Properties of water

2874:) is that lowering the energy of the oxygen atom's nonbonding hybrid orbitals (by assigning them more s character and less p character) and correspondingly raising the energy of the oxygen atom's hybrid orbitals bonded to the hydrogen atoms (by assigning them more p character and less s character) has the net effect of lowering the energy of the occupied molecular orbitals because the energy of the oxygen atom's nonbonding hybrid orbitals contributes completely to the energy of the oxygen atom's lone pairs while the energy of the oxygen atom's other two hybrid orbitals contributes only partially to the energy of the bonding orbitals (the remainder of the contribution coming from the hydrogen atoms' 1s orbitals). 2537: 2348: 1775: 94: 1720: 2784: 2525: 41: 4339: 64: 1658: 1849:. This denser saltwater sinks by convection and the replacing seawater is subject to the same process. This produces essentially freshwater ice at −1.9 °C on the surface. The increased density of the seawater beneath the forming ice causes it to sink towards the bottom. On a large scale, the process of brine rejection and sinking cold salty water results in ocean currents forming to transport such water away from the Poles, leading to a global system of currents called the 1800: 2018: 54: 1947: 2451: 3713:). In the inner Solar System, planets, asteroids, and moons formed almost entirely of metals and silicates. Water has since been delivered to the inner Solar System via an as-yet unknown mechanism, theorized to be the impacts of asteroids or comets carrying water from the outer Solar System, where bodies contain much more water ice. The difference between planetary bodies located inside and outside the frost line can be stark. Earth's mass is 0.000023% water, while 1123: 9102: 2275:). Because of autoionization, at ambient temperatures pure liquid water has a similar intrinsic charge carrier concentration to the semiconductor germanium and an intrinsic charge carrier concentration three orders of magnitude greater than the semiconductor silicon, hence, based on charge carrier concentration, water can not be considered to be a completely dielectric material or electrical insulator but to be a limited conductor of ionic charge. 9091: 9124: 8819: 2571: 1862: 4948: 9113: 2496: 1296: 7480: 1783:

bottom up, and all life in it would be killed. Furthermore, given that water is a good thermal insulator (due to its heat capacity), some frozen lakes might not completely thaw in summer. As it is, the inversion of the density curve leads to a stable layering for surface temperatures below 4 °C, and with the layer of ice that floats on top insulating the water below, even e.g.,

3598:, other than the simple difference in specific mass, involve properties that are affected by hydrogen bonding, such as freezing and boiling, and other kinetic effects. This is because the nucleus of deuterium is twice as heavy as protium, and this causes noticeable differences in bonding energies. The difference in boiling points allows the isotopologues to be separated. The 1126: 1696:(more commonly known as latent heat) of water is 333.55 kJ/kg at 0 °C: the same amount of energy is required to melt ice as to warm ice from −160 °C up to its melting point or to heat the same amount of water by about 80 °C. Of common substances, only that of ammonia is higher. This property confers resistance to melting on the ice of 7498: 5459: 1128: 1928:. The reverse process accounts for the fog burning off in the morning. If the humidity is increased at room temperature, for example, by running a hot shower or a bath, and the temperature stays about the same, the vapor soon reaches the pressure for phase change and then condenses out as minute water droplets, commonly referred to as steam. 1558:. The molecules of water are constantly moving concerning each other, and the hydrogen bonds are continually breaking and reforming at timescales faster than 200 femtoseconds (2 × 10 seconds). However, these bonds are strong enough to create many of the peculiar properties of water, some of which make it integral to life. 1932:

the air is small, relative humidity, the ratio of the partial pressure due to the water vapor to the saturated partial vapor pressure, is much more useful. Vapor pressure above 100% relative humidity is called supersaturated and can occur if the air is rapidly cooled, for example, by rising suddenly in an updraft.

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Notice that the bond angles decrease as the number of nonbonding electron pairs increases. A bonding pair of electrons is attracted by both nuclei of the bonded atoms, but a nonbonding pair is attracted primarily by only one nucleus. Because a nonbonding pair experiences less nuclear attraction, its

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may affect biochemical processes—ingestion of large amounts impairs kidney and central nervous system function. Small quantities can be consumed without any ill-effects; humans are generally unaware of taste differences, but sometimes report a burning sensation or sweet flavor. Very large amounts of

1931:

A saturated gas or one with 100% relative humidity is when the vapor pressure of water in the air is at equilibrium with vapor pressure due to (liquid) water; water (or ice, if cool enough) will fail to lose mass through evaporation when exposed to saturated air. Because the amount of water vapor in

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The gases produced bubble to the surface, where they can be collected or ignited with a flame above the water if this was the intention. The required potential for the electrolysis of pure water is 1.23 V at 25 °C. The operating potential is actually 1.48 V or higher in practical electrolysis.

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structures form due to the four hydrogen bonds, thereby forming an open structure and a three-dimensional bonding network, resulting in the anomalous decrease in density when cooled below 4 °C. This repeated, constantly reorganizing unit defines a three-dimensional network extending throughout

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observed a strong repulsive force between hydrophilic surfaces. To dehydrate hydrophilic surfaces—to remove the strongly held layers of water of hydration—requires doing substantial work against these forces, called hydration forces. These forces are very large but decrease rapidly over a nanometer

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0–4 °C allows for a denser molecular packing in which some of the lattice cavities are filled by water molecules. Above 4 °C, however, thermal expansion becomes the dominant effect, and water near the boiling point (100 °C) is about 4% less dense than water at 4 °C (39 °F).

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Ocean warming dominates the global energy change inventory. Warming of the ocean accounts for about 93% of the increase in the Earth's energy inventory between 1971 and 2010 (high confidence), with the warming of the upper (0 to 700 m) ocean accounting for about 64% of the total. Melting ice

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These peculiar effects are due to the highly directional bonding of water molecules via the hydrogen bonds: ice and liquid water at low temperature have comparatively low-density, low-energy open lattice structures. The breaking of hydrogen bonds on melting with increasing temperature in the range

2468:), due to the collective action of hydrogen bonds between water molecules. These hydrogen bonds are constantly breaking, with new bonds being formed with different water molecules; but at any given time in a sample of liquid water, a large portion of the molecules are held together by such bonds. 1731:

of water is about 1 gram per cubic centimetre (62 lb/cu ft): this relationship was originally used to define the gram. The density varies with temperature, but not linearly: as the temperature increases, the density rises to a peak at 3.98 °C (39.16 °F) and then decreases; the

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The unusual density curve and lower density of ice than of water is essential for much of the life on earth—if water were most dense at the freezing point, then in winter the cooling at the surface would lead to convective mixing. Once 0 °C are reached, the water body would freeze from the

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point of about 231 K (−42 °C; −44 °F). The melting point of ordinary hexagonal ice falls slightly under moderately high pressures, by 0.0073 °C (0.0131 °F)/atm or about 0.5 °C (0.90 °F)/70 atm as the stabilization energy of hydrogen bonding is exceeded by

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Weingärtner, Hermann; Teermann, Ilka; Borchers, Ulrich; Balsaa, Peter; Lutze, Holger V.; Schmidt, Torsten C.; Franck, Ernst Ulrich; Wiegand, Gabriele; Dahmen, Nicolaus; Schwedt, Georg; Frimmel, Fritz H.; Gordalla, Birgit C. (2016). "Water, 1. Properties, Analysis, and Hydrological Cycle".

2002:

The bulk modulus of water ice ranges from 11.3 GPa at 0 K up to 8.6 GPa at 273 K. The large change in the compressibility of ice as a function of temperature is the result of its relatively large thermal expansion coefficient compared to other common solids.

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electron domain is spread out more in space than is the electron domain for a bonding pair (Figure 9.7). Nonbonding electron pairs, therefore, take up more space than bonding pairs; in essence, they act as large and fatter balloons in our analogy of Figure 9.5. As a result,

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and deionized ultra-pure water systems used, for instance, in semiconductor manufacturing plants. A salt or acid contaminant level exceeding even 100 parts per trillion (ppt) in otherwise ultra-pure water begins to noticeably lower its resistivity by up to several kΩ·m.

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The density of saltwater depends on the dissolved salt content as well as the temperature. Ice still floats in the oceans, otherwise, they would freeze from the bottom up. However, the salt content of oceans lowers the freezing point by about 1.9 °C (due to

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are relatively soluble in water, and nonpolar substances such as fats and oils are not. Nonpolar molecules stay together in water because it is energetically more favorable for the water molecules to hydrogen bond to each other than to engage in

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Although hydrogen bonding is a relatively weak attraction compared to the covalent bonds within the water molecule itself, it is responsible for several of the water's physical properties. These properties include its relatively high

2394:, points from a region between the two hydrogen atoms to the oxygen atom. The charge differences cause water molecules to aggregate (the relatively positive areas being attracted to the relatively negative areas). This attraction, 1648:

and the critical pressure is caused by the weight of the ocean at the extreme depths where the vents are located. This pressure is reached at a depth of about 2200 meters: much less than the mean depth of the ocean (3800 meters).

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in salts and bond to other polar substances such as alcohols and acids, thus dissolving them. Its hydrogen bonding causes its many unique properties, such as having a solid form less dense than its liquid form, a relatively high

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of water is about 2.2 GPa. The low compressibility of non-gasses, and of water in particular, leads to their often being assumed as incompressible. The low compressibility of water means that even in the deep

2717:. Unlike previously reported tunneling motions in water, this involved the concerted breaking of two hydrogen bonds. Later in the same year, the discovery of the quantum tunneling of water molecules was reported. 4382:) and an acidic proton are added to the two carbon atoms bonded together in the carbon-carbon double bond, resulting in an alcohol. When the addition of water to an organic molecule cleaves the molecule in two, 1819:

blocked by an expansion of water as it becomes colder near the freezing point. The oceans' cold water near the freezing point continues to sink. So creatures that live at the bottom of cold oceans like the

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the liquid. This view is based upon neutron scattering studies and computer simulations, and it makes sense in the light of the unambiguously tetrahedral arrangement of water molecules in ice structures.

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suggested that water molecules in the liquid state typically bind not to four but only two others; thus forming chains and rings. The term "string theory of water" (which is not to be confused with the

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Ramires, Maria L. V.; Castro, Carlos A. Nieto de; Nagasaka, Yuchi; Nagashima, Akira; Assael, Marc J.; Wakeham, William A. (1995-05-01). "Standard Reference Data for the Thermal Conductivity of Water".

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so that the density only decreases as a function of temperature. The increase observed for water from 0 °C (32 °F) to 3.98 °C (39.16 °F) and for a few other liquids is described as

1897:. Water being a relatively polar compound will tend to be miscible with liquids of high polarity such as ethanol and acetone, whereas compounds with low polarity will tend to be immiscible and poorly 1539:

at wavelengths of around 750 nm which cause it to appear to have a blue color. This can easily be observed in a water-filled bath or wash-basin whose lining is white. Large ice crystals, as in

7202:

Richardson, Jeremy O.; Pérez, Cristóbal; Lobsiger, Simon; Reid, Adam A.; Temelso, Berhane; Shields, George C.; Kisiel, Zbigniew; Wales, David J.; Pate, Brooks H.; Althorpe, Stuart C. (2016-03-18).

4817:, or its equivalent in different languages, although there are other systematic names which can be used to describe the molecule. Oxidane is only intended to be used as the name of the mononuclear 2613:

from the water. Contrary to the common misconception, water and hydrophobic substances do not "repel", and the hydration of a hydrophobic surface is energetically, but not entropically, favorable.

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freezes only to about 1 m thickness in winter. In general, for deep enough lakes, the temperature at the bottom stays constant at about 4 °C (39 °F) throughout the year (see diagram).

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Because water has strong cohesive and adhesive forces, it exhibits capillary action. Strong cohesion from hydrogen bonding and adhesion allows trees to transport water more than 100 m upward.

5085:(VSMOW), used for calibration, melts at 273.1500089(10) K (0.000089(10) °C, and boils at 373.1339 K (99.9839 °C). Other isotopic compositions melt or boil at slightly different temperatures. 3327: 3759:) donor and a base is a proton acceptor. When reacting with a stronger acid, water acts as a base; when reacting with a stronger base, it acts as an acid. For instance, water receives an 4603:

Water can be split into its constituent elements, hydrogen, and oxygen, by passing an electric current through it. This process is called electrolysis. The cathode half reaction is:

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Hardy, Edme H.; Zygar, Astrid; Zeidler, Manfred D.; Holz, Manfred; Sacher, Frank D. (2001). "Isotope effect on the translational and rotational motion in liquid water and ammonia".

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that water molecules generate between other water molecules. If a substance has properties that do not allow it to overcome these strong intermolecular forces, the molecules are

1839:, 3.5%) the ice that forms is essentially salt-free, with about the same density as freshwater ice. This ice floats on the surface, and the salt that is "frozen out" adds to the 5760: 3628:. Because water molecules exchange hydrogen atoms with one another, hydrogen deuterium oxide (DOH) is much more common in low-purity heavy water than pure dideuterium monoxide 1815:) and lowers the temperature of the density maximum of water to the former freezing point at 0 °C. This is why, in ocean water, the downward convection of colder water is 3552:

exists in nature only in minute quantities, being produced primarily via cosmic ray-induced nuclear reactions in the atmosphere. Water with one protium and one deuterium atom

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the water may form a thin film because the molecular forces between glass and water molecules (adhesive forces) are stronger than the cohesive forces. In biological cells and

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10 S/cm, but this conductivity is now thought to be almost entirely from surface defects, and without those, ice is an insulator with an immeasurably small conductivity.

6304:; Salzmann, Christoph; Kohl, Ingrid; Mayer, Erwin; Hallbrucker, Andreas (2001-01-01). "A second distinct structural "state" of high-density amorphous ice at 77 K and 1 bar". 2321:

into oxygen and hydrogen gases but in the absence of dissolved ions this is a very slow process, as very little current is conducted. In ice, the primary charge carriers are

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Tanaka, M; Girard, G; Davis, R; Peuto, A; Bignell, N (August 2001). "Recommended table for the density of water between 0 C and 40 C based on recent experimental reports".

2815:, or structural properties like those observed in water because none of them can form four hydrogen bonds: either they cannot donate or accept hydrogen atoms, or there are 8739: 3047: 1912:

that is thermodynamically stable with the liquid (or solid) at a given temperature is relatively low compared with total atmospheric pressure. For example, if the vapor's

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for the –OH group. The name oxane is explicitly mentioned by the IUPAC as being unsuitable for this purpose, since it is already the name of a cyclic ether also known as

5568: 3705:, where the Sun's radiation is too weak to vaporize solid and liquid water (as well as other elements and chemical compounds with relatively low melting points, such as 1637:. In nature, this only rarely occurs in extremely hostile conditions. A likely example of naturally occurring supercritical water is in the hottest parts of deep water 14950: 3344:, physical processes that convert solid rocks and minerals into soil and sediment, but under some conditions chemical reactions with water occur as well, resulting in 1129: 14959: 14243: 14215: 7778: 5660: 17792: 17465: 14927: 14253: 14234: 14206: 2286:. If water has even a tiny amount of such an impurity, then the ions can carry charges back and forth, allowing the water to conduct electricity far more readily. 17784: 17561: 17529: 16766: 16742: 16730: 15145: 14918: 10931: 5388: 2866:

explanation is that the oxygen atom's lone pairs are physically larger and therefore take up more space than the oxygen atom's bonds to the hydrogen atoms. The

2532:

is under the water level, which has risen gently and smoothly. Surface tension prevents the clip from submerging and the water from overflowing the glass edges.

17776: 17720: 17553: 17521: 17473: 17433: 17210: 17189: 16802: 16790: 16778: 16754: 10343: 8408: 6928:

Hoy, AR; Bunker, PR (1979). "A precise solution of the rotation bending Schrödinger equation for a triatomic molecule with application to the water molecule".

17768: 17744: 17712: 17670: 17633: 17505: 17425: 17417: 17197: 17184: 17168: 17128: 17112: 17104: 8191: 2624:. The partially negative dipole ends of the water are attracted to positively charged components of the solute, and vice versa for the positive dipole ends. 17654: 17625: 17609: 17577: 17545: 17497: 17215: 17120: 17096: 15150: 5280: 2605:("water-fearing") substances. The ability of a substance to dissolve in water is determined by whether or not the substance can match or better the strong 5444:

Lemmon, Eric W.; Bell, Ian H.; Huber, Marcia L.; McLinden, Mark O. "Thermophysical Properties of Fluid Systems". In Linstrom, P.J.; Mallard, W.G. (eds.).

3658:

heavy water must be consumed for any toxicity to become apparent. Rats, however, are able to avoid heavy water by smell, and it is toxic to many animals.

17646: 17601: 17593: 17569: 17537: 17457: 17202: 10216: 1812: 1137: 2548:

of 71.99 mN/m at 25 °C which is caused by the strength of the hydrogen bonding between water molecules. This allows insects to walk on water.

17585: 17449: 17309: 10505: 6011: 3437:

is the current international standard for water isotopes. Naturally occurring water is almost completely composed of the neutron-less hydrogen isotope

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of physics) was coined. These observations were based upon X-ray absorption spectroscopy that probed the local environment of individual oxygen atoms.

1309: 17662: 17273: 17176: 14501: 10752: 8565: 8366: 7882: 4865: 6027:(including Arctic sea ice, ice sheets, and glaciers) and warming of the continents and atmosphere account for the remainder of the change in energy. 2067:

in Göttingen produced data on several other triple points in the early 20th century. Kamb and others documented further triple points in the 1960s.

17760: 16427: 16333: 16309: 16297: 8012: 6863:

Light, Truman S.; Licht, Stuart; Bevilacqua, Anthony C.; Morash, Kenneth R. (2005-01-01). "The Fundamental Conductivity and Resistivity of Water".

5301:

Sometimes these compounds have generic or common names (e.g., H2O is "water") and they also have systematic names (e.g., H2O, dihydrogen monoxide).

2436:, despite hydrogen sulfide having nearly twice the molar mass of water. The extra bonding between water molecules also gives liquid water a large 16369: 16357: 16345: 16321: 8041: 2363:

of electrons. One effect usually ascribed to the lone pairs is that the H–O–H gas-phase bend angle is 104.48°, which is smaller than the typical

2202:

well below that temperature without freezing if the liquid is not mechanically disturbed. It can remain in a fluid state down to its homogeneous

1151: 7810: 2687:. The water dipoles make hydrogen bonds with the polar regions of the sugar molecule (OH groups) and allow it to be carried away into solution. 16415: 15931: 15919: 14074: 9015: 6547: 8148: 1916:

is 2% of atmospheric pressure and the air is cooled from 25 °C, starting at about 22 °C, water will start to condense, defining the

15754: 8389: 2063:(forms) of ice, water has other triple points, which have either three polymorphs of ice or two polymorphs of ice and liquid in equilibrium. 6601: 5503: 2492:

or less. They are important in biology, particularly when cells are dehydrated by exposure to dry atmospheres or to extracellular freezing.

2406:

and boiling point temperatures: more energy is required to break the hydrogen bonds between water molecules. In contrast, hydrogen sulfide (

1711:

The specific heat capacity of ice at −10 °C is 2030 J/(kg·K) and the heat capacity of steam at 100 °C is 2080 J/(kg·K).

16381: 16257: 15968: 15907: 15790: 15778: 15766: 15499: 15464: 9173: 7514:

electron domains for nonbonding electron pairs exert greater repulsive forces on adjacent electron domains and tend to compress bond angles

468: 1979:

around 45 °C before increasing again with increasing temperature. As the pressure is increased, the compressibility decreases, being

16142: 16118: 16106: 15054: 6213: 93: 6113: 5589:

Silverstein, Todd P.; Heller, Stephen T. (17 April 2017). "pKa Values in the Undergraduate Curriculum: What Is the Real pKa of Water?".

3967:, although it can also react with Lewis bases, forming hydrogen bonds between the electron pair donors and the hydrogen atoms of water. 2858:, molecular structure, allowing it to be polar. The hydrogen–oxygen–hydrogen angle is 104.45°, which is less than the 109.47° for ideal 2705:

dynamics in water was reported as early as 1992. At that time it was known that there are motions which destroy and regenerate the weak

16976: 16178: 16166: 16154: 16130: 15879: 10082: 7181: 6903: 6850:

C. S. Fuller "Defect Interactions in Semiconductors" Chapter 5 pp. 192-221 in "Semiconductors" N. B. Hannay Ed. Reinhold, New York 1959

3405:

Rain is generally mildly acidic, with a pH between 5.2 and 5.8 if not having any acid stronger than carbon dioxide. If high amounts of

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take advantage of water's opacity to microwave radiation to heat the water inside of foods. Water's light blue color is caused by weak

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of 4184 J/(kg·K) at 20 °C (4182 J/(kg·K) at 25 °C) —the second-highest among all the heteroatomic species (after

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to the hydrogens, so they require more space. The increased repulsion of the lone pairs forces the O–H bonds closer to each other.

6522: 6063: 8720: 6899: 6384: 8728: 8666:

Release on the IAPWS Formulation 1995 for the Thermodynamic Properties of Ordinary Water Substance for General and Scientific Use

6456: 7455:

O, is similar. It has two electron pairs with nothing attached to them. They, too, must be taken into account. Molecules like NH

40: 7056: 6083:, le poids absolu d'un volume d'eau pure égal au cube de la centième partie du mètre, et à la température de la glace fondante. 5321: 2768: 2064: 1304: 5560: 4522:

to emit oxygen gas, but very few oxidants react with water even if their reduction potential is greater than the potential of

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describes water as both a weak hard acid and a weak hard base, meaning that it reacts preferentially with other hard species:

8606: 8553: 8421: 8383: 8356: 8330: 8298: 8277: 8254: 7492: 5851: 4724:

showed that water was composed of oxygen and hydrogen in 1781. The first decomposition of water into hydrogen and oxygen, by

1025: 8476: 6551: 1893:

are immiscible, usually forming layers according to increasing density from the top. This can be predicted by comparing the

14000: 6827: 5732: 4857: 6044: 5890:

Smith, Jared D.; Christopher D. Cappa; Kevin R. Wilson; Ronald C. Cohen; Phillip L. Geissler; Richard J. Saykally (2005).

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points from each H to the O, making the oxygen partially negative and each hydrogen partially positive. A large molecular

8716: 7763: 6780: 5007: 4977: 3678:

Water is the most abundant substance on Earth's surface and also the third most abundant molecule in the universe, after

2726: 1052: 2620:). The relatively small size of water molecules (~ 3 angstroms) allows many water molecules to surround one molecule of 1963:

of water is a function of pressure and temperature. At 0 °C, at the limit of zero pressure, the compressibility is

8665: 8583: 8523: 8500: 8470: 8304: 8233: 5669:, 8—Concentrative Properties of Aqueous Solutions: Density, Refractive Index, Freezing Point Depression, and Viscosity. 3371:, with a variety of small molecules that can be embedded in its spacious crystal lattice. The most notable of these is 2198:

The melting point of ice is 0 °C (32 °F; 273 K) at standard pressure; however, pure liquid water can be

8491:

Reece, Jane B.; Urry, Lisa A.; Cain, Michael L.; Wasserman, Steven A.; Minorsky, Peter V.; Jackson, Robert B. (2013).

7564: 5349: 5157:. Also, fairly pure silicon has a negative coefficient of thermal expansion for temperatures between about 18 and 120 3229: 8724: 8698: 7444: 6207: 1547: 443: 8435: 6252: 63: 53: 11202: 9166: 8181: 6285: 5082: 4891:, using acid and base names. None of these exotic names are used widely. The polarized form of the water molecule, 3666:

refers to deuterium-depleted water (DDW), water in which the deuterium content has been reduced below the standard

3434: 2799:

because it can accept two bonds using the lone pairs on oxygen and donate two hydrogen atoms. Other molecules like

2512: 2060: 1752: 555: 6636: 1316: 17900: 15047: 8770: 8650: 5564: 1876: 1768: 8672:

Online calculator using the IAPWS Supplementary Release on Properties of Liquid Water at 0.1 MPa, September 2008

5288: 1677:(40.65 kJ/mol or 2257 kJ/kg at the normal boiling point), both of which are a result of the extensive 14968: 11156: 10075: 7298: 6727: 5697: 2364: 1079: 4777:

scales were, or currently are, defined by the freezing and boiling points of water. The less common scales of

17840: 8990: 8144: 7077: 5529: 4519: 2606: 118: 6004: 17905: 17855: 15063: 10043: 5949:

Deguchi, Shigeru; Tsujii, Kaoru (2007-06-19). "Supercritical water: a fascinating medium for soft matter".

2845: 2713:. On 18 March 2016, it was reported that the hydrogen bond can be broken by quantum tunneling in the water 2289:

It is known that the theoretical maximum electrical resistivity for water is approximately 18.2 MΩ·cm (182

420: 5517: 4354:

crystallizes with one molecule of "lattice" water, which interacts with the sulfate and with the centers.

278: 17875: 17870: 17850: 14761: 9159: 8925: 4729: 8005: 7319:

Pope; Fry (1996). "Absorption spectrum (380-700nm) of pure water. II. Integrating cavity measurements".

6405:

Fine, R.A.; Millero, F.J. (1973). "Compressibility of water as a function of temperature and pressure".

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However, there is an alternative theory for the structure of water. In 2004, a controversial paper from

15040: 11412: 4967: 4873: 3208:{\displaystyle K_{\rm {eq}}={\frac {a_{\rm {H_{3}O^{+}}}\cdot a_{\rm {OH^{-}}}}{a_{\rm {H_{2}O}}^{2}}}} 2696: 1764: 1737: 813: 795: 6817:"Revised Release on the Pressure along the Melting and Sublimation Curves of Ordinary Water Substance" 17915: 17860: 17072: 14840: 14820: 14781: 10068: 8962: 8734: 8033: 7802: 4962: 4822: 3702: 3080: 2855: 2610: 329: 8136: 17885: 14985: 14880: 14771: 14431: 13993: 8947: 8876: 6452: 5474: 4304: 3661: 2961: 2894: 2888: 2867: 2241: 1941: 1850: 1687:

Most of the additional energy stored in the climate system since 1970 has accumulated in the oceans

1485: 1447: 8370: 6032: 2967: 2536: 17845: 17688: 14895: 14810: 14791: 14604: 14549: 14415: 14355: 14272: 14262: 14196: 12642: 11378: 9867: 7436: 6662: 6588: 5499: 5234:). Using the standard definition of atmosphere, 1,013,250 dynes/cm, it works out to 0.0073°C/atm. 5047: 4737: 4505: 2859: 2679:, each being surrounded by water molecules. The ions are then easily transported away from their 2597:

due to its high dielectric constant. Substances that mix well and dissolve in water are known as

2356: 2306: 2049: 2012: 1744:

is also less dense than liquid water—upon freezing, the density of water decreases by about 9%.

