149 projects involving drug testing and other studies on unwitting human subjects 1064:

The Deputy Director of the CIA revealed that over thirty universities and institutions were involved in an "extensive testing and experimentation" program which included covert drug tests on unwitting citizens "at all social levels, high and low, native Americans and foreign." Several of these tests

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at the Sandoz Laboratories in Basel, Switzerland. The early directors of MKUltra became aware of the existence of LSD and sought to use it for "mind-control". In the early 1950s, MKUltra director Sidney Gottlieb arranged for the CIA to buy the entire supply of LSD for $ 240,000, which in 2024, would

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No judicially crafted rule should insulate from liability the involuntary and unknowing human experimentation alleged to have occurred in this case. Indeed, as Justice Brennan observes, the United States played an instrumental role in the criminal prosecution of Nazi officials who experimented with

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The revelations about the CIA and the Army prompted a number of subjects or their survivors to file lawsuits against the federal government for conducting experiments without informed consent. Although the government aggressively, and sometimes successfully, sought to avoid legal liability, several

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had penetrated the organization at the highest levels. The agency poured millions of dollars into studies examining ways to influence and control the mind and enhance its ability to extract information from resistant subjects during interrogation. Some historians assert that one goal of MKUltra and

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The medical trials at Nuremberg in 1947 deeply impressed upon the world that experimentation with unknowing human subjects is morally and legally unacceptable. The United States Military Tribunal established the Nuremberg Code as a standard against which to judge German scientists who experimented

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In 1953 (November) Olson was given LSD without his knowledge or consent, (allegedly) as part of a CIA experiment, and died after falling from a 13th-story window a week later. A CIA doctor assigned to monitor Olson claimed to have been asleep in another bed in a New York City hotel room when Olson

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Previously, the CIA and the Army had actively and successfully sought to withhold incriminating information, even as they secretly provided compensation to the families. One subject of army drug experimentation, James Stanley, an army sergeant, brought an important, albeit unsuccessful, suit. The

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ordered all MKUltra files destroyed. Pursuant to this order, most CIA documents regarding the project were destroyed, making a full investigation of MKUltra impossible. A cache of some 20,000 documents survived Helms's purge, as they had been incorrectly stored in a financial records building and

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Once Project MKUltra started, in April 1953, experiments included administering LSD to mental patients, prisoners, drug addicts, and prostitutes – "people who could not fight back", as one agency officer put it. In one case, they administered LSD to a mental patient in Kentucky for 174 days. They

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has been tied to MKULTRA by author Tom O'Neil, beginning with his time in prison, when Manson took part in drug-induced psychological experiments run by the federal government. This continued through his ongoing connection to the CIA's Free Medical Clinic in San Francisco once out of prison in

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in 1976 issued the first Executive Order on Intelligence Activities which, among other things, prohibited "experimentation with drugs on human subjects, except with the informed consent, in writing and witnessed by a disinterested party, of each such human subject" and in accordance with the

1240:"Given the CIA's purposeful destruction of most records, its failure to follow informed consent protocols with thousands of participants, the uncontrolled nature of the experiments, and the lack of follow-up data, the full impact of MKUltra experiments, including deaths, may never be known." 1081:, was attributed to Olson's being subjected, without his knowledge, to such experimentation nine days before his death. The CIA itself subsequently acknowledged that these tests had little scientific rationale. The officers conducting the monitoring were not qualified scientific observers. 660:

MKUltra's researchers later dismissed LSD as too unpredictable in its results. They gave up on the notion that LSD was "the secret that was going to unlock the universe", but it still had a place in the cloak-and-dagger arsenal. However, by 1962, the CIA and the army developed a series of

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The Army was subject to the testing of LSD which occurred in three phases. The first phase included over 1,000 American soldiers who willingly volunteered for testing of chemical warfare experiments. Phase two had 96 volunteers who were induced with LSD in evaluation of the possibility of

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of an MKUltra test subject and is the last child to survive the massacre of the facility in 1979. Contrary to popular belief from urban legends, while MKUltra did in fact experiment on children, the project was halted in 1973.There weren’t any known instances of them ever capable of any

446:. Its purpose was to develop, test, and evaluate capabilities in the covert use of biological, chemical, and radioactive material systems and techniques of producing predictable human behavioral and/or physiological changes in support of highly sensitive operational requirements. 1322:. The majority argued that "a test for liability that depends on the extent to which particular suits would call into question military discipline and decision making would itself require judicial inquiry into, and hence intrusion upon, military matters." In dissent, Justice 525:

be $ 4,227,079. This LSD supply gave Gottlieb the ability to fulfill his experiment by spreading LSD to prisons, hospitals, institutions, clinics, and foundations in order to see how citizens would react to the drug without knowing exactly what was happening to them.

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Some subjects' participation was consensual, and in these cases they appeared to be singled out for even more extreme experiments. In one case, seven drug-addicted African-American participants at the National Institute of Mental Health Addiction Research Center in

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After retiring in 1972, Gottlieb dismissed his entire effort for the CIA's MKUltra program as useless. Files discovered in 1977 containing 700 pages of new information showed that experiments had continued until Gottlieb ordered the program halted on July 10, 1972.

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in 1976 showed that, in 1953, the CIA considered purchasing 10 kilograms of LSD, enough for 100 million doses. The proposed purchase aimed to stop other countries from controlling the supply. The documents showed that the CIA purchased some quantities of LSD from

480:" and "depatterning". Psychic driving involved subjecting patients to continuous playback of recorded messages, often with themes of self-improvement or identity reinforcement, while they were under the influence of powerful psychoactive substances such as LSD or 465:. MKOFTEN was to deal with testing and toxicological transmissivity and behavioral effects of drugs in animals and, ultimately, humans. MKCHICKWIT was concerned with acquiring information on new drug developments in Europe and Asia, and with acquiring samples. 645:, an army chemist who had never taken LSD, was covertly dosed by his CIA supervisor and nine days later plunged to his death from the window of a 13th-story New York City hotel room, supposedly as a result of deep depression induced by the drug. According to 733:

examinations, "hypnotically increasing ability to observe and recall complex arrangements of physical objects", and studying "relationship of personality to susceptibility to hypnosis". They conducted experiments with drug-induced hypnosis and with

5375:"U.S. Congress: The Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, Foreign and Military Intelligence (Church Committee report), report no. 94-755, 94th Cong., 2d Sess. (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1976), 394" 170:'s order that all MKUltra files be destroyed in 1973; the Church Committee and Rockefeller Commission investigations relied on the sworn testimony of direct participants and on the small number of documents that survived Helms's order. In 1977, a 476:, represents one of the most infamous and ethically controversial endeavors within the MKUltra program. This subproject aimed to explore innovative techniques for manipulating and controlling human behavior, particularly through the methods of " 356:. It often conducted experiments without the subjects' knowledge and/or consent. In some cases, academic researchers were funded through grants from CIA front organizations but were unaware that the CIA was using their work for these purposes. 884:

that Cameron's research and his contribution to the MKUltra project was not about mind control and brainwashing, but about designing "a scientifically based system for extracting information from 'resistant sources'. In other words, torture."

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In 1953, a few days before his death, Frank Olson quit his position as acting chief of the Special Operations Division at Detrick, Maryland (later Fort Detrick) because of a severe moral crisis concerning the nature of his biological weapons

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intelligence uses of the drug. The third phase included Projects THIRD CHANCE and DERBY HAT which conducted experiments on 16 unwitting nonvolunteer subjects that after receiving LSD were interrogated as a part of operation field tests.

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issued a report on September 28, 1994, which stated that between 1940 and 1974, the Department of Defense and other national security agencies studied thousands of human subjects in tests and experiments involving hazardous substances.

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Several prominent medical research institutions and Government hospitals in the United States and Canada were involved in a secret, 25-year, $ 25-million effort by the Central Intelligence Agency to learn how to control the human

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while he was a student at nearby Stanford University. Kesey's experiences while under the influence of LSD inspired him to promote the drug outside the context of the MKUltra experiments, which influenced the early development of

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human subjects during the Second World War, and the standards that the Nuremberg Military Tribunals developed to judge the behavior of the defendants stated that the 'voluntary consent of the human subject is absolutely essential

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and to explore other possibilities of mind control. Subproject 54 was the Navy's top-secret "Perfect Concussion" program, which was supposed to use sub-aural frequency blasts to erase memory; the program was never carried out.

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CIA documents suggest that they investigated "chemical, biological, and radiological" methods of mind control as part of MKUltra. They spent an estimated $ 10 million or more, roughly $ 87.5 million adjusted for inflation.

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In 2012 (November 28) the Olson family filed suit against the U.S. federal government for the wrongful death of Frank Olson. In 2013 (July) the case was dismissed, due in part to the 1976 settlement between the family and

2380:"Private Institutions Used In C.I.A Effort To Control Behavior. 25-Year, $ 25 Million Program. New Information About Funding and Operations Disclosed by Documents and Interviews Private Institutions Used in C.I.A. Plan" 4822: 159: 1297:

plaintiffs did receive compensation through court order, out-of-court settlement, or acts of Congress. Frank Olson's family received $ 750,000 by a special act of Congress, and both President Ford and CIA director

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has claimed that the CIA attempted to focus media attention on these sorts of "ridiculous" programs so that the public would not look at the research's primary goal, which was effective methods of interrogation.

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and then sort of cascade tinkley-bell-like (must I take you by the hand, ever so slowly type) and then conglomerate suddenly into a peal of silver vibrant uncomprehendingly, blood singingly, joyously resounding

665:, which was thought to hold greater promise as a mind control weapon. This resulted in the withdrawal of support by many academics and private researchers, and LSD research became less of a priority altogether. 532:, which later came to dominate many of MKUltra's programs. The CIA wanted to know if they could make Soviet spies defect against their will and whether the Soviets could do the same to the CIA's own operatives. 1209:

fell to his death. In 1953, Olson's death was described as a suicide that had occurred during a severe psychotic episode. The CIA's own internal investigation concluded that the head of MKUltra, CIA chemist

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research funds were sent to Cameron by a CIA front organization, the Society for the Investigation of Human Ecology, and as shown in internal CIA documents, Cameron did not know the money came from the CIA.

