503:
previously disallowed), and seemingly free movement, being "able to register to live anywhere, once they arrange a written lease or buy a house" also ended the situation where these were the only apartments which passed down to children by inheritance. In normal apartments, when the last dweller died, the apartment was returned to the government: when the grandparents became older, they usually preferred to live separately from their children and grandchildren. This was usually connected to cheating of the propiska system: the grandparents were registered not for the apartment in which they lived but the apartment of their children, to avoid the return of their apartment to the government after their death.
327:, particularly with regard to foreign nationals. By the end of the 1980s, when emigrants from the USSR could return, those who had lost Soviet citizenship could also apply for an identity document with this title. The "passportization" of the citizen of the USSR reached its all-encompassing scope only in the 1970s: the right (and obligation) of every adult (from 16) to have a passport promoted the propiska as the primary lever of the regulation of migration. On the other hand, the propiska underlined the mechanism of the constitutional obligation of the state to provide everyone a dwelling: no one could be stripped of the propiska at one location without substitution with another
46:
455:
serving the penalty for the first sentence, the inmate returned to the old permanent propiska). If the authorities needed to rule in a certain case, they might refuse a permanent propiska for an individual, but usually not revoking the existing permanent propiska. This also resulted in a situation in which if a spouse agreed (at marriage) to provide the marriage partner with permanent propiska at their apartment, the propiska could not be terminated by divorce, and so exchanging the apartment for two smaller ones was often the only possibility.
511:
parties. Few people wanted to move from a large city to a smaller one, even with additional money, but the exchange of two flats for one in a larger city was sometimes possible. Also, apartment exchange with money involved was something of a "gray area" bordering on a criminal offence, and there was a real possibility that the participants would be prosecuted as for an economic crime, and real estate agents arranging such things were strictly outlawed and prosecuted, living in a "gray area" and hiding their activities from the authorities.
122:
2221:
468:
apartment was important: two persons of different gender, one or both being 9 years or older, were forbidden to share a single room. If the new "propiska" of the new dweller violated this rule, the propiska would not be granted (spouses being an exception). This was officially meant to prevent unhealthy overcrowding of apartments and sexual abuse, but since most Soviet people had only a little over 9 m (97 sq ft) per person, it was also an effective method of migration control.
2233:
439:, or "village council", a governing body of a rural territory. A propiska could be permanent or temporary. The administrations of hostels, student dormitories, and landlords (very rare case in the USSR, since the "sanitary norm" (a minimum of 12 m (130 sq ft) per person, see below for further details) would usually cause rejection of temporary propiska for such a person) were obliged to maintain temporary propiska records of their guests. The
472:
that to gain admission to the housing list the space had to fall below the required 9 m (97 sq ft) per person in an existing apartment (and, due to the dwelling-area rule already mentioned, children of different gender also raised the chances of getting to the queue). This housing list was very slow (much slower than employers' list), and sometimes it took a person's whole life to get an apartment.
595:
576:
became "propiska hunters", i.e. people marrying anybody with permanent propiska in a large city, just to retain their legal right to stay there after graduation. Since, once provided the permanent propiska was not revocable, the natives of the large city were very suspicious about senior-age students from smaller towns or villages when it came to marriage.
165:. Five blank pages (20 to 24) were gradually filled with stamps with the residential address written in. It allowed a person to reside in his/her relevant locality. Article 61 of the Regulations adopted on February 7, 1897 (see pp. 18–19 of the passport) imposed a fine for those found outside the administrative unit (as a rule,
532:). Such people were provided with a permanent living place (usually a flat or a room in a shared flat) for free, in exchange for working for a certain number of years. Some valuable specialists, such as scientists or engineers, could also be invited by enterprises, which provided them with flats at the expense of the enterprise.
539:(officially "for safekeeping") which prevented them from unofficial migration to the areas where they did not have apartments. This was intended to prevent cities from having an influx of migrants who sought higher living standards in large cities but had permanent registration far away from their actual place of residence.