17910: 17489: 14870: 14850: 14830: 14801: 14444: 14345: 14224: 13213: 13199: 12387: 12285: 11128: 11114: 9814: 9116: 9058: 9000: 8545: 4972: 4758: 4741: 3087: 2760: 2437: 2391: 2347: 1666: 1001: 9025: 6195: 4516:

is a reaction between iron and oxygen that is dissolved in water, not between iron and water.

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in far lower amounts (0.000003%) and any such molecules are temporary as the atoms recombine.

3413:

oxides are present in the air, they too will dissolve into the cloud and raindrops, producing

2215:, i.e., reaching 355 K (82 °C) at 2.216 GPa (21,870 atm) (triple point of 1999:

at 4 km depth, where pressures are 40 MPa, there is only a 1.8% decrease in volume.

17895: 17617: 17481: 17441: 17152: 16599: 16582: 15135: 15130: 14905: 14860: 14742: 14600: 14590: 14472: 13814: 13550: 12659: 12438: 12370: 11994: 11446: 11142: 11058: 10542: 9946: 9551: 8967: 8348: 8244: 7681: 7654: 6170: 4598: 2756: 2237: 1774: 1645: 9040: 7157: 6640: 2440:. This high heat capacity makes water a good heat storage medium (coolant) and heat shield. 1908:

As a gas, water vapor is completely miscible with air. On the other hand, the maximum water

1476:

is a constant, so their respective concentrations are inversely proportional to each other.

17752: 17696: 17228: 17144: 16881: 15644: 14751: 14325: 14311: 14301: 13763: 13533: 13499: 13297: 13014: 12829: 12591: 12574: 12217: 12166: 11327: 11310: 11276: 11195: 11100: 11044: 10989: 10977: 10891: 10796: 10764: 10461: 10432: 10408: 10134: 9643: 9063: 8896: 8071: 7628: 7597: 7587: 7383: 7328: 7272: 7215: 7012: 6937: 6764: 6701: 6597: 6498: 6414: 6313: 6138: 5958: 5903: 5892:"Unified description of temperature-dependent hydrogen bond rearrangements in liquid water" 5633: 5598: 5364: 4747: 4439: 4415: 4411: 2957: 2828: 2504: 2465: 2044:

of water. Since 1954, this point had been used to define the base unit of temperature, the

1674: 1622: 1614:). Visible steam and clouds are formed from minute droplets of water suspended in the air. 869: 429: 106: 20: 9123: 6690:"Review of the vapour pressures of ice and supercooled water for atmospheric applications" 6629:

Impact of High Pressure — Low Temperature Processes on Cellular Materials Related to Foods

202: 8: 17865: 17813: 17704: 17389: 17223: 16845: 15865: 15639: 15140: 14732: 14580: 14393: 14321: 14291: 14179: 14129: 14119: 14044: 13986: 13870: 13780: 13626: 13241: 13171: 13115: 12916: 12888: 12812: 12795: 12778: 12744: 12693: 12625: 12557: 12421: 12353: 12319: 12268: 12132: 11974: 11964: 11924: 11727: 11560: 11480: 11463: 11429: 11293: 11086: 11069: 10923: 10903: 10878: 10849: 10566: 10525: 10481: 10420: 10396: 10375: 10268: 10256: 10102: 9721: 9685: 9488: 9231: 9221: 9068: 8763: 7707:

Miller, Inglis J. Jr.; Mooser, Gregory (Jul 1979). "Taste Responses to Deuterium Oxide".

7429: 3364: 2863: 2641: 2632: 2508: 1618: 1532: 765: 298: 192: 144: 8075: 7632: 7601: 7387: 7332: 7276: 7219: 7016: 6941: 6768: 6705: 6502: 6478: 6418: 6317: 6142: 6067: 5962: 5907: 5637: 5602: 5368: 4193:

When a salt of a weak acid or of a weak base is dissolved in water, water can partially

1373:

on Earth's surface. It is also the third most abundant molecule in the universe (behind

258: 17890: 17377: 17372: 17281: 17265: 16872: 16706: 16676: 16612: 14654: 14623: 14614: 14388: 14282: 14159: 14083: 14064: 13797: 13696: 13567: 13448: 13409: 13381: 12986: 12846: 12761: 12727: 12676: 12489: 12455: 12234: 12091: 12081: 11874: 11864: 11847: 11817: 11747: 11508: 11395: 11344: 11225: 10915: 10866: 10804: 10711: 10628: 10616: 10595: 10493: 10244: 10204: 9979: 9834: 9747: 9703: 9493: 9182: 8818: 8704: 8538: 8512: 8266: 7732: 7661:. Vol. 126, no. 4. New York: Popular Science Publishing. Apr 1935. p. 17 7409: 7352: 7033: 7000: 6907: 6719: 6514: 6162: 6128: 5926: 5891: 5889: 4997: 4911: 4368: 4351: 4271: 3748: 3368: 2387: 2053: 1693: 1686: 1638: 1491: 1421: 1212: 1102: 948: 933: 751: 238: 6444: 6376: 2601:("water-loving") substances, while those that do not mix well with water are known as 1570:

is the most common and is the form that is generally denoted by the word "water". The

17736: 17728: 17294: 17257: 17160: 17051: 17036: 17031: 16836: 16628: 16055: 15456: 15386: 15246: 15194: 15178: 15170: 15091: 14633: 14531: 14491: 14482: 14462: 14405: 14184: 14169: 14139: 14104: 14039: 13898: 13842: 13710: 13668: 13640: 13612: 13584: 13516: 13482: 13465: 13423: 13325: 13311: 13227: 13101: 13073: 13031: 12874: 12608: 12506: 12404: 12336: 12302: 12183: 12101: 11984: 11938: 11934: 11807: 11677: 11616: 11547: 11361: 11076: 11001: 10965: 10883: 10788: 10776: 10697: 10689: 10677: 10633: 10554: 10517: 10473: 10449: 10384: 10355: 10224: 10158: 10126: 9899: 9881: 9761: 9587: 9405: 9400: 9386: 9298: 9293: 9226: 9090: 9075: 8858: 8798: 8708: 8694: 8602: 8579: 8549: 8519: 8496: 8466: 8427: 8417: 8379: 8352: 8326: 8294: 8273: 8250: 8229: 7724: 7720: 7552:"Guideline on the Use of Fundamental Physical Constants and Basic Constants of Water" 7488: 7440: 7401: 7344: 7290: 7241: 7233: 7173: 7071: 7038: 6949: 6880: 6723: 6518: 6329: 6281: 6203: 6154: 5982: 5974: 5931: 5847: 5649: 5380: 5227: 5209: 5032: 5017: 4845: 4197:

the salt, producing the corresponding base or acid, which gives aqueous solutions of

3771: 3694:. 0.23 ppm of the earth's mass is water and 97.39% of the global water volume of 1.38 3537: 3442: 3372: 3349: 2850:

The repulsive effects of the two lone pairs on the oxygen atom cause water to have a

2800: 2744: 2702: 2578: 2383: 2342: 1894: 1803: 1733: 1642: 1630: 1587: 1451: 1357:. It is by far the most studied chemical compound and is described as the "universal 1342: 1278: 1258: 1222: 1217: 1207: 1179: 1173: 919: 743: 17325: 7736: 7356: 3743: 2524: 1681:

between its molecules. These two unusual properties allow water to moderate Earth's

226: 17513: 17249: 17236: 17136: 17080: 17041: 16967: 16954: 16908: 16697: 15575: 15219: 15096: 14995: 14936: 14659: 14536: 14457: 14378: 14149: 14114: 13856: 13724: 13654: 13367: 13255: 13185: 13157: 13129: 13000: 12972: 12958: 12200: 12061: 12044: 12014: 11944: 11837: 11827: 11767: 11612: 11573: 11534: 11030: 10948: 10837: 10740: 10728: 10702: 10607: 10537: 10444: 10367: 10335: 10322: 10146: 10091: 10032: 9736: 9657: 9533: 9450: 9333: 9258: 9253: 9242: 8995: 8793: 8690: 8686: 8632: 8598: 8571: 8340: 8221: 8079: 7716: 7636: 7623:

Urey, Harold C.; et al. (15 Mar 1935). "Concerning the Taste of Heavy Water".

7605: 7413: 7391: 7336: 7285: 7280: 7223: 7165: 7028: 7020: 6945: 6872: 6772: 6709: 6506: 6422: 6321: 6166: 6146: 5966: 5921: 5911: 5839: 5641: 5606: 5451: 5430: 5426: 5372: 5313: 4849: 4733: 4307:, water can be either a ligand or simply lodged in the framework, or both. Thus, 4267: 3739: 2851: 2783: 2772: 2736: 2636: 2616:

When an ionic or polar compound enters water, it is surrounded by water molecules (

2565: 2433: 2326: 2283: 1913: 1555: 1495: 1417: 1346: 1202: 954: 880: 491: 17398: 17345: 16932: 8646: 8575: 7640: 7204:"Concerted hydrogen-bond breaking by quantum tunneling in the water hexamer prism" 4786: 2763:

utilize the portion of the light spectrum that is transmitted well through water.

2367:

angle of 109.47°. The lone pairs are closer to the oxygen atom than the electrons

17880: 17364: 17244: 17088: 17046: 17022: 17008: 16994: 15660: 15311: 15186: 15101: 15081: 14521: 13969: 13965: 13884: 13682: 13395: 13339: 13269: 13059: 12944: 12902: 12540: 12523: 12472: 12149: 12034: 12024: 11914: 11894: 11797: 11757: 11638: 11586: 11521: 11259: 11188: 11169: 11035: 11018: 10861: 10816: 10723: 10659: 10583: 10305: 10292: 10236: 10199: 10170: 10114: 9928: 9829: 9671: 9415: 9410: 9323: 8957: 8952: 8891: 8881: 8830: 8678: 8533: 8456: 8320: 7688:. Vol. 130, no. 6. New York: Popular Science Publishing. pp. 22–23 7084: 6543: 6301: 5736: 4853: 4834: 4825:. These derivatives commonly have other recommended names. For example, the name 4721: 4504:, are oxidized by water as well, but their oxides adhere to the metal and form a 4427: 4395: 4309: 3701:

Water is far more prevalent in the outer Solar System, beyond a point called the

3533: 3357: 2764: 2680: 2648: 2545: 2500: 2488: 2298: 2294: 1960: 1845: 1832: 1536: 1378: 1361:" and the "solvent of life". It is the most abundant substance on the surface of 962: 769: 747: 731: 348: 17057: 15111: 15071: 8225: 6816: 6112:

Shell, Scott M.; Debenedetti, Pablo G.; Panagiotopoulos, Athanassios Z. (2002).

5729: 5610: 2212: 1719: 393: 17339: 17289: 16560: 15652: 15359: 15335: 15323: 15299: 15202: 15086: 15032: 14335: 13738: 13283: 13143: 13045: 12930: 12710: 12251: 11904: 11884: 11651: 11242: 10578: 10297: 10182: 9990: 9910: 9839: 9503: 9283: 9105: 8756: 8624: 6150: 5831: 4982: 4818: 4387: 4296: 3599: 3222:

O or OH is approximated by its concentration, and the activity of the solvent H

2871: 2808: 2748: 2582: 2379: 2310: 2040:

at which ordinary solid, liquid, and gaseous water coexist in equilibrium is a

1909: 1385: 1354: 1287: 852: 831: 785: 528: 16538: 16012: 6749: 4790: 2329:). Ice was previously thought to have a small but measurable conductivity of 1 2211:) above 209.9 MPa (2,072 atm), the melting point increases markedly 1420:, depending on the pH of the solution that it is in; it readily produces both 1388:

with each other and are strongly polar. This polarity allows it to dissociate

17834: 14511: 14365: 13353: 12071: 11787: 11777: 11625: 11599: 10956: 10828: 10330: 10317: 10004: 9853: 9772: 9562: 9474: 9460: 9440: 9372: 9338: 9303: 9193: 9030: 9010: 7237: 6999:

Chiavazzo, Eliodoro; Fasano, Matteo; Asinari, Pietro; Decuzzi, Paolo (2014).

6884: 6333: 6053:, 6. Properties of Water and Steam as a Function of Temperature and Pressure. 5978: 5653: 5384: 5214: 5175: 5154: 5027: 4778: 4770: 4399: 3714: 3353: 3341: 2833: 2796: 2788: 2732: 2706: 2419:), has much weaker hydrogen bonding due to sulfur's lower electronegativity. 2403: 2395: 2240:, but not even "deionized" water is completely free of ions. Water undergoes 1705: 1678: 1657: 1634: 1603: 1524: 1402: 1394: 982: 773: 761: 651: 641: 527:

Almost colorless or white crystalline solid, almost colorless liquid, with a

15520: 9138: 8431: 8288: 7228: 7203: 5916: 5843: 2499:

Rain water flux from a canopy. Among the forces that govern drop formation:

2398:, explains many of the properties of water, such as its solvent properties. 17805: 17356: 16959: 16664: 16652: 16395: 16285: 16204: 13554: 13217: 13203: 13087: 12646: 12004: 11998: 11954: 11737: 11690: 11664: 11416: 11009: 10943: 10194: 10018: 9964: 9800: 9786: 9629: 9615: 9513: 9343: 9313: 9263: 9207: 9094: 8974: 8940: 8671: 8462: 7551: 7405: 7348: 7294: 7245: 7042: 6158: 6000: 5986: 5935: 5066:

A commonly quoted value of 15.7 used mainly in organic chemistry for the pK

5022: 4953: 4794: 4782: 4725: 4435: 4403: 3479:

or T), which has two neutrons. Oxygen also has three stable isotopes, with

3430: 3345: 2586: 2359:

for the two hydrogens from the oxygen vertex. The oxygen atom also has two

2318: 2041: 1991: 1902: 1824:

generally live in water 4 °C colder than at the bottom of frozen-over

1821: 1799: 1567: 905: 755: 739: 6244: 2293:·m) at 25 °C. This figure agrees well with what is typically seen on 1946: 1751:

Under increasing pressure, ice undergoes a number of transitions to other

1150: 16999: 16814: 16689: 16403: 16273: 15730: 15718: 15617: 15612: 15607: 15584: 15287: 15275: 15263: 13953: 12920: 12391: 12289: 10668: 10650: 9523: 9420: 9273: 9035: 9005: 8930: 8920: 8886: 8848: 8803: 7728: 7627:. Vol. 81, no. 2098. New York: The Science Press. p. 273. 7340: 6133: 5253: 5042: 5037: 4992: 4751: 4744:

showed that water is composed of two parts hydrogen and one part oxygen.

4364: 4332: 4202: 3968: 3541: 3529: 3461: 3336:

The action of water on rock over long periods of time typically leads to

2820: 2602: 2598: 2484: 2450: 2207:

intermolecular repulsion, but as ice transforms into its polymorphs (see

2199: 2033: 2017: 1825: 1784: 1607: 1370: 1163: 727: 715: 685: 7261:"Quantum Tunneling of Water in Beryl: A New State of the Water Molecule" 3460:

or D), a hydrogen isotope with one neutron, and fewer than 20 parts per

1136: 318: 16718: 16640: 16514: 15742: 15347: 14094: 14054: 13948: 13818: 13630: 13537: 13301: 12663: 12629: 12442: 12374: 12111: 11978: 9601: 9430: 7024: 5231: 4987: 4924:

O) when one does not wish to specify whether one is speaking of liquid

4774: 4430:+1 and oxygen in the oxidation state −2. It oxidizes chemicals such as 4383: 4194: 3964: 3960: 3731: 3438: 3337: 2812: 2529: 2458: 2368: 2360: 2355:

An important feature of water is its polar nature. The structure has a

2314: 2244:

in the liquid state when two water molecules form one hydroxide anion (

2203: 1971:. At the zero-pressure limit, the compressibility reaches a minimum of 1554:, which are generally gaseous. This unique property of water is due to 1409: 1398: 1143: 667: 661: 514: 330: 289: 9127: 8162: 8095: 8093: 8083: 8062:

Lewis, G. N.; MacDonald, R. T. (1933). "Concentration of H2 Isotope".

7609: 7427:

Gonick, Larry; Criddle, Craig (2005-05-03). "Chapter 3 Togetherness".

7177: 7001:"Scaling behaviour for the water transport in nanoconfined geometries" 6876: 6776: 6510: 6426: 5376: 4757:

The properties of water have historically been used to define various

1550:, water is primarily a liquid, unlike other analogous hydrides of the 16573: 16265: 16236: 16082: 15952: 15895: 15706: 15622: 15429: 14009: 13923: 13874: 13784: 13700: 13427: 13315: 13245: 13175: 13119: 13105: 13035: 12892: 12878: 12833: 12595: 12578: 12544: 12221: 12170: 12153: 12028: 11968: 11928: 11918: 11878: 11761: 11751: 11731: 11642: 11512: 11382: 9151: 8935: 8901: 8410:

Principles of chemical nomenclature: a guide to IUPAC recommendations

6714: 6325: 5970: 5645: 5183: 4501: 4497: 4391: 3956: 3556:

occur naturally in ordinary water in low concentrations (~0.03%) and

3545: 3446: 3414: 3054: 2902: 2898: 2752: 2617: 2480: 2375: 1917: 1701: 1652: 1583: 1551: 1434: 1097: 899: 857: 836: 735: 671: 7988: 7986: 7396: 7371: 7260: 7169: 6689: 5871: 5707:, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg (MD) 5455: 4338: 2570: 1861: 1286:

Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their

16989: 16568: 16464: 16224: 16094: 15995: 15960: 15853: 15824: 15694: 15491: 15251: 13943: 13933: 13928: 13767: 13714: 13672: 13644: 13616: 13588: 13571: 13503: 13452: 13413: 13385: 13371: 13259: 13189: 13161: 13133: 13018: 12990: 12976: 12816: 12799: 12782: 12748: 12714: 12697: 12561: 12425: 12357: 12323: 12187: 12136: 12095: 12085: 11988: 11958: 11868: 11851: 11821: 11811: 11707: 11681: 11655: 11629: 11564: 11331: 11297: 11280: 11229: 10060: 9508: 8117: 8090: 7908: 7890: 6095: 6093: 6091: 5226:

The source gives it as 0.0072°C/atm. However the author defines an

4826: 4545: 4431: 4331:

consists of centers and one "lattice water". Water is typically a

3406: 3226:

O is approximated by 1, so that we obtain the simple ionic product

2804: 2710: 2472: 2037: 2028:

and water vapor in the lower left portion of a water phase diagram.

1882: 1870: 1840: 1836: 1835:

of saltwater begins to freeze (at −1.9 °C for normal salinity

1579: 1521: 1515: 1511: 1374: 1253: 1109: 1093: 723: 711: 703: 689: 675: 368: 309: 6571: 6569: 6198:. In O'Mara, William C.; Herring, Robert B.; Hunt, Lee P. (eds.). 5802: 5800: 5798: 5447:

NIST Chemistry WebBook, NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69

5186:(melting point of 1,211 K (938 °C; 1,720 °F)), and 2807:

can also form hydrogen bonds. However, they do not show anomalous

2483:, water is in contact with membrane and protein surfaces that are 1708:, ice was and still is in common use for retarding food spoilage. 1661:

Heat of vaporization of water from melting to critical temperature

225: 16828: 16491: 16212: 16074: 15887: 15816: 15802: 15678: 15421: 15394: 15230: 13938: 13902: 13846: 13801: 13728: 13658: 13520: 13486: 13469: 13399: 13343: 13329: 13273: 13231: 13077: 13063: 12906: 12850: 12765: 12731: 12680: 12493: 12459: 12272: 12238: 12204: 12105: 12065: 12018: 11791: 11781: 11771: 11603: 11577: 11538: 11484: 11467: 11450: 8186: 7983: 7973: 7971: 7113: 5538:, Chapter 8: Dissociation Constants of Inorganic Acids and Bases. 5187: 5179: 5171: 4947: 4766: 4509: 4300: 3851: 3710: 3706: 3465: 3426: 3218:

However, for dilute solutions, the activity of a solute such as H

2740: 2714: 2684: 2594: 2575: 2322: 2216: 2110: 1898: 1886: 1843:

and density of the seawater just below it, in a process known as

1788: 1760: 1728: 1697: 1682: 1670: 1540: 1358: 1263: 1248: 1243: 1234: 1144: 777: 719: 707: 693: 546: 380: 8514:

Organic Solvents Physical Properties and Methods of Purification

7841: 7839: 7743: 7125: 6968: 6340: 6088: 5741: 5710: 5541: 3429:

of both hydrogen and oxygen exist, giving rise to several known

2278:

Because water is such a good solvent, it almost always has some

2208: 1599: 16456: 16448: 15686: 15602: 15597: 15592: 15238: 13860: 13686: 13287: 13147: 13049: 13004: 12962: 12948: 12934: 12612: 12510: 12408: 12340: 12306: 12048: 12038: 12008: 11948: 11898: 11841: 11831: 11801: 11741: 11694: 11668: 11590: 11551: 11525: 11433: 11399: 11314: 11263: 8372:

Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry: IUPAC Recommendations 2005

7158:"Vibration-Rotation-Tunneling Dynamics in Small Water Clusters" 6566: 6111: 5795: 5158: 4872:, which is a rarely used name of water, and mostly used in the 4762: 4442:

metals. One example of an alkali metal reacting with water is:

4263: 3410: 2816: 2662: 2621: 2290: 2279: 2156: 2138: 2088: 2045: 2022: 1756: 1741: 1626: 1595: 1528: 1350: 697: 269: 8287:

Campbell, Neil A.; Williamson, Brad; Heyden, Robin J. (2006).

8216:

Boyd, Claude E. (2000). "pH, Carbon Dioxide, and Alkalinity".

7968: 7944: 7932: 7920: 5623: 16190: 16066: 13978: 13888: 13742: 12255: 11246: 11211: 8912: 8853: 8838: 8779: 7863: 7851: 7836: 7824: 7559: 7137: 7103: 7101: 7099: 6998: 6956: 6823: 6352: 5767:(website). United States of America: USGS. October 22, 2019. 5700:

in Linstrom, Peter J.; Mallard, William G. (eds.);

5012: 4929: 4925: 2795:

A single water molecule can participate in a maximum of four

2676: 2495: 2476: 2124: 1996: 1611: 1571: 1362: 969: 679: 404: 249: 215: 27: 4335:

ligand, i.e., it forms only one bond with the central atom.

2487:; that is, surfaces that have a strong attraction to water. 2305:

In pure water, sensitive equipment can detect a very slight

13091: 12527: 12476: 12115: 11908: 11888: 11365: 11348: 8743: 7201: 6980: 6202:. Park Ridge, New Jersey: Noyes Publications. p. 431. 6114:"Molecular structural order and anomalies in liquid silica" 4513: 4198: 3735: 2628: 2540:

Temperature dependence of the surface tension of pure water

1591: 1518: 1413: 1389: 536: 359: 7096: 6862: 6479:"Elastic Constants, Bulk Modulus, and Compressibility of H 5812: 5783: 5702: 5526:, Vapor Pressure of Water From 0 to 370 °C in Sec. 6. 3397:, naturally found in large quantities on the ocean floor. 1813:

freezing-point depression of a solvent containing a solute

1641:, in which water is heated to the critical temperature by 13357: 12075: 11180: 8843: 8679:"Structure and Properties of Water in its Various States" 6371: 6369: 6367: 6300: 6280:(2nd ed.). Pearson Prentice-Hall. pp. 162–163. 5002: 4933: 4386:

is said to occur. Notable examples of hydrolysis are the

3352:, a type of chemical alteration of a rock which produces 2475:

properties because of its polar nature. On clean, smooth

2454: 2233: 1925: 1921: 1890: 1732:

initial increase is unusual because most liquids undergo

1575: 1366: 1193: 925: 8748: 8286: 5877: 5190:(melting point of 545 K (272 °C; 521 °F)) 3086:

The thermodynamic equilibrium constant is a quotient of

1446:

ions. Related to its amphoteric character, it undergoes

7956: 5483:, Properties of Ice and Supercooled Water in Section 6. 5252:

Both acid and base names exist for water because it is

5182:(melting point of 303 K (30 °C; 86 °F), 4797:

of water is a more commonly used standard point today.

3050: 1778:

Temperature distribution in a lake in summer and winter

7655:"Experimenter Drinks 'Heavy Water' at $ 5,000 a Quart" 6364: 5416: 4299:, which contains two water molecules coordinated to a 3717:, a moon of Saturn, is almost entirely made of water. 1578:

and commonly takes the structure of hard, amalgamated

790:

3.1690 kilopascals or 0.031276 atm at 25 °C

16011: 8407:

Leigh, G. J.; Favre, H. A; Metanomski, W. V. (1998).

8220:. Boston, Massachusetts: Springer. pp. 105–122. 8034:"Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac, French chemist (1778–1850)" 6694:

Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society

6669: 6041:, Chapter 6: Properties of Ice and Supercooled Water. 5672: 3232: 3099: 3079:), with a value close to 10 mol L at 25 °C. See 2970: 2021:

The solid/liquid/vapor triple point of liquid water,

1723:

Density of ice and water as a function of temperature

15519: 8406: 8168: 8123: 8105: 8099: 5348:

Braun, Charles L.; Smirnov, Sergei N. (1993-08-01).