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The project MKUltra began in 1953 and was halted in 1973. MKUltra used numerous methods to manipulate its subjects' mental states and brain functions, such as the covert administration of high doses of

5383:"U.S. Senate: Joint Hearing before The Select Committee on Intelligence and The Subcommittee on Health and Scientific Research of the Committee on Human Resources, 95th Cong., 1st Sess. August 3, 1977" 2924:

Book 1: Final report of the Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, United States Senate: together with additional, supplemental, and separate views

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to satisfy moral, ethical, and legal concepts.' If this principle is violated, the very least that society can do is to see that the victims are compensated, as best they can be, by the perpetrators.

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report found that, in the MKDELTA program, "Drugs were used primarily as an aid to interrogations, but MKULTRA/MKDELTA materials were also used for harassment, discrediting or disabling purposes."

6160: 497: 6184: 5330: 1793:, Alex Mason, is a victim of MKUltra and has been brainwashed into believing his old friend, Viktor Reznov, is alive, even years after he died. Mason was also programmed to kill US President 1576:, an American domestic terrorist known as the Unabomber, was said to be a subject of a voluntary psychological study alleged by some sources to have been a part of MKUltra. As a sophomore at 729:

in the early 1950s. Experimental goals included creating "hypnotically induced anxieties", "hypnotically increasing ability to learn and recall complex written matter", studying hypnosis and

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at thirty to forty times the normal power. His "driving" experiments consisted of putting subjects into drug-induced comas for weeks at a time (up to three months in one case) while playing

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within agency safehouses in San Francisco to obtain a selection of men who would be too embarrassed to talk about the events. The men were dosed with LSD, the brothels were equipped with

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had conducted experiments on both unwitting and cognizant human subjects as part of an extensive program to find out how to influence and control human behavior through the use of

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into the other. The barbiturates were released into the person first, and as soon as the person began to fall asleep, the amphetamines were released. Other experiments involved

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Working with the CIA, the Department of Defense gave hallucinogenic drugs to thousands of "volunteer" soldiers in the 1950s and 1960s. In addition to LSD, the Army also tested

6050: 3045: 2702:"MKUltra, began in 1950 and was motivated largely in response to alleged Soviet, Chinese, and North Korean uses of mind-control techniques on U.S. prisoners of war in Korea." 375:, so it has been difficult for investigators to gain a complete understanding of the more than 150 funded research subprojects sponsored by MKUltra and related CIA programs. 4812: 4934: 4593: 3995:

Joint Hearing Before The Select Committee On Intelligence And The Subcommittee On Health And Scientific Research of The Committee On Human Resources, United States Senate

6848: 766:" concept, which the CIA found interesting. Cameron had been hoping to correct schizophrenia by erasing existing memories and reprogramming the psyche. He commuted from 352:. The CIA wanted to use similar methods on their own captives, and was interested in manipulating foreign leaders with such techniques, devising several schemes to drug 239:

argues that the CIA project was a "continuation" of these earlier Nazi experiments, citing the numerous German scientists who were hired to work for the U.S. as part of

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dramatizes brainwashing experiments funded by MKUltra that were performed on Canadian mental patients in the 1950s and 60s, and their subsequent efforts to sue the CIA.

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alleged that the CIA had conducted illegal domestic activities, including experiments on U.S. citizens, during the 1960s. That report prompted investigations by the

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request uncovered a cache of 20,000 documents relating to MKUltra, which led to Senate hearings. Some surviving information about MKUltra was declassified in 2001.

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is a thriller based on the real life MK-ULTRA top secret government psychological program in which various volunteer test subjects are put in a tense situation.

6654: 5066: 1014:, concluded that "prior consent was obviously not obtained from any of the subjects." The committee noted that the "experiments sponsored by these researchers 6275: 6270: 6114: 4537: 2108: 2000: 2715:"A special procedure, designated MKDELTA, was established to govern the use of MKUltra materials abroad. Such materials were used on a number of occasions." 1542:

Sit back picture yourself swooping up a shell of purple with foam crests of crystal drops soft nigh they fall unto the sea of morning creep-very-softly mist

6908: 6843: 6255: 6076: 3998: 2592: 2130: 1842: 61: 4087: 1580:, Kaczynski participated in a study described by author Alston Chase as a "purposely brutalizing psychological experiment", led by Harvard psychologist 6807: 4720: 4479: 1527:. Along with Ken Kesey, Hunter was said to be an early volunteer MKUltra test subject at Stanford University. Stanford test subjects were paid to take 132: 5571: 3214: 2448: 2166: 1957: 895:'s earlier breakthrough, laid the scientific foundation for the CIA's two-stage psychological torture method", referring to first creating a state of 568:

the U.S. had agreed to follow after World War II. Many veterans who were subjected to experimentation are now seeking legal and monetary reparations.

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of noise or simple repetitive statements. His experiments were often carried out on patients who entered the institute for common problems such as

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in the subject, and then creating a situation of "self-inflicted" discomfort in which the disoriented subject can alleviate pain by capitulating.

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argued that the need to preserve military discipline should not protect the government from liability and punishment for serious violations of

281:, the objective of Artichoke was to determine whether an individual could be made to involuntarily perform an act of attempted assassination. 6923: 6249: 5705: 5576: 2354: 68:(CIA) to develop procedures and identify drugs that could be used during interrogations to weaken individuals and force confessions through 6943: 6863: 6219: 2086: 1482:, is said to have volunteered for MKUltra experiments involving LSD and other psychedelic drugs at the Veterans Administration Hospital in 426:

In 1964, MKSEARCH was the name given to the continuation of the MKULTRA program. The MKSEARCH program was divided into two projects dubbed

2792:(identical sentence) "Because most of the MK-ULTRA records were deliberately destroyed in 1973 ... MK-ULTRA and the related CIA programs." 5566: 4507: 2001:"Statement of Director of Central Intelligence Before Subcommittee On Health And Scientific Research Senate Committee on Human Resources" 607: 540: 273:

initiated a series of interrogation projects involving human subjects, beginning with the launch of Project Bluebird, officially renamed

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found Ritchie could not prove he was one of MKUltra's victims or that LSD caused his robbery attempt, and dismissed the case in 2005.

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U.S. Senate Select Committee On Intelligence, and Subcommittee On Health And Scientific Research of the Committee On Human Resources

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In 1994 Olson's body was exhumed and cranial injuries indicated that Olson had been knocked unconscious before he exited the window.

782:, and was paid $ 69,000 from 1957 to 1964 (US$ 766,936 in 2024, adjusted for inflation) to carry out MKUltra experiments there. The 2681: 826: 439: 4328: 3422: 2292:"The Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, Foreign and Military Intelligence" 1701:, a Netflix original, is largely based on the MKUltra experiments and the subsequent US government cover-ups. The main character, 6893: 6214: 5725: 4113: 1046: 4938: 4640: 4584: 649:, Olson had approached his superiors some time earlier, doubting the morality of the project, and asked to resign from the CIA. 96:) and other chemicals without the subjects' consent. Additionally, other methods beyond chemical compounds were used, including 5628: 5612: 5252: 1590:'s attorney, Lawrence Teeter, believed that Sirhan was "operating under MK-ULTRA mind control techniques" when he assassinated 5517:

Entire Four CD-ROM set of CIA / MKUltra Declassified documents released by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), image format

3662: 3578: 3126: 6953: 5364: 4969: 4917: 4312: 4244: 4210: 3941: 3839: 3405: 3015: 2972: 2947: 2881: 2652: 2550: 2070: 2041: 1260: 1160: 2325:"80 Institutions Used in CIA Mind Studies: Admiral Turner Tells Senators of Behavior Control Research Bars Drug Testing Now" 6779: 6132: 6100: 4993: 3962: 1506: 6918: 6784: 6634: 6504: 6245: 6136: 5638: 5596: 5560: 5226: 2808: 2379: 1854: 1837: 1750:

features a song titled "MK Ultra", which references brainwashing techniques utilised by the CIA in the eponymous project.

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Reilly, Edward C. "Ken Kesey." Critical Survey of Long Fiction, Second Revised Edition (2000): EBSCO. Web. Nov 10. 2010.

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began developing a "truth drug" that would produce "uninhibited truthfulness" in an interrogated person. In 1947, the

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In 1975, Olson's family received a $ 750,000 settlement from the U.S. government and formal apologies from President

1085: 128: 6464: 5391:"The Search for the "Manchurian Candidate": The CIA and Mind Control: The Secret History of the Behavioral Sciences" 6300: 2772:"Chapter 3, part 4: Supreme Court Dissents Invoke the Nuremberg Code: CIA and DOD Human Subjects Research Scandals" 2682:"Chapter 3, part 4: Supreme Court Dissents Invoke the Nuremberg Code: CIA and DOD Human Subjects Research Scandals" 2262:"Chapter 3, part 4: Supreme Court Dissents Invoke the Nuremberg Code: CIA and DOD Human Subjects Research Scandals" 1802: 822: 6614: 2116: 2007: 6878: 6290: 6229: 6170: 5812: 3987: 2712: 2668: 2291: 2134: 1667:

was an unwitting participant and committed suicide, but that an exhumation 45 years later proved he was murdered.