450:
Acquiring a propiska to move to a large city, especially Moscow, was extremely difficult for migrants and was a matter of prestige. Even moving to live with relatives did not automatically provide a person with a permanent propiska because of a minimum area limit (12 m (130 sq ft)) for
685:
Today, registration plays little role in questions of property. In Soviet times, for example, if after a marriage, a wife was registered in accommodation her husband rented from the state, in case of divorce, she could obtain some part of her husband's place of residence for her own usage. In modern
575:
After the end of the USSR, the distribution system was almost immediately abolished, leaving graduates with the choice of returning to their home town/village, to their parents or other relatives or struggling to find work in the large city where the school was located. To do the latter, some people
361:
with dormitories at their own expense, to provide accommodation (with temporary "propiska") for migrant workers from elsewhere. After long-term employment at an enterprise, a worker could be given an apartment (as opposed to an individual hostel room, which often shared a single bathroom and kitchen
704:
Employing unregistered people is an administrative offence for the employer, but penalties are rare: sometimes even
Western companies in Moscow employ unregistered people (usually university graduates who have lost their dormitory registration due to graduation). The penalty is much stricter in the
567:
In Soviet times, this was connected to a "distribution" system which was a mandatory official allocation of a first job placement for university graduates (even from the same city), where they had to work for around 2 years "to pay back the cost of their education". Only postgraduates were exempted
454:
Owing to Soviet property regulations (officially based on the
Universal Right to Housing for all), the permanent propiska (which provided the permanent right to dwell in this housing) was nearly impossible for authorities to terminate. The only major exception was a second criminal sentence (after
299:
When reintroduced in the 1930s, the passport system in the USSR was similar to that of the
Russian Empire where passports were required mainly in the largest cities and in the territories adjacent to the country's external borders. Officers and soldiers always had special identity documents, while
471:
These norms were very similar to getting onto the governmental (not dependent on particular employer) "housing list", which was yet another Soviet form of mortgage (again with real money replaced by years of working at one's workplace—the queue was free in terms of money). The main difference was
252:
wanted to ensure "that serfs stayed in the fields where they belonged." In the pre-Soviet
Russian Empire, a person arriving for a new residency was obliged (depending on the estate) to enroll in the registers of the local police authorities. The latter could deny undesirable persons the right to
689:
At the same time, many documents and rights may be obtained only at the place where a citizen has permanent registration, which causes problems, for example, with obtaining or changing passports, voting, obtaining inquiry papers, which are often needed in Russia. Unfortunately, officials tend to
430:
of a Soviet citizen and at local governmental offices. In cities it was a local office of a utility organisation, such as РЭУ (District
Production Department), ЖЭК (Housing Committee Office), or ЖСК (Housing and Construction Cooperative). The passports were stamped at the local police precinct's
510:
system within a single city/town were rarely actually punished. Also, Moscow employers were allowed to employ people from the vicinity of Moscow living in a given radius (around 40 km (25 mi)) from Moscow. In theory, it was possible to exchange apartments over mutual agreement between
463:
Spouses could always provide one another a permanent propiska, but explicit consent was required for this. Children were granted a permanent propiska at one of the parents' permanent propiska locations, and this could not be terminated during the lifetime of the child even as an adult (with the
571:
This system was despised as being a violation of freedom, since nobody wanted to relocate from a larger city to a smaller one, but it still provided at least a propiska (and the dwelling space connected to it) to a graduate. Also, a "young specialist" could nearly never be fired, the same as a
563:
Students not of the city in question were provided a temporary propiska in the dormitories of their university campuses (generally, dormitory space was not provided to students studying in the same city as their parents' residence, but they often wanted it to be free from their parents). After
502:
In the USSR, there had been some so-called "cooperative" apartments, owned on a
Western-style mortgage basis, but they were scarce and getting one was very difficult. The three major post-Soviet reforms, to "not show ethnic background" on this still-vital document, private ownership (something
467:
It was not this easy for any other relatives. For such cases, as also for any unrelated people, the so-called "sanitary norm" was used: a propiska would not be issued if it would cause the apartment area to fall below 12 m (130 sq ft) per person. Also, the number of rooms in the
547:
In the late 1980s and early 1990s, just before the collapse of the USSR, the authorities in Moscow introduced an official charge to be permanently registered in Moscow even in their own property. The fee was around US$ 5,000, around a quarter of the price of a small apartment at that time.