4943: 3049:, has a value of about 10 at 25 °C. At neutral 2819:

effects in bulky residues. In water, intermolecular

7532: 7520: 6797: 6383:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 5443: 4864:, but this is not among the names published by the 1987:at 0 °C and 100 megapascals (1,000 bar). 8562: 8537: 8511: 8265: 7749: 7428: 6747: 6575: 6276:Housecroft, Catherine E.; Sharpe, Alan G. (2005). 5806: 5547: 5450:. National Institute of Standards and Technology. 4363:As a hard base, water reacts readily with organic 3321: 3207: 3041: 2683:into solution. An example of a nonionic solute is 1653:Heat capacity and heats of vaporization and fusion 8540:Living Ice: Understanding Glaciers and Glaciation 8367:International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry 8339: 8190:. National Center for Biotechnology Information. 7992: 7478: 7164:. Lawrence Berkeley Lab., CA (United States): 6. 7131: 6346: 6193: 6099: 5747: 5588: 5178:of 1,687 K (1,414 °C; 2,577 °F)), 4866:International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry 4844:. This is analogous to related compounds such as 17832: 15062: 6598:International Committee for Weights and Measures 6275: 5343: 5341: 5339: 3322:{\displaystyle K_{\rm {eq}}\approx K_{\rm {w}}=} 2336: 1685:by buffering large fluctuations in temperature. 392: 8629:Molecular Theory of Water and Aqueous Solutions 8518:. Techniques of Chemistry. Wiley-Interscience. 8242: 7066:. Archived from the original on August 7, 2007. 6974: 6491:Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data 5626:Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data 5153:Negative thermal expansion is also observed in 4856:(heavy water). Using chemical nomenclature for 4262:Water's Lewis base character makes it a common 3090:of all products and reactants including water: 2709:by internal rotations of the substituent water 2627:In general, ionic and polar substances such as 1856: 1794: 1755:with higher density than liquid water, such as 1566:Within the Earth's atmosphere and surface, the 1531:atom. Water is a tasteless, odorless liquid at 1412:, meaning that it can exhibit properties of an 1125: 201: 8593:Zumdahl, Steven S.; Zumdahl, Susan A. (2013). 8592: 8567:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 8061: 7977: 7950: 7938: 7926: 7914: 7869: 7857: 7845: 7830: 7581: 7143: 7119: 6962: 6900:"Lecture 12: Proton Conduction, Stoichiometry" 6548:National Institute of Standards and Technology 6358: 3615:at 25 °C is 23% higher than the value of 3572:The most notable physical differences between 3068:) equals that of the (solvated) hydrogen ion ( 656:99.98 °C (211.96 °F; 373.13 K) 16:Physical and chemical properties of pure water 15048: 13994: 11196: 10076: 9167: 9143: 8764: 8263: 8243:Campbell, Mary K.; Farrell, Shawn O. (2007). 7426: 6986: 6858: 6856: 6271: 6269: 5948: 5336: 5256:(able to react both as an acid or an alkali). 5170:Other substances that expand on freezing are 3532:because of its higher density. It is used in 2720: 646:0.00 °C (32.00 °F; 273.15 K) 8685:. Wiley Online Library 2019. pp. 1–19. 8490: 7706: 7369: 7107: 6200:Handbook of semiconductor silicon technology 5999: 5818: 5789: 5705:, NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69 5347: 3963:, or electron-pair donor, in reactions with 2651:; the sodium chloride, NaCl, separates into 2351:Water molecule - structure and dipole moment 1704:. Before and since the advent of mechanical 1365:and the only common substance to exist as a 595:(temperature of maximum density, often 4 °C) 16924: 16688: 16611: 15583: 15123: 6748:Debenedetti, P. G.; Stanley, H. E. (2003). 6404: 5493: 5491: 5489: 4548:. An example of the oxidation of water is: 4421: 1714: 16507: 15055: 15041: 14001: 13987: 11203: 11189: 10083: 10069: 9174: 9160: 8771: 8757: 8264:Campbell, Neil A.; Reece, Jane B. (2009). 7622: 7258: 6904:University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 6897: 6853: 6266: 6238: 6236: 6234: 6232: 6230: 5824: 4936:, or a component in a mixture or mineral. 2464:Water molecules stay close to each other ( 2227: 1454:, or approximately, the concentrations of 297: 19:"HOH" redirects here. For other uses, see 16530: 16394: 16256: 15163: 8495:(10th ed.). Boston, Mass.: Pearson. 8446:Lewis, William C.M.; Rice, James (1922). 8445: 7682:"Is 'Heavy Water' the Fountain of Youth?" 7395: 7284: 7227: 7057:"Physical Forces Organizing Biomolecules" 7032: 6927: 6713: 6675: 6619: 6132: 5925: 5915: 4879:Other systematic names for water include 4840:The simplest systematic name of water is 4414:reactions; the latter is then known as a 3955:Because the oxygen atom in water has two 3734:: it has the ability to act as either an 2056:, rather than the triple point of water. 2013:Triple point § Triple point of water 428: 15988: 15951: 15484: 15449: 8623: 8570:. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. 7761: 7673: 7647: 7435:(1st ed.). HarperResource. p. 7155: 6625: 6476: 5836:IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology 5497: 5486: 5412: 5410: 5408: 5078: 5076: 4821:used for naming derivatives of water by 4337: 3742:in chemical reactions. According to the 2782: 2569: 2535: 2523: 2494: 2449: 2443: 2346: 2222: 2016: 1945: 1860: 1798: 1773: 1718: 1656: 1561: 57:Ball-and-stick model of a water molecule 26:For broader coverage of this topic, see 16865: 16484: 15878: 15414: 8676: 8509: 8318: 7962: 7791:– via Applied Physics Laboratory. 7479:Theodore L. Brown; et al. (2015). 7318: 7259:Kolesnikov, Alexander I. (2016-04-22). 6865:Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters 6656: 6438: 6436: 6227: 5693: 5691: 5689: 5687: 1353:, which is nearly colorless apart from 317: 67:Space filling model of a water molecule 17833: 16901: 16827: 16447: 15844: 15815: 15677: 15229: 14029: 9181: 8544:. Cambridge University Press. p. 7679: 6687: 6056: 6010:. IPCC WGI AR5 (Report). p. 257. 5878:Campbell, Williamson & Heyden 2006 5243:Using the fact that 0.5/0.0073 = 68.5. 5237: 4728:, was done in 1800 by English chemist 4544:. Almost all such reactions require a 4342:Some hydrogen-bonding contacts in FeSO 3725: 2877: 2846:Molecular orbital diagram § Water 2839: 2581:from high concentrations of dissolved 2065:Gustav Heinrich Johann Apollon Tammann 2052:, the kelvin is now defined using the 1479: 16203: 16065: 15379: 15036: 14721: 13982: 11184: 10064: 9155: 9142: 8752: 8532: 8458:CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 8365: 8111: 7616: 7487:(13 ed.). Pearson. p. 351. 6809: 6803: 6487:for the Temperature Range 50 K-273 K" 5771:from the original on December 1, 2021 5405: 5220: 5073: 4270:complexes, examples of which include 2559: 455:Key: XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 277: 257: 10090: 9112: 8454: 8215: 7538: 7526: 7501:from the original on 4 February 2024 7485:Chemistry : the central science 7093:, Surface Tension of Common Liquids. 7090: 6607:from the original on 27 January 2018 6442: 6433: 6050: 6038: 5716: 5684: 5678: 5666: 5535: 5523: 5480: 5462:from the original on 23 October 2023 4920:is a term used for hydrogen oxide (H 4496:Some other reactive metals, such as 4358: 3877:ion, and is thus acting as an acid: 3400: 2690: 2317:at 25.00 °C. Water can also be 8647:"Water Properties and Measurements" 8182:"Compound Summary for CID 22247451" 7700: 6554:from the original on 20 August 2018 6306:Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 6242: 5763:. U.S. Department of the Interior. 5324:from the original on 13 August 2017 5199:(1-0.95865/1.00000) × 100% = 4.135% 5008:Optical properties of water and ice 4978:Electromagnetic absorption by water 4257: 2731:Water is relatively transparent to 2727:Electromagnetic absorption by water 2551: 2232:Pure water containing no exogenous 2071:The various triple points of water 1889:in all proportions. Water and most 383: 367: 13: 8817: 8617: 8249:(6th ed.). Cengage Learning. 8169:Leigh, Favre & Metanomski 1998 8124:Leigh, Favre & Metanomski 1998 8100:Leigh, Favre & Metanomski 1998 7771:Johns Hopkins APL Technical Digest 5088: 4750:isolated the first sample of pure 3305: 3301: 3282: 3272: 3257: 3242: 3239: 3192: 3183: 3163: 3159: 3138: 3128: 3109: 3106: 3083:for values at other temperatures. 3025: 3021: 3002: 2992: 2977: 2882: 2519: 1954: 1935: 1598:, other crystalline and amorphous 1121: 62: 52: 14: 17927: 8639: 8293:. Boston: Pearson Prentice Hall. 6930:Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy 4914:hydroxide by IUPAC nomenclature. 3746:definition, an acid is a proton ( 2647:An example of an ionic solute is 9122: 9111: 9101: 9100: 9089: 8174: 8129: 8055: 8026: 8006:"Enterprise and electrolysis..." 7998: 7803:"Planetologie und Fernerkundung" 6590:Proceedings of the 106th meeting 6064:"Decree on weights and measures" 5500:"Properties of substance: water" 5246: 5144:and more complex ions that form. 5083:Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water 4946: 4508:protective layer. Note that the 3435:Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water 3420: 2960:for this reaction, known as the 2193: 1950:Vapor pressure diagrams of water 1596:common hexagonal crystalline ice 1533:ambient temperature and pressure 1294: 519:18.01528(33) g/mol 92: 39: 8740:Why does ice float in my drink? 8651:United States Geological Survey 8479:from the original on 2024-02-04 8395:from the original on 2019-12-12 8307:from the original on 2014-11-02 8208: 8194:from the original on 2014-08-27 8151:from the original on 2016-08-16 8064:The Journal of Chemical Physics 8044:from the original on 2023-05-29 8015:from the original on 2016-03-03 7897:from the original on 2016-06-22 7875: 7813:from the original on 2023-04-11 7795: 7784:from the original on 2023-04-11 7755: 7680:Müller, Grover C. (June 1937). 7570:from the original on 2017-01-28 7544: 7472: 7420: 7363: 7312: 7301:from the original on 2020-11-18 7252: 7195: 7184:from the original on 2020-08-01 7149: 7049: 6992: 6921: 6891: 6844: 6833:from the original on 2014-03-02 6786:from the original on 2018-11-01 6741: 6730:from the original on 2020-08-18 6681: 6650: 6626:Schlüter, Oliver (2003-07-28). 6581: 6544:"Base unit definitions: Kelvin" 6536: 6525:from the original on 2021-11-28 6470: 6459:from the original on 2007-10-28 6398: 6387:from the original on 2020-07-06 6294: 6255:from the original on 2016-06-25 6216:from the original on 2024-02-04 6187: 6105: 6066:. April 7, 1795. Archived from 6017:from the original on 2020-10-16 5993: 5942: 5883: 5860:from the original on 2019-04-29 5753: 5722: 5617: 5582: 5571:from the original on 2016-02-14 5565:University of California, Davis 5553: 5506:from the original on 2014-06-02 5394:from the original on 2019-12-01 5202: 5193: 5164: 5147: 5060: 4800: 4592: 4426:Water contains hydrogen in the 3331: 2006: 1877:List of water-miscible solvents 1769:very-high-density amorphous ice 1290:(at 25 °C , 100 kPa). 14008: 8691:10.1002/9781119300762.wsts0002 8448:A System of Physical Chemistry 8378:. Royal Society of Chemistry. 8322:Qualitative Inorganic Analysis 7431:The cartoon guide to chemistry 7286:10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.167802 6750:"Supercooled and Glassy Water" 6657:Tammann, Gustav H.J.A (1925). 6600:. Sèvres. 16–20 October 2017. 5761:"Water, the Universal Solvent" 5437: 5306: 5273: 3698:10 km is found in the oceans. 3316: 3296: 3293: 3266: 3036: 3016: 3013: 2986: 2893:In liquid water there is some 2791:(1) between molecules of water 1345:inorganic compound that is at 1080:Occupational safety and health 138:Hydrogen hydroxide (HH or HOH) 1: 8991:Extraterrestrial liquid water 8576:10.1002/14356007.a28_001.pub3 8416:. Oxford: Blackwell Science. 8145:National Institutes of Health 7993:Greenwood & Earnshaw 1997 7641:10.1126/science.81.2098.273-a 7132:Greenwood & Earnshaw 1997 6637:Technische Universität Berlin 6347:Greenwood & Earnshaw 1997 6249:The USGS Water Science School 6100:Greenwood & Earnshaw 1997 5748:Greenwood & Earnshaw 1997 5591:Journal of Chemical Education 5357:Journal of Chemical Education 5262: 4858:type I ionic binary compounds 3673: 3644:Consumption of pure isolated 2337:Polarity and hydrogen bonding 2076:Phases in stable equilibrium 2059:Due to the existence of many 1885:with many liquids, including 995:75.385 ± 0.05 J/(mol·K) 15064:Binary compounds of hydrogen 8465:(84th ed.). CRC Press. 7762:Prockter, Louise M. (2005). 7721:10.1016/0031-9384(79)90124-0 6950:10.1016/0022-2852(79)90019-5 5498:Anatolievich, Kiper Ruslan. 5281:"naming molecular compounds" 5054: 4860:, water would take the name 4793:were defined similarly. The 4651:The anode half reaction is: 3720: 3512:in 0.2% of water molecules. 3042:{\displaystyle K_{\rm {w}}=} 2778: 2544:Water has an unusually high 2513:Plateau–Rayleigh instability 2255:) and one hydronium cation ( 1857:Miscibility and condensation 1795:Density of saltwater and ice 1019:69.95 ± 0.03 J/(mol·K) 7: 8226:10.1007/978-1-4615-4485-2_7 7372:"Water—an enduring mystery" 7156:Pugliano, N. (1992-11-01). 6975:Campbell & Farrell 2007 6407:Journal of Chemical Physics 5611:10.1021/acs.jchemed.6b00623 4939: 3053:, the concentration of the 2743:light, but it absorbs most 2382:. Due to the difference in 2374:Another consequence of its 2236:is an excellent electronic 2170:ice II, ice III, and ice V 2123:liquid water, ice III, and 1046:−285.83 ± 0.04 kJ/mol 48: 10: 17932: 14723: 11413:Praseodymium(III,IV) oxide 11210: 8009:Royal Society of Chemistry 7978:Zumdahl & Zumdahl 2013 7951:Zumdahl & Zumdahl 2013 7939:Zumdahl & Zumdahl 2013 7927:Zumdahl & Zumdahl 2013 7915:Zumdahl & Zumdahl 2013 7870:Zumdahl & Zumdahl 2013 7858:Zumdahl & Zumdahl 2013 7846:Zumdahl & Zumdahl 2013 7831:Zumdahl & Zumdahl 2013 7144:Zumdahl & Zumdahl 2013 7120:Zumdahl & Zumdahl 2013 6963:Zumdahl & Zumdahl 2013 6359:Zumdahl & Zumdahl 2013 6194:Bullis, W. Murray (1990). 6151:10.1103/PhysRevE.66.011202 5896:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 5561:"What is the pKa of Water" 4968:Dihydrogen monoxide parody 4874:dihydrogen monoxide parody 4716: 4596: 2886: 2843: 2724: 2721:Electromagnetic absorption 2697:Quantum tunneling of water 2694: 2644:with non-polar molecules. 2642:van der Waals interactions 2563: 2340: 2181:ice II, ice V, and ice VI 2010: 1939: 1874: 1868: 1765:high-density amorphous ice 1738:negative thermal expansion 1483: 25: 18: 17804: 17645: 17416: 17073:Transition metal hydrides 17071: 17021: 16598: 16054: 15635: 15574: 15218: 15110: 15070: 14031: 14016: 13962: 13916: 13835: 13756: 13605: 13441: 12867: 12125: 11720: 11501: 11218: 10098: 9189: 9149: 9144:Links to related articles 9084: 9051: 8983: 8910: 8869: 8829: 8815: 8786: 8778: 8450:. Longmans, Green and Co. 8345:Chemistry of the Elements 8343:; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). 8272:(8th ed.). Pearson. 8187:Pubchem Compound Database 7809:(in German). 2006-02-28. 7764:"Ice in the Solar System" 7709:Physiology & Behavior 7076:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 6987:Campbell & Reece 2009 6659:The States Of Aggregation 6445:"Bulk Elastic Properties" 5832:"Autoprotolysis constant" 5230:as 1,000,000 dynes/cm (a 4963:Chemical bonding of water 4868:(IUPAC). Another name is 2282:dissolved in it, often a 2209:crystalline states of ice 2137:liquid water, ice V, and 1865:Red line shows saturation 1586:, or loosely accumulated 1349:a tasteless and odorless 1284: 1277: 1272: 1185: 1077: 1072: 975: 912: 484: 464: 439: 185: 129: 117: 105: 100: 91: 47: 38: 8735:Water Density Calculator 8725:dynamic liquid viscosity 8677:Chaplin, Martin (2019). 6453:Georgia State University 6005:"3: Observations: Ocean" 6003:; Rintoul, S.R. (2013). 5431:10.1088/0026-1394/38/4/3 5267: 4823:substituent nomenclature 4422:Water in redox reactions 3959:, water often acts as a 3088:thermodynamic activities 2889:Self-ionization of water 2868:molecular orbital theory 2100:273.16 K (0.01 °C) 1942:Vapour pressure of water 1851:thermohaline circulation 1715:Density of water and ice 1535:. Liquid water has weak 1486:Water chemistry analysis 1355:an inherent hint of blue 1273:Supplementary data page 760:Partially miscible with 12643:Praseodymium(III) oxide 11379:Manganese(II,III) oxide 8455:Lide, David R. (2003). 8290:Biology: Exploring Life 7750:Weingärtner et al. 2016 7686:Popular Science Monthly 7659:Popular Science Monthly 7265:Physical Review Letters 7229:10.1126/science.aae0012 6576:Weingärtner et al. 2016 6477:Neumeier, J.J. (2018). 6377:"Can the ocean freeze?" 5917:10.1073/pnas.0506899102 5844:10.1351/goldbook.A00532 5807:Weingärtner et al. 2016 5548:Weingärtner et al. 2016 5048:Water thread experiment 4738:Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac 2771:in the red part of the 2761:photosynthetic pigments 2357:bent molecular geometry 2307:electrical conductivity 2228:Electrical conductivity 1397:of 100 °C for its 684:Improved solubility in 17901:Extraterrestrial water 17806:Exotic matter hydrides 13214:Protactinium(IV) oxide 13200:Praseodymium(IV) oxide 12388:Einsteinium(III) oxide 12286:Californium(III) oxide 11704:Water (hydrogen oxide) 11219:Mixed oxidation states 9001:Planetary oceanography 8823: 8510:Riddick, John (1970). 6688:Murphy, D. M. (2005). 6381:National Ocean Service 5703:NIST Chemistry WebBook 5314:"Definition of Hydrol" 5070:of water is incorrect. 5023:Viscosity § Water 4973:Double distilled water 4742:Alexander von Humboldt 4398:. Water can also be a 4355: 3356:. It also occurs when 3323: 3209: 3043: 2792: 2593:Water is an excellent 2590: 2541: 2533: 2516: 2461: 2438:specific heat capacity 2352: 2029: 1951: 1866: 1807: 1779: 1724: 1667:specific heat capacity 1665:Water has a very high 1662: 1132: 68: 58: 13964:Oxides are sorted by 13815:Technetium(VII) oxide 13551:Protactinium(V) oxide 12660:Promethium(III) oxide 12439:Gadolinium(III) oxide 12371:Dysprosium(III) oxide 11995:Protactinium monoxide 11447:Terbium(III,IV) oxide 8821: 8683:Encyclopedia of Water 8668:(simpler formulation) 8534:Sharp, Robert Phillip 8349:Butterworth-Heinemann 7481:"9.2 The Vsepr Model" 7370:Ball, Philip (2008). 7005:Nature Communications 6676:Lewis & Rice 1922 6663:Constable And Company 4599:Electrolysis of water 4520:Water can be oxidized 4341: 3850:In the reaction with 3324: 3210: 3044: 2786: 2573: 2539: 2527: 2498: 2453: 2444:Cohesion and adhesion 2350: 2223:Electrical properties 2020: 1949: 1864: 1802: 1777: 1722: 1673:), as well as a high 1660: 1606:of water is known as 1574:of water is known as 1562:Water, ice, and vapor 1450:. The product of the 1384:Water molecules form 1131: 171:κ-Hydroxylhydrogen(0) 119:Systematic IUPAC name 66: 56: 17841:Amphoteric compounds 13764:Dichlorine heptoxide 13534:Phosphorus pentoxide 13500:Dinitrogen pentoxide 13298:Technetium(IV) oxide 13015:Dinitrogen tetroxide 12830:Ytterbium(III) oxide 12592:Neodymium(III) oxide 12575:Manganese(III) oxide 12218:Berkelium(III) oxide 12167:Americium(III) oxide 11328:Dichlorine pentoxide 11311:Cobalt(II,III) oxide 11277:Chlorine perchlorate 9064:Ocean stratification 8897:Doubly labeled water 8341:Greenwood, Norman N. 8319:Charlot, G. (2007). 7917:, pp. 932, 936. 