17: 4062: 3466: 5589: 5545: 5530: 5504: 5491: 5478: 5463: 5450: 5419: 5405: 2131:"Advisory on Human Radiation Experiments, July 5, 1994, National Security Archives, retrieved January 16, 2014" 6459: 449:

By March 1971, over 26,000 potential agents had been acquired for future screening. The CIA was interested in

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In the 1980s, several of Cameron's former patients sued the CIA for damages, which the Canadian news program

818: 462: 4667: 2159: 1650:, "Dream Logic", Walter Bishop mentions his participation in MK-Ultra experiments, using LSD and suggestion. 6933: 6312: 5715: 5200: 4110:"Is Military Research Hazardous to Veterans Health? Lessons Spanning Half A Century", part F. Hallucinogens 3153: 2240: 2192:"Chapter 3: Supreme Court Dissents Invoke the Nuremberg Code: CIA and DOD Human Subjects Research Scandals" 1563: 1327: 862: 247: 5119:"Chaos: Charles Manson, the CIA and the Secret History of the Sixties by Tom O'Neill with Dan Piepenbring" 4015: 3071: 2746: 1978: 468:

In January 1957, the CIA started a subproject of MKUltra in effort to broaden their scientific research. "

6729: 6689: 6669: 6639: 6443: 6178: 6123: 5860: 4845: 3776: 2593:"Document Friday: Project ARTICHOKE, or the CIA Attempt to Create an Unwitting Assassin Through Hypnosis" 2350: 2269: 1859: 854: 434:. Funding for MKSEARCH commenced in 1965, and ended in 1971. The project was a joint project between the 266: 81: 65: 1806:, "Bell", is a victim of MKUltra and has been brainwashed into believing they served in the Vietnam War. 814:, forgetting how to talk, forgetting their parents and thinking their interrogators were their parents. 6853: 6739: 6674: 6644: 6619: 6524: 6428: 5695: 5680: 5516: 5469: 4272: 1519:

was an American lyricist, singer-songwriter, translator, and poet, best known for his association with

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and other chemical, biological, and psychological means. They also revealed that at least one subject,

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Glasgow band, the "Mickey 9s", have a song called "MK Ultra", from their 2021 album "Modern Kunst".

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headed the Church Committee, an investigation into the practices of the U.S. intelligence agencies.

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Church Committee; "The congressional committee investigating the CIA research, chaired by Senator

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This means the forensic evidence conflicted with the former official version of events by the CIA.

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Results of the 1973 Church Committee Hearings, on CIA misdeeds, and the 1984 Iran/Contra Hearings

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were employed in experiments conducted on Polish, Czech, Jewish, Soviet and other nationalities'

3907:"Huge C.I.A. Operation Reported in U.S. Against Antiwar Forces, Other Dissidents in Nixon Years" 2094: 806:, many of whom suffered permanent effects from his actions. His treatments resulted in victims' 6794: 6744: 6714: 6699: 6694: 6629: 6578: 6514: 6040: 5994: 5964: 5924: 5919: 5914: 5710: 5690: 2306: 1746: 1483: 1344: 984: 973: 965: 846: 627: 603: 151: 5157: 4234: 4200: 3862: 3372: 3366: 3005: 1933: 1761: 1167:

through a local bakery (which appeared to be plausible because ergot naturally contains LSD).

1139: 857:

and who experimented on his patients without their consent, causing similar long-term damage.

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request in 1977. These documents were fully investigated during the Senate Hearings of 1977.

803: 472:", conducted at the Allan Memorial Institute in Montreal under the direction of psychiatrist 73: 5181: 4395: 1236:

In 1977 the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence and Committee on Human Resources wrote:

6484: 6393: 6358: 5904: 5791: 5700: 4037: 2873: 1824: 1753: 1539:, then report on their experiences. These experiences were creatively formative for Hunter: 1407: 807: 783: 750: 443: 387: 302: 4109: 3492:

Baker, Jeff (November 11, 2001). "All times a great artist, Ken Kesey is dead at age 66".

1566:

alleged he had been subjected to weekly injections of LSD and subsequent testing while in

1200:

the use of psychoactive drugs during "terminal" interrogations under a program code-named

8: 6883: 6333: 5974: 5822: 5675: 5581: 4672: 4484: 3040: 1611: 1455: 1417: 1392: 1277: 1191: 866:

documented. Their experiences and lawsuit were adapted in the 1998 television miniseries

759: 735: 590:

At the invitation of Stanford psychology graduate student Vik Lovell, an acquaintance of

545: 473: 270: 240: 192: 139:, although some top officials at these institutions were aware of the CIA's involvement. 105: 5312: 3351:

ABC7. "U.S. vets say there were human guinea pigs | ABC7 San Francisco | abc7news.com".

2689: 1018:

call into question the decision by the agencies not to fix guidelines for experiments."

297:

in the subjects. In addition, Project Artichoke aimed to employ certain viruses such as

6888: 6649: 6586: 6489: 6383: 6308: 6066: 5841: 5817: 4817: 4612: 4544: 4361: 4335: 4300:

A Terrible Mistake: The Murder of Frank Olson and the CIA's Secret Cold War Experiments

4176: 4149: 2542:

Acid Dreams: The Complete Social History of LSD : the CIA, the Sixties, and Beyond

2430: 2237:"Science, Technology and the CIA: A National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book" 1646: 1365: 1152: 960: 880: 739: 606:

Veterans' Hospital where he worked as a night aide. The project studied the effects of

556:

if they told anyone about the experiments. LSD and other drugs were often administered

458: 251: 163: 136: 5572:

XXVII. Testing and Use of Chemical and Biological Agents by the Intelligence Community

4583:"Findings of Fact and Conclusion of Law Re: Motion for Judgment on Partial Findings". 3694: 790:

In addition to LSD, Cameron also experimented with various paralytic drugs as well as

6509: 6499: 6474: 6469: 6373: 6368: 6140: 5969: 5954: 5827: 5760: 5500: 5487: 5474: 5459: 5446: 5415: 5401: 5360: 5339: 5161: 4965: 4913: 4888: 4791: 4768: 4758: 4728: 4699: 4371: 4367: 4308: 4240: 4206: 4181: 4033: 3914: 3870: 3835: 3756: 3700: 3642: 3636: 3615: 3441: 3401: 3376: 3261: 3101: 3011: 2968: 2943: 2902: 2877: 2841: 2648: 2546: 2498: 2434: 2066: 2037: 1942:

Some MKUltra activities raise questions of legality implicit in the original charter.

1775: 1655: 1591: 1551:

By my faith if this be insanity, then for the love of God permit me to remain insane.

1412: 1201: 1156: 1147:

Several known deaths have been associated with Project MKUltra, most notably that of

1084:

In Canada, the issue took much longer to surface, becoming widely known in 1984 on a

1050: 992: 779: 332:

on April 13, 1953. Its aim was to develop mind-controlling drugs for use against the

274: 124: 89: 5525: 5390: 2217: 1937:

Project MKUProject MKULTRA, the CIA's Program of Research in Behavioral Modification

1335:

with human subjects... n defiance of this principle, military intelligence officials

891:

writes, "Stripped of its bizarre excesses, Dr. Cameron's experiments, building upon

382:

described as "paranoia" at the CIA, when the U.S. had lost its nuclear monopoly and

246:

American interest in drug-related interrogation experiments began in 1943, when the

6570: 6378: 5959: 5909: 5888: 4813:"Ken Kesey, Author of 'Cuckoo's Nest,' Who Defined the Psychedelic Era, Dies at 66" 4171: 4163: 3666: 3582: 3130: 2866: 2728:, concluded that 'rior consent was obviously not obtained from any of the subjects. 2302: 2296: 1770: 1726: 1660: 1434: 983:

In the summer of 1975, congressional Church Committee reports and the presidential

969: 907:

In areas under American control in the early 1950s in Europe and East Asia, mostly

799: 767: 714: 561: 454: 415: 391: 224: 143: 50: 3890:

Elizabeth Nickson (October 16, 1994). "Mind Control: My Mother, the CIA and LSD".

6812: 6529: 6494: 6323: 6260: 5807: 5443:

Journey into Madness: The True Story of Secret CIA Mind Control and Medical Abuse

5412:

Acid Dreams: The Complete Social History of LSD: The CIA, the Sixties, and Beyond

4788:

Acid Dreams: The Complete Social History of LSD: The CIA, the Sixties, and Beyond

4117: 3948: 3942:

Prepared Statement of Admiral Stansfield Turner, Director of Central Intelligence

3858: 3513:

Acid Dreams, the Complete Social History of LSD: the CIA, the Sixties, and Beyond

3215:"The CIA's Secret Quest For Mind Control: Torture, LSD And A 'Poisoner In Chief'" 3007:

Acid Dreams: The Complete Social History of LSD: The CIA, the Sixties, and Beyond

2965:

Journey into madness: the true story of secret CIA mind control and medical abuse

2540: 1909: 1794: 1698: 1397: 1210: 1164: 1004: 888: 842: 763: 758:

The CIA exported experiments to Canada when they recruited Scottish psychiatrist

638: 477: 402: 379: 325: 317: 255: 84:

and "Ultra" is an arbitrary word out of a dictionary to denominate this project.

2236: 1614:

due to its nature and the destruction of most records. This has also led to the

232: 27:

CIA program involving illegal experimentation on human test subjects (1953–1973)

6423: 6398: 6348: 6343: 6045: 5633: 5349:

The Secret History of Fort Detrick, the CIA's Base for Mind Control Experiments

5335: 4880: 2838:

A Question of Torture: CIA Interrogation from the Cold War to the War on Terror

2384: 1965: 1958:"The CIA's Secret Quest For Mind Control: Torture, LSD And A 'Poisoner In Chief 1637: 1632: 1597: 1467: 1459: 1451: 1339:

began surreptitiously testing chemical and biological materials, including LSD.