47:
700:
Migration control is much stricter than internal registration. For instance, to employ any
Russian citizen, even with the permanent registration out of the city in question, the employer needs no special permit; only the employee must be registered.
686:
Russia, this was mostly abandoned due to apartment privatisation, but if a person has no other place to live, he still cannot be evicted without substitution, acting as a powerful deterrent for registering others on their property title.
495:, so the modern Russian legislation does not use the terms "propiska" and "propisat" (with the exception of situations where a reference is needed for the Soviet period). However, it is still used as a colloquial abbreviation for
253:
settle (in this case, no stamps were made in passports). In most cases, this would mean the person had to return to their permanent domicile. The verb "propisat" was used as a transitive verb with "vid" being the direct object.
292:) could be provided alongside a permanent one when a resident had to live outside the permanent residence for a long period of time. As an example, students and workers leaving to study or work in other cities received
648:
to be unconstitutional on several occasions since the fall of communism and it is considered by human rights organizations to be in direct violation of the
Russian constitution, which guarantees freedom of movement.
357:) existed in the last 30 or so years of the USSR. This was the only means by which outsiders could settle in big cities like Moscow and Leningrad, except marriage. Often enterprises in large cities built
411:
383:
370:
346:
306:
284:
270:
140:, of enrolling the person (writing his or her name) into the police records of the local population (or writing down the police permission into the person's identification document - see below).
475:
As a result, practically the only way for a person legally to improve their living conditions was marriage or childbirth. This was also a serious driving force in migration of young people to "
264:
was also associated with the result of residential registration. In common speech, the stamp in the passport into which the residential address was written was also called "propiska".
397:
Students from rural areas or smaller towns lived in similar students' hostels, with the termination of right of abode in the hostel on graduation or on exclusion from their schools.
1140:
675:, and a place of temporary registration is written on a separate paper. Living in a dwelling without a permanent or temporary registration is considered an administrative offence.
1544:
1527:
1574:
233:
141:
671:
in Russia and vice versa, 30 days). There are two types of registration, permanent and temporary. A place of permanent registration is indicated on a stamp made in an
1517:
610:
2037:
1537:
551:
This system lasted several years, causing major public uproar from human rights activists and other liberals, and was abolished after several rulings of the
365:
Cities themselves had a propiska limit for the low-wage city employers, such as street sweeps or janitors, because city natives shun from such occupations.
1563:
1532:
1522:
1474:
464:
exception of a second criminal sentence), unless the grown-up child voluntarily relocated to another place (and was granted a permanent propiska there).
144:
describes this procedure as "to enroll in a book and stamp it". Page 20 of the internal passport of the
Russian Empire (see illustration) was entitled
919:
1771:
678:
Registration is used for economic, law enforcement and other purposes, such as accounting for social benefits, housing and utility payments, taxes,
198:", in Russian, this combination of words also conveys a presence of the right of a resident to live somewhere. In the sense of a " right" the word
2272:
405:
The verb "propisat" was used with both the passport and its owner as a direct object. Reciprocally, "propiska" became an object which one can
1469:
1082:
887:
1135:
726:, even though citizens are issued a single passport, severe restrictions on movement within the country apply, particularly in the capital
1654:
1624:
479:", the new cities built from scratch, often in Siberia or the Arctic, some around a single facility (factory, oil region, or the like).