7807:www.geo.fu-berlin.de 7341:10.1364/ao.36.008710 6070:on February 25, 2013 5350:"Why is water blue?" 5291:on 24 September 2018 4829:is recommended over 4748:Gilbert Newton Lewis 4416:dehydration reaction 4371:, a hydroxyl group ( 4272:metal aquo complexes 3230: 3097: 2968: 2958:equilibrium constant 2829:Stockholm University 2505:Cohesion (chemistry) 2471:Water also has high 2457:drops adhering to a 2309:of 0.05501 ± 0.0001 2118:251 K (−22 °C) 1675:heat of vaporization 1623:critical temperature 1543:, also appear blue. 1114:(fire diamond) 1068:−237.24 kJ/mol 894:1.3330 (20 °C) 870:Thermal conductivity 147:(DHMO) (parody name) 107:Preferred IUPAC name 21:HOH (disambiguation) 17906:Transport phenomena 17856:Triatomic molecules 17418:Lanthanide hydrides 17025:(Group 17 hydrides) 16604:(Group 16 hydrides) 16058:(Group 15) hydrides 13871:Ruthenium tetroxide 13781:Manganese heptoxide 13627:Molybdenum trioxide 13242:Ruthenium(IV) oxide 13172:Plutonium(IV) oxide 13116:Neptunium(IV) oxide 12917:Californium dioxide 12889:Berkelium(IV) oxide 12813:Vanadium(III) oxide 12796:Tungsten(III) oxide 12779:Titanium(III) oxide 12745:Thallium(III) oxide 12694:Samarium(III) oxide 12626:Phosphorus trioxide 12558:Lutetium(III) oxide 12422:Europium(III) oxide 12354:Dinitrogen trioxide 12320:Chromium(III) oxide 12269:Caesium sesquioxide 12133:Actinium(III) oxide 11975:Phosphorus monoxide 11965:Palladium(II) oxide 11925:Manganese(II) oxide 11728:Aluminium(II) oxide 11561:Dichlorine monoxide 11481:Triuranium octoxide 11464:Tribromine octoxide 11430:Silver(I,III) oxide 11294:Chloryl perchlorate 9069:Lake stratification 9052:Physical parameters 8076:1933JChPh...1..341L 7633:1935Sci....81..273U 7602:2001JChPh.114.3174H 7388:2008Natur.452..291B 7333:1997ApOpt..36.8710P 7277:2016PhRvL.116p7802K 7220:2016Sci...351.1310R 7214:(6279): 1310–1313. 7162:UNT Digital Library 7122:, pp. 458–459. 7064:Biophysical Society 7017:2014NatCo...5.4565C 6942:1979JMoSp..74....1H 6898:Crofts, A. (1996). 6769:2003PhT....56f..40D 6706:2005QJRMS.131.1539M 6503:2018JPCRD..47c3101N 6419:1973JChPh..59.5529F 6318:2001PCCP....3.5355L 6278:Inorganic Chemistry 6143:2002PhRvE..66a1202S 5963:2007SMat....3..797D 5908:2005PNAS..10214171S 5902:(40): 14171–14174. 5719:, 9—Dipole Moments. 5638:1995JPCRD..24.1377R 5603:2017JChEd..94..690S 5369:1993JChEd..70..612B 5213:resulting from the 4870:dihydrogen monoxide 4367:; for example in a 3726:Acid–base reactions 3528:, is also known as 3490:present in 99.76%, 3365:clathrate compounds 3363:Water ice can form 3202: 2878:Chemical properties 2864:valence bond theory 2840:Molecular structure 2681:crystalline lattice 2585:turns the water of 2509:Van der Waals force 2378:is that water is a 2105:liquid water, ice I 2072: 1619:supercritical fluid 1617:Water also forms a 1548:standard conditions 1480:Physical properties 904:0.890 mPa·s (0.890 766:methyl ethyl ketone 633:0.9167 g/mL at 0 °C 239:Beilstein Reference 145:Dihydrogen monoxide 35: 17876:Neutron moderators 17871:Inorganic solvents 17851:Hydrogen compounds 15074:(Group 1) hydrides 13836:+8 oxidation state 13798:Rhenium(VII) oxide 13757:+7 oxidation state 13697:Tellurium trioxide 13606:+6 oxidation state 13568:Tantalum pentoxide 13449:Antimony pentoxide 13442:+5 oxidation state 13410:Vanadium(IV) oxide 13382:Tungsten(IV) oxide 12987:Chromium(IV) oxide 12868:+4 oxidation state 12847:Yttrium(III) oxide 12762:Thulium(III) oxide 12728:Terbium(III) oxide 12677:Rhodium(III) oxide 12490:Holmium(III) oxide 12456:Gallium(III) oxide 12235:Bismuth(III) oxide 12126:+3 oxidation state 12092:Vanadium(II) oxide 12082:Titanium(II) oxide 11875:Germanium monoxide 11865:Europium(II) oxide 11848:Dinitrogen dioxide 11818:Chromium(II) oxide 11748:Berkelium monoxide 11721:+2 oxidation state 11509:Aluminium(I) oxide 11502:+1 oxidation state 11396:Mellitic anhydride 11345:Iron(II,III) oxide 11226:Antimony tetroxide 9183:Hydrogen compounds 9016:List of Candidates 8877:Deuterium-depleted 8824: 8040:. Footnote 122-1. 7893:. 2 October 2013. 7025:10.1038/ncomms4565 6826:. September 2011. 6700:(608): 1539–1565. 5735:2023-07-28 at the 4998:Hydrogen polyoxide 4889:hydrogen hydroxide 4759:temperature scales 4369:hydration reaction 4356: 4352:metal aquo complex 4303:center. In solid 3866:, water donates a 3770:ion from HCl when 3544:, decaying with a 3369:clathrate hydrates 3319: 3205: 3176: 3039: 2793: 2591: 2560:Water as a solvent 2542: 2534: 2517: 2462: 2388:bond dipole moment 2353: 2094:, and water vapor 2070: 2054:Boltzmann constant 2030: 1952: 1867: 1828:lakes and rivers. 1808: 1780: 1725: 1694:enthalpy of fusion 1663: 1639:hydrothermal vents 1492:chemical substance 1375:molecular hydrogen 1317:Infobox references 1213:Hydrogen telluride 1186:Related compounds 1133: 1103:Water intoxication 752:dimethyl sulfoxide 666:Poorly soluble in 156:Hydrohydroxic acid 69: 59: 33: 17828: 17827: 17822: 17821: 17647:Actinide hydrides 17023:Hydrogen halides 16985: 16950: 16949: 16920: 16919: 16897: 16896: 16861: 16860: 16823: 16822: 16684: 16683: 16590: 16556: 16555: 16526: 16525: 16503: 16502: 16480: 16479: 16443: 16442: 16390: 16389: 16252: 16251: 16199: 16198: 16050: 16049: 16007: 16006: 15984: 15983: 15947: 15946: 15874: 15873: 15840: 15839: 15811: 15810: 15673: 15672: 15631: 15630: 15576:Group 14 hydrides 15570: 15569: 15515: 15514: 15480: 15479: 15445: 15444: 15410: 15409: 15375: 15374: 15214: 15213: 15159: 15158: 15030: 15029: 15024: 15023: 13976: 13975: 13899:Hassium tetroxide 13843:Iridium tetroxide 13711:Tungsten trioxide 13669:Selenium trioxide 13641:Polonium trioxide 13613:Chromium trioxide 13585:Vanadium(V) oxide 13517:Niobium pentoxide 13483:Bismuth pentoxide 13466:Arsenic pentoxide 13424:Zirconium dioxide 13326:Terbium(IV) oxide 13312:Tellurium dioxide 13228:Rhodium(IV) oxide 13102:Manganese dioxide 13074:Hafnium(IV) oxide 13032:Germanium dioxide 12875:Americium dioxide 12609:Nickel(III) oxide 12507:Indium(III) oxide 12405:Erbium(III) oxide 12337:Cobalt(III) oxide 12303:Cerium(III) oxide 12184:Antimony trioxide 12102:Yttrium(II) oxide 11985:Polonium monoxide 11935:Mercury(II) oxide 11808:Chlorine monoxide 11678:Thallium(I) oxide 11548:Dicarbon monoxide 11362:Lead(II,IV) oxide 11178: 11177: 10058: 10057: 9136: 9135: 9076:Ocean temperature 8608:978-1-13-361109-7 8555:978-0-521-33009-1 8423:978-0-86542-685-6 8385:978-0-85404-438-2 8358:978-0-08-037941-8 8332:978-1-4067-4789-8 8300:978-0-13-250882-7 8279:978-0-8053-6844-4 8256:978-0-495-39041-1 8171:, pp. 27–28. 8137:"Tetrahydropyran" 8084:10.1063/1.1749300 8038:1902 Encyclopedia 7610:10.1063/1.1340584 7494:978-0-321-91041-7 7382:(7185): 291–292. 7108:Reece et al. 2013 6977:, pp. 37–38. 6877:10.1149/1.1836121 6777:10.1063/1.1595053 6511:10.1063/1.5030640 6427:10.1063/1.1679903 6312:(24): 5355–5357. 6243:Perlman, Howard. 5853:978-0-9678550-9-7 5819:Reece et al. 2013 5790:Reece et al. 2013 5377:10.1021/ed070p612 5210:Adiabatic cooling 5033:Water (data page) 5018:Superheated water 4910:, is also called 4862:hydrogen monoxide 4846:hydrogen peroxide 4809:name of water is 4730:William Nicholson 4577:→ 4 AgF + 4 HF + 4438:metals, and some 4359:Organic chemistry 3772:hydrochloric acid 3538:neutron moderator 3515:Deuterium oxide, 3401:Acidity in nature 3373:methane clathrate 3350:mineral hydration 3203: 2801:hydrogen fluoride 2745:ultraviolet light 2703:quantum tunneling 2691:Quantum tunneling 2607:attractive forces 2579:calcium carbonate 2384:electronegativity 2343:Chemical polarity 2191: 2190: 1734:thermal expansion 1631:critical pressure 1514:of water has two 1325:Chemical compound 1323: 1322: 1279:Water (data page) 1259:Hydrogen fluoride 1223:Hydrogen peroxide 1218:Hydrogen polonide 1208:Hydrogen selenide 1174:Safety data sheet 1053:Gibbs free energy 920:Crystal structure 744:dimethylformamide 452:InChI=1S/H2O/h1H2 227:Interactive image 168:μ-Oxidodihydrogen 87: 86: 81: Hydrogen, H 17923: 17916:Greenhouse gases 17861:Oxygen compounds 16983: 16922: 16921: 16899: 16898: 16863: 16862: 16825: 16824: 16686: 16685: 16609: 16608: 16588: 16528: 16527: 16505: 16504: 16482: 16481: 16445: 16444: 16392: 16391: 16254: 16253: 16201: 16200: 16063: 16062: 16009: 16008: 15986: 15985: 15949: 15948: 15876: 15875: 15842: 15841: 15813: 15812: 15675: 15674: 15633: 15632: 15581: 15580: 15517: 15516: 15482: 15481: 15447: 15446: 15412: 15411: 15377: 15376: 15227: 15226: 15161: 15160: 15121: 15120: 15057: 15050: 15043: 15034: 15033: 15001: 14991: 14978: 14965: 14956: 14946: 14933: 14924: 14911: 14901: 14886: 14876: 14866: 14856: 14846: 14836: 14826: 14816: 14807: 14797: 14787: 14777: 14767: 14757: 14748: 14738: 14665: 14639: 14629: 14620: 14610: 14596: 14586: 14555: 14542: 14517: 14507: 14497: 14488: 14478: 14468: 14450: 14437: 14421: 14411: 14399: 14371: 14361: 14351: 14341: 14331: 14317: 14307: 14297: 14288: 14278: 14268: 14259: 14249: 14240: 14230: 14221: 14212: 14202: 14190: 14165: 14155: 14145: 14135: 14125: 14100: 14090: 14080: 14070: 14060: 14050: 14020: 14019: 14003: 13996: 13989: 13980: 13979: 13857:Osmium tetroxide 13725:Uranium trioxide 13655:Rhenium trioxide 13368:Titanium dioxide 13256:Selenium dioxide 13186:Polonium dioxide 13158:Platinum dioxide 13130:Nitrogen dioxide 13001:Curium(IV) oxide 12973:Chlorine dioxide 12959:Cerium(IV) oxide 12201:Arsenic trioxide 12062:Thorium monoxide 12045:Disulfur dioxide 12015:Silicon monoxide 11945:Nickel(II) oxide 11838:Copper(II) oxide 11828:Cobalt(II) oxide 11768:Bromine monoxide 11613:Mercury(I) oxide 11574:Gallium(I) oxide 11535:Caesium monoxide 11205: 11198: 11191: 11182: 11181: 11166: 11152: 11138: 11124: 11110: 11096: 11082: 11072: 11065: 11054: 10288: 10287: 10286: 10278: 10277: 10092:Oxygen compounds 10085: 10078: 10071: 10062: 10061: 10050: 10039: 10028: 10014: 10000: 9986: 9975: 9960: 9942: 9924: 9906: 9895: 9877: 9863: 9849: 9825: 9810: 9796: 9782: 9768: 9757: 9743: 9732: 9717: 9699: 9681: 9667: 9653: 9639: 9625: 9611: 9597: 9583: 9572: 9558: 9547: 9529: 9519: 9499: 9484: 9470: 9456: 9446: 9436: 9426: 9396: 9382: 9368: 9353: 9329: 9319: 9309: 9289: 9279: 9269: 9249: 9238: 9217: 9203: 9176: 9169: 9162: 9153: 9152: 9140: 9139: 9126: 9115: 9114: 9104: 9103: 9093: 8996:Asteroidal water 8984:Extraterrestrial 8773: 8766: 8759: 8750: 8749: 8712: 8662: 8660: 8658: 8635: 8633:World Scientific 8612: 8599:Cengage Learning 8597:(9th ed.). 8589: 8559: 8543: 8529: 8517: 8506: 8493:Campbell Biology 8487: 8485: 8484: 8451: 8442: 8440: 8434:. Archived from 8415: 8403: 8401: 8400: 8394: 8377: 8362: 8347:(2nd ed.). 8336: 8315: 8313: 8312: 8283: 8271: 8260: 8239: 8203: 8202: 8200: 8199: 8178: 8172: 8166: 8160: 8159: 8157: 8156: 8133: 8127: 8121: 8115: 8109: 8103: 8097: 8088: 8087: 8059: 8053: 8052: 8050: 8049: 8030: 8024: 8023: 8021: 8020: 8002: 7996: 7990: 7981: 7975: 7966: 7960: 7954: 7948: 7942: 7936: 7930: 7924: 7918: 7912: 7906: 7905: 7903: 7902: 7879: 7873: 7867: 7861: 7855: 7849: 7843: 7834: 7828: 7822: 7821: 7819: 7818: 7799: 7793: 7792: 7790: 7789: 7783: 7768: 7759: 7753: 7747: 7741: 7740: 7704: 7698: 7697: 7695: 7693: 7677: 7671: 7670: 7668: 7666: 7651: 7645: 7644: 7620: 7614: 7613: 7596:(7): 3174–3181. 7585: 7579: 7578: 7576: 7575: 7569: 7556: 7548: 7542: 7536: 7530: 7524: 7518: 7517: 7508: 7506: 7476: 7470: 7469: 7434: 7424: 7418: 7417: 7399: 7367: 7361: 7360: 7316: 7310: 7309: 7307: 7306: 7288: 7256: 7250: 7249: 7231: 7199: 7193: 7192: 7190: 7189: 7153: 7147: 7141: 7135: 7129: 7123: 7117: 7111: 7105: 7094: 7088: 7082: 7081: 7075: 7067: 7061: 7053: 7047: 7046: 7036: 6996: 6990: 6984: 6978: 6972: 6966: 6960: 6954: 6953: 6925: 6919: 6918: 6916: 6915: 6906:. Archived from 6895: 6889: 6888: 6860: 6851: 6848: 6842: 6841: 6839: 6838: 6832: 6821: 6813: 6807: 6801: 6795: 6794: 6792: 6791: 6785: 6754: 6745: 6739: 6738: 6736: 6735: 6717: 6715:10.1256/qj.04.94 6685: 6679: 6673: 6667: 6666: 6654: 6648: 6647: 6645: 6639:. Archived from 6634: 6623: 6617: 6616: 6614: 6612: 6606: 6595: 6585: 6579: 6573: 6564: 6563: 6561: 6559: 6540: 6534: 6533: 6531: 6530: 6474: 6468: 6467: 6465: 6464: 6440: 6431: 6430: 6402: 6396: 6395: 6393: 6392: 6373: 6362: 6356: 6350: 6344: 6338: 6337: 6326:10.1039/b108676f 6302:Loerting, Thomas 6298: 6292: 6291: 6273: 6264: 6263: 6261: 6260: 6240: 6225: 6224: 6222: 6221: 6191: 6185: 6184: 6182: 6181: 6175: 6169:. Archived from 6136: 6134:cond-mat/0203383 6118: 6109: 6103: 6097: 6086: 6085: 6077: 6075: 6060: 6054: 6048: 6042: 6036: 6030: 6029: 6023: 6022: 6016: 6009: 5997: 5991: 5990: 5971:10.1039/b611584e 5946: 5940: 5939: 5929: 5919: 5887: 5881: 5875: 5869: 5868: 5866: 5865: 5828: 5822: 5816: 5810: 5804: 5793: 5787: 5781: 5780: 5778: 5776: 5757: 5751: 5745: 5739: 5726: 5720: 5714: 5708: 5695: 5682: 5676: 5670: 5664: 5658: 5657: 5646:10.1063/1.555963 5632:(3): 1377–1381. 5621: 5615: 5614: 5586: 5580: 5579: 5577: 5576: 5557: 5551: 5545: 5539: 5533: 5527: 5521: 5515: 5514: 5512: 5511: 5495: 5484: 5478: 5472: 5471: 5469: 5467: 5441: 5435: 5434: 5414: 5403: 5402: 5400: 5399: 5393: 5354: 5345: 5334: 5333: 5331: 5329: 5310: 5304: 5303: 5298: 5296: 5287:. Archived from 5277: 5257: 5250: 5244: 5241: 5235: 5224: 5218: 5206: 5200: 5197: 5191: 5168: 5162: 5151: 5145: 5143: 5142: 5141: 5131: 5130: 5122: 5121: 5114: 5113: 5103: 5102: 5101: 5092: 5086: 5080: 5071: 5064: 4956: 4951: 4950: 4909: 4908: 4907: 4900: 4899: 4850:hydrogen sulfide 4734:Anthony Carlisle 4708: 4707: 4706: 4699: 4698: 4690: 4689: 4688: 4679: 4678: 4677: 4667: 4665: 4664: 4647: 4646: 4645: 4635: 4634: 4633: 4626: 4625: 4617: 4616: 4615: 4588: 4587: 4586: 4576: 4574: 4573: 4563: 4562: 4561: 4543: 4541: 4540: 4532: 4531: 4492: 4491: 4490: 4481: 4480: 4479: 4470: 4469: 4468: 4458: 4456: 4455: 4394:of proteins and 4390:of fats and the 4381: 4380: 4379: 4330: 4327: 4326: 4318: 4317: 4294: 4293: 4292: 4284: 4283: 4268:transition metal 4258:Ligand chemistry 4253: 4252: 4251: 4241: 4239: 4238: 4228: 4227: 4226: 4218: 4217: 4205:their basic pH: 4189: 4188: 4187: 4179: 4177: 4176: 4164: 4163: 4162: 4161: 4156: 4155: 4153: 4152: 4139: 4138: 4137: 4136: 4131: 4130: 4129: 4128: 4115: 4114: 4113: 4105: 4103: 4102: 4090: 4089: 4088: 4087: 4082: 4081: 4079: 4078: 4065: 4064: 4063: 4062: 4057: 4056: 4055: 4054: 4041: 4040: 4039: 4032: 4031: 4021: 4020: 4019: 4018: 4013: 4012: 4010: 4009: 3996: 3995: 3994: 3993: 3988: 3987: 3986: 3985: 3951: 3950: 3949: 3940: 3939: 3938: 3928: 3927: 3926: 3925: 3920: 3919: 3917: 3916: 3903: 3902: 3901: 3900: 3895: 3894: 3893: 3892: 3876: 3875: 3874: 3865: 3864: 3863: 3846: 3845: 3844: 3835: 3834: 3833: 3826: 3825: 3815: 3814: 3813: 3812: 3807: 3806: 3804: 3803: 3790: 3789: 3788: 3787: 3782: 3769: 3768: 3767: 3758: 3756: 3755: 3697: 3693: 3689: 3688: 3687: 3669: 3656: 3654: 3653: 3640: 3638: 3637: 3627: 3625: 3624: 3614: 3612: 3611: 3597: 3595: 3594: 3584: 3582: 3581: 3568: 3566: 3565: 3555: 3551: 3534:nuclear reactors 3527: 3525: 3524: 3511: 3509: 3508: 3500: 3498: 3497: 3489: 3487: 3486: 3478: 3476: 3475: 3459: 3457: 3456: 3396: 3394: 3393: 3385: 3384: 3328: 3326: 3325: 3320: 3315: 3314: 3313: 3312: 3292: 3291: 3290: 3289: 3280: 3279: 3262: 3261: 3260: 3247: 3246: 3245: 3214: 3212: 3211: 3206: 3204: 3201: 3196: 3195: 3191: 3190: 3175: 3174: 3173: 3172: 3171: 3170: 3149: 3148: 3147: 3146: 3145: 3136: 3135: 3119: 3114: 3113: 3112: 3078: 3077: 3076: 3067: 3066: 3065: 3048: 3046: 3045: 3040: 3035: 3034: 3033: 3032: 3012: 3011: 3010: 3009: 3000: 2999: 2982: 2981: 2980: 2952: 2951: 2950: 2941: 2940: 2939: 2932: 2931: 2921: 2919: 2918: 2860:sp hybridization 2773:visible spectrum 2737:near ultraviolet 2675: 2674: 2673: 2661: 2660: 2659: 2611:precipitated out 2566:Aqueous solution 2552:Capillary action 2434:room temperature 2431: 2429: 2428: 2418: 2416: 2415: 2396:hydrogen bonding 2332: 2327:proton conductor 2274: 2273: 2272: 2265: 2264: 2254: 2253: 2252: 2073: 2069: 2050:starting in 2019 1986: 1984: 1978: 1976: 1970: 1968: 1914:partial pressure 1679:hydrogen bonding 1556:hydrogen bonding 1537:absorption bands 1509: 1507: 1506: 1496:chemical formula 1475: 1474: 1473: 1464: 1463: 1462: 1444: 1443: 1442: 1431: 1430: 1429: 1347:room temperature 1339: 1307: 1301: 1298: 1297: 1203:Hydrogen sulfide 1153: 1146: 1139: 1124: 1064: 1042: 1015: 991: 976:Thermochemistry 881:Refractive index 627: 623: 621: 618: 611: 607: 605: 602: 594: 592: 586: 584: 581: 574: 570: 568: 565: 531:, colorless gas 508: 506: 505: 492:Chemical formula 432: 396: 385: 371: 349:Gmelin Reference 332: 321: 301: 281: 261: 229: 205: 150:Dihydrogen oxide 96: 80: 74: 49: 43: 36: 32: 17931: 17930: 17926: 17925: 17924: 17922: 17921: 17920: 17886:Water chemistry 17831: 17830: 17829: 17824: 17823: 17818: 17800: 17796: 17788: 17780: 17772: 17764: 17756: 17748: 17740: 17732: 17724: 17716: 17708: 17700: 17692: 17685: 17681: 17674: 17666: 17658: 17641: 17637: 17629: 17621: 17613: 17605: 17597: 17589: 17581: 17573: 17565: 17557: 17549: 17541: 17533: 17525: 17517: 17509: 17501: 17493: 17485: 17477: 17469: 17461: 17453: 17445: 17437: 17429: 17412: 17402: 17393: 17385: 17381: 17368: 17360: 17329: 17315: 17300: 17285: 17277: 17269: 17261: 17253: 17240: 17232: 17219: 17206: 17193: 17180: 17172: 17164: 17156: 17148: 17140: 17132: 17124: 17116: 17108: 17100: 17092: 17084: 17067: 17024: 17017: 17012: 17003: 16980: 16971: 16963: 16946: 16936: 16916: 16912: 16893: 16889: 16885: 16876: 16857: 16853: 16849: 16840: 16819: 16810: 16806: 16798: 16794: 16786: 16782: 16774: 16770: 16762: 16758: 16750: 16746: 16738: 16734: 16726: 16722: 16714: 16710: 16701: 16680: 16672: 16668: 16660: 16656: 16648: 16644: 16636: 16632: 16623: 16603: 16601: 16594: 16586: 16577: 16564: 16552: 16542: 16522: 16518: 16499: 16495: 16476: 16472: 16468: 16460: 16439: 16435: 16431: 16423: 16419: 16411: 16407: 16386: 16377: 16373: 16365: 16361: 16353: 16349: 16341: 16337: 16329: 16325: 16317: 16313: 16305: 16301: 16293: 16289: 16281: 16277: 16269: 16248: 16244: 16240: 16232: 16228: 16220: 16216: 16195: 16186: 16182: 16174: 16170: 16162: 16158: 16150: 16146: 16138: 16134: 16126: 16122: 16114: 16110: 16102: 16098: 16090: 16086: 16078: 16057: 16046: 16042: 16034: 16003: 15999: 15980: 15976: 15972: 15964: 15943: 15939: 15935: 15927: 15923: 15915: 15911: 15903: 15899: 15891: 15870: 15861: 15857: 15836: 15832: 15828: 15807: 15798: 15794: 15786: 15782: 15774: 15770: 15762: 15758: 15750: 15746: 15738: 15734: 15726: 15722: 15714: 15710: 15702: 15698: 15690: 15669: 15664: 15656: 15648: 15627: 15566: 15562: 15554: 15550: 15542: 15511: 15507: 15503: 15495: 15476: 15472: 15468: 15460: 15441: 15437: 15433: 15425: 15406: 15402: 15398: 15390: 15371: 15367: 15363: 15355: 15351: 15343: 15339: 15331: 15327: 15319: 15315: 15307: 15303: 15295: 15291: 15283: 15279: 15271: 15267: 15259: 15255: 15242: 15221: 15210: 15206: 15198: 15190: 15182: 15174: 15155: 15115: 15113: 15106: 15073: 15066: 15061: 15031: 15026: 15025: 15000: 14996: 14990: 14986: 14977: 14973: 14969: 14967: 14964: 14960: 14958: 14955: 14951: 14945: 14941: 14937: 14935: 14932: 14928: 14926: 14923: 14919: 14910: 14906: 14900: 14896: 14885: 14881: 14875: 14871: 14865: 14861: 14855: 14851: 14845: 14841: 14835: 14831: 14825: 14821: 14815: 14811: 14809: 14806: 14802: 14796: 14792: 14786: 14782: 14776: 14772: 14766: 14762: 14756: 14752: 14750: 14747: 14743: 14737: 14733: 14664: 14660: 14638: 14634: 14628: 14624: 14622: 14619: 14615: 14609: 14605: 14603: 14595: 14591: 14585: 14581: 14554: 14550: 14541: 14537: 14516: 14512: 14506: 14502: 14496: 14492: 14490: 14487: 14483: 14477: 14473: 14467: 14463: 14449: 14445: 14436: 14432: 14420: 14416: 14410: 14406: 14398: 14394: 14370: 14366: 14360: 14356: 14350: 14346: 14340: 14336: 14330: 14326: 14324: 14316: 14312: 14306: 14302: 14296: 14292: 14290: 14287: 14283: 14277: 14273: 14267: 14263: 14261: 14258: 14254: 14248: 14244: 14242: 14239: 14235: 14229: 14225: 14223: 14220: 14216: 14214: 14211: 14207: 14201: 14197: 14189: 14185: 14164: 14160: 14154: 14150: 14144: 14140: 14134: 14130: 14124: 14120: 14099: 14095: 14088: 14084: 14082: 14079: 14075: 14069: 14065: 14059: 14055: 14049: 14045: 14012: 14007: 13977: 13972: 13970:Category:Oxides 13966:oxidation state 13958: 13912: 13908: 13894: 13885:Xenon tetroxide 13880: 13866: 13852: 13831: 13827: 13823: 13810: 13806: 13793: 13789: 13776: 13772: 13752: 13748: 13734: 13720: 13706: 13692: 13683:Sulfur trioxide 13678: 13664: 13650: 13636: 13622: 13601: 13597: 13593: 13580: 13576: 13563: 13559: 13546: 13542: 13529: 13525: 13512: 13508: 13495: 13491: 