1306: 1280: 1074: 1037: 1010:

The congressional committee investigating the CIA research, chaired by Senator

896: 892: 646: 591: 580: 565: 553: 521: 278: 236: 160:

United States President's Commission on CIA activities within the United States

6092: 2566: 2468: 1026:

guidelines issued by the National Commission. Subsequent orders by Presidents

6827: 6363: 6353: 6318: 5871: 5775: 4732: 3918: 3729: 3494: 3105: 2502: 2404: 1619: 1587: 1573: 1524: 1494: 1402: 1298: 1230: 936: 817:

During this era, Cameron became known worldwide as the first chairman of the

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1977 Senate MKULTRA Hearing: Appendix C – Documents Referring to subprojects

6479: 6418: 6403: 6388: 6338: 5984: 5944: 5939: 5934: 5929: 5770: 4185: 4167: 4092: 4088:

Stunning tale of brainwashing, the CIA and an unsuspecting Scots researcher

2725: 1683: 1615: 1581: 1520: 1219: 1027: 1011: 951: 912: 353: 329: 298: 216: 188: 147: 113: 109: 69: 5456:

Operation Mind Control: Our Secret Government's War Against Its Own People

4464: 4418: 1509:, which he had voluntarily checked into due to his depression following a 231:

which would, in the words of one laboratory assistant to Dachau scientist

6438: 6433: 6408: 6014: 5882: 5765: 4329:"Senate MKUltra Hearing: Appendix C – Documents Referring to Subprojects" 3988:

PROJECT MKULTRA, THE CIA's PROGRAM OF RESEARCH IN BEHAVIORAL MODIFICATION

3821: 2861: 2523: 1741: 1691: 1664: 1226: 1148: 1134: 1078: 1057: 1022: 1000: 875: 706: 682: 678: 674: 642: 481: 345: 333: 228: 208: 155: 3997:(Report). U.S. Senate Select Committee on Intelligence. August 3, 1977. 3801: 2927:. United States Government Printing Office. April 26, 1976. p. 391. 2218:"U.S. Senate Report on CIA MKULTRA Behavioral Modification Program 1977" 6562: 3335:

Rappoport, J. (1995). "CIA Experiments With Mind Control on Children".

1934:

United States Congress Senate Select Committee on Intelligence (1977).

1892: 1711: 1679: 1532: 1316:

affirmed this defense in a 5–4 decision that dismissed Stanley's case:

920: 702: 615: 431: 360: 349: 320:

approved of an MKUltra sub-project on LSD in this June 9, 1953, letter.

293:

were all administered on unknowing CIA agents in an attempt to produce

5437:

In the Sleep Room: The Story of CIA Brainwashing Experiments in Canada

5331:

Poisoner in Chief: Sidney Gottlieb and the CIA Search for Mind Control

5227:"Stranger Things True Story: The CIA's Real Project MKUltra Explained" 4202:

Origins of Neuroscience: A History of Explorations Into Brain Function

3753:

In the Sleep Room: The story of CIA brainwashing experiments in Canada

3164: 2619:"Florida Dengue Fever Outbreak Leads Back to CIA and Army Experiments" 987:

report revealed to the public for the first time that the CIA and the

46: 6035: 6004: 5949: 4066: 3094:"C.I.A. Near Settlement of Lawsuit By Subjects of Mind-Control Tests" 1764:" which is theorized to describe the experience of an MKUltra victim. 1676: 1618:

that the human experiments performed by the CIA are ongoing into the

1536: 1473: 1458:'s campus where he could listen to records of his choice (he chose a 1429: 1218:

Olson's already-diagnosed suicidal tendencies, which might have been

996: 932: 795: 730: 698: 694: 619: 595: 383: 371:

Most MKUltra records were destroyed in 1973 by order of CIA director

286: 220: 196: 4935:"I'm Whitey Bulger. Here's How the CIA Used Me for Drug Experiments" 4910:

Brutal: The Untold Story Of My Life Inside Whitey Bulger's Irish Mob

3963:"CIA Director Admits Documents on Secret Drug Experiments Destroyed" 461:(CBW) research; subproject 139 designated "Bird Disease Studies" at 6009: 5866: 5855: 5153: 3398:

The Search for the "Manchurian Candidate": The CIA and Mind Control

3158: 2645:

The Search for the "Manchurian Candidate": The CIA and Mind Control

2060: 1874: 1180:

the CIA's use of biological warfare materials in covert operations,

771: 726: 690: 654: 364: 348:

use of mind control techniques on U.S. prisoners of war during the

282: 212: 101: 5150:

Conspiracy theories in American history: an encyclopedia, Volume 2

3092:

Shenon, Philip; Times, Special To the New York (October 6, 1988).

313: 235:, "eliminate the will of the person examined". American historian 6081: 5655:

Program Executive Office, Assembled Chemical Weapons Alternatives

5554: 5539: 3467:"Cloak and Dropper – The Twisted History of the CIA and LSD" 1897: 1687: 1577: 1510: 1463: 1021:

Following the recommendations of the Church Committee, President

976:

that looked into the illegal domestic activities of the CIA, the

841:

His work was inspired and paralleled by the British psychiatrist

811: 710: 623: 576: 427: 294: 166:

Commission). Investigative efforts were hampered by CIA Director

117: 4696:

Was Jonestown A CIA Medical Experiment? A Review of the Evidence

587:

addicts were bribed into taking LSD with offers of more heroin.

5433:, by Jonathan Vankin and John Whalin, chapter 1, "CIAcid Drop". 5320: 1498: 1488: 1305:

government argued that Stanley was barred from suing under the

1031: 686: 584: 529: 337: 277:

on August 20, 1951. Directed and overseen by Brigadier General

200: 4104: 4102: 2776:

Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments Final Report

2686:

Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments Final Report

2266:

Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments Final Report

1034:

expanded the directive to apply to any human experimentation.

947: 5876: 5414:

by Martin Lee and Bruce Shlain, New York: Grove Press, 1985,

5253:"Sundance 2009 Review: Jonathan Liebesman's The Killing Room" 4986:"MKUltra: Inside the CIA's Cold War mind control experiments" 4962:

Mind Wars: Brain Science and the Military in the 21st Century

4457:"Family sues CIA, decades after scientist's mysterious death" 3527:"המדען היהודי שהיה "הדבר הכי קרוב למנגלה בהיסטוריה של ארה"ב"" 1706: 1097: 908: 378:

The project began during a period of what English journalist

341: 5577:

List of MKULTRA Unclassified Documents including subprojects

4877:

A Long Strange Trip: The Inside History of the Grateful Dead

2034:

American Torture: From the Cold War to Abu Ghraib and Beyond

4236:

Alcamo's Fundamentals of Microbiology: Body Systems Edition

4099: 3806: 3439: 3423:"The Legacy of the CIA's Secret LSD Experiments on America" 1584:. In total, Kaczynski spent 200 hours as part of the study. 1183:

experimentation with biological weapons in populated areas,

1177:

the development of assassination materials used by the CIA,

5611: 5439:, Anne Collins, Lester & Orpen Dennys (Toronto), 1988. 1291: 258:, an interrogation program which saw the first testing of 6914:

Investigations and hearings of the United States Congress

4508:"CIA Cover-Up Suit Over Scientist's Fatal Fall Dismissed" 4480:"Lawsuit by family of drugged Detrick employee dismissed" 3796: 3794: 3219: 3003: 2453: 1528: 1066: 977: 631: 611: 599: 517: 290: 93: 5644:

U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense

4721:"Abuses in Testing Of Drugs by C.I.A. To Be Panel Focus" 1248:

The medical examiner termed Olson's death a "homicide".

4147: 1773:, have a song called "MK Ultra", from their 2015 album 637:

The Office of Security used LSD in interrogations, but

5486:, by John Marks, W.W. Norton & Company Ltd, 1999, 5275:

Alternatively spelled in many different ways, such as

4419:"Pont-Saint-Esprit poisoning: Did the CIA spread LSD?" 3791: 3755:. Toronto: Key Porter Books. pp. 39, 42–43, 133. 5048:"Harvard's Experiment on the Unabomber, Class of '62" 4226: 3262:"The Search for the Manchurian Candidate – Chapter 4" 725:

Declassified MKUltra documents indicate they studied

6077:

Unethical human experimentation in the United States

4719:

Crewdson, John M.; Thomas, Jo (September 20, 1977).

3863:"Cruel science: CIA torture and U.S. foreign policy" 2840:. New York: Metropolitan Books. pp. 8, 22, 30. 2671:"MKUltra was approved by the DCI on April 13, 1953" 1843:

Unethical human experimentation in the United States

1814: 1159:

researcher. In 1951 academic sources attributed the

598:

volunteered to take part in what turned out to be a

363:

for interrogating suspected Soviet spies during the

4964:. Bellevue Literary Press, NYU School of Medicine. 4239:. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. pp. 734ff. 4233:Pommerville, Jeffrey C.; Alcamo, I. Edward (2012). 2868:

The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism

2831: 2829: 2165:. U.S. Government Printing Office. August 8, 1977. 2059:A Question of Torture: CIA Interrogation, from the 1690:. The series is based on the life of the scientist 980:and intelligence-related agencies of the military. 602:-financed study under the aegis of MKUltra, at the 6849:20th-century military history of the United States 6808:Official reports by the U.S. Government on the CIA 5085: 4148:Gabbai; Lisbonne; Pourquier (September 15, 1951). 4032: 3033:"Data shows 50s projects: Germ Testing by the CIA" 2865: 442:to find new offensive-use agents, with a focus on 386:was at its height. CIA counter-intelligence chief 142:MKUltra was revealed to the public in 1975 by the 133:United States Army Biological Warfare Laboratories 5201:"7 Key Questions to Help You Understand Wormwood" 4232: 4065:. HistoryOnAir.com. June 16, 2005. Archived from 3889: 3303: 3301: 2802: 2800: 2798: 2492:"Files Show Tests For Truth Drug Began in O.S.S." 2318: 2316: 2109:"PROJECT BLUEBIRD | CIA FOIA (foia.cia.gov)" 6825: 4038:"What did the C.I.A. do to Eric Olson's father?" 3937: 3935: 3487: 3485: 2938:Scheflin, Alan W. Jr.; Opton, Edward M. (1978). 2826: 1929: 1927: 1925: 1252:many of which he had direct personal knowledge. 931:In 1973, amid a government-wide panic caused by 6122: 5499:, by Jay Stevens, New York: Grove Press, 1987, 4811:Lehmann-Haupt, Christopher (November 1, 2001). 4269:"Family Statement on the Murder of Frank Olson" 3310:"Sidney Gottlieb, 80, Dies; Took LSD to C.I.A." 2806: 2766: 2764: 2036:. Melbourne University Publishing. p. 24. 1940:. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 70. 1888:Category:Central Intelligence Agency operations 1870:Poison laboratory of the Soviet secret services 1301:met with Olson's family to apologize publicly. 80:: "MK" is an arbitrary prefix standing for the 6899:History of the government of the United States 4718: 3883: 3298: 3253: 2854: 2795: 2313: 2154: 2152: 2150: 2148: 2146: 2144: 1073:At least one death, the result of the alleged 661:super-hallucinogens such as the highly touted 30:"MKULTRA" redirects here. For other uses, see 6108: 5706:Johnston Atoll Chemical Agent Disposal System 5639:U.S. Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center 5597: 4810: 4096:, January 5, 2006. Retrieved 13 January 2017. 3932: 3551:NPR Fresh Air. June 28, 2007 and Tim Weiner, 3482: 2997: 2990: 2988: 2986: 2984: 2937: 1979:"Dialogue Sought With Professor In CIA Probe" 1922: 1069:to "unwitting subjects in social situations." 836: 5250: 4435: 4321: 4292: 4290: 3853: 3851: 3688: 3686: 3684: 3347: 3345: 3331: 3329: 2940:The mind manipulators: a non-fiction account 2931: 2761: 2222:publicintelligence.net – Public Intelligence 1800:The main protagonist of the 2020 video game 1789:The main protagonist of the 2010 video game 1360:In another lawsuit, Wayne Ritchie, a former 919:, the CIA created secret detention centers ( 64:program designed and undertaken by the U.S. 6909:Human subject research in the United States 6844:1973 disestablishments in the United States 5497:Storming Heaven: LSD and The American Dream 5425:The Agency: The Rise and Decline of the CIA 4565:, vol. 451, May 18, 2006, p. 1019 4436:Schpolianksy, Christophe (March 23, 2010). 4205:. Oxford University Press. pp. 221ff. 3699:. New York: Times Books. pp. 140–150. 3641:. New York: Times Books. chapters 3 and 7. 3553:The Legacy of Ashes: The History of the CIA 3091: 2942:. New York: Paddington Press. p. 158. 2899:The Agency: The Rise and Decline of the CIA 2705: 2141: 1956:National Public Radio (NPR), 9 Sept. 2019, 1376: 1269:that he was eventually murdered by the CIA. 1041:1977 United States Senate report on MKUltra 745: 487: 359:The project attempted to produce a perfect 6115: 6101: 5604: 5590: 5526:MKUltra Declassified documents, PDF format 5077: 4505: 4455:Frommer, Frederic J. (November 29, 2012). 4192: 3400:. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 67. 3307: 3200:"CIA Mind Control Tests Lasted Into '72", 2981: 2956: 2647:. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 61. 1266:that Olson was involved in that event, and 1098:1994 U.S. General Accounting Office report 6250:Involvement in Contra cocaine trafficking 5198: 5017:"Harvard and the Making of the Unabomber" 4953: 4846:"Ken Kesey, Novelist and '60s Icon, Dies" 4785: 4755:The search for the "Manchurian candidate" 4296: 4287: 4175: 3848: 3681: 3420: 3414: 3342: 3326: 2538: 2417: 2415: 2374: 2372: 2235:Richelson, JT, ed. (September 10, 2001). 2234: 1952: 1950: 902: 742:while under the influence of such drugs. 421: 6904:Human rights abuses in the United States 6839:1953 establishments in the United States 5400:, by David Black, London: Vision, 1998, 4978: 4438:"Did CIA Experiment LSD on French Town?" 4429: 4410: 4134: 4132: 4130: 4016:"Opening Remarks by Senator Ted Kennedy" 3069: 3030: 2896: 2031: 1049:, to look further into MKUltra, Admiral 1036: 946: 749: 657:were given LSD for 77 consecutive days. 312: 182: 45: 6166:Directorate of Science & Technology 5726:Tooele Chemical Agent Disposal Facility 5484:The Search for the Manchurian Candidate 5458:, by W H Bowart, New York: Dell, 1978, 5251:Billingtonwi, Alex (January 18, 2009). 5039: 5008: 4901: 4874: 4668:"Whatever Happened to... Mind Control?" 4454: 4416: 4394:. Frankolsonproject.org. Archived from 4124:, which may or may not be independent.) 3905:Hersh, Seymour M. (December 22, 1974). 3781:Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) 3750: 3719: 3696:The Search for the Manchurian Candidate 3638:The Search for the Manchurian Candidate 3607:The Search for the Manchurian Candidate 3368:The Search for the Manchurian Candidate 2967:. New York: Bantam Books. p. 123. 2616: 2323:Horrock, Nicholas M. (August 4, 1977). 2322: 2299:report, no. 94-755, 94th Cong., 2d Sess 1694:and his involvement in Project MKUltra. 1292:Legal issues involving informed consent 1047:Senate Select Committee on Intelligence 673:Another technique investigated was the 328:but began on the order of CIA director 203:conducted interrogation experiments on 14: 6869:Central Intelligence Agency operations 6826: 5613:United States chemical weapons program 5445:, by Gordon Thomas, NY: Bantam, 1989, 5354: 5224: 5199:Tallerico, Brian (December 19, 2017). 5147: 5116: 5064: 5045: 4959: 4933:Bulger, James "Whitey" (May 9, 2017). 4932: 4856:from the original on December 18, 2023 4786:Lee, Martin A.; Shlain, Bruce (1992). 4757:. New York: Norton. pp. 129–130. 4693: 4638: 4555: 4553: 4477: 4359: 4198: 3960: 3665:. Michael-robinett.com. Archived from 3581:. Michael-robinett.com. Archived from 3507: 3505: 3151: 3129:. Michael-robinett.com. Archived from 2962: 2539:Lee, Martin A.; Shlain, Bruce (1992). 2421: 2412: 2369: 1947: 1440: 1347:, writing a separate dissent, stated: 1126: 1045:In 1977, during a hearing held by the 308: 6929:Medical scandals in the United States 6096: 5650:U.S. Army Chemical Materials Activity 5585: 5098:from the original on January 11, 2022 5087:"The 30 greatest conspiracy theories" 5014: 4907: 4752: 4665: 4266: 4127: 4004:from the original on October 9, 2022. 3904: 3857: 3820: 3814: 3692: 3634: 3603: 3491: 3395: 3364: 3227: 2860: 2835: 2642: 2590: 2087:"FOIA | CIA FOIA (foia.cia.gov)" 2056: 1605: 1276:In the decision dismissing the suit, 1261:1951 Pont-Saint-Esprit mass poisoning 1161:1951 Pont-Saint-Esprit mass poisoning 1056:On the Senate floor in 1977, Senator 395:related CIA projects was to create a 127:. It was organized through the CIA's 6924:Medical experimentation on prisoners 6256:Arms control, WMD, and proliferation 6133:United States Intelligence Community 5431:80 Greatest Conspiracies of All Time 5427:, by John Ranelagh, pp. 208–10. 5351:, by Stephen Kinzer, Politico, 2019. 5083: 5027:from the original on August 21, 2014 4599:from the original on October 9, 2022 4150:"Ergot Poisoning at Pont St. Esprit" 3524: 3280:"C.I.A. Considered Big LSD Purchase" 3051:from the original on October 9, 2022 3004:Martin A. Lee; Bruce Shlain (2007). 2006:. September 21, 1977. Archived from 1507:New York State Psychiatric Institute 1151:. Already in 1951 Frank Olson was a 6944:Psychoactive drugs and the military 6864:American secret government programs 6505:United States intervention in Chile 6137:George Bush Center for Intelligence 5046:Moreno, Jonathan D (May 25, 2012). 4843: 4825:from the original on April 28, 2021 4586:Ritchie v. United States of America 4550: 3502: 3154:"Mind Control and the Secret State" 3072:"Subproject 68: The Case Continues" 3070:Anderson, Jack (October 27, 1985). 