1911:
1871:
1781:
1592:
1108:
1899:
1794:
1666:
1452:
528:: to enter Moscow to take certain understaffed job positions, such as at cleaning services, according to a certain workforce quota (
1804:
1721:
1614:
981:[Article 31. Rights and obligations of citizens living together with the owner in residential premises belonging to him].
1744:
1551:
1418:
1044:
18:
This article is about former migration control in the
Russian Empire and the USSR. For the service for Russians since 1993, see
1442:
1287:
988:
1929:
1430:
1396:
1384:
1379:
1270:
743:
432:
1856:
1966:
1734:
789:
1846:
1512:
1459:
1447:
748:
257:
1894:
1889:
1609:
1557:
951:
697:
and/or coupon, approximately one third the size of an A4 paper, which must be returned to officials before departure.
2267:
2146:
2097:
2030:
1841:
1569:
1171:
1075:
734:, the former Soviet era restrictions were reimposed, making it virtually impossible to acquire propiska in Tashkent.
667:
is still widely used to refer to it colloquially. Citizens must register if they live in the same place for 90 days (
572:
pregnant woman and other specific (in terms of labor laws) categories of people who were entitled to such benefits.
2262:
2176:
2164:
1988:
1978:
1934:
1749:
1425:
1374:
1257:
823:
2181:
2169:
2025:
2010:
1924:
1826:
1408:
1228:
1015:
979:Статья 31. Права и обязанности граждан, проживающих совместно с собственником в принадлежащем ему жилом помещении
753:
712:
585:
492:
236:
indicates a "certificate of any kind for free passage, travel and living", mentioning "passport" as its synonym.
19:
2122:
2102:
1799:
1413:
1238:
1166:
552:
2193:
2020:
1884:
1836:
1597:
1391:
1265:
1248:
618:
589:
1789:
1359:
1160:
1068:
705:
case of foreigners. To employ foreigners, employers must have a permit from the Federal Migration Service.
488:
94:
564:
graduation or leaving school early (expulsion, withdrawal, etc.), this temporary propiska was terminated.
368:
The native populations of large cities like Moscow often despised these migrant workers ('limit-dwellers'
2070:
2052:
1818:
1676:
1637:
1604:
1294:
1282:
1198:
1100:
873:Толковый словарь живого великорусского языка (Explanatory Dictionary of the Live Great Russian language)
855:Толковый словарь живого великорусского языка (Explanatory Dictionary of the Live Great Russian language)
2065:
2042:
2015:
668:
2257:
2107:
2080:
1983:
435:(MVD) office, with the Military Comissariat (the draft body) also involved. In rural areas, it was a
2075:
2188:
719:
was unconstitutional. In 2003, the registration of the place of residence was introduced instead.
1437:
641:
519:
106:
102:
875:. Vol. I (6th ed.). Moscow: Гос. изд-во иностр. и национ. словарей. 1955. p. 203.
2117:
1709:
1647:
731:
659:
857:. Vol. III (6th ed.). М.: Гос. изд-во иностр. и национ. словарей. 1955. p. 503.
300:
peasants could obtain internal passports only by a special application. In the USSR, the term
2236:
1208:
807:
residence permits called propiskas, which prove that people have a right to live in the city.
1998:
1861:
1681:
1479:
1193:
1049:
920:"RUSSIANS MAY LET 2 FAMILIES LEAVE; Izvestia Says Soviet Won't Hold 'on to Your Coattails'"
2085:
8:
2225:
1954:
1759:
1688:
1496:
1345:
1223:
1145:
1118:
982:
2092:
2003:
1320:
1233:
1123:
1113:
956:
924:
892:
828:
794:
362:
per floor and was ill-suited for family life), with permanent "propiska" rights to it.
61:
2200:
2140:
1919:
1705:
1401:
1203:
1188:
1130:
672:
427:
121:
1055:
758:
708:
Belarusian citizens have the same employment rights as Russian citizens in Russia.