13478: 13474: 13461: 13457: 13437: 13433: 13419: 13405: 13396:Uranium dioxide 13391: 13377: 13363: 13349: 13340:Thorium dioxide 13335: 13321: 13307: 13293: 13279: 13270:Silicon dioxide 13265: 13251: 13237: 13223: 13209: 13195: 13181: 13167: 13153: 13139: 13125: 13111: 13097: 13083: 13069: 13060:Iridium dioxide 13055: 13041: 13027: 13023: 13010: 12996: 12982: 12968: 12954: 12945:Carbon trioxide 12940: 12926: 12912: 12903:Bromine dioxide 12898: 12884: 12863: 12859: 12855: 12842: 12838: 12825: 12821: 12808: 12804: 12791: 12787: 12774: 12770: 12757: 12753: 12740: 12736: 12723: 12719: 12706: 12702: 12689: 12685: 12672: 12668: 12655: 12651: 12638: 12634: 12621: 12617: 12604: 12600: 12587: 12583: 12570: 12566: 12553: 12549: 12541:Lanthanum oxide 12536: 12532: 12524:Iron(III) oxide 12519: 12515: 12502: 12498: 12485: 12481: 12473:Gold(III) oxide 12468: 12464: 12451: 12447: 12434: 12430: 12417: 12413: 12400: 12396: 12383: 12379: 12366: 12362: 12349: 12345: 12332: 12328: 12315: 12311: 12298: 12294: 12281: 12277: 12264: 12260: 12247: 12243: 12230: 12226: 12213: 12209: 12196: 12192: 12179: 12175: 12162: 12158: 12150:Aluminium oxide 12145: 12141: 12121: 12057: 12053: 12035:Sulfur monoxide 12025:Strontium oxide 11915:Magnesium oxide 11895:Iodine monoxide 11860: 11856: 11798:Carbon monoxide 11758:Beryllium oxide 11716: 11712: 11699: 11686: 11673: 11660: 11647: 11639:Potassium oxide 11634: 11621: 11608: 11595: 11587:Iodine(I) oxide 11582: 11569: 11556: 11543: 11530: 11522:Copper(I) oxide 11517: 11497: 11493: 11489: 11476: 11472: 11459: 11455: 11442: 11438: 11425: 11421: 11408: 11404: 11391: 11387: 11374: 11370: 11357: 11353: 11340: 11336: 11323: 11319: 11306: 11302: 11289: 11285: 11272: 11268: 11260:Carbon suboxide 11255: 11251: 11238: 11234: 11214: 11209: 11179: 11174: 11164: 11160: 11155: 11150: 11146: 11141: 11136: 11132: 11127: 11122: 11118: 11113: 11108: 11104: 11099: 11094: 11090: 11085: 11080: 11075: 11068: 11062: 11057: 11052: 11048: 11043: 11039: 11026: 11022: 11013: 11005: 10997: 10993: 10985: 10981: 10973: 10969: 10960: 10952: 10939: 10935: 10927: 10919: 10911: 10907: 10899: 10895: 10887: 10874: 10870: 10857: 10853: 10845: 10841: 10832: 10824: 10820: 10812: 10808: 10800: 10792: 10784: 10780: 10772: 10768: 10760: 10756: 10748: 10744: 10736: 10732: 10719: 10715: 10706: 10693: 10685: 10681: 10672: 10663: 10654: 10645: 10637: 10624: 10620: 10611: 10603: 10599: 10591: 10587: 10574: 10570: 10562: 10558: 10550: 10546: 10533: 10529: 10521: 10513: 10509: 10501: 10497: 10489: 10485: 10477: 10469: 10465: 10457: 10453: 10440: 10436: 10428: 10424: 10416: 10412: 10404: 10400: 10392: 10388: 10379: 10371: 10363: 10359: 10351: 10347: 10339: 10326: 10313: 10309: 10301: 10285: 10282: 10281: 10280: 10276: 10273: 10272: 10271: 10269: 10264: 10260: 10252: 10248: 10240: 10232: 10228: 10220: 10212: 10208: 10190: 10186: 10178: 10174: 10166: 10162: 10154: 10150: 10142: 10138: 10130: 10122: 10118: 10110: 10106: 10094: 10089: 10059: 10054: 10048: 10044: 10037: 10033: 10027: 10023: 10019: 10013: 10009: 10005: 9999: 9995: 9991: 9984: 9980: 9973: 9969: 9965: 9959: 9955: 9951: 9947: 9941: 9937: 9933: 9929: 9923: 9919: 9915: 9911: 9904: 9900: 9894: 9890: 9886: 9882: 9876: 9872: 9868: 9862: 9858: 9854: 9848: 9844: 9840: 9823: 9819: 9815: 9809: 9805: 9801: 9795: 9791: 9787: 9781: 9777: 9773: 9766: 9762: 9756: 9752: 9748: 9741: 9737: 9730: 9726: 9722: 9716: 9712: 9708: 9704: 9698: 9694: 9690: 9686: 9680: 9676: 9672: 9666: 9662: 9658: 9652: 9648: 9644: 9638: 9634: 9630: 9624: 9620: 9616: 9610: 9606: 9602: 9596: 9592: 9588: 9581: 9577: 9571: 9567: 9563: 9556: 9552: 9546: 9542: 9538: 9534: 9528: 9524: 9518: 9514: 9498: 9494: 9483: 9479: 9475: 9469: 9465: 9461: 9455: 9451: 9445: 9441: 9435: 9431: 9425: 9421: 9395: 9391: 9387: 9381: 9377: 9373: 9367: 9363: 9359: 9355: 9352: 9348: 9344: 9328: 9324: 9318: 9314: 9308: 9304: 9288: 9284: 9278: 9274: 9268: 9264: 9247: 9243: 9236: 9232: 9216: 9212: 9208: 9202: 9198: 9194: 9185: 9180: 9145: 9137: 9132: 9080: 9047: 8979: 8906: 8865: 8825: 8813: 8782: 8777: 8729:surface tension 8715:Calculation of 8701: 8656: 8654: 8645: 8642: 8620: 8618:Further reading 8615: 8609: 8586: 8556: 8526: 8503: 8482: 8480: 8473: 8438: 8424: 8413: 8398: 8396: 8392: 8386: 8375: 8359: 8333: 8310: 8308: 8301: 8280: 8257: 8236: 8211: 8206: 8197: 8195: 8180: 8179: 8175: 8167: 8163: 8154: 8152: 8135: 8134: 8130: 8122: 8118: 8110: 8106: 8098: 8091: 8060: 8056: 8047: 8045: 8032: 8031: 8027: 8018: 8016: 8011:. August 2003. 8004: 8003: 7999: 7991: 7984: 7976: 7969: 7961: 7957: 7949: 7945: 7937: 7933: 7925: 7921: 7913: 7909: 7900: 7898: 7881: 7880: 7876: 7868: 7864: 7856: 7852: 7844: 7837: 7829: 7825: 7816: 7814: 7801: 7800: 7796: 7787: 7785: 7781: 7766: 7760: 7756: 7748: 7744: 7705: 7701: 7691: 7689: 7678: 7674: 7664: 7662: 7653: 7652: 7648: 7621: 7617: 7586: 7582: 7573: 7571: 7567: 7554: 7550: 7549: 7545: 7537: 7533: 7525: 7521: 7504: 7502: 7495: 7477: 7473: 7462: 7458: 7454: 7447: 7425: 7421: 7397:10.1038/452291a 7368: 7364: 7327:(33): 8710–23. 7317: 7313: 7304: 7302: 7257: 7253: 7200: 7196: 7187: 7185: 7170:10.2172/6642535 7154: 7150: 7142: 7138: 7130: 7126: 7118: 7114: 7106: 7097: 7089: 7085: 7069: 7068: 7059: 7055: 7054: 7050: 6997: 6993: 6985: 6981: 6973: 6969: 6961: 6957: 6926: 6922: 6913: 6911: 6896: 6892: 6861: 6854: 6849: 6845: 6836: 6834: 6830: 6819: 6815: 6814: 6810: 6802: 6798: 6789: 6787: 6783: 6752: 6746: 6742: 6733: 6731: 6686: 6682: 6674: 6670: 6655: 6651: 6643: 6632: 6624: 6620: 6610: 6608: 6604: 6593: 6587: 6586: 6582: 6574: 6567: 6557: 6555: 6542: 6541: 6537: 6528: 6526: 6482: 6475: 6471: 6462: 6460: 6441: 6434: 6403: 6399: 6390: 6388: 6375: 6374: 6365: 6357: 6353: 6345: 6341: 6299: 6295: 6288: 6274: 6267: 6258: 6256: 6245:"Water Density" 6241: 6228: 6219: 6217: 6210: 6192: 6188: 6179: 6177: 6173: 6116: 6110: 6106: 6098: 6089: 6073: 6071: 6062: 6061: 6057: 6049: 6045: 6037: 6033: 6020: 6018: 6014: 6007: 5998: 5994: 5947: 5943: 5888: 5884: 5876: 5872: 5863: 5861: 5854: 5838:. IUPAC. 2009. 5830: 5829: 5825: 5817: 5813: 5805: 5796: 5788: 5784: 5774: 5772: 5759: 5758: 5754: 5746: 5742: 5737:Wayback Machine 5727: 5723: 5715: 5711: 5696: 5685: 5677: 5673: 5665: 5661: 5622: 5618: 5587: 5583: 5574: 5572: 5559: 5558: 5554: 5546: 5542: 5534: 5530: 5522: 5518: 5509: 5507: 5496: 5487: 5479: 5475: 5465: 5463: 5456:10.18434/T4D303 5442: 5438: 5415: 5406: 5397: 5395: 5391: 5352: 5346: 5337: 5327: 5325: 5318:Merriam-Webster 5312: 5311: 5307: 5294: 5292: 5279: 5278: 5274: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5251: 5247: 5242: 5238: 5225: 5221: 5207: 5203: 5198: 5194: 5169: 5165: 5152: 5148: 5140: 5135: 5134: 5133: 5129: 5126: 5125: 5124: 5120: 5118: 5117: 5116: 5112: 5109: 5108: 5107: 5105: 5100: 5098: 5097: 5096: 5094: 5093: 5089: 5081: 5074: 5069: 5065: 5061: 5057: 5052: 4952: 4945: 4942: 4932:, some form of 4923: 4918:Water substance 4906: 4904: 4903: 4902: 4898: 4896: 4895: 4894: 4892: 4885:hydroxylic acid 4854:deuterium oxide 4835:tetrahydropyran 4803: 4761:. Notably, the 4722:Henry Cavendish 4719: 4705: 4703: 4702: 4701: 4697: 4695: 4694: 4693: 4692: 4687: 4685: 4684: 4683: 4681: 4676: 4673: 4672: 4671: 4669: 4663: 4660: 4659: 4658: 4656: 4644: 4641: 4640: 4639: 4637: 4632: 4630: 4629: 4628: 4624: 4622: 4621: 4620: 4619: 4614: 4612: 4611: 4610: 4608: 4601: 4595: 4585: 4582: 4581: 4580: 4578: 4572: 4569: 4568: 4567: 4565: 4560: 4557: 4556: 4555: 4553: 4539: 4536: 4535: 4534: 4530: 4527: 4526: 4525: 4523: 4489: 4487: 4486: 4485: 4483: 4478: 4476: 4475: 4474: 4472: 4467: 4464: 4463: 4462: 4460: 4454: 4451: 4450: 4449: 4447: 4428:oxidation state 4424: 4407: 4396:polysaccharides 4378: 4376: 4375: 4374: 4372: 4361: 4349: 4345: 4325: 4322: 4321: 4320: 4316: 4313: 4312: 4311: 4308: 4291: 4288: 4287: 4286: 4282: 4279: 4278: 4277: 4275: 4260: 4250: 4247: 4246: 4245: 4243: 4237: 4234: 4233: 4232: 4230: 4225: 4222: 4221: 4220: 4216: 4213: 4212: 4211: 4209: 4186: 4183: 4182: 4181: 4175: 4172: 4171: 4170: 4168: 4166: 4159: 4158: 4157: 4151: 4148: 4147: 4146: 4144: 4143: 4142: 4141: 4134: 4133: 4132: 4127: 4125: 4124: 4123: 4121: 4120: 4119: 4118: 4112: 4109: 4108: 4107: 4101: 4098: 4097: 4096: 4094: 4092: 4085: 4084: 4083: 4077: 4074: 4073: 4072: 4070: 4069: 4068: 4067: 4060: 4059: 4058: 4053: 4051: 4050: 4049: 4047: 4046: 4045: 4044: 4038: 4036: 4035: 4034: 4030: 4027: 4026: 4025: 4023: 4016: 4015: 4014: 4008: 4005: 4004: 4003: 4001: 4000: 3999: 3998: 3991: 3990: 3989: 3984: 3982: 3981: 3980: 3978: 3977: 3976: 3975: 3948: 3946: 3945: 3944: 3942: 3937: 3934: 3933: 3932: 3930: 3923: 3922: 3921: 3915: 3912: 3911: 3910: 3908: 3907: 3906: 3905: 3898: 3897: 3896: 3891: 3888: 3887: 3886: 3884: 3883: 3882: 3881: 3873: 3871: 3870: 3869: 3867: 3862: 3859: 3858: 3857: 3855: 3843: 3841: 3840: 3839: 3837: 3832: 3830: 3829: 3828: 3824: 3821: 3820: 3819: 3817: 3810: 3809: 3808: 3802: 3799: 3798: 3797: 3795: 3794: 3793: 3792: 3785: 3784: 3783: 3780: 3779: 3778: 3766: 3764: 3763: 3762: 3760: 3754: 3752: 3751: 3750: 3747: 3728: 3723: 3695: 3691: 3686: 3683: 3682: 3681: 3679: 3676: 3667: 3652: 3649: 3648: 3647: 3645: 3636: 3633: 3632: 3631: 3629: 3623: 3620: 3619: 3618: 3616: 3610: 3607: 3606: 3605: 3603: 3602:coefficient of 3593: 3590: 3589: 3588: 3586: 3580: 3577: 3576: 3575: 3573: 3564: 3561: 3560: 3559: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3523: 3520: 3519: 3518: 3516: 3507: 3505: 3504: 3503: 3502: 3496: 3494: 3493: 3492: 3491: 3485: 3483: 3482: 3481: 3480: 3474: 3472: 3471: 3470: 3469: 3455: 3453: 3452: 3451: 3450: 3423: 3403: 3392: 3389: 3388: 3387: 3383: 3380: 3379: 3378: 3376: 3358:Portland cement 3334: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3299: 3285: 3281: 3275: 3271: 3270: 3269: 3256: 3255: 3251: 3238: 3237: 3233: 3231: 3228: 3227: 3225: 3221: 3197: 3186: 3182: 3181: 3180: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3157: 3153: 3141: 3137: 3131: 3127: 3126: 3125: 3121: 3120: 3118: 3105: 3104: 3100: 3098: 3095: 3094: 3075: 3073: 3072: 3071: 3069: 3064: 3062: 3061: 3060: 3058: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3019: 3005: 3001: 2995: 2991: 2990: 2989: 2976: 2975: 2971: 2969: 2966: 2965: 2949: 2947: 2946: 2945: 2943: 2938: 2936: 2935: 2934: 2930: 2927: 2926: 2925: 2923: 2917: 2914: 2913: 2912: 2910: 2895:self-ionization 2891: 2885: 2883:Self-ionization 2880: 2848: 2842: 2803:, ammonia, and 2781: 2765:Microwave ovens 2729: 2723: 2699: 2693: 2672: 2670: 2669: 2668: 2666: 2658: 2656: 2655: 2654: 2652: 2568: 2562: 2554: 2546:surface tension 2522: 2520:Surface tension 2501:Surface tension 2489:Irving Langmuir 2446: 2427: 2424: 2423: 2422: 2420: 2414: 2411: 2410: 2409: 2407: 2345: 2339: 2330: 2295:reverse osmosis 2271: 2269: 2268: 2267: 2263: 2260: 2259: 2258: 2256: 2251: 2249: 2248: 2247: 2245: 2230: 2225: 2196: 2154: 2108: 2092: 2026: 2015: 2009: 1982: 1980: 1974: 1972: 1966: 1964: 1961:compressibility 1957: 1955:Compressibility 1944: 1938: 1936:Vapour pressure 1920:, and creating 1879: 1873: 1859: 1846:brine rejection 1806:surface density 1797: 1717: 1655: 1602:are known. The 1590:crystals, like 1564: 1505: 1502: 1501: 1500: 1498: 1488: 1482: 1472: 1470: 1469: 1468: 1466: 1461: 1459: 1458: 1457: 1455: 1448:self-ionization 1441: 1439: 1438: 1437: 1435: 1428: 1426: 1425: 1424: 1422: 1379:carbon monoxide 1337: 1333: 1326: 1319: 1314: 1313: 1312: ?) 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1268: 1237: 1227: 1196: 1158: 1157: 1156: 1155: 1148: 1141: 1134: 1130: 1122: 1101: 1096: 1090: 1065: 1059: 1055: 1043: 1040: 1034: 1030: 1027: 1026:Std enthalpy of 1016: 1013: 1006: 1003: 992: 985: 965: 951: 949:Molecular shape 942: 936: 922: 891: 889: 874:0.6065 W/(m·K) 863: 846: 842: 822: 804: 770:dichloromethane 759: 748:dimethoxyethane 732:tetrahydrofuran 701: 683: 636: 625: 619: 616: 614: 609: 603: 600: 598: 590: 588: 582: 579: 577: 572: 566: 563: 561: 554:Liquid (1 atm, 504: 501: 500: 499: 497: 494: 480: 477: 472: 471: 460: 457: 456: 453: 447: 446: 435: 415: 399: 386: 374: 351: 342: 324: 304: 284: 264: 241: 232: 219: 208: 195: 181: 180: 141:Hydroxylic acid 125: 124: 113: 112: 83: 82: 78: 76: 75: Oxygen, O 72: 31: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 17929: 17919: 17918: 17913: 17908: 17903: 17898: 17893: 17888: 17883: 17878: 17873: 17868: 17863: 17858: 17853: 17848: 17846:Forms of water 17843: 17826: 17825: 17820: 17819: 17817: 17816: 17810: 17808: 17802: 17801: 17799: 17798: 17794: 17790: 17786: 17782: 17778: 17774: 17770: 17766: 17762: 17758: 17754: 17750: 17746: 17742: 17738: 17734: 17730: 17726: 17722: 17718: 17714: 17710: 17706: 17702: 17698: 17694: 17690: 17686: 17683: 17679: 17676: 17672: 17668: 17664: 17660: 17656: 17651: 17649: 17643: 17642: 17640: 17639: 17635: 17631: 17627: 17623: 17619: 17615: 17611: 17607: 17603: 17599: 17595: 17591: 17587: 17583: 17579: 17575: 17571: 17567: 17563: 17559: 17555: 17551: 17547: 17543: 17539: 17535: 17531: 17527: 17523: 17519: 17515: 17511: 17507: 17503: 17499: 17495: 17491: 17487: 17483: 17479: 17475: 17471: 17467: 17463: 17459: 17455: 17451: 17447: 17443: 17439: 17435: 17431: 17427: 17422: 17420: 17414: 17413: 17411: 17410: 17400: 17395: 17391: 17387: 17383: 17379: 17375: 17370: 17366: 17362: 17358: 17354: 17342: 17337: 17327: 17322: 17311: 17307: 17296: 17292: 17287: 17283: 17279: 17275: 17271: 17267: 17263: 17259: 17255: 17251: 17247: 17242: 17238: 17234: 17230: 17226: 17221: 17217: 17213: 17208: 17204: 17200: 17195: 17191: 17187: 17182: 17178: 17174: 17170: 17166: 17162: 17158: 17154: 17150: 17146: 17142: 17138: 17134: 17130: 17126: 17122: 17118: 17114: 17110: 17106: 17102: 17098: 17094: 17090: 17086: 17082: 17077: 17075: 17069: 17068: 17066: 17054: 17049: 17044: 17039: 17034: 17029: 17027: 17019: 17018: 17016: 17015: 17010: 17006: 17001: 16997: 16992: 16987: 16978: 16973: 16969: 16965: 16961: 16957: 16951: 16948: 16947: 16945: 16944: 16934: 16928: 16926: 16918: 16917: 16915: 16914: 16910: 16905: 16903: 16895: 16894: 16892: 16891: 16887: 16883: 16879: 16874: 16869: 16867: 16859: 16858: 16856: 16855: 16851: 16847: 16843: 16838: 16833: 16831: 16821: 16820: 16818: 16817: 16812: 16808: 16804: 16800: 16796: 16792: 16788: 16784: 16780: 16776: 16772: 16768: 16764: 16760: 16756: 16752: 16748: 16744: 16740: 16736: 16732: 16728: 16724: 16720: 16716: 16712: 16708: 16704: 16699: 16694: 16692: 16682: 16681: 16679: 16674: 16670: 16666: 16662: 16658: 16654: 16650: 16646: 16642: 16638: 16634: 16630: 16626: 16621: 16617: 16615: 16606: 16602:chalcogenides 16596: 16595: 16593: 16592: 16584: 16579: 16575: 16571: 16566: 16562: 16557: 16554: 16553: 16551: 16550: 16540: 16534: 16532: 16524: 16523: 16521: 16520: 16516: 16511: 16509: 16501: 16500: 16498: 16497: 16493: 16488: 16486: 16478: 16477: 16475: 16474: 16470: 16466: 16462: 16458: 16453: 16451: 16441: 16440: 16438: 16437: 16433: 16429: 16425: 16421: 16417: 16413: 16409: 16405: 16400: 16398: 16388: 16387: 16385: 16384: 16379: 16375: 16371: 16367: 16363: 16359: 16355: 16351: 16347: 16343: 16339: 16335: 16331: 16327: 16323: 16319: 16315: 16311: 16307: 16303: 16299: 16295: 16291: 16287: 16283: 16279: 16275: 16271: 16267: 16262: 16260: 16250: 16249: 16247: 16246: 16242: 16238: 16234: 16230: 16226: 16222: 16218: 16214: 16209: 16207: 16197: 16196: 16194: 16193: 16188: 16184: 16180: 16176: 16172: 16168: 16164: 16160: 16156: 16152: 16148: 16144: 16140: 16136: 16132: 16128: 16124: 16120: 16116: 16112: 16108: 16104: 16100: 16096: 16092: 16088: 16084: 16080: 16076: 16071: 16069: 16060: 16052: 16051: 16048: 16047: 16045: 16044: 16040: 16036: 16032: 16028: 16022: 16020: 16005: 16004: 16002: 16001: 15997: 15992: 15990: 15982: 15981: 15979: 15978: 15974: 15970: 15966: 15962: 15957: 15955: 15945: 15944: 15942: 15941: 15937: 15933: 15929: 15925: 15921: 15917: 15913: 15909: 15905: 15901: 15897: 15893: 15889: 15884: 15882: 15872: 15871: 15869: 15868: 15863: 15859: 15855: 15850: 15848: 15838: 15837: 15835: 15834: 15830: 15826: 15821: 15819: 15809: 15808: 15806: 15805: 15800: 15796: 15792: 15788: 15784: 15780: 15776: 15772: 15768: 15764: 15760: 15756: 15752: 15748: 15744: 15740: 15736: 15732: 15728: 15724: 15720: 15716: 15712: 15708: 15704: 15700: 15696: 15692: 15688: 15683: 15681: 15671: 15670: 15668: 15667: 15662: 15658: 15654: 15650: 15646: 15642: 15636: 15629: 15628: 15626: 15625: 15620: 15615: 15610: 15605: 15600: 15595: 15589: 15587: 15578: 15572: 15571: 15568: 15567: 15565: 15564: 15560: 15556: 15552: 15548: 15544: 15540: 15536: 15530: 15528: 15513: 15512: 15510: 15509: 15505: 15501: 15497: 15493: 15488: 15486: 15478: 15477: 15475: 15474: 15470: 15466: 15462: 15458: 15453: 15451: 15443: 15442: 15440: 15439: 15435: 15431: 15427: 15423: 15418: 15416: 15408: 15407: 15405: 15404: 15400: 15396: 15392: 15388: 15383: 15381: 15373: 15372: 15370: 15369: 15365: 15361: 15357: 15353: 15349: 15345: 15341: 15337: 15333: 15329: 15325: 15321: 15317: 15313: 15309: 15305: 15301: 15297: 15293: 15289: 15285: 15281: 15277: 15273: 15269: 15265: 15261: 15257: 15253: 15249: 15244: 15240: 15235: 15233: 15224: 15216: 15215: 15212: 15211: 15209: 15208: 15204: 15200: 15196: 15192: 15188: 15184: 15180: 15176: 15172: 15167: 15165: 15157: 15156: 15154: 15153: 15148: 15143: 15138: 15133: 15127: 15125: 15118: 15116:earth hydrides 15108: 15107: 15105: 15104: 15099: 15094: 15089: 15084: 15078: 15076: 15068: 15067: 15060: 15059: 15052: 15045: 15037: 15028: 15027: 15022: 15021: 15018: 15015: 15012: 15009: 15006: 15003: 14998: 14993: 14988: 14983: 14980: 14975: 14971: 14962: 14953: 14948: 14943: 14939: 14930: 14921: 14916: 14913: 14908: 14903: 14898: 14893: 14889: 14888: 14883: 14878: 14873: 14868: 14863: 14858: 14853: 14848: 14843: 14838: 14833: 14828: 14823: 14818: 14813: 14804: 14799: 14794: 14789: 14784: 14779: 14774: 14769: 14764: 14759: 14754: 14745: 14740: 14735: 14730: 14726: 14725: 14722: 14719: 14718: 14715: 14712: 14709: 14706: 14703: 14700: 14697: 14694: 14691: 14688: 14685: 14682: 14679: 14676: 14673: 14670: 14667: 14662: 14657: 14651: 14650: 14647: 14644: 14641: 14636: 14631: 14626: 14617: 14612: 14607: 14598: 14593: 14588: 14583: 14578: 14575: 14572: 14569: 14566: 14563: 14560: 14557: 14552: 14547: 14544: 14539: 14534: 14528: 14527: 14524: 14519: 14514: 14509: 14504: 14499: 14494: 14485: 14480: 14475: 14470: 14465: 14460: 14455: 14452: 14447: 14442: 14439: 14434: 14429: 14426: 14423: 14418: 14413: 14408: 14403: 14401: 14396: 14391: 14385: 14384: 14381: 14376: 14373: 14368: 14363: 14358: 14353: 14348: 14343: 14338: 14333: 14328: 14319: 14314: 14309: 14304: 14299: 14294: 14285: 14280: 14275: 14270: 14265: 14256: 14251: 14246: 14237: 14232: 14227: 14218: 14209: 14204: 14199: 14194: 14192: 14187: 14182: 14176: 14175: 14172: 14167: 14162: 14157: 14152: 14147: 14142: 14137: 14132: 14127: 14122: 14117: 14111: 14110: 14107: 14102: 14097: 14092: 14086: 14077: 14072: 14067: 14062: 14057: 14052: 14047: 14042: 14036: 14035: 14032: 14030: 14028: 14026: 14018: 14017: 14014: 14013: 14006: 14005: 13998: 13991: 13983: 13974: 13973: 13963: 13960: 13959: 13957: 13956: 13951: 13946: 13941: 13936: 13931: 13926: 13920: 13918: 13914: 13913: 13911: 13910: 13906: 13896: 13892: 13882: 13878: 13868: 13864: 13854: 13850: 13839: 13837: 13833: 13832: 13830: 13829: 13825: 13821: 13812: 13808: 13804: 13795: 13791: 13787: 13778: 13774: 13770: 13760: 13758: 13754: 13753: 13751: 13750: 13746: 13739:Xenon trioxide 13736: 13732: 13722: 13718: 13708: 13704: 13694: 13690: 13680: 13676: 13666: 13662: 13652: 13648: 13638: 13634: 13624: 13620: 13609: 13607: 13603: 13602: 13600: 13599: 13595: 13591: 13582: 13578: 13574: 13565: 13561: 13557: 13548: 13544: 13540: 13531: 13527: 13523: 13514: 13510: 13506: 13497: 13493: 13489: 13480: 13476: 13472: 13463: 13459: 13455: 13445: 13443: 13439: 13438: 13436: 13435: 13431: 13421: 13417: 13407: 13403: 13393: 13389: 13379: 13375: 13365: 13361: 