2470:HGP 36 :1945 - "K" Tablet & T.D 2424:"Mind Control: From Nazis to DARPA" 2339: 2172:from the original on March 31, 2010 1855:Allegations of CIA drug trafficking 1838:CIA activities in the United States 1501:player who died from injections of 1454:first took LSD in an experiment on 1213:, had conducted the LSD experiment 972:, and by a commission known as the 829:. Cameron was also a member of the 535:Documents obtained from the CIA by 401:-style subject. American historian 24: 5756:Edgewood Arsenal human experiments 5550:, 483 U.S. 669 (1987) 483 U.S. 669 5535:, 471 U.S. 159 (1985) 471 U.S. 159 5313:Presentation by Stephen Kinzer on 5294: 4912:. Harper Collins. pp. 83–84. 4790:. USA: Grove Press. pp. xix. 4478:Gaines, Danielle (July 18, 2013). 4463:. Associated Press. Archived from 3610:. New York: Times Books. pp. 3421:Szalavitz, Maia (March 23, 2012). 3371:. New York: Times Books. pp. 3152:Brandt, Daniel (January 3, 1996). 2807:Rupert Cornwell (March 16, 1999). 1964:(On-air interview with journalist 1865:Human rights violations by the CIA 1138: 440:Office of Research and Development 39:Edgewood Arsenal human experiments 25: 6965: 5510: 4844:Woo, Elaine (November 11, 2001). 4666:Ornes, Stephen (August 4, 2008). 4592:(Court case). No. C 00-3940 MHP. 4506:Schoenberg, Tom (July 17, 2013). 4417:Thomson, Mike (August 23, 2010). 3720:Turbide, Diane (April 21, 1997). 3564:University of Oregon. Mark Unno, 3440:VA Palo Alto Health Care System. 3259: 3010:. Grove/Atlantic. pp. 373–. 2745:. Druglibrary.org. Archived from 2567:"Science, Technology and the CIA" 2347:"An Interview with Richard Helms" 1371: 821:as well as president of both the 697:(used under code name MKSEARCH), 129:Office of Scientific Intelligence 6198: 5473:, by Jon Ronson, Picador, 2004, 5307: 5244: 5218: 5192: 5174: 5141: 5110: 5084:Hunt, H.E. (November 19, 2008). 5058: 4926: 4868: 4837: 4804: 4779: 4746: 4712: 4687: 4659: 4632: 4576: 4525: 4499: 4471: 4448: 3967:Today in Civil Liberties History 3429:– via healthland.time.com. 3031:Richards, Bill (June 17, 1977). 1817: 1803:Call of Duty: Black Ops Cold War 827:Canadian Psychiatric Association 823:American Psychiatric Association 260:lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) 5398:Acid: The Secret History of LSD 4992:. July 20, 2017. Archived from 4384: 4353: 4260: 4141: 4081: 4055: 4026: 4008: 3980: 3961:Tourek, Mary (August 2, 2013). 3954: 3898: 3830:. Metropolitan Books. pp. 3769: 3744: 3722:"Dr. Cameron's casualties" 3713: 3655: 3628: 3597: 3571: 3558: 3545: 3518: 3511:Lee, M. A., Shlain, B. (1985). 3473: 3459: 3433: 3389: 3358: 3272: 3207: 3194: 3179: 3145: 3119: 3085: 3063: 3024: 2915: 2890: 2735: 2718: 2674: 2661: 2636: 2610: 2584: 2559: 2532: 2516: 2484: 2461: 2441: 2284: 2254: 2228: 2210: 2184: 2180:– via The New York Times. 2123: 1479:One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest 1065:involved the administration of 853:, who was also involved in the 754:Donald Ewen Cameron, circa 1967 409: 269:under the direction of general 6894:Devices to alter consciousness 6453:Major international operations 5269: 5225:Hedash, Kara (June 18, 2020). 5117:Conrad, Peter (July 7, 2019). 5065:Gitlin, Todd (March 2, 2003). 4641:"Bid to sue over LSD rejected" 4639:Egelko, Bob (April 13, 2005). 4305:350–358, 490, 581–583, 686–692 3469:. The Fix. September 18, 2015. 2872:. New York: Picador. pp. 2617:Martell, Zoe (July 21, 2010). 2591:Jones, Nate (April 23, 2010). 2449:"Stephen Kinzer NPR interview" 2101: 2079: 2050: 2025: 1993: 1971: 1663:", Jack Hodgins mentions that 1197:LSD mind control research, and 668: 13: 1: 4267:Olson, E. (August 22, 2002). 4122:many other (unofficial) sites 3525:יוקד, צח (December 9, 2019). 3355:. Retrieved October 27, 2022. 3308:Tim Weiner (March 10, 1999). 2901:. Sceptre. pp. 208–210. 2897:Ranelagh, John (March 1988). 2353:. May 8, 2007. Archived from 1915: 1625: 1610:MKUltra plays a part in many 1503:3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine 1173:Among Olson's concerns were: 926: 819:World Psychiatric Association 528:Early CIA efforts focused on 463:Pennsylvania State University 177: 6954:Torture in the United States 6276:Crime and illicit drug trade 5813:Operation Davy Jones' Locker 5716:Pine Bluff Chemical Activity 2241:George Washington University 1675:is a 2017 American six-part 1118:, a hallucinogen code-named 940:were discovered following a 248:Office of Strategic Services 7: 6291:Influence on public opinion 6179:National Resources Division 6124:Central Intelligence Agency 5861:Methylphosphonyl difluoride 5357:Drugs as Weapons Against Us 5015:Chase, Alston (June 2000). 4042:The New York Times Magazine 3204:, September 2, 1977, p. I-2 2809:"Obituary: Sidney Gottlieb" 2351:Central Intelligence Agency 1860:Human radiation experiments 1810: 1653:In season 2, episode 19 of 855:Secret Intelligence Service 720: 560:the subject's knowledge or 267:Central Intelligence Agency 82:Office of Technical Service 66:Central Intelligence Agency 10: 6970: 6919:Lysergic acid diethylamide 5696:Edgewood Chemical Activity 5681:Anniston Chemical Activity 5470:The Men Who Stare at Goats 4698:. New York: Mellen House. 4363:The Men Who Stare at Goats 2032:Otterman, Michael (2007). 1644:In season 2, episode 5 of 1186:collaboration with former 1132: 1110:The quote from the study: 837:Motivation and assessments 831:Nuremberg medical tribunal 774:every week to work at the 498:Senate Health Subcommittee 324:The project was headed by 227:. They aimed to develop a 191:scientists working in the 172:Freedom of Information Act 36: 29: 6949:Psychedelic drug research 6859:American medical research 6803: 6598:CIA activities by country 6597: 6538: 6520:Drone strikes in Pakistan 6452: 6299: 6238: 6207: 6196: 6190:Operations Support Branch 6175:Special Activities Center 6171:Directorate of Operations 6148: 6130: 6059: 6023: 5897: 5850:3-Quinuclidinyl benzilate 5840: 5800: 5784: 5748: 5739: 5668: 5660:Chemical mortar battalion 5619: 5334:, Henry Holt and Co., by 5306: 5301: 5094:. Telegraph Media Group. 4960:Moreno, Jonathan (2012). 4297:Albarelli, H. P. (2009). 3879:– via Google Books. 3844:– via Google Books. 2743:"Retrieved 25 April 2008" 2065:. Macmillan. p. 29. 1762:BlackBoxWarrior - OKULTRA 1388:Harold Alexander Abramson 1104:General Accounting Office 792:electroconvulsive therapy 575:, the CIA set up several 573:Operation Midnight Climax 131:and coordinated with the 6547:The Invisible Government 6246:Alleged drug trafficking 6239:Transnational activities 5634:U.S. Army Chemical Corps 5561:Mind Control and MKULTRA 5548:United States v. Stanley 5355:Potash, John L. (2015). 5182:"Bones / 2x20transcript" 4694:Meiers, Michael (1988). 4533:United States v. Stanley 4199:Finger, Stanley (2001). 3566:The Story of the Drug BZ 2813:The Independent (London) 1783: 1734: 1382:Confirmed experimenters: 1377:Documented experimenters 1319:United States v. Stanley 851:Belmont Hospital, Sutton 776:Allan Memorial Institute 746:Experiments on Canadians 496:During a hearing by the 488:Experiments on Americans 436:U.S. Army Chemical Corps 187:During the early 1940s, 123:MKUltra was preceded by 76:. The term MKUltra is a 37:Not to be confused with 32:MKULTRA (disambiguation) 6525:Operation Neptune Spear 6329:Roscoe H. Hillenkoetter 6286:Human rights violations 6161:Directorate of Analysis 6000:XM736 8-inch projectile 5731:Umatilla Chemical Depot 5408:. Later edition exists. 4647:. Hearst Communications 4155:British Medical Journal 3751:Collins, Anne (1998) . 2963:Thomas, Gordon (1989). 1791:Call Of Duty: Black Ops 1718: 1116:quinuclidinyl benzilate 474:Dr. Donald Ewen Cameron 336:in response to alleged 6879:Clandestine operations 6185:Directorate of Support 5995:M687 155 mm projectile 5965:M360 105 mm projectile 5925:M121 155 mm projectile 5920:M110 155 mm projectile 5915:M104 155 mm projectile 5711:Newport Chemical Depot 5691:Deseret Chemical Depot 5629:2nd Chemical Battalion 5622:centers and institutes 4303:. Trine Day. pp. 4168:10.1136/bmj.2.4732.650 4138:Marks 1979, chapter 5. 4063:"Podcast 98 – MKUltra" 2836:McCoy, Alfred (2006). 2307:United States Congress 2057:McCoy, Alfred (2007). 1553: 1424:Alleged experimenters: 1358: 1341: 1144: 1124: 1071: 1042: 985:Rockefeller Commission 974:Rockefeller Commission 966:United States Congress 955: 903:Secret detention camps 755: 541:Freedom of Information 511: 422:Other related projects 321: 152:United States Congress 54: 6208:Geographic activities 6072:Dugway sheep incident 5990:M60 105 mm projectile 5980:M44 generator cluster 5721:Pueblo Chemical Depot 5686:Blue Grass Army Depot 5669:Industrial facilities 4908:Weeks, Kevin (2007). 3442:"Menlo Park Division" 3202:The Los Angeles Times 2497:. September 5, 1977. 