444:
387:
374:
350:
57:
40:
93:) propiskas. In the transition period to a market economy in the aftermath of the
2112:
1325:
1277:
1183:
381:), considering them rude, uncultured, and violent. The derogatory term "limita" (
249:
126:
2132:
2060:
1340:
1330:
850:
694:
693:
For foreigners, registration is called "migration control" and is stamped on a
602:
65:
868:
690:
ignore laws that allow people to obtain such things and rights if they exist.
2251:
1993:
535:
At a certain period, residents of rural areas had their passports stored at
1876:
1697:
1091:
768:
679:
69:
1739:
1701:
1693:
1315:
1299:
1213:
1155:
482:
1729:
723:
626:
599:
522:
and bribery. Another way of obtaining Moscow residency was to become a
1060:
1949:
1944:
1766:
1659:
1489:
1150:
536:
524:
436:
101:
in municipal apartments was a factor that allowed dwellers to obtain
1939:
1484:
1218:
1178:
763:
727:
476:
1831:
1335:
622:
331:
location, even amidst the then-rarely-granted right to emigrate.
992:
650:
630:
358:
888:"Tomsk Journal; Siberia's Underground Man Emerges as a Gadfly"
1754:
1632:
594:
1866:
1642:
166:
1045:
Constitutional Court strikes down internal passport system
1851:
1671:
109:(those who built housing at their own expense obtained a
598:
Signing in (top) and signing out (bottom) Propiska in a
1016:"Чим відрізняється прописка від реєстрації в Україні?!"
339:
194:). Although translated into English as a "residential
879:
483:
Housing property rights and mortgage: pre/post Soviet
318:
211:
199:
179:
155:
105:
on the living space they were "inscripted" in during
637:
systems, or at least a scaled-down version of them.
949:
817:
815:
945:
943:
2249:
1940:Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences
812:
617:system was officially abolished. Several former
914:
912:
910:
885:
821:
1056:Russian ombudsman on propiska in modern Russia
940:
781:
1076:
787:
489:collapse of the Soviet Union in December 1991
278:) confirmed the housing rights of its owner.
227:
205:
185:
173:
145:
88:
82:
76:
30:
907:
790:"Refugees Find Moscow Withdraws Its Welcome"
514:Many people used subterfuge to get a Moscow
1083:
1069:
221:planning to gain husband's rights with her
558:
542:
169:) in which they were registered to live.
1013:
950:Frances Chamberlain (November 5, 1995).
861:
843:
593:
409:, e.g.: "to have a propiska in Moscow" (
296:at their dorms, apartments, or hostels.
120:
1090:
451:each resident of a specific apartment.
447:and resident registration of a person.
2273:Identity documents of the Soviet Union
2250:
1109:Index of Soviet Union–related articles
989:Housing Code of the Russian Federation
400:
1064:
952:"Holding Out a Hand To Russian Women"
822:Steven Erlanger (December 27, 1992).
744:Eastern Bloc emigration and defection
147:Место для пропи́ски ви́довъ поли́цiею
39:
991:] (N 188-FZ) (in Russian).
984:Жилищный кодекс Российской Федерации
886:Michael Specter (January 21, 1998).
824:"Russia To Replace Residency Permit"
340:The limit system for migrant workers
788:Judith Ingram (December 24, 1993).
749:Passport system in the Soviet Union
258:passport system in the Soviet Union
13:
125:Internal passport, issued 1910 in
14:
2284:
1038:
334:
2232:
2231:
2219:
497:permanent residency registration
458:
344:The system of a propiska limit (
256:After the reintroduction of the
136:meant the clerical procedure of
754:Resident registration in Russia
713:Constitutional Court of Ukraine
586:Resident registration in Russia
579:
491:, propiska was restructured as
20:Resident registration in Russia
1007:
971:
226:). Among many explanations of
1:
1772:Political abuse of psychiatry
1564:Congress of People's Deputies
774:
590:Immigration control in Russia
555:, the last one in late 1997.