13351: 13347: 13337: 13333: 13323: 13319: 13309: 13305: 13295: 13291: 13284:Sulfur dioxide 13281: 13277: 13267: 13263: 13253: 13249: 13239: 13235: 13225: 13221: 13211: 13207: 13197: 13193: 13183: 13179: 13169: 13165: 13155: 13151: 13144:Osmium dioxide 13141: 13137: 13127: 13123: 13113: 13109: 13099: 13095: 13085: 13081: 13071: 13067: 13057: 13053: 13046:Iodine dioxide 13043: 13039: 13029: 13025: 13021: 13012: 13008: 12998: 12994: 12984: 12980: 12970: 12966: 12956: 12952: 12942: 12938: 12931:Carbon dioxide 12928: 12924: 12914: 12910: 12900: 12896: 12886: 12882: 12871: 12869: 12865: 12864: 12862: 12861: 12857: 12853: 12844: 12840: 12836: 12827: 12823: 12819: 12810: 12806: 12802: 12793: 12789: 12785: 12776: 12772: 12768: 12759: 12755: 12751: 12742: 12738: 12734: 12725: 12721: 12717: 12711:Scandium oxide 12708: 12704: 12700: 12691: 12687: 12683: 12674: 12670: 12666: 12657: 12653: 12649: 12640: 12636: 12632: 12623: 12619: 12615: 12606: 12602: 12598: 12589: 12585: 12581: 12572: 12568: 12564: 12555: 12551: 12547: 12538: 12534: 12530: 12521: 12517: 12513: 12504: 12500: 12496: 12487: 12483: 12479: 12470: 12466: 12462: 12453: 12449: 12445: 12436: 12432: 12428: 12419: 12415: 12411: 12402: 12398: 12394: 12385: 12381: 12377: 12368: 12364: 12360: 12351: 12347: 12343: 12334: 12330: 12326: 12317: 12313: 12309: 12300: 12296: 12292: 12283: 12279: 12275: 12266: 12262: 12258: 12252:Boron trioxide 12249: 12245: 12241: 12232: 12228: 12224: 12215: 12211: 12207: 12198: 12194: 12190: 12181: 12177: 12173: 12164: 12160: 12156: 12147: 12143: 12139: 12129: 12127: 12123: 12122: 12120: 12119: 12109: 12099: 12089: 12079: 12069: 12059: 12055: 12051: 12042: 12032: 12022: 12012: 12002: 11992: 11982: 11972: 11962: 11952: 11942: 11932: 11922: 11912: 11905:Lead(II) oxide 11902: 11892: 11885:Iron(II) oxide 11882: 11872: 11862: 11858: 11854: 11845: 11835: 11825: 11815: 11805: 11795: 11785: 11775: 11765: 11755: 11745: 11735: 11724: 11722: 11718: 11717: 11715: 11714: 11710: 11701: 11697: 11688: 11684: 11675: 11671: 11662: 11658: 11652:Rubidium oxide 11649: 11645: 11636: 11632: 11623: 11619: 11610: 11606: 11597: 11593: 11584: 11580: 11571: 11567: 11558: 11554: 11545: 11541: 11532: 11528: 11519: 11515: 11505: 11503: 11499: 11498: 11496: 11495: 11491: 11487: 11478: 11474: 11470: 11461: 11457: 11453: 11444: 11440: 11436: 11427: 11423: 11419: 11410: 11406: 11402: 11393: 11389: 11385: 11376: 11372: 11368: 11359: 11355: 11351: 11342: 11338: 11334: 11325: 11321: 11317: 11308: 11304: 11300: 11291: 11287: 11283: 11274: 11270: 11266: 11257: 11253: 11249: 11243:Boron suboxide 11240: 11236: 11232: 11222: 11220: 11216: 11215: 11208: 11207: 11200: 11193: 11185: 11176: 11175: 11173: 11172: 11167: 11162: 11158: 11153: 11148: 11144: 11139: 11134: 11130: 11125: 11120: 11116: 11111: 11106: 11102: 11097: 11092: 11088: 11083: 11078: 11073: 11066: 11060: 11055: 11050: 11046: 11041: 11037: 11033: 11028: 11024: 11020: 11016: 11011: 11007: 11003: 10999: 10995: 10991: 10987: 10983: 10979: 10975: 10971: 10967: 10963: 10958: 10954: 10950: 10946: 10941: 10937: 10933: 10929: 10925: 10921: 10917: 10913: 10909: 10905: 10901: 10897: 10893: 10889: 10885: 10881: 10876: 10872: 10868: 10864: 10859: 10855: 10851: 10847: 10843: 10839: 10835: 10830: 10826: 10822: 10818: 10814: 10810: 10806: 10802: 10798: 10794: 10790: 10786: 10782: 10778: 10774: 10770: 10766: 10762: 10758: 10754: 10750: 10746: 10742: 10738: 10734: 10730: 10726: 10721: 10717: 10713: 10709: 10704: 10700: 10695: 10691: 10687: 10683: 10679: 10675: 10670: 10666: 10661: 10657: 10652: 10648: 10643: 10639: 10635: 10631: 10626: 10622: 10618: 10614: 10609: 10605: 10601: 10597: 10593: 10589: 10585: 10581: 10576: 10572: 10568: 10564: 10560: 10556: 10552: 10548: 10544: 10540: 10535: 10531: 10527: 10523: 10519: 10515: 10511: 10507: 10503: 10499: 10495: 10491: 10487: 10483: 10479: 10475: 10471: 10467: 10463: 10459: 10455: 10451: 10447: 10442: 10438: 10434: 10430: 10426: 10422: 10418: 10414: 10410: 10406: 10402: 10398: 10394: 10390: 10386: 10382: 10377: 10373: 10369: 10365: 10361: 10357: 10353: 10349: 10345: 10341: 10337: 10333: 10328: 10324: 10320: 10315: 10311: 10307: 10303: 10299: 10295: 10290: 10283: 10274: 10266: 10262: 10258: 10254: 10250: 10246: 10242: 10238: 10234: 10230: 10226: 10222: 10218: 10214: 10210: 10206: 10202: 10197: 10192: 10188: 10184: 10180: 10176: 10172: 10168: 10164: 10160: 10156: 10152: 10148: 10144: 10140: 10136: 10132: 10128: 10124: 10120: 10116: 10112: 10108: 10104: 10099: 10096: 10095: 10088: 10087: 10080: 10073: 10065: 10056: 10055: 10053: 10052: 10046: 10041: 10035: 10030: 10025: 10021: 10016: 10011: 10007: 10002: 9997: 9993: 9988: 9982: 9977: 9971: 9967: 9962: 9957: 9953: 9949: 9944: 9939: 9935: 9931: 9926: 9921: 9917: 9913: 9908: 9902: 9897: 9892: 9888: 9884: 9879: 9874: 9870: 9865: 9860: 9856: 9851: 9846: 9842: 9837: 9832: 9827: 9821: 9817: 9812: 9807: 9803: 9798: 9793: 9789: 9784: 9779: 9775: 9770: 9764: 9759: 9754: 9750: 9745: 9739: 9734: 9728: 9724: 9719: 9714: 9710: 9706: 9701: 9696: 9692: 9688: 9683: 9678: 9674: 9669: 9664: 9660: 9655: 9650: 9646: 9641: 9636: 9632: 9627: 9622: 9618: 9613: 9608: 9604: 9599: 9594: 9590: 9585: 9579: 9574: 9569: 9565: 9560: 9554: 9549: 9544: 9540: 9536: 9531: 9526: 9521: 9516: 9511: 9506: 9501: 9496: 9491: 9486: 9481: 9477: 9472: 9467: 9463: 9458: 9453: 9448: 9443: 9438: 9433: 9428: 9423: 9418: 9413: 9408: 9403: 9398: 9393: 9389: 9384: 9379: 9375: 9370: 9365: 9361: 9357: 9350: 9346: 9341: 9336: 9331: 9326: 9321: 9316: 9311: 9306: 9301: 9296: 9291: 9286: 9281: 9276: 9271: 9266: 9261: 9256: 9251: 9245: 9240: 9234: 9229: 9224: 9219: 9214: 9210: 9205: 9200: 9196: 9190: 9187: 9186: 9179: 9178: 9171: 9164: 9156: 9150: 9147: 9146: 9134: 9133: 9131: 9130: 9119: 9108: 9097: 9085: 9082: 9081: 9079: 9078: 9073: 9072: 9071: 9066: 9059:Stratification 9055: 9053: 9049: 9048: 9046: 9045: 9044: 9043: 9038: 9033: 9028: 9020: 9019: 9018: 9013: 9008: 9003: 8998: 8987: 8985: 8981: 8980: 8978: 8977: 8972: 8971: 8970: 8965: 8955: 8950: 8945: 8944: 8943: 8938: 8928: 8923: 8917: 8915: 8908: 8907: 8905: 8904: 8899: 8894: 8889: 8884: 8879: 8873: 8871: 8867: 8866: 8864: 8863: 8862: 8861: 8851: 8846: 8841: 8835: 8833: 8827: 8826: 8816: 8814: 8812: 8811: 8806: 8801: 8796: 8790: 8788: 8784: 8783: 8776: 8775: 8768: 8761: 8753: 8747: 8746: 8737: 8732: 8721:liquid density 8717:vapor pressure 8713: 8699: 8674: 8669: 8663: 8641: 8640:External links 8638: 8637: 8636: 8619: 8616: 8614: 8613: 8607: 8590: 8585:978-3527306732 8584: 8560: 8554: 8530: 8525:978-0471927266 8524: 8507: 8502:978-0321775658 8501: 8488: 8472:978-0849304842 8471: 8452: 8443: 8441:on 2011-07-26. 8422: 8404: 8384: 8363: 8357: 8337: 8331: 8325:. Read Books. 8316: 8299: 8284: 8278: 8261: 8255: 8240: 8235:978-1461544852 8234: 8212: 8210: 8207: 8205: 8204: 8173: 8161: 8128: 8116: 8104: 8089: 8054: 8025: 7997: 7995:, p. 601. 7982: 7980:, p. 866. 7967: 7965:, p. 275. 7955: 7953:, p. 981. 7943: 7941:, p. 862. 7931: 7929:, p. 338. 7919: 7907: 7874: 7872:, p. 171. 7862: 7860:, p. 984. 7850: 7848:, p. 654. 7835: 7833:, p. 659. 7823: 7794: 7777:(2): 175–188. 7754: 7742: 7699: 7672: 7646: 7615: 7580: 7543: 7541:, p. 106. 7531: 7529:, p. 105. 7519: 7493: 7471: 7460: 7456: 7452: 7445: 7419: 7362: 7321:Applied Optics 7311: 7271:(16): 167802. 7251: 7194: 7148: 7146:, p. 518. 7136: 7134:, p. 627. 7124: 7112: 7095: 7083: 7048: 6991: 6979: 6967: 6965:, p. 393. 6955: 6920: 6890: 6871:(1): E16–E19. 6852: 6843: 6808: 6796: 6740: 6680: 6668: 6649: 6646:on 2008-03-09. 6618: 6580: 6565: 6535: 6480: 6469: 6432: 6397: 6363: 6361:, p. 493. 6351: 6349:, p. 624. 6339: 6293: 6286: 6265: 6226: 6208: 6186: 6104: 6102:, p. 625. 6087: 6055: 6043: 6031: 5992: 5957:(7): 797–803. 5941: 5882: 5870: 5852: 5823: 5811: 5794: 5782: 5752: 5750:, p. 620. 5740: 5721: 5709: 5683: 5671: 5659: 5616: 5597:(6): 690–695. 5581: 5567:. 2015-08-09. 5552: 5540: 5528: 5516: 5485: 5473: 5436: 5425:(4): 301–309. 5404: 5335: 5305: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5258: 5245: 5236: 5219: 5201: 5192: 5163: 5146: 5136: 5127: 5119: 5110: 5099: 5087: 5072: 5067: 5058: 5056: 5053: 5051: 5050: 5045: 5040: 5035: 5030: 5025: 5020: 5015: 5010: 5005: 5000: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4983:Fluid dynamics 4980: 4975: 4970: 4965: 4959: 4958: 4957: 4941: 4938: 4921: 4905: 4897: 4842:hydrogen oxide 4819:parent hydride 4802: 4799: 4718: 4715: 4710: 4709: 4704: 4696: 4686: 4674: 4661: 4649: 4648: 4642: 4631: 4623: 4613: 4597:Main article: 4594: 4591: 4590: 4589: 4583: 4570: 4558: 4537: 4528: 4494: 4493: 4488: 4477: 4465: 4452: 4440:alkaline earth 4423: 4420: 4412:E2 elimination 4408:2 substitution 4405: 4388:saponification 4377: 4360: 4357: 4347: 4343: 4323: 4314: 4297:perrhenic acid 4289: 4280: 4259: 4256: 4255: 4254: 4248: 4235: 4223: 4214: 4191: 4190: 4184: 4173: 4149: 4126: 4116: 4110: 4099: 4075: 4052: 4042: 4037: 4028: 4006: 3983: 3953: 3952: 3947: 3935: 3913: 3889: 3872: 3860: 3848: 3847: 3842: 3831: 3822: 3800: 3765: 3753: 3744:Brønsted-Lowry 3727: 3724: 3722: 3719: 3684: 3675: 3672: 3650: 3634: 3621: 3608: 3600:self-diffusion 3591: 3578: 3562: 3548:of 4500 days; 3521: 3506: 3501:in 0.04%, and 3495: 3484: 3473: 3454: 3422: 3419: 3402: 3399: 3390: 3381: 3333: 3330: 3318: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3298: 3295: 3288: 3284: 3278: 3274: 3268: 3265: 3259: 3254: 3250: 3244: 3241: 3236: 3223: 3219: 3216: 3215: 3200: 3194: 3189: 3185: 3179: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3156: 3152: 3144: 3140: 3134: 3130: 3124: 3117: 3111: 3108: 3103: 3074: 3063: 3038: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3018: 3015: 3008: 3004: 2998: 2994: 2988: 2985: 2979: 2974: 2954: 2953: 2948: 2937: 2928: 2915: 2887:Main article: 2884: 2881: 2879: 2876: 2841: 2838: 2797:hydrogen bonds 2789:hydrogen bonds 2780: 2777: 2757:photoreceptors 2749:infrared light 2725:Main article: 2722: 2719: 2695:Main article: 2692: 2689: 2671: 2657: 2564:Main article: 2561: 2558: 2553: 2550: 2521: 2518: 2445: 2442: 2425: 2412: 2380:polar molecule 2338: 2335: 2299:ultra-filtered 2270: 2261: 2250: 2242:autoionization 2229: 2226: 2224: 2221: 2195: 2192: 2189: 2188: 2185: 2182: 2178: 2177: 2174: 2171: 2167: 2166: 2163: 2160: 2159:, and ice III 2152: 2148: 2147: 2144: 2141: 2134: 2133: 2132:−17.0 °C 2130: 2127: 2120: 2119: 2116: 2113: 2106: 2102: 2101: 2098: 2095: 2090: 2087:liquid water, 2084: 2083: 2080: 2077: 2024: 2011:Main article: 2008: 2005: 1956: 1953: 1940:Main article: 1937: 1934: 1910:vapor pressure 1869:Main article: 1858: 1855: 1796: 1793: 1716: 1713: 1654: 1651: 1563: 1560: 1503: 1481: 1478: 1471: 1460: 1440: 1427: 1386:hydrogen bonds 1369:, liquid, and 1335: 1324: 1321: 1320: 1315: 1293: 1292: 1288:standard state 1285: 1282: 1281: 1275: 1274: 1270: 1269: 1267: 1266: 1261: 1256: 1251: 1246: 1240: 1238: 1232: 1229: 1228: 1226: 1225: 1220: 1215: 1210: 1205: 1199: 1197: 1191: 1188: 1187: 1183: 1182: 1177: 1170: 1169: 1168:Non-flammable 1166: 1160: 1159: 1149: 1142: 1135: 1120: 1119: 1118: 1117: 1115: 1106: 1105: 1091: 1088: 1085: 1084: 1075: 1074: 1070: 1069: 1066: 1057: 1051: 1048: 1047: 1044: 1038: 1032: 1024: 1021: 1020: 1017: 1011: 1000: 997: 996: 993: 981: 978: 977: 973: 972: 966: 961: 958: 957: 952: 947: 944: 943: 940: 937: 932: 929: 928: 923: 918: 915: 914: 910: 909: 902: 896: 895: 892: 887: 879: 876: 875: 872: 866: 865: 861: 855: 853:Conjugate base 849: 848: 844: 840: 834: 832:Conjugate acid 828: 827: 824: 820: 810: 809: 806: 802: 792: 791: 788: 786:Vapor pressure 782: 781: 702:Miscible with 678:hydrocarbons, 664: 658: 657: 654: 648: 647: 644: 638: 637: 635: 634: 631: 628: 622:(96) g/mL 612: 606:(83) g/mL 596: 585:(84) g/mL 575: 569:(84) g/mL 559: 551: 549: 543: 542: 539: 533: 532: 525: 521: 520: 517: 511: 510: 502: 495: 490: 487: 486: 482: 481: 479: 478: 475: 467: 466: 465: 462: 461: 459: 458: 454: 451: 450: 442: 441: 440: 437: 436: 434: 433: 425: 423: 417: 416: 414: 413: 409: 407: 401: 400: 398: 397: 389: 387: 379: 376: 375: 373: 372: 364: 362: 356: 355: 352: 347: 344: 343: 341: 340: 336: 334: 326: 325: 323: 322: 314: 312: 306: 305: 303: 302: 294: 292: 286: 285: 283: 282: 274: 272: 266: 265: 263: 262: 254: 252: 246: 245: 242: 237: 234: 233: 231: 230: 222: 220: 213: 210: 209: 207: 206: 198: 196: 191: 188: 187: 183: 182: 179: 178: 177:Neutral liquid 175: 172: 169: 166: 163: 162:Hydroxoic acid 160: 157: 154: 151: 148: 142: 139: 136: 135:Hydrogen oxide 132: 131: 127: 126: 122: 121: 115: 114: 110: 109: 103: 102: 98: 97: 89: 88: 85: 84: 77: 71: 70: 60: 45: 44: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 17928: 17917: 17914: 17912: 17911:Heat transfer 17909: 17907: 17904: 17902: 17899: 17897: 17894: 17892: 17889: 17887: 17884: 17882: 17879: 17877: 17874: 17872: 17869: 17867: 17864: 17862: 17859: 17857: 17854: 17852: 17849: 17847: 17844: 17842: 17839: 17838: 17836: 17815: 17812: 17811: 17809: 17807: 17803: 17797: 17791: 17789: 17783: 17781: 17775: 17773: 17767: 17765: 17759: 17757: 17751: 17749: 17743: 17741: 17735: 17733: 17727: 17725: 17719: 17717: 17711: 17709: 17703: 17701: 17695: 17693: 17687: 17677: 17675: 17669: 17667: 17661: 17659: 17653: 17652: 17650: 17648: 17644: 17638: 17632: 17630: 17624: 17622: 17616: 17614: 17608: 17606: 17600: 17598: 17592: 17590: 17584: 17582: 17576: 17574: 17568: 17566: 17560: 17558: 17552: 17550: 17544: 17542: 17536: 17534: 17528: 17526: 17520: 17518: 17512: 17510: 17504: 17502: 17496: 17494: 17488: 17486: 17480: 17478: 17472: 17470: 17464: 17462: 17456: 17454: 17448: 17446: 17440: 17438: 17432: 17430: 17424: 17423: 17421: 17419: 17415: 17408: 17404: 17403: 17396: 17394: 17388: 17386: 17376: 17374: 17371: 17369: 17363: 17361: 17355: 17352: 17348: 17347: 17343: 17341: 17338: 17335: 17331: 17330: 17323: 17321: 17319: 17314: 17308: 17306: 17304: 17299: 17293: 17291: 17288: 17286: 17280: 17278: 17272: 17270: 17264: 17262: 17256: 17254: 17248: 17246: 17243: 17241: 17235: 17233: 17227: 17225: 17222: 17220: 17214: 17212: 17209: 17207: 17201: 17199: 17196: 17194: 17188: 17186: 17183: 17181: 17175: 17173: 17167: 17165: 17159: 17157: 17151: 17149: 17143: 17141: 17135: 17133: 17127: 17125: 17119: 17117: 17111: 17109: 17103: 17101: 17095: 17093: 17087: 17085: 17079: 17078: 17076: 17074: 17070: 17064: 17060: 17059: 17055: 17053: 17050: 17048: 17045: 17043: 17040: 17038: 17035: 17033: 17030: 17028: 17026: 17020: 17014: 17007: 17005: 16998: 16996: 16993: 16991: 16988: 16986: 16982: 16974: 16972: 16966: 16964: 16958: 16956: 16953: 16952: 16942: 16938: 16937: 16930: 16929: 16927: 16923: 16913: 16907: 16906: 16904: 16900: 16890: 16880: 16878: 16871: 16870: 16868: 16864: 16854: 16844: 16842: 16835: 16834: 16832: 16830: 16826: 16816: 16813: 16811: 16801: 16799: 16789: 16787: 16777: 16775: 16765: 16763: 16753: 16751: 16741: 16739: 16729: 16727: 16717: 16715: 16705: 16703: 16696: 16695: 16693: 16691: 16687: 16678: 16675: 16673: 16663: 16661: 16651: 16649: 16639: 16637: 16627: 16625: 16618: 16616: 16614: 16610: 16607: 16605: 16597: 16591: 16587: 16580: 16578: 16572: 16570: 16567: 16565: 16559: 16558: 16548: 16544: 16543: 16536: 16535: 16533: 16529: 16519: 16513: 16512: 16510: 16506: 16496: 16490: 16489: 16487: 16483: 16473: 16463: 16461: 16455: 16454: 16452: 16450: 16446: 16436: 16426: 16424: 16414: 16412: 16402: 16401: 16399: 16397: 16393: 16383: 16380: 16378: 16368: 16366: 16356: 16354: 16344: 16342: 16332: 16330: 16320: 16318: 16308: 16306: 16296: 16294: 16284: 16282: 16272: 16270: 16264: 16263: 16261: 16259: 16255: 16245: 16235: 16233: 16223: 16221: 16211: 16210: 16208: 16206: 16202: 16192: 16189: 16187: 16177: 16175: 16165: 16163: 16153: 16151: 16141: 16139: 16129: 16127: 16117: 16115: 16105: 16103: 16093: 16091: 16081: 16079: 16073: 16072: 16070: 16068: 16064: 16061: 16059: 16053: 16043: 16037: 16035: 16029: 16027: 16024: 16023: 16021: 16018: 16014: 16010: 16000: 15994: 15993: 15991: 15987: 15977: 15967: 15965: 15959: 15958: 15956: 15954: 15950: 15940: 15930: 15928: 15918: 15916: 15906: 15904: 15894: 15892: 15886: 15885: 15883: 15881: 15877: 15867: 15864: 15862: 15852: 15851: 15849: 15847: 15843: 15833: 15823: 15822: 15820: 15818: 15814: 15804: 15801: 15799: 15789: 15787: 15777: 15775: 15765: 15763: 15753: 15751: 15741: 15739: 15729: 15727: 15717: 15715: 15705: 15703: 15693: 15691: 15685: 15684: 15682: 15680: 15676: 15666: 15659: 15657: 15651: 15649: 15643: 15641: 15638: 15637: 15634: 15624: 15621: 15619: 15616: 15614: 15611: 15609: 15606: 15604: 15601: 15599: 15596: 15594: 15591: 15590: 15588: 15586: 15582: 15579: 15577: 15573: 15563: 15557: 15555: 15545: 15543: 15537: 15535: 15532: 15531: 15529: 15526: 15522: 15518: 15508: 15498: 15496: 15490: 15489: 15487: 15483: 15473: 15463: 15461: 15455: 15454: 15452: 15448: 15438: 15428: 15426: 15420: 15419: 15417: 15413: 15403: 15393: 15391: 15385: 15384: 15382: 15378: 15368: 15358: 15356: 15346: 15344: 15334: 15332: 15322: 15320: 15310: 15308: 15298: 15296: 15286: 15284: 15274: 15272: 15262: 15260: 15250: 15248: 15245: 15243: 15237: 15236: 15234: 15232: 15228: 15225: 15223: 15217: 15207: 15201: 15199: 15193: 15191: 15185: 15183: 15177: 15175: 15169: 15168: 15166: 15162: 15152: 15149: 15147: 15144: 15142: 15139: 15137: 15134: 15132: 15129: 15128: 15126: 15122: 15119: 15117: 15109: 15103: 15100: 15098: 15095: 15093: 15090: 15088: 15085: 15083: 15080: 15079: 15077: 15075: 15072:Alkali metal 15069: 15065: 15058: 15053: 15051: 15046: 15044: 15039: 15038: 15035: 15019: 15016: 15013: 15010: 15007: 15004: 15002: 14994: 14992: 14984: 14981: 14979: 14966: 14957: 14949: 14947: 14934: 14925: 14917: 14914: 14912: 14904: 14902: 14894: 14891: 14890: 14887: 14879: 14877: 14869: 14867: 14859: 14857: 14849: 14847: 14839: 14837: 14829: 14827: 14819: 14817: 14808: 14800: 14798: 14790: 14788: 14780: 14778: 14770: 14768: 14760: 14758: 14749: 14741: 14739: 14731: 14728: 14727: 14720: 14716: 14713: 14710: 14707: 14704: 14701: 14698: 14695: 14692: 14689: 14686: 14683: 14680: 14677: 14674: 14671: 14668: 14666: 14658: 14656: 14653: 14652: 14648: 14645: 14642: 14640: 14632: 14630: 14621: 14613: 14611: 14602: 14599: 14597: 14589: 14587: 14579: 14576: 14573: 14570: 14567: 14564: 14561: 14558: 14556: 14548: 14545: 14543: 14535: 14533: 14530: 14529: 14525: 14523: 14520: 14518: 14510: 14508: 14500: 14498: 14489: 14481: 14479: 14471: 14469: 14461: 14459: 14456: 14453: 14451: 14443: 14440: 14438: 14430: 14427: 14424: 14422: 14414: 14412: 14404: 14402: 14400: 14392: 14390: 14387: 14386: 14382: 14380: 14377: 14374: 14372: 14364: 14362: 14354: 14352: 14344: 14342: 14334: 14332: 14323: 14320: 14318: 14310: 14308: 14300: 14298: 14289: 14281: 14279: 14271: 14269: 14260: 14252: 14250: 14241: 14233: 14231: 14222: 14213: 14205: 14203: 14195: 14193: 14191: 14183: 14181: 14178: 14177: 14173: 14171: 14168: 14166: 14158: 14156: 14148: 14146: 14138: 14136: 14128: 14126: 14118: 14116: 14113: 14112: 14108: 14106: 14103: 14101: 14093: 14091: 14081: 14073: 14071: 14063: 14061: 14053: 14051: 14043: 14041: 14038: 14037: 14033: 14027: 14025: 14022: 14021: 14015: 14011: 14004: 13999: 13997: 13992: 13990: 13985: 13984: 13981: 13971: 13967: 13961: 13955: 13952: 13950: 13947: 13945: 13942: 13940: 13937: 13935: 13932: 13930: 13927: 13925: 13922: 13921: 13919: 13915: 13904: 13900: 13897: 13890: 13886: 13883: 13876: 13872: 13869: 13862: 13858: 13855: 13848: 13844: 13841: 13840: 13838: 13834: 13820: 13816: 13813: 13803: 13799: 13796: 13786: 13782: 13779: 13769: 13765: 13762: 13761: 13759: 13755: 13744: 13740: 13737: 13730: 13726: 13723: 13716: 13712: 13709: 13702: 13698: 13695: 13688: 13684: 13681: 13674: 13670: 13667: 13660: 13656: 13653: 13646: 13642: 13639: 13632: 13628: 13625: 13618: 13614: 13611: 13610: 13608: 13604: 13590: 13586: 13583: 13573: 13569: 13566: 13556: 13552: 13549: 13539: 13535: 13532: 13522: 13518: 13515: 13505: 13501: 13498: 13488: 