1564:James "Whitey" Bulger 1540: 1362:United States Marshal 1349: 1332: 1328:constitutional rights 1255:A 2010 book alleged: 1142: 1112: 1062: 1040: 989:Department of Defense 968:, in the form of the 950: 804:postpartum depression 753: 564:, a violation of the 444:incapacitating agents 316: 303:incapacitating agents 207:. Substances such as 183:Origin of the project 146:(named after Senator 116:, and other forms of 74:psychological torture 62:human experimentation 49: 6485:Bay of Pigs Invasion 6394:R. James Woolsey Jr. 6359:James R. Schlesinger 6024:Protective equipment 5905:BLU-80/B Bigeye bomb 5792:Operation Ranch Hand 5701:Hawthorne Army Depot 5546:U.S. Supreme Court, 5531:U.S. Supreme Court, 4996:on November 22, 2017 4875:McNally, DA (2002). 4753:Marks, John (1991). 4360:Ronson, Jon (2004). 4341:on November 28, 2007 4275:on February 11, 2003 3732:on September 2, 2021 3693:Marks, John (1979). 3635:Marks, John (1979). 3604:Marks, John (1979). 3396:Marks, John (1991). 3365:Marks, John (1979). 3337:Perceptions Magazine 2643:Marks, John (1991). 2545:. Grove Weidenfeld. 2525:Navy Project CHATTER 2309:. 1976. p. 392. 2119:on January 24, 2017. 2063:to the War on Terror 1825:United States portal 1661:Spaceman in a Crater 1408:Martin Theodore Orne 1263:was part of MKDELTA, 808:urinary incontinence 784:Montreal experiments 681:into one arm and an 677:administration of a 398:Manchurian Candidate 388:James Jesus Angleton 6934:Military psychiatry 6465:Operation PBSuccess 6334:Walter Bedell Smith 6135:(CIA Headquarters: 5975:M43 BZ cluster bomb 5823:Operation Steel Box 5676:Anniston Army Depot 5186:bonestv.pbworks.com 5129:on January 19, 2024 5071:The Washington Post 4485:Frederick News-Post 3783:. 40 years of 3777:"MK Ultra episodes" 3585:on January 31, 2002 3266:www.druglibrary.org 3186:"Sidney Gottlieb". 3133:on January 31, 2002 3041:The Washington Post 2692:on November 9, 2004 2473:, December 21, 2014 2422:Flores, D. (2019). 2097:on August 21, 2019. 2013:on January 23, 2017 1760:features the song " 1697:The popular series 1612:conspiracy theories 1462:reading, a Tibetan 1456:Stanford University 1446:Confirmed subjects: 1441:Documented subjects 1418:George Hunter White 1393:Donald Ewen Cameron 1345:Sandra Day O'Connor 1278:U.S. District Judge 1192:Operation Paperclip 1127:Deaths, Frank Olson 878:argues in her book 847:St Thomas' Hospital 760:Donald Ewen Cameron 546:Sandoz Laboratories 309:Aims and leadership 271:Walter Bedell Smith 262:on human subjects. 241:Operation Paperclip 193:concentration camps 137:front organizations 106:sensory deprivation 6587:The Unexpected Spy 6555:All the Shah's Men 6515:Iran–Contra affair 6490:Operation Mongoose 6384:William H. Webster 6309:William J. Donovan 6281:Health and economy 6067:CB military symbol 5818:Operation Geranium 5620:Units, formations, 5563:by Richard G. Gall 5148:Knight, P (2003). 5067:"A Dangerous Mind" 4818:The New York Times 4725:The New York Times 4620:Unknown parameter 4116:2006-08-13 at the 4034:Ignatieff, Michael 3947:2006-05-26 at the 3911:The New York Times 3827:The Shock Doctrine 3353:ABC7 San Francisco 3284:The New York Times 3188:The Times (London) 3098:The New York Times 2711:Church Committee; 2667:Church Committee; 2571:nsarchive2.gwu.edu 2495:The New York Times 2335:on March 30, 2021. 1606:In popular culture 1366:Marilyn Hall Patel 1157:biological weapons 1153:United States Army 1145: 1043: 993:psychoactive drugs 961:The New York Times 958:In December 1974, 956: 881:The Shock Doctrine 762:, creator of the " 756: 740:retrograde amnesia 608:psychoactive drugs 459:biological warfare 322: 252:United States Navy 90:psychoactive drugs 55: 6854:Academic scandals 6821: 6820: 6510:Operation Cyclone 6500:Operation Rubicon 6475:1960 U-2 incident 6374:Stansfield Turner 6369:George H. W. Bush 6220:Russia and Europe 6141:Langley, Virginia 6090: 6089: 5970:M426 8-inch shell 5955:M23 chemical mine 5836: 5835: 5828:Operation Red Hat 5761:Operation Top Hat 5366:978-1-937584-92-4 5359:. Trine Day LLC. 5326: 5325: 5317:, October 3, 2019 5315:Poisoner in Chief 4971:978-1-934137-43-7 4919:978-0-06-114806-4 4850:Los Angeles Times 4398:on August 4, 2001 4314:978-0-9777953-7-6 4246:978-1-4496-0594-0 4212:978-0-19-514694-3 4036:(April 1, 2001). 4022:. August 3, 1977. 3867:Sticks and Stones 3841:978-0-676-97801-8 3810:. March 31, 1998. 3669:on April 28, 2002 3407:978-0-393-30794-8 3241:on March 31, 2013 3190:. March 12, 1999. 3167:on August 4, 2012 3017:978-0-8021-9606-4 2974:978-0-553-05357-9 2949:978-0-448-22977-5 2883:978-0-312-42799-3 2782:on March 31, 2013 2654:978-0-393-30794-8 2552:978-0-8021-3062-4 2357:on April 27, 2010 2272:on April 30, 2007 2198:on March 31, 2013 2137:on July 13, 2013. 2072:978-1-4299-0068-3 2043:978-0-522-85333-9 1981:. August 27, 1977 1776:Juggernaut: Alpha 1592:Robert F. Kennedy 1568:prison in Atlanta 1558:Alleged subjects: 1413:Louis Jolyon West 1229:and CIA Director 1202:Project Artichoke 1051:Stansfield Turner 800:anxiety disorders 780:McGill University 384:fear of communism 275:Project Artichoke 215:derivatives, and 125:Project Artichoke 53:MKUltra documents 16:(Redirected from 6961: 6444:William J. Burns 6379:William J. Casey 6271:Counterterrorism 6202: 6201: 6117: 6110: 6103: 6094: 6093: 5960:M34 cluster bomb 5910:M1 chemical mine 5746: 5745: 5606: 5599: 5592: 5583: 5582: 5394: 5386: 5378: 5370: 5311: 5310: 5299: 5298: 5288: 5273: 5261: 5260: 5248: 5242: 5241: 5239: 5237: 5222: 5216: 5215: 5213: 5211: 5196: 5190: 5189: 5178: 5172: 5171: 5145: 5139: 5138: 5136: 5134: 5125:. Archived from 5114: 5108: 5107: 5105: 5103: 5089: 5081: 5075: 5074: 5062: 5056: 5055: 5052:Psychology Today 5043: 5037: 5036: 5034: 5032: 5012: 5006: 5005: 5003: 5001: 4982: 4976: 4975: 4957: 4951: 4950: 4948: 4946: 4937:. 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Kennedy 1786: 1737: 1721: 1699:Stranger Things 1628: 1608: 1548: 1543: 1443: 1398:Sidney Gottlieb 1379: 1374: 1353: 1336: 1324:William Brennan 1294: 1275: 1247: 1245: 1211:Sidney Gottlieb 1188:Nazi scientists 1172: 1165:ergot poisoning 1155:biochemist and 1137: 1129: 1100: 1015: 1005:Sidney Gottlieb 935:, CIA Director 929: 905: 889:Alfred W. McCoy 843:William Sargant 839: 764:psychic driving 748: 723: 671: 639:Sidney Gottlieb 610:, particularly 581:one-way mirrors 520:was created by 514: 490: 478:psychic driving 424: 412: 403:Alfred W. McCoy 380:Rupert Cornwell 326:Sidney Gottlieb 318:Sidney Gottlieb 311: 256:Project CHATTER 185: 180: 58:Project MKUltra 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 18:Project MKULTRA 15: 12: 11: 5: 6967: 6957: 6956: 6951: 6946: 6941: 6936: 6931: 6926: 6921: 6916: 6911: 6906: 6901: 6896: 6891: 6886: 6881: 6876: 6874:CIA cryptonyms 6871: 6866: 6861: 6856: 6851: 6846: 6841: 6836: 6819: 6818: 6816: 6815: 6810: 6804: 6801: 6800: 6798: 6797: 6792: 6787: 6782: 6780:United Kingdom 6777: 6772: 6767: 6762: 6757: 6752: 6747: 6742: 6737: 6732: 6727: 6722: 6717: 6712: 6707: 6702: 6697: 6692: 6687: 6682: 6677: 6672: 6667: 6662: 6657: 6652: 6647: 6642: 6637: 6632: 6627: 6622: 6617: 6612: 6607: 6601: 6599: 6595: 6594: 6592: 6591: 6583: 6575: 6567: 6559: 6551: 6542: 6540: 6536: 6535: 6533: 6532: 6527: 6522: 6517: 6512: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6492: 6487: 6482: 6477: 6472: 6467: 6462: 6460:Operation Ajax 6456: 6454: 6450: 6449: 6447: 6446: 6441: 6436: 6431: 6426: 6424:David Petraeus 6421: 6416: 6414:Michael Hayden 6411: 6406: 6401: 6399:John M. Deutch 6396: 6391: 6386: 6381: 6376: 6371: 6366: 6361: 6356: 6351: 6349:William Raborn 6346: 6344:John A. McCone 6341: 6336: 6331: 6326: 6321: 6316: 6305: 6303: 6297: 6296: 6294: 6293: 6288: 6283: 6278: 6273: 6268: 6263: 6258: 6253: 6242: 6240: 6236: 6235: 6233: 6232: 6227: 6222: 6217: 6211: 6209: 6205: 6204: 6197: 6195: 6193: 6192: 6187: 6182: 6168: 6163: 6158: 6152: 6150: 6146: 6145: 6131: 6128: 6127: 6120: 6119: 6112: 6105: 6097: 6088: 6087: 6085: 6084: 6079: 6074: 6069: 6063: 6061: 6060:Related topics 6057: 6056: 6054: 6053: 6048: 6046:People sniffer 6043: 6038: 6033: 6027: 6025: 6021: 6020: 6018: 6017: 6012: 6007: 6002: 5997: 5992: 5987: 5982: 5977: 5972: 5967: 5962: 5957: 5952: 5947: 5942: 5937: 5932: 5927: 5922: 5917: 5912: 5907: 5901: 5899: 5895: 5894: 5892: 5891: 5886: 5880: 5874: 5869: 5864: 5858: 5853: 5846: 5844: 5838: 5837: 5834: 5833: 5831: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5804: 5802: 5798: 5797: 5795: 5794: 5788: 5786: 5782: 5781: 5779: 5778: 5773: 5768: 5763: 5758: 5752: 5750: 5743: 5737: 5736: 5734: 5733: 5728: 5723: 5718: 5713: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5678: 5672: 5670: 5666: 5665: 5663: 5662: 5657: 5652: 5647: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5625: 5623: 5617: 5616: 5609: 5608: 5601: 5594: 5586: 5580: 5579: 5574: 5569: 5564: 5558: 5543: 5528: 5523: 5512: 5511:External links 5509: 5508: 5507: 5494: 5481: 5466: 5453: 5440: 5434: 5428: 5422: 5409: 5395: 5387: 5379: 5371: 5365: 5352: 5346: 5344:978-1250140432 5336:Stephen Kinzer 5324: 5323: 5304: 5303: 5296: 5293: 5290: 5289: 5267: 5266: 5263: 5262: 5243: 5217: 5191: 5173: 5166: 5140: 5109: 5076: 5057: 5038: 5007: 4977: 4970: 4952: 4925: 4918: 4900: 4893: 4881:Broadway Books 4867: 4836: 4803: 4796: 4778: 4763: 4745: 4711: 4704: 4686: 4658: 4631: 4575: 4549: 4524: 4498: 4470: 4447: 4428: 4409: 4383: 4376: 4352: 4320: 4313: 4286: 4259: 4245: 4225: 4211: 4191: 4140: 4126: 4098: 4080: 4054: 4025: 4007: 3979: 3953: 3931: 3897: 3882: 3875: 3847: 3840: 3813: 3790: 3768: 3761: 3743: 3712: 3705: 3680: 3663:"Declassified" 3654: 3647: 3627: 3620: 3596: 3579:"Declassified" 3570: 3557: 3544: 3517: 3515:. Grove Press. 