394:) was used to refer to them.
234:Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary
172:As a clerical term, the noun
142:Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary
75:The USSR had both permanent (
611:collapse of the Soviet Union
553:Russian Constitutional Court
433:Ministry of Internal Affairs
323:) was used as a synonym for
116:
95:collapse of the Soviet Union
78:прописка по месту жительства
7:
1935:Academy of Medical Sciences
737:
319:
212:
204:also appears in the phrase
200:
180:
156:
10:
2289:
1014:ПРОТОКОЛ (June 19, 2014).
583:
417:име́ть пропи́ску в Москве́
239:
154:Space for registration of
17:
2213:
2157:
2131:
2051:
1974:
1965:
1910:
1817:
1780:
1720:
1623:
1585:
1505:
1367:
1358:
1308:
1256:
1247:
1099:
426:was recorded both in the
416:
391:
378:
354:
289:
275:
228:
206:
186:
174:
146:
89:
83:
77:
31:
2268:Soviet internal politics
983:
978:
520:marriages of convenience
443:played the role of both
2263:Law of the Soviet Union
2226:Soviet Union portal
642:Supreme Court of Russia
568:from this requirement.
276:"постоя́нная пропи́ска"
260:in the 1930s, the noun
103:private-property rights
68:before 1917 and in the
2118:Stalinist architecture
1872:Science and technology
1782:Ideological repression
1710:Soviet Airborne Forces
1648:Destruction battalions
732:1999 Tashkent bombings
633:, chose to keep their
606:
559:Propiska and education
543:Propiska fee in Moscow
311:
290:"вре́менная пропи́ска"
129:
113:there by definition).
1900:List of metro systems
1453:Collective leadership
597:
493:resident registration
132:Originally, the noun
124:
56:) was both a written
1862:Net material product
1805:Censorship of images
1722:Political repression
1682:Soviet Border Troops
1615:First Deputy Premier
1199:1965 economic reform
1194:Soviet space program
1050:The Ukrainian Weekly
682:, and medical care.
41:[prɐˈpʲiskə]
1930:Academy of Sciences
1745:Population transfer
1689:Soviet Armed Forces
1552:Congress of Soviets
1533:Presidium/Politburo
1497:Soviet anti-Zionism
1346:West Siberian Plain
1224:Revolutions of 1989
1161:Great Patriotic War
1146:New Economic Policy
995:. December 29, 2004
669:Belarusian citizens
487:In 1993, after the
401:Details of propiska
294:temporary propiskas
248:dates back to when
84:постоянная прописка
62:migration-recording
1575:Military Collegium
1443:Capital punishment
1321:Caucasus Mountains
1234:Post-Soviet states
1114:Russian Revolution
957:The New York Times
925:The New York Times
893:The New York Times
829:The New York Times
795:The New York Times
663:, though the word
607:
506:Violations of the
329:permanent propiska
325:temporary propiska
312:Вид на жи́тельство
302:residential permit
280:Temporary propiska
266:Permanent propiska
244:The origin of the
213:imet' na nejo vidy
187:вид на жи́тельство
130:
111:permanent propiska
99:permanent propiska
97:in late 1991, the
90:временная прописка
64:tool, used in the
2245:
2244:
2209:
2208:
2201:Hammer and sickle
2143:and their groups
2141:Soviet dissidents
1920:Communist Academy
1837:Economic planning
1813:
1812:
1706:Soviet Air Forces
1625:Security services
1545:General Secretary
1528:Central Committee
1470:Political parties
1402:Brezhnev Doctrine
1397:Foreign relations
1354:
1353:
1295:Autonomous okrugs
1209:Soviet–Afghan War
1189:Sino-Soviet split
1131:Russian Civil War
928:. October 4, 1964
673:internal passport
428:internal passport
320:vid na zhitelstvo
317:
207:иметь на неё виды
192:vid na žítel'stvo
87:) and temporary (
2280:
2258:Civil registries
2235:
2234:
2224:
2223:
2222:
1972:
1971:
1880:
1735:Collectivization
1480:Marxism–Leninism
1365:
1364:
1254:
1253:
1085:
1078:
1071:
1062:
1061:
1032:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1011:
1005:
1004:
1002:
1000:
975:
969:
968:
966:
964:
947:
938:
937:
935:
933:
916:
905:
904:
902:
900:
883:
877:
876:
865:
859:
858:
847:
841:
840:
838:
836:
819:
810:
809:
804:
802:
785:
759:Russian passport
619:Soviet republics
445:residence permit
418:
414:
393:
386:
380:
373:
356:
349:
322:
316:romanized:
315:
309:
291:
287:
277:
273:
231:
230:
225:
222:
219:
215:
209:
208:
203:
189:
188:
183:
177:
176:
164:
161:
159:
152:
149:
148:
92:
91:
86:
85:
80:
79:
72:from the 1930s.