13484: 13481: 13471: 13467: 13464: 13454: 13450: 13447: 13446: 13444: 13440: 13429: 13425: 13422: 13415: 13411: 13408: 13401: 13397: 13394: 13387: 13383: 13380: 13373: 13369: 13366: 13359: 13355: 13352: 13345: 13341: 13338: 13331: 13327: 13324: 13317: 13313: 13310: 13303: 13299: 13296: 13289: 13285: 13282: 13275: 13271: 13268: 13261: 13257: 13254: 13247: 13243: 13240: 13233: 13229: 13226: 13219: 13215: 13212: 13205: 13201: 13198: 13191: 13187: 13184: 13177: 13173: 13170: 13163: 13159: 13156: 13149: 13145: 13142: 13135: 13131: 13128: 13121: 13117: 13114: 13107: 13103: 13100: 13093: 13089: 13086: 13079: 13075: 13072: 13065: 13061: 13058: 13051: 13047: 13044: 13037: 13033: 13030: 13020: 13016: 13013: 13006: 13002: 12999: 12992: 12988: 12985: 12978: 12974: 12971: 12964: 12960: 12957: 12950: 12946: 12943: 12936: 12932: 12929: 12922: 12918: 12915: 12908: 12904: 12901: 12894: 12890: 12887: 12880: 12876: 12873: 12872: 12870: 12866: 12852: 12848: 12845: 12835: 12831: 12828: 12818: 12814: 12811: 12801: 12797: 12794: 12784: 12780: 12777: 12767: 12763: 12760: 12750: 12746: 12743: 12733: 12729: 12726: 12716: 12712: 12709: 12699: 12695: 12692: 12682: 12678: 12675: 12665: 12661: 12658: 12648: 12644: 12641: 12631: 12627: 12624: 12614: 12610: 12607: 12597: 12593: 12590: 12580: 12576: 12573: 12563: 12559: 12556: 12546: 12542: 12539: 12529: 12525: 12522: 12512: 12508: 12505: 12495: 12491: 12488: 12478: 12474: 12471: 12461: 12457: 12454: 12444: 12440: 12437: 12427: 12423: 12420: 12410: 12406: 12403: 12393: 12389: 12386: 12376: 12372: 12369: 12359: 12355: 12352: 12342: 12338: 12335: 12325: 12321: 12318: 12308: 12304: 12301: 12291: 12287: 12284: 12274: 12270: 12267: 12257: 12253: 12250: 12240: 12236: 12233: 12223: 12219: 12216: 12206: 12202: 12199: 12189: 12185: 12182: 12172: 12168: 12165: 12155: 12151: 12148: 12138: 12134: 12131: 12130: 12128: 12124: 12117: 12113: 12110: 12107: 12103: 12100: 12097: 12093: 12090: 12087: 12083: 12080: 12077: 12073: 12072:Tin(II) oxide 12070: 12067: 12063: 12060: 12050: 12046: 12043: 12040: 12036: 12033: 12030: 12026: 12023: 12020: 12016: 12013: 12010: 12006: 12003: 12000: 11996: 11993: 11990: 11986: 11983: 11980: 11976: 11973: 11970: 11966: 11963: 11960: 11956: 11953: 11950: 11946: 11943: 11940: 11936: 11933: 11930: 11926: 11923: 11920: 11916: 11913: 11910: 11906: 11903: 11900: 11896: 11893: 11890: 11886: 11883: 11880: 11876: 11873: 11870: 11866: 11863: 11853: 11849: 11846: 11843: 11839: 11836: 11833: 11829: 11826: 11823: 11819: 11816: 11813: 11809: 11806: 11803: 11799: 11796: 11793: 11789: 11788:Calcium oxide 11786: 11783: 11779: 11778:Cadmium oxide 11776: 11773: 11769: 11766: 11763: 11759: 11756: 11753: 11749: 11746: 11743: 11739: 11736: 11733: 11729: 11726: 11725: 11723: 11719: 11709: 11705: 11702: 11696: 11692: 11689: 11683: 11679: 11676: 11670: 11666: 11663: 11657: 11653: 11650: 11644: 11640: 11637: 11631: 11627: 11626:Nitrous oxide 11624: 11618: 11614: 11611: 11605: 11601: 11600:Lithium oxide 11598: 11592: 11588: 11585: 11579: 11575: 11572: 11566: 11562: 11559: 11553: 11549: 11546: 11540: 11536: 11533: 11527: 11523: 11520: 11514: 11510: 11507: 11506: 11504: 11500: 11486: 11482: 11479: 11469: 11465: 11462: 11452: 11448: 11445: 11435: 11431: 11428: 11418: 11414: 11411: 11401: 11397: 11394: 11384: 11380: 11377: 11367: 11363: 11360: 11350: 11346: 11343: 11333: 11329: 11326: 11316: 11312: 11309: 11299: 11295: 11292: 11282: 11278: 11275: 11265: 11261: 11258: 11248: 11244: 11241: 11231: 11227: 11224: 11223: 11221: 11217: 11213: 11206: 11201: 11199: 11194: 11192: 11187: 11186: 11183: 11171: 11168: 11165: 11154: 11151: 11140: 11137: 11126: 11123: 11112: 11109: 11098: 11095: 11084: 11081: 11074: 11071: 11067: 11064: 11056: 11053: 11042: 11040: 11034: 11032: 11029: 11027: 11017: 11015: 11008: 11006: 11000: 10998: 10988: 10986: 10976: 10974: 10964: 10962: 10955: 10953: 10947: 10945: 10942: 10940: 10930: 10928: 10922: 10920: 10914: 10912: 10902: 10900: 10890: 10888: 10882: 10880: 10877: 10875: 10865: 10863: 10860: 10858: 10848: 10846: 10836: 10834: 10827: 10825: 10815: 10813: 10803: 10801: 10795: 10793: 10787: 10785: 10775: 10773: 10763: 10761: 10751: 10749: 10739: 10737: 10727: 10725: 10722: 10720: 10710: 10708: 10701: 10699: 10696: 10694: 10688: 10686: 10676: 10674: 10667: 10665: 10658: 10656: 10649: 10647: 10640: 10638: 10632: 10630: 10627: 10625: 10615: 10613: 10606: 10604: 10594: 10592: 10582: 10580: 10577: 10575: 10565: 10563: 10553: 10551: 10541: 10539: 10536: 10534: 10524: 10522: 10516: 10514: 10504: 10502: 10492: 10490: 10480: 10478: 10472: 10470: 10460: 10458: 10448: 10446: 10443: 10441: 10431: 10429: 10419: 10417: 10407: 10405: 10395: 10393: 10383: 10381: 10374: 10372: 10366: 10364: 10354: 10352: 10342: 10340: 10334: 10332: 10329: 10327: 10321: 10319: 10316: 10314: 10304: 10302: 10296: 10294: 10291: 10289: 10267: 10265: 10255: 10253: 10243: 10241: 10235: 10233: 10223: 10221: 10215: 10213: 10203: 10201: 10198: 10196: 10193: 10191: 10181: 10179: 10169: 10167: 10157: 10155: 10145: 10143: 10133: 10131: 10125: 10123: 10113: 10111: 10101: 10100: 10097: 10093: 10086: 10081: 10079: 10074: 10072: 10067: 10066: 10063: 10051: 10042: 10040: 10031: 10029: 10017: 10015: 10003: 10001: 9989: 9987: 9978: 9976: 9963: 9961: 9945: 9943: 9927: 9925: 9909: 9907: 9898: 9896: 9880: 9878: 9866: 9864: 9852: 9850: 9838: 9836: 9833: 9831: 9828: 9826: 9813: 9811: 9799: 9797: 9785: 9783: 9771: 9769: 9760: 9758: 9746: 9744: 9735: 9733: 9720: 9718: 9702: 9700: 9684: 9682: 9670: 9668: 9656: 9654: 9642: 9640: 9628: 9626: 9614: 9612: 9600: 9598: 9586: 9584: 9575: 9573: 9561: 9559: 9550: 9548: 9532: 9530: 9522: 9520: 9512: 9510: 9507: 9505: 9502: 9500: 9492: 9490: 9487: 9485: 9473: 9471: 9459: 9457: 9449: 9447: 9439: 9437: 9429: 9427: 9419: 9417: 9414: 9412: 9409: 9407: 9404: 9402: 9399: 9397: 9385: 9383: 9371: 9369: 9342: 9340: 9337: 9335: 9332: 9330: 9322: 9320: 9312: 9310: 9302: 9300: 9297: 9295: 9292: 9290: 9282: 9280: 9272: 9270: 9262: 9260: 9257: 9255: 9252: 9250: 9241: 9239: 9230: 9228: 9225: 9223: 9220: 9218: 9206: 9204: 9192: 9191: 9188: 9184: 9177: 9172: 9170: 9165: 9163: 9158: 9157: 9154: 9148: 9141: 9129: 9125: 9120: 9118: 9109: 9107: 9098: 9096: 9092: 9087: 9086: 9083: 9077: 9074: 9070: 9067: 9065: 9062: 9061: 9060: 9057: 9056: 9054: 9050: 9042: 9039: 9037: 9034: 9032: 9029: 9027: 9024: 9023: 9021: 9017: 9014: 9012: 9011:Hycean planet 9009: 9007: 9004: 9002: 8999: 8997: 8994: 8993: 8992: 8989: 8988: 8986: 8982: 8976: 8973: 8969: 8966: 8964: 8961: 8960: 8959: 8956: 8954: 8951: 8949: 8946: 8942: 8939: 8937: 8934: 8933: 8932: 8929: 8927: 8924: 8922: 8919: 8918: 8916: 8914: 8909: 8903: 8900: 8898: 8895: 8893: 8890: 8888: 8885: 8883: 8880: 8878: 8875: 8874: 8872: 8868: 8860: 8857: 8856: 8855: 8852: 8850: 8847: 8845: 8842: 8840: 8837: 8836: 8834: 8832: 8828: 8822:Water droplet 8820: 8810: 8807: 8805: 8802: 8800: 8797: 8795: 8792: 8791: 8789: 8785: 8781: 8774: 8769: 8767: 8762: 8760: 8755: 8754: 8751: 8745: 8741: 8738: 8736: 8733: 8730: 8726: 8722: 8718: 8714: 8710: 8706: 8702: 8700:9781119300755 8696: 8692: 8688: 8684: 8680: 8675: 8673: 8670: 8667: 8664: 8653:. May 2, 2016 8652: 8648: 8644: 8643: 8634: 8630: 8626: 8622: 8621: 8610: 8604: 8600: 8596: 8591: 8587: 8581: 8577: 8573: 8569: 8568: 8561: 8557: 8551: 8547: 8542: 8541: 8535: 8531: 8527: 8521: 8516: 8515: 8508: 8504: 8498: 8494: 8489: 8478: 8474: 8468: 8464: 8460: 8459: 8453: 8449: 8444: 8437: 8433: 8429: 8425: 8419: 8412: 8411: 8405: 8391: 8387: 8381: 8374: 8373: 8368: 8364: 8360: 8354: 8350: 8346: 8342: 8338: 8334: 8328: 8324: 8323: 8317: 8306: 8302: 8296: 8292: 8291: 8285: 8281: 8275: 8270: 8269: 8262: 8258: 8252: 8248: 8247: 8241: 8237: 8231: 8227: 8223: 8219: 8218:Water Quality 8214: 8213: 8193: 8189: 8188: 8183: 8177: 8170: 8165: 8150: 8146: 8142: 8138: 8132: 8126:, p. 99. 8125: 8120: 8114:, p. 85. 8113: 8108: 8102:, p. 34. 8101: 8096: 8094: 8085: 8081: 8077: 8073: 8069: 8065: 8058: 8043: 8039: 8035: 8029: 8014: 8010: 8007: 8001: 7994: 7989: 7987: 7979: 7974: 7972: 7964: 7959: 7952: 7947: 7940: 7935: 7928: 7923: 7916: 7911: 7896: 7892: 7888: 7884: 7878: 7871: 7866: 7859: 7854: 7847: 7842: 7840: 7832: 7827: 7812: 7808: 7804: 7798: 7780: 7776: 7772: 7765: 7758: 7752:, p. 29. 7751: 7746: 7738: 7734: 7730: 7726: 7722: 7718: 7714: 7710: 7703: 7687: 7683: 7676: 7660: 7656: 7650: 7642: 7638: 7634: 7630: 7626: 7619: 7611: 7607: 7603: 7599: 7595: 7591: 7590:J. Chem. Phys 7584: 7566: 7562: 7561: 7553: 7547: 7540: 7535: 7528: 7523: 7516: 7515: 7500: 7496: 7490: 7486: 7482: 7475: 7468: 7466: 7463:O are called 7448: 7446:9780060936778 7442: 7438: 7433: 7432: 7423: 7415: 7411: 7407: 7403: 7398: 7393: 7389: 7385: 7381: 7377: 7373: 7366: 7358: 7354: 7350: 7346: 7342: 7338: 7334: 7330: 7326: 7322: 7315: 7300: 7296: 7292: 7287: 7282: 7278: 7274: 7270: 7266: 7262: 7255: 7247: 7243: 7239: 7235: 7230: 7225: 7221: 7217: 7213: 7209: 7205: 7198: 7183: 7179: 7175: 7171: 7167: 7163: 7159: 7152: 7145: 7140: 7133: 7128: 7121: 7116: 7110:, p. 46. 7109: 7104: 7102: 7100: 7092: 7087: 7079: 7073: 7065: 7058: 7052: 7044: 7040: 7035: 7030: 7026: 7022: 7018: 7014: 7010: 7006: 7002: 6995: 6989:, p. 47. 6988: 6983: 6976: 6971: 6964: 6959: 6951: 6947: 6943: 6939: 6935: 6931: 6924: 6910:on 2009-05-10 6909: 6905: 6901: 6894: 6886: 6882: 6878: 6874: 6870: 6866: 6859: 6857: 6847: 6829: 6825: 6818: 6812: 6806:, p. 27. 6805: 6800: 6782: 6778: 6774: 6770: 6766: 6762: 6758: 6757:Physics Today 6751: 6744: 6729: 6725: 6721: 6716: 6711: 6707: 6703: 6699: 6695: 6691: 6684: 6677: 6672: 6664: 6660: 6653: 6642: 6638: 6631: 6630: 6622: 6603: 6599: 6592: 6591: 6584: 6577: 6572: 6570: 6553: 6549: 6545: 6539: 6524: 6520: 6516: 6512: 6508: 6504: 6500: 6497:(3): 033101. 6496: 6492: 6488: 6486: 6473: 6458: 6454: 6450: 6446: 6439: 6437: 6428: 6424: 6420: 6416: 6412: 6408: 6401: 6386: 6382: 6378: 6372: 6370: 6368: 6360: 6355: 6348: 6343: 6335: 6331: 6327: 6323: 6319: 6315: 6311: 6307: 6303: 6297: 6289: 6283: 6279: 6272: 6270: 6254: 6250: 6246: 6239: 6237: 6235: 6233: 6231: 6215: 6211: 6209:0-8155-1237-6 6205: 6201: 6197: 6190: 6176:on 2016-06-04 6172: 6168: 6164: 6160: 6156: 6152: 6148: 6144: 6140: 6135: 6130: 6127:(1): 011202. 6126: 6122: 6115: 6108: 6101: 6096: 6094: 6092: 6084: 6082: 6069: 6065: 6059: 6052: 6047: 6040: 6035: 6028: 6013: 6006: 6002: 5996: 5988: 5984: 5980: 5976: 5972: 5968: 5964: 5960: 5956: 5952: 5945: 5937: 5933: 5928: 5923: 5918: 5913: 5909: 5905: 5901: 5897: 5893: 5886: 5879: 5874: 5859: 5855: 5849: 5845: 5841: 5837: 5833: 5827: 5821:, p. 44. 5820: 5815: 5808: 5803: 5801: 5799: 5792:, p. 48. 5791: 5786: 5770: 5766: 5762: 5756: 5749: 5744: 5738: 5734: 5731: 5725: 5718: 5713: 5706: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5692: 5690: 5688: 5680: 5675: 5668: 5663: 5655: 5651: 5647: 5643: 5639: 5635: 5631: 5627: 5620: 5612: 5608: 5604: 5600: 5596: 5592: 5585: 5570: 5566: 5562: 5556: 5550:, p. 13. 5549: 5544: 5537: 5532: 5525: 5520: 5505: 5501: 5494: 5492: 5490: 5482: 5477: 5461: 5457: 5453: 5449: 5448: 5440: 5432: 5428: 5424: 5420: 5413: 5411: 5409: 5390: 5386: 5382: 5378: 5374: 5370: 5366: 5362: 5358: 5351: 5344: 5342: 5340: 5323: 5319: 5315: 5309: 5302: 5290: 5286: 5282: 5276: 5272: 5255: 5249: 5240: 5233: 5229: 5223: 5216: 5215:ideal gas law 5212: 5211: 5205: 5196: 5189: 5185: 5181: 5177: 5176:melting point 5173: 5167: 5160: 5156: 5155:molten silica 5150: 5139: 5091: 5084: 5079: 5077: 5063: 5059: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5036: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5028:Water cluster 5026: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4960: 4955: 4949: 4944: 4937: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4919: 4915: 4913: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4881:hydroxic acid 4877: 4875: 4871: 4867: 4863: 4859: 4855: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4838: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4820: 4816: 4812: 4808: 4805:The accepted 4798: 4796: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4760: 4755: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4743: 4739: 4735: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4714: 4654: 4653: 4652: 4606: 4605: 4604: 4600: 4551: 4550: 4549: 4547: 4521: 4517: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4445: 4444: 4443: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4419: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4401: 4400:leaving group 4397: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4370: 4366: 4353: 4340: 4336: 4334: 4329: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4208: 4207: 4206: 4204: 4200: 4196: 4117: 4043: 3974: 3973: 3972: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3880: 3879: 3878: 3853: 3777: 3776: 3775: 3773: 3757: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3718: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3699: 3671: 3665: 3664: 3659: 3642: 3601: 3570: 3547: 3543: 3540:. Tritium is 3539: 3535: 3531: 3513: 3467: 3463: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3431:isotopologues 3428: 3421:Isotopologues 3418: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3398: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3361: 3359: 3355: 3354:clay minerals 3351: 3347: 3343: 3342:water erosion 3339: 3329: 3309: 3286: 3276: 3263: 3252: 3248: 3234: 3198: 3187: 3177: 3167: 3154: 3150: 3142: 3132: 3122: 3115: 3101: 3093: 3092: 3091: 3089: 3084: 3082: 3056: 3052: 3029: 3006: 2996: 2983: 2972: 2963: 2962:ionic product 2959: 2908: 2907: 2906: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2890: 2875: 2873: 2870:explanation ( 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2847: 2837: 2835: 2834:string theory 2830: 2825: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2809:thermodynamic 2806: 2802: 2798: 2790: 2785: 2776: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2733:visible light 2728: 2718: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2707:hydrogen bond 2704: 2698: 2688: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2664: 2650: 2645: 2643: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2625: 2623: 2619: 2614: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2577: 2572: 2567: 2557: 2549: 2547: 2538: 2531: 2526: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2497: 2493: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2469: 2467: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2441: 2439: 2435: 2405: 2399: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2372: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2349: 2344: 2334: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2303: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2287: 2285: 2281: 2276: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2220: 2218: 2214: 2213:with pressure 2210: 2205: 2201: 2194:Melting point 2186: 2183: 2180: 2179: 2175: 2172: 2169: 2168: 2164: 2161: 2158: 2150: 2149: 2146:0.16 °C 2145: 2142: 2140: 2136: 2135: 2131: 2128: 2126: 2122: 2121: 2117: 2114: 2112: 2104: 2103: 2099: 2096: 2093: 2086: 2085: 2081: 2078: 2075: 2074: 2068: 2066: 2062: 2057: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2027: 2019: 2014: 2004: 2000: 1998: 1993: 1988: 1962: 1948: 1943: 1933: 1929: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1906: 1904: 1901:such as with 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1878: 1872: 1863: 1854: 1852: 1848: 1847: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1829: 1827: 1823: 1818: 1814: 1805: 1801: 1792: 1790: 1786: 1776: 1772: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1749: 1745: 1743: 1742:hexagonal ice 1739: 1735: 1730: 1721: 1712: 1709: 1707: 1706:refrigeration 1703: 1699: 1695: 1692:The specific 1690: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1659: 1650: 1647: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1615: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1604:gaseous phase 1601: 1600:phases of ice 1597: 1594:. Aside from 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1559: 1557: 1553: 1552:oxygen family 1549: 1544: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1523: 1520: 1517: 1513: 1497: 1493: 1490:Water is the 1487: 1477: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1432: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1406: 1404: 1403:heat capacity 1401:, and a high 1400: 1396: 1395:boiling point 1391: 1387: 1382: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1330: 1318: 1311: 1306: 1289: 1283: 1280: 1276: 1271: 1265: 1262: 1260: 1257: 1255: 1252: 1250: 1247: 1245: 1242: 1241: 1239: 1236: 1231: 1230: 1224: 1221: 1219: 1216: 1214: 1211: 1209: 1206: 1204: 1201: 1200: 1198: 1195: 1190: 1189: 1184: 1181: 1178: 1175: 1172: 1171: 1167: 1165: 1162: 1161: 1154: 1147: 1140: 1116: 1113: 1112: 1108: 1107: 1104: 1099: 1095: 1092: 1087: 1086: 1082: 1081: 1076: 1071: 1067: 1062: 1054: 1050: 1049: 1045: 1037: 1029: 1023: 1022: 1018: 1010: 1005: 999: 998: 994: 989: 984: 983:Heat capacity 980: 979: 974: 971: 967: 964: 963:Dipole moment 960: 959: 956: 953: 950: 946: 945: 938: 935: 931: 930: 927: 924: 921: 917: 916: 911: 907: 903: 901: 898: 897: 893: 886: 882: 878: 877: 873: 871: 868: 867: 859: 856: 854: 851: 850: 838: 835: 833: 830: 829: 825: 819: 815: 812: 811: 807: 801: 797: 794: 793: 789: 787: 784: 783: 779: 775: 774:ethyl acetate 771: 767: 763: 762:diethyl ether 757: 753: 749: 745: 741: 737: 733: 729: 725: 721: 717: 713: 709: 705: 699: 695: 691: 687: 681: 677: 673: 669: 665: 663: 660: 659: 655: 653: 652:Boiling point 650: 649: 645: 643: 642:Melting point 640: 639: 632: 629: 613: 597: 593:(670) °C 576: 560: 557: 553: 552: 550: 548: 545: 544: 540: 538: 535: 534: 530: 526: 523: 522: 518: 516: 513: 512: 496: 493: 489: 488: 483: 474: 473: 470: 463: 449: 448: 445: 438: 431: 427: 426: 424: 422: 419: 418: 411: 410: 408: 406: 403: 402: 395: 391: 390: 388: 382: 378: 377: 370: 366: 365: 363: 361: 358: 357: 353: 350: 346: 345: 338: 337: 335: 333: 328: 327: 320: 316: 315: 313: 311: 308: 307: 300: 296: 295: 293: 291: 288: 287: 280: 279:ChEMBL1098659 276: 275: 273: 271: 268: 267: 260: 256: 255: 253: 251: 248: 247: 243: 240: 236: 235: 228: 224: 223: 221: 217: 212: 211: 204: 200: 199: 197: 194: 190: 189: 184: 176: 173: 170: 167: 164: 161: 159:Hydroxic acid 158: 155: 152: 149: 146: 143: 140: 137: 134: 133: 128: 120: 116: 108: 104: 99: 95: 90: 65: 61: 55: 51: 50: 46: 42: 37: 29: 22: 17896:Oceanography 17406: 17397: 17350: 17344: 17333: 17324: 17317: 17312: 17302: 17297: 17062: 17056: 16975: 16940: 16931: 16925:Livermoranes 16690:Polysulfanes 16619: 16613:Polyoxidanes 16581: 16546: 16537: 16038: 16030: 16025: 16016: 15618:Cycloalkynes 15613:Cycloalkenes 15608:Cycloalkanes 15585:Hydrocarbons 15558: 15546: 15538: 15533: 15524: 15124:Monohydrides 14023: 13088:Lead dioxide 12005:Radium oxide 11955:Nitric oxide 11738:Barium oxide 11703: 11691:Sodium oxide 11665:Silver oxide 10641: 10045:H[Co(CO) 9576: 8941:Hydrobiology 8926:Distribution 8808: 8682: 8655:. Retrieved 8628: 8625:Ben-Naim, A. 8594: 8566: 8539: 8513: 8492: 8481:. Retrieved 8463:CRC Handbook 8457: 8447: 8436:the original 8409: 8397:. Retrieved 8371: 8344: 8321: 8309:. Retrieved 8289: 8267: 8246:Biochemistry 8245: 8217: 8209:Bibliography 8196:. Retrieved 8185: 8176: 8164: 8153:. Retrieved 8140: 8131: 8119: 8107: 8067: 8063: 8057: 8046:. Retrieved 8037: 8028: 8017:. Retrieved 8008: 8000: 7963:Charlot 2007 7958: 7946: 7934: 7922: 7910: 7899:. Retrieved 7886: 7877: 7865: 7853: 7826: 7815:. Retrieved 7806: 7797: 7786:. Retrieved 7774: 7770: 7757: 7745: 7715:(1): 69–74. 