3501: 3498:. pp. A1. 3481: 3472: 3458: 3432: 3413: 3406: 3388: 3381: 3357: 3341: 3325: 3313:New York Times 3297: 3271: 3252: 3226: 3206: 3193: 3178: 3144: 3127:"Declassified" 3118: 3084: 3062: 3044:. p. A1. 3023: 3016: 2996: 2980: 2973: 2955: 2948: 2930: 2914: 2907: 2889: 2882: 2853: 2846: 2825: 2794: 2760: 2734: 2717: 2704: 2673: 2660: 2653: 2635: 2609: 2583: 2558: 2551: 2531: 2515: 2483: 2460: 2440: 2411: 2385:New York Times 2368: 2338: 2329:New York Times 2312: 2283: 2253: 2227: 2209: 2183: 2140: 2122: 2100: 2078: 2071: 2049: 2042: 2024: 1992: 1970: 1966:Stephen Kinzer 1946: 1920: 1919: 1917: 1914: 1913: 1912: 1901: 1900: 1895: 1890: 1879: 1878: 1872: 1867: 1862: 1857: 1846: 1845: 1840: 1829: 1828: 1812: 1809: 1808: 1807: 1798: 1785: 1782: 1781: 1780: 1768: 1765: 1756:'s 2020 album 1751: 1747:The Resistance 1744:'s 2009 album 1736: 1733: 1732: 1731: 1724:The 2009 film 1720: 1717: 1716: 1715: 1695: 1668: 1651: 1642: 1638:The Sleep Room 1627: 1624: 1607: 1604: 1603: 1602: 1598:Charles Manson 1595: 1585: 1571: 1555: 1554: 1514: 1492: 1471: 1468:Richard Wagner 1460:Gertrude Stein 1452:Allen Ginsberg 1442: 1439: 1438: 1437: 1432: 1421: 1420: 1415: 1410: 1405: 1400: 1395: 1390: 1378: 1375: 1373: 1372:Notable people 1370: 1307:Feres doctrine 1293: 1290: 1289: 1288: 1281:James Boasberg 1271: 1270: 1267: 1264: 1242: 1241: 1206: 1205: 1198: 1195: 1184: 1181: 1178: 1133:Main article: 1128: 1125: 1099: 1096: 1075:defenestration 928: 925: 904: 901: 897:disorientation 893:Donald O. Hebb 869:The Sleep Room 849:, London, and 838: 835: 833:in 1946–1947. 747: 744: 722: 719: 670: 667: 647:Stephen Kinzer 592:Allen Ginsberg 566:Nuremberg Code 554:courts-martial 522:Albert Hofmann 513: 510: 489: 486: 451:bird migration 438:and the CIA's 423: 420: 411: 408: 310: 307: 279:Paul F. Gaynor 237:Stephen Kinzer 205:human subjects 184: 181: 179: 176: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6966: 6955: 6952: 6950: 6947: 6945: 6942: 6940: 6937: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6922: 6920: 6917: 6915: 6912: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6902: 6900: 6897: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6887: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6867: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6842: 6840: 6837: 6835: 6832: 6831: 6829: 6814: 6811: 6809: 6806: 6805: 6802: 6796: 6793: 6791: 6788: 6786: 6783: 6781: 6778: 6776: 6773: 6771: 6768: 6766: 6763: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6718: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6708: 6706: 6703: 6701: 6698: 6696: 6693: 6691: 6688: 6686: 6683: 6681: 6678: 6676: 6673: 6671: 6668: 6666: 6663: 6661: 6658: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6618: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6603: 6602: 6600: 6596: 6589: 6588: 6584: 6581: 6580: 6576: 6573: 6572: 6568: 6565: 6564: 6560: 6557: 6556: 6552: 6549: 6548: 6544: 6543: 6541: 6539:Notable works 6537: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6457: 6455: 6451: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6432: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6422: 6420: 6417: 6415: 6412: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6402: 6400: 6397: 6395: 6392: 6390: 6387: 6385: 6382: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6372: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6364:William Colby 6362: 6360: 6357: 6355: 6354:Richard Helms 6352: 6350: 6347: 6345: 6342: 6340: 6337: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6327: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6319:Sidney Souers 6317: 6314: 6310: 6307: 6306: 6304: 6302: 6298: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6266:Controversies 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6251: 6247: 6244: 6243: 6241: 6237: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6213: 6212: 6210: 6206: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6180: 6176: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6153: 6151: 6147: 6142: 6138: 6134: 6129: 6125: 6118: 6113: 6111: 6106: 6104: 6099: 6098: 6095: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6065: 6064: 6062: 6058: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6028: 6026: 6022: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5902: 5900: 5896: 5890: 5887: 5884: 5881: 5878: 5875: 5873: 5870: 5868: 5865: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5851: 5848: 5847: 5845: 5843: 5839: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5805: 5803: 5799: 5793: 5790: 5789: 5787: 5783: 5777: 5776:Operation LAC 5774: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5753: 5751: 5747: 5744: 5738: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5673: 5671: 5667: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5651: 5648: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5626: 5624: 5618: 5614: 5607: 5602: 5600: 5595: 5593: 5588: 5587: 5584: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5556: 5551: 5549: 5544: 5542: 5541: 5536: 5534: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5518: 5515: 5514: 5506: 5502: 5498: 5495: 5493: 5489: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5476: 5472: 5471: 5467: 5465: 5461: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5448: 5444: 5441: 5438: 5435: 5432: 5429: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5417: 5413: 5410: 5407: 5403: 5399: 5396: 5392: 5388: 5384: 5380: 5376: 5372: 5368: 5362: 5358: 5353: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5341: 5337: 5333: 5332: 5328: 5327: 5322: 5318: 5316: 5305: 5300: 5286: 5282: 5278: 5272: 5268: 5258: 5254: 5247: 5232: 5228: 5221: 5206: 5202: 5195: 5187: 5183: 5177: 5169: 5167:1-57607-812-4 5163: 5159: 5155: 5151: 5144: 5128: 5124: 5120: 5113: 5097: 5093: 5092:The Telegraph 5088: 5080: 5072: 5068: 5061: 5053: 5049: 5042: 5026: 5022: 5018: 5011: 4995: 4991: 4987: 4981: 4973: 4967: 4963: 4956: 4940: 4936: 4929: 4921: 4915: 4911: 4904: 4896: 4894:0-7679-1186-5 4890: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4871: 4855: 4851: 4847: 4840: 4824: 4820: 4819: 4814: 4807: 4799: 4797:0-8021-3062-3 4793: 4789: 4782: 4774: 4770: 4766: 4764:0-393-30794-8 4760: 4756: 4749: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4715: 4707: 4705:0-88946-013-2 4701: 4697: 4690: 4675: 4674: 4669: 4662: 4651:September 28, 4646: 4642: 4635: 4627: 4622:|agency= 4614: 4595: 4588: 4587: 4579: 4564: 4563: 4562:Ritchie v. US 4556: 4554: 4546: 4543: 4539: 4535: 4534: 4528: 4513: 4509: 4502: 4487: 4486: 4481: 4474: 4466: 4462: 4458: 4451: 4443: 4439: 4432: 4424: 4420: 4413: 4397: 4393: 4387: 4379: 4377:0-330-37548-2 4373: 4369: 4365: 4364: 4356: 4337: 4330: 4324: 4316: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4301: 4293: 4291: 4274: 4270: 4263: 4248: 4242: 4238: 4237: 4229: 4214: 4208: 4204: 4203: 4195: 4187: 4183: 4178: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4156: 4151: 4144: 4135: 4133: 4131: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4105: 4103: 4095: 4094: 4089: 4084: 4068: 4064: 4058: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4029: 4021: 4017: 4011: 4000: 3996: 3989: 3983: 3968: 3964: 3957: 3950: 3946: 3943: 3938: 3936: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3901: 3893: 3886: 3878: 3876:1-55849-535-5 3872: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3859:McCoy, Alfred 3854: 3852: 3843: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3828: 3823: 3817: 3809: 3808: 3803: 3797: 3795: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3772: 3764: 3762:1-55013-932-0 3758: 3754: 3747: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3716: 3708: 3706:0-8129-0773-6 3702: 3698: 3697: 3689: 3687: 3685: 3668: 3664: 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