7712: 7708: 7702: 7690:. Retrieved 7685: 7675: 7663:. Retrieved 7658: 7649: 7624: 7618: 7593: 7589: 7583: 7572:. Retrieved 7558: 7546: 7534: 7522: 7513: 7510: 7503:. Retrieved 7484: 7474: 7464: 7450: 7430: 7422: 7379: 7375: 7365: 7324: 7320: 7314: 7303:. Retrieved 7268: 7264: 7254: 7211: 7207: 7197: 7186:. Retrieved 7161: 7151: 7139: 7127: 7115: 7086: 7063: 7051: 7008: 7004: 6994: 6982: 6970: 6958: 6933: 6929: 6923: 6912:. Retrieved 6908:the original 6893: 6868: 6864: 6846: 6835:. Retrieved 6811: 6799: 6788:. Retrieved 6763:(6): 40–46. 6760: 6756: 6743: 6732:. Retrieved 6697: 6693: 6683: 6671: 6658: 6652: 6641:the original 6628: 6621: 6609:. Retrieved 6589: 6583: 6578:, p. 5. 6556:. Retrieved 6538: 6527:. Retrieved 6494: 6490: 6484: 6472: 6461:. Retrieved 6449:HyperPhysics 6448: 6413:(10): 5529. 6410: 6406: 6400: 6389:. Retrieved 6380: 6354: 6342: 6309: 6305: 6296: 6287:0130-39913-2 6277: 6257:. Retrieved 6248: 6218:. Retrieved 6199: 6189: 6178:. Retrieved 6171:the original 6124: 6121:Phys. Rev. E 6120: 6107: 6080: 6079: 6072:. Retrieved 6068:the original 6058: 6046: 6034: 6025: 6019:. Retrieved 5995: 5954: 5950: 5944: 5899: 5895: 5885: 5873: 5862:. Retrieved 5835: 5826: 5814: 5809:, p. 2. 5785: 5775:December 15, 5773:. Retrieved 5764: 5755: 5743: 5724: 5712: 5701: 5674: 5662: 5629: 5625: 5619: 5594: 5590: 5584: 5573:. Retrieved 5555: 5543: 5531: 5519: 5508:. Retrieved 5476: 5464:. Retrieved 5446: 5439: 5422: 5418: 5396:. Retrieved 5360: 5356: 5326:. Retrieved 5317: 5308: 5300: 5293:. Retrieved 5289:the original 5284: 5275: 5248: 5239: 5222: 5208: 5204: 5195: 5166: 5149: 5137: 5090: 5062: 4954:Water portal 4917: 4916: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4878: 4869: 4861: 4841: 4839: 4830: 4814: 4810: 4804: 4801:Nomenclature 4795:triple point 4756: 4746: 4726:electrolysis 4720: 4711: 4650: 4602: 4593:Electrolysis 4518: 4495: 4425: 4365:carbocations 4362: 4261: 4192: 4160:(Lewis acid) 4135:(Lewis base) 4086:(Lewis base) 4061:(Lewis acid) 4017:(Lewis base) 3992:(Lewis acid) 3954: 3849: 3729: 3700: 3677: 3662: 3660: 3643: 3571: 3514: 3424: 3404: 3362: 3346:metasomatism 3335: 3332:Geochemistry 3217: 3085: 2955: 2892: 2849: 2826: 2794: 2730: 2700: 2646: 2626: 2615: 2592: 2587:Havasu Falls 2574:Presence of 2555: 2543: 2470: 2463: 2447: 2432:is a gas at 2400: 2373: 2369:sigma bonded 2354: 2319:electrolyzed 2304: 2288: 2277: 2231: 2197: 2187:−70 °C 2176:−24 °C 2165:−35 °C 2082:Temperature 2058: 2042:triple point 2031: 2007:Triple point 2001: 1992:bulk modulus 1989: 1958: 1930: 1907: 1903:hydrocarbons 1880: 1844: 1830: 1822:Arctic Ocean 1816: 1809: 1781: 1750: 1746: 1726: 1710: 1691: 1664: 1616: 1568:liquid phase 1565: 1545: 1527:to a single 1489: 1407: 1383: 1332: 1328: 1327: 1110: 1089:Main hazards 1078: 1060: 1035: 1008: 987: 884: 817: 799: 756:acetonitrile 740:acetaldehyde 686:carboxylates 529:hint of blue 405:RTECS number 186:Identifiers 130:Other names 16508:Bismuthanes 13954:Oxypnictide 13354:Tin dioxide 9006:Ocean world 8931:Hydrosphere 8859:superheated 6611:19 November 6196:"Chapter 6" 5951:Soft Matter 5730:PubChem 962 5285:www.iun.edu 5104:represents 5043:Water model 5038:Water dimer 4993:Heavy water 4752:heavy water 4736:. In 1805, 4333:monodentate 4203:baking soda 3969:HSAB theory 3965:Lewis acids 3774:is formed: 3663:Light water 3542:radioactive 3530:heavy water 3462:quintillion 3441:. Only 155 3367:, known as 2872:Bent's rule 2821:tetrahedral 2739:light, and 2685:table sugar 2603:hydrophobic 2599:hydrophilic 2485:hydrophilic 2365:tetrahedral 2200:supercooled 2097:611.657 Pa 2034:temperature 1826:fresh water 1787:in central 1785:Lake Baikal 1767:(HDA), and 1740:. Regular, 1608:water vapor 1572:solid phase 1164:Flash point 1083:(OHS/OSH): 934:Point group 728:1,4-dioxane 716:isopropanol 668:haloalkanes 524:Appearance 485:Properties 259:CHEBI:15377 153:Hydric acid 17866:Hydroxides 17835:Categories 16531:Moscovanes 16396:Phosphenes 16258:Phosphanes 16056:Pnictogen 16013:Flerovanes 15164:Dihydrides 15114:(Group 2) 14010:Hydroxides 13949:Superoxide 12112:Zinc oxide 9128:Wiktionary 8963:management 8809:Properties 8657:August 31, 8483:2016-05-29 8399:2016-07-31 8311:2008-11-19 8198:2017-09-08 8155:2016-07-31 8112:IUPAC 2005 8070:(6): 341. 8048:2016-05-26 8019:2016-06-24 7901:2016-06-25 7883:"Hydrides" 7817:2023-04-11 7788:2023-04-11 7574:2008-03-21 7305:2019-09-08 7188:2019-07-05 6936:(1): 1–8. 6914:2009-12-06 6837:2013-02-19 6804:Sharp 1988 6790:2011-11-22 6734:2020-08-31 6635:(Thesis). 6529:2021-08-03 6463:2007-10-26 6391:2016-06-09 6259:2016-06-03 6220:2010-07-11 6180:2009-07-07 6021:2017-12-22 5864:2018-08-09 5575:2016-04-09 5510:2014-06-01 5466:17 October 5419:Metrologia 5398:2018-08-09 5363:(8): 612. 5263:References 5254:amphoteric 5228:atmosphere 4988:Hard water 4813:or simply 4775:Fahrenheit 4384:hydrolysis 3961:Lewis base 3957:lone pairs 3732:amphoteric 3703:frost line 3674:Occurrence 3433:of water. 3338:weathering 2964:of water, 2844:See also: 2769:absorption 2753:microwaves 2649:table salt 2589:turquoise. 2530:paper clip 2481:organelles 2459:spider web 2361:lone pairs 2341:See also: 2204:nucleation 2143:632.4 MPa 2129:350.1 MPa 2115:209.9 MPa 2061:polymorphs 1985:10 Pa 1977:10 Pa 1969:10 Pa 1875:See also: 1753:polymorphs 1633:is 22.064 1582:, such as 1522:covalently 1484:See also: 1452:activities 1410:amphoteric 1399:molar mass 913:Structure 662:Solubility 626:95 °C 610:25 °C 515:Molar mass 430:059QF0KO0R 290:ChemSpider 214:3D model ( 193:CAS Number 17891:Limnology 17407:predicted 17351:predicted 17334:predicted 17063:predicted 16941:predicted 16600:Hydrogen 16547:predicted 16017:predicted 15989:Plumbanes 15953:Stannanes 15623:Annulenes 15525:predicted 15521:Nihonanes 15485:Thallanes 15450:Indiganes 15220:Group 13 15112:Alkaline 13924:Oxocarbon 9727:[PtCl 9041:Enceladus 9022:Specific 8958:Resources 8953:Pollution 8936:Hydrology 8902:Hydronium 8892:Tritiated 8882:Semiheavy 8787:Overviews 8709:213738895 8595:Chemistry 7539:Boyd 2000 7527:Boyd 2000 7238:0036-8075 7091:Lide 2003 6885:1099-0062 6724:122365938 6519:105357042 6443:Nave, R. 6334:1463-9084 6074:August 3, 6051:Lide 2003 6039:Lide 2003 6001:Rhein, M. 5979:1744-6848 5717:Lide 2003 5679:Lide 2003 5667:Lide 2003 5654:0047-2689 5536:Lide 2003 5524:Lide 2003 5481:Lide 2003 5385:0021-9584 5295:1 October 5184:germanium 5055:Footnotes 4754:in 1933. 4502:beryllium 4498:aluminium 4446:2 Na + 2 4392:digestion 4242:⇌ NaOH + 4195:hydrolyze 3730:Water is 3721:Reactions 3546:half-life 3447:deuterium 3415:acid rain 3360:hardens. 3310:− 3249:≈ 3168:− 3151:⋅ 3081:data page 3055:hydroxide 3030:− 2903:hydroxide 2901:ions and 2899:hydronium 2787:Model of 2779:Structure 2618:hydration 2576:colloidal 2376:structure 2238:insulator 2079:Pressure 1918:dew point 1881:Water is 1702:drift ice 1584:ice cubes 1408:Water is 1100:(as snow) 1098:Avalanche 1028:formation 1002:Std molar 926:Hexagonal 900:Viscosity 858:Hydroxide 837:Hydronium 736:sulfolane 672:aliphatic 573:0 °C 541:Odorless 412:ZC0110000 339:231-791-2 331:EC Number 203:7732-18-5 17320:< 1) 16866:Tellanes 16485:Stibanes 15880:Germanes 15415:Gallanes 15222:hydrides 13944:Peroxide 13934:Oxyanion 13929:Suboxide 9820:[SiF 9244:H[BF 9106:Category 8731:of water 8627:(2011), 8536:(1988). 8477:Archived 8432:37341352 8390:Archived 8369:(2005). 8305:Archived 8192:Archived 8149:Archived 8042:Archived 8013:Archived 7895:Archived 7891:UC Davis 7887:Chemwiki 7811:Archived 7779:Archived 7737:39474797 7565:Archived 7563:. 2001. 7505:21 April 7499:Archived 7451:Water, H 7406:18354466 7357:11061625 7349:18264420 7299:Archived 7295:27152824 7246:26989250 7182:Archived 7072:cite web 7043:24699509 7011:: 4565. 6828:Archived 6781:Archived 6728:Archived 6602:Archived 6558:9 August 6552:Archived 6523:Archived 6457:Archived 6385:Archived 6253:Archived 6214:Archived 6159:12241346 6012:Archived 5987:32900070 5936:16179387 5858:Archived 5769:Archived 5765:usgs.gov 5733:Archived 5681:, 6.186. 5569:Archived 5504:Archived 5460:Archived 5389:Archived 5328:21 April 5322:Archived 4940:See also 4831:oxidanyl 4827:hydroxyl 4546:catalyst 4432:hydrides 4350:O. This 4305:hydrates 4274:such as 3464:include 3445:include 3427:isotopes 3425:Several 3407:nitrogen 2805:methanol 2711:monomers 2633:alcohols 2473:adhesion 2466:cohesion 2184:626 MPa 2173:344 MPa 2162:213 MPa 2038:pressure 1895:polarity 1883:miscible 1871:Humidity 1841:salinity 1837:seawater 1771:(VHDA). 1698:glaciers 1643:volcanic 1629:and the 1588:granular 1580:crystals 1541:glaciers 1516:hydrogen 1512:molecule 1254:Methanol 1235:solvents 1233:Related 1111:NFPA 704 1094:Drowning 1073:Hazards 814:Basicity 724:glycerol 712:propanol 704:methanol 690:alcohols 676:aromatic 310:DrugBank 244:3587155 17305:< 1) 16902:Polanes 16829:Selanes 16815:more... 16677:more... 16449:Arsanes 16382:more... 16191:more... 15846:Silynes 15817:Silenes 15803:more... 15679:Silanes 15603:alkynes 15598:alkenes 15593:alkanes 15231:Boranes 14724: 14085:[NH 13939:Ozonide 13917:Related 11170:more... 9117:Commons 8794:Outline 8268:Biology 8141:Pubchem 8072:Bibcode 7629:Bibcode 7625:Science 7598:Bibcode 7414:4365814 7384:Bibcode 7329:Bibcode 7273:Bibcode 7216:Bibcode 7208:Science 7178:6642535 7034:3988813 7013:Bibcode 6938:Bibcode 6765:Bibcode 6702:Bibcode 6499:Bibcode 6483:O Ice I 6415:Bibcode 6314:Bibcode 6167:6109212 6139:Bibcode 5959:Bibcode 5927:1242322 5904:Bibcode 5634:Bibcode 5599:Bibcode 5365:Bibcode 5188:bismuth 5180:gallium 5172:silicon 5159:kelvins 4811:oxidane 4787:Réaumur 4779:Delisle 4771:Rankine 4767:Celsius 4717:History 4510:rusting 4506:passive 4301:rhenium 3852:ammonia 3711:ammonia 3707:methane 3670:level. 3668:155 ppm 3466:tritium 3439:protium 2897:giving 2813:kinetic 2755:. Most 2741:far-red 2715:hexamer 2663:cations 2595:solvent 2404:melting 2323:protons 2217:Ice VII 2111:ice III 2048:, but, 1899:soluble 1887:ethanol 1833:surface 1831:As the 1789:Siberia 1761:ice III 1729:density 1683:climate 1671:ammonia 1625:is 647 1359:solvent 1341:) is a 1310:what is 1308: ( 1264:Ammonia 1249:Ethanol 1244:Acetone 1056:(Δ 1004:entropy 968:1.8546 826:13.995 808:13.995 796:Acidity 778:bromine 720:acetone 708:ethanol 694:ketones 547:Density 509: 381:PubChem 319:DB09145 123:Oxidane 17881:Oxides 16205:Azenes 16067:Azanes 15380:Alanes 14997:Cm(OH) 14987:Am(OH) 14961:Np(OH) 14952:Np(OH) 14907:Th(OH) 14897:Ac(OH) 14882:Yb(OH) 14872:Tm(OH) 14862:Er(OH) 14852:Ho(OH) 14842:Dy(OH) 14832:Tb(OH) 14822:Gd(OH) 14812:Eu(OH) 14803:Eu(OH) 14793:Sm(OH) 14783:Pm(OH) 14773:Nd(OH) 14763:Pr(OH) 14753:Ce(OH) 14744:Ce(OH) 14734:La(OH) 14661:Ra(OH) 14635:Bi(OH) 14625:Pb(OH) 14616:Pb(OH) 14606:Tl(OH) 14592:Hg(OH) 14582:Au(OH) 14551:Lu(OH) 14538:Ba(OH) 14513:Te(OH) 14503:Sb(OH) 14493:Sn(OH) 14484:Sn(OH) 14474:In(OH) 14464:Cd(OH) 14446:Rh(OH) 14433:Tc(OH) 14417:Zr(OH) 14395:Sr(OH) 14367:As(OH) 14357:Ge(OH) 14347:Ga(OH) 14337:Zn(OH) 14327:Cu(OH) 14313:Ni(OH) 14303:Co(OH) 14293:Fe(OH) 14284:Fe(OH) 14274:Mn(OH) 14264:Cr(OH) 14255:Cr(OH) 14226:Ti(OH) 14217:Ti(OH) 14208:Ti(OH) 14198:Sc(OH) 14186:Ca(OH) 14141:Si(OH) 14131:Al(OH) 14121:Mg(OH) 14046:Be(OH) 11212:Oxides 9121: 9110: 9099: 9095:Portal 9088: 9026:Europa 8975:Supply 8968:policy 8948:Origin 8839:Liquid 8831:States 8727:, and 8707: 8697: 8605: 8582: 8552: 8522: 8499: 8469: 8430: 8420: 8382: 8355: 8329: 8297: 8276: 8253: 8232: 7735: 7729:515218 7727: 7491: 7443: 7412: 7404: 7376:Nature 7355: 7347: 7293: 7244: 7236: 7176: 7041: 7031: 6883: 6722: 6517: 6332: 6284: 6206: 6165: 6157: 6081:Gramme 5985: 5977: 5934: 5924: 5850: 5652: 5383: 4912:hydron 4887:, and 4852:, and 4789:, and 4783:Newton 4773:, and 4763:Kelvin 4436:alkali 4264:ligand 3924:(acid) 3899:(base) 3811:(base) 3786:(acid) 3715:Tethys 3411:sulfur 2905:ions. 2862:. The 2856:linear 2854:, not 2817:steric 2751:, and 2677:anions 2635:, and 2622:solute 2392:dipole 2280:solute 2157:Ice II 2139:ice VI 2109:, and 2046:kelvin 1997:oceans 1757:ice II 1646:plumes 1621:. The 1546:Under 1529:oxygen 1525:bonded 1510:; one 1351:liquid 1305:verify 1302: 1194:anions 1192:Other 1176:(SDS) 860:OH (pK 698:amines 680:ethers 630:Solid: 469:SMILES 369:C00001 270:ChEMBL 165:Hydrol 101:Names 79: 73: 34:Water 14929:U(OH) 14920:U(OH) 14407:Y(OH) 14245:V(OH) 14236:V(OH) 14161:S(OH) 14151:P(OH) 14096:O(OH) 14076:N(OH) 14066:C(OH) 14056:B(OH) 9495:NaHCO 8921:Cycle 8913:Earth 8887:Heavy 8870:Forms 8854:Steam 8849:Vapor 8804:Model 8780:Water 8705:S2CID 8439:(PDF) 8414:(PDF) 8393:(PDF) 8376:(PDF) 7782:(PDF) 7767:(PDF) 7733:S2CID 7692:7 Jan 7665:7 Jan 7568:(PDF) 7560:IAPWS 7555:(PDF) 7459:and H 7410:S2CID 7353:S2CID 7060:(PDF) 6831:(PDF) 6824:IAPWS 6820:(PDF) 6784:(PDF) 6753:(PDF) 6720:S2CID 6644:(PDF) 6633:(PDF) 6605:(PDF) 6594:(PDF) 6515:S2CID 6174:(PDF) 6163:S2CID 6129:arXiv 6117:(PDF) 6015:(PDF) 6008:(PDF) 5728:GHS: 5698:Water 5392:(PDF) 5353:(PDF) 5268:Notes 5013:Steam 4930:steam 4926:water 4815:water 4807:IUPAC 4791:Rømer 4244:NaHCO 3738:or a 3536:as a 3057:ion ( 2637:salts 2629:acids 2528:This 2477:glass 2325:(see 2151:ice I 2125:ice V 2089:ice I 2023:ice I 1612:steam 1519:atoms 1494:with 1416:or a 1367:solid 1363:Earth 1343:polar 1329:Water 864:= 0) 847:= 0) 843:O (pK 615:0.961 599:0.997 589:3.983 578:0.999 562:0.999 556:VSMOW 444:InChI 250:ChEBI 216:JSmol 111:Water 28:Water 14974:(OH) 14942:(OH) 14655:FrOH 14601:TlOH 14532:CsOH 14458:AgOH 14389:RbOH 14379:BrOH 14322:CuOH 14170:ClOH 14115:NaOH 14040:LiOH 9835:HNCS 9830:HSCN 9504:HNCO 9452:HMnO 9339:HCNO 9325:HClO 9315:HClO 9305:HClO 9299:HClO 9285:HBrO 9275:HBrO 9265:HBrO 9259:HBrO 9222:HArF 9036:Moon 9031:Mars 8799:Data 8744:NASA 8695:ISBN 8659:2016 8603:ISBN 8580:ISBN 8550:ISBN 8520:ISBN 8497:ISBN 8467:ISBN 8428:OCLC 8418:ISBN 8380:ISBN 8353:ISBN 8327:ISBN 8295:ISBN 8274:ISBN 8251:ISBN 8230:ISBN 7725:PMID 7694:2011 7667:2011 7507:2019 7489:ISBN 7465:bent 7441:ISBN 7402:PMID 7345:PMID 7291:PMID 7242:PMID 7234:ISSN 7174:OSTI 7078:link 7039:PMID 6881:ISSN 6613:2018 6560:2018 6330:ISSN 6282:ISBN 6204:ISBN 6155:PMID 6076:2016 5983:PMID 5975:ISSN 5932:PMID 5848:ISBN 5777:2020 5650:ISSN 5468:2023 5381:ISSN 5330:2019 5297:2018 4740:and 4732:and 4691:+ 4 4680:+ 4 4618:+ 2 4564:+ 2 4514:iron 4500:and 4482:+ 2 4471:+ 2 4410:and 4310:FeSO 4276:Fe(H 4201:and 4199:soap 3740:base 3736:acid 3709:and 3690:and 3585:and 3409:and 3386:·23H 3375:, 4 3340:and 2956:The 2852:bent 2759:and 2701:The 2665:and 2583:lime 2386:, a 2284:salt 2234:ions 2036:and 2032:The 1990:The 1959:The 1891:oils 1727:The 1700:and 1610:(or 1592:snow 1465:and 1433:and 1418:base 1414:acid 1390:ions 1377:and 955:Bent 674:and 537:Odor 421:UNII 360:KEGG 354:117 174:Aqua 17814:PsH 17793:CfH 17785:CfH 17777:BkH 17769:BkH 17761:CmH 17753:AmH 17745:AmH 17737:PuH 17729:PuH 17721:NpH 17713:NpH 17689:PaH 17671:ThH 17663:ThH 17655:AcH 17634:LuH 17626:LuH 17618:YbH 17610:TmH 17602:TmH 17594:ErH 17586:ErH 17578:HoH 17570:HoH 17562:DyH 17554:DyH 17546:TbH 17538:TbH 17530:GdH 17522:GdH 17514:EuH 17506:SmH 17498:SmH 17490:NdH 17482:NdH 17474:PrH 17466:PrH 17458:CeH 17450:CeH 17442:LaH 17434:LaH 17426:LaH 17399:CnH 17390:HgH 17373:HgH 17365:CdH 17357:ZnH 17346:RgH 17340:CuH 17326:DsH 17310:PtH 17295:PdH 17290:NiH 17282:IrH 17274:RhH 17266:CoH 17258:FeH 17250:FeH 17245:FeH 17237:CrH 17229:CrH 17224:CrH 17216:TaH 17211:TaH 17203:NbH 17198:NbH 17177:HfH 17169:HfH 17161:ZrH 17153:ZrH 17145:TiH 17137:TiH 17129:LuH 17121:LuH 17081:ScH 17058:HTs 17052:HAt 17042:HBr 17037:HCl 16995:HDO 16984:(?) 16981:O–O 16933:LvH 16909:PoH 16589:(?) 16539:McH 16515:BiH 16492:SbH 16457:AsH 16039:FlH 16031:FlH 16026:FlH 15996:PbH 15961:SnH 15888:GeH 15866:SiH 15687:SiH 15559:NhH 15539:NhH 15534:NhH 15492:TlH 15457:InH 15422:GaH 15387:AlH 15203:BaH 15195:SrH 15187:CaH 15179:MgH 15171:BeH 15151:BaH 15146:SrH 15141:CaH 15136:MgH 15131:BeH 15102:CsH 15097:RbH 15087:NaH 15082:LiH 15020:No 15017:Md 15014:Fm 15011:Es 15008:Cf 15005:Bk 14982:Pu 14970:NpO 14915:Pa 14892:** 14717:Og 14714:Ts 14711:Lv 14708:Mc 14705:Fl 14702:Nh 14699:Cn 14696:Rg 14693:Ds 14690:Mt 14687:Hs 14684:Bh 14681:Sg 14678:Db 14675:Rf 14672:Lr 14669:** 14649:Rn 14646:At 14643:Po 14577:Pt 14574:Ir 14571:Os 14568:Re 14562:Ta 14559:Hf 14526:Xe 14522:IOH 14454:Pd 14441:Ru 14428:Mo 14425:Nb 14383:Kr 14375:Se 14180:KOH 14174:Ar 14109:Ne 14105:FOH 14089:]OH 14034:He 14024:HOH 11161:PtF 11036:NbO 11031:NbO 11002:NaO 10924:MoO 10916:MoO 10884:MnO 10879:MnO 10862:MgO 10789:IrO 10698:HgO 10690:HfO 10634:GeO 10629:GeO 10579:FeO 10538:CuO 10518:CsO 10474:CrO 10445:CoO 10368:ClO 10336:CeO 10331:CdO 10323:CaO 10318:CaO 10237:BrO 10217:BiO 10200:BeO 10195:BaO 10127:AmO 10024:TiO 10010:TeO 9996:TeO 9806:SiO 9792:SeO 9778:SeO 9568:NSO 9553:HNO 9525:HNO 9515:HNO 9509:HNO 9489:HNC 9480:MoO 9466:MnO 9442:HIO 9432:HIO 9422:HIO 9416:HIO 9406:HFO 9349:CrO 9334:HCN 9294:HCl 9254:HBr 9233:HSO 9227:HAt 9213:AsO 9199:AsO 8911:On 8844:Ice 8687:doi 8572:doi 8222:doi 8080:doi 7717:doi 7637:doi 7606:doi 7594:114 7392:doi 7380:452 7337:doi 7281:doi 7269:116 7224:doi 7212:351 7166:doi 7029:PMC 7021:doi 6946:doi 6873:doi 6773:doi 6710:doi 6698:131 6507:doi 6423:doi 6322:doi 6147:doi 5967:doi 5922:PMC 5912:doi 5900:102 5840:doi 5642:doi 5607:doi 5452:doi 5427:doi 5373:doi 5232:bar 5003:Ice 4934:ice 4554:AgF 4512:of 4402:in 4319:·7H 4295:to 4266:in 4167:Cl( 4093:Fe( 3781:HCl 3554:HDO 3550:THO 3443:ppm 3348:or 2455:Dew 2219:). 1981:3.9 1973:4.4 1965:5.1 1926:dew 1924:or 1922:fog 1817:not 1804:WOA 1635:MPa 1576:ice 1381:). 1371:gas 1180:SDS 1039:298 1012:298 624:at 617:887 608:at 601:047 591:035 587:at 580:974 571:at 564:842 394:962 384:CID 299:937 17837:: 17705:UH 17697:UH 17684:15 17678:Th 17444:10 17378:Hg 17190:VH 17185:VH 17113:YH 17105:YH 17097:YH 17089:YH 17047:HI 17032:HF 16990:HS 16968:HO 16960:HO 16955:HO 16886:Te 16877:Te 16850:Se 16841:Se 16809:10 16583:NH 16574:HN 16569:NH 16561:HN 16465:As 16376:12 16372:10 16364:11 16352:10 16266:PH 16185:12 16181:10 16173:11 16161:10 16075:NH 15969:Sn 15938:12 15932:Ge 15926:10 15920:Ge 15908:Ge 15896:Ge 15854:Si 15825:Si 15797:22 15793:10 15791:Si 15785:20 15779:Si 15773:18 15767:Si 15761:16 15755:Si 15749:14 15743:Si 15737:12 15731:Si 15725:10 15719:Si 15707:Si 15695:Si 15653:CH 15645:CH 15640:CH 15547:Nh 15500:Tl 15465:In 15430:Ga 15395:Al 15366:22 15362:18 15354:14 15350:10 15342:12 15330:10 15318:11 15294:10 15247:BH 15239:BH 15092:KH 14938:UO 14729:* 14565:W 14546:* 13968:. 13903:Hs 13889:Xe 13875:Ru 13861:Os 13847:Ir 13819:Tc 13802:Re 13785:Mn 13768:Cl 13743:Xe 13701:Te 13673:Se 13659:Re 13645:Po 13631:Mo 13617:Cr 13572:Ta 13555:Pa 13521:Nb 13487:Bi 13470:As 13453:Sb 13428:Zr 13372:Ti 13358:Sn 13344:Th 13330:Tb 13316:Te 13302:Tc 13274:Si 13260:Se 13246:Ru 13232:Rh 13218:Pa 13204:Pr 13190:Po 13176:Pu 13162:Pt 13148:Os 13120:Np 13106:Mn 13092:Pb 13078:Hf 13064:Ir 13036:Ge 13005:Cm 12991:Cr 12977:Cl 12963:Ce 12921:Cf 12907:Br 12893:Bk 12879:Am 12834:Yb 12783:Ti 12766:Tm 12749:Tl 12732:Tb 12715:Sc 12698:Sm 12681:Rh 12664:Pm 12647:Pr 12613:Ni 12596:Nd 12579:Mn 12562:Lu 12545:La 12528:Fe 12511:In 12494:Ho 12477:Au 12460:Ga 12443:Gd 12426:Eu 12409:Er 12392:Es 12375:Dy 12341:Co 12324:Cr 12307:Ce 12290:Cf 12273:Cs 12239:Bi 12222:Bk 12205:As 12188:Sb 12171:Am 12154:Al 12137:Ac 12118:O) 12116:Zn 12108:O) 12098:O) 12088:O) 12086:Ti 12078:O) 12076:Sn 12068:O) 12066:Th 12041:O) 12031:O) 12029:Sr 12021:O) 12019:Si 12011:O) 12009:Ra 12001:O) 11999:Pa 11991:O) 11989:Po 11981:O) 11971:O) 11969:Pd 11961:O) 11951:O) 11949:Ni 11941:O) 11939:Hg 11931:O) 11929:Mn 11921:O) 11919:Mg 11911:O) 11909:Pb 11901:O) 11891:O) 11889:Fe 11881:O) 11879:Ge 11871:O) 11869:Eu 11844:O) 11842:Cu 11834:O) 11832:Co 11824:O) 11822:Cr 11814:O) 11812:Cl 11804:O) 11794:O) 11792:Ca 11784:O) 11782:Cd 11774:O) 11772:Br 11764:O) 11762:Be 11754:O) 11752:Bk 11744:O) 11742:Ba 11734:O) 11732:Al 11713:O) 11700:O) 11695:Na 11687:O) 11682:Tl 11674:O) 11669:Ag 11661:O) 11656:Rb 11648:O) 11635:O) 11622:O) 11617:Hg 11609:O) 11604:Li 11596:O) 11583:O) 11578:Ga 11570:O) 11565:Cl 11557:O) 11544:O) 11539:Cs 11531:O) 11526:Cu 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