58:residency permit
51:
50:
49:
43:
38:
34:
33:
2288:
2287:
2283:
2282:
2281:
2279:
2278:
2277:
2248:
2247:
2246:
2241:
2220:
2218:
2205:
2153:
2127:
2047:
1961:
1906:
1878:
1852:Internet domain
1847:Five-year plans
1809:
1776:
1716:
1619:
1581:
1513:Communist Party
1501:
1460:Passport system
1350:
1326:European Russia
1304:
1243:
1184:Khrushchev Thaw
1163:(World War II)
1141:Creation treaty
1095:
1089:
1041:
1036:
1035:
1025:
1023:
1012:
1008:
998:
996:
985:
980:
977:
976:
972:
962:
960:
948:
941:
931:
929:
918:
917:
908:
898:
896:
884:
880:
867:
866:
862:
849:
848:
844:
834:
832:
820:
813:
800:
798:
786:
782:
777:
740:
592:
584:Main articles:
582:
561:
545:
485:
461:
410:
403:
382:
369:
345:
342:
337:
305:
283:
269:
250:Peter the Great
242:
223:
220:
217:
184:) is short for
162:
153:
150:
127:Imperial Russia
119:
45:
44:
36:
23:
12:
11:
5:
2286:
2276:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2239:
2229:
2214:
2211:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2203:
2198:
2197:
2196:
2186:
2185:
2184:
2174:
2173:
2172:
2161:
2159:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2151:
2150:
2149:
2137:
2135:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2089:
2088:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2057:
2055:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2034:
2033:
2028:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2007:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1986:
1981:
1975:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1959:
1958:
1957:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1916:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1905:
1904:
1903:
1902:
1897:
1895:Rail transport
1892:
1890:Railway system
1882:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1823:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1811:
1810:
1808:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1786:
1784:
1778:
1777:
1775:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1763:
1762:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1726:
1724:
1718:
1717:
1715:
1714:
1713:
1712:
1686:
1685:
1684:
1679:
1669:
1664:
1663:
1662:
1652:
1651:
1650:
1640:
1635:
1629:
1627:
1621:
1620:
1618:
1617:
1612:
1610:Deputy Premier
1607:
1602:
1601:
1600:
1593:Heads of state
1589:
1587:
1583:
1582:
1580:
1579:
1578:
1577:
1567:
1561:
1558:Supreme Soviet
1555:
1549:
1548:
1547:
1542:
1541:
1540:
1535:
1525:
1520:
1509:
1507:
1503:
1502:
1500:
1499:
1494:
1493:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1475:State ideology
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1456:
1455:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1434:
1433:
1423:
1422:
1421:
1411:
1406:
1405:
1404:
1394:
1389:
1388:
1387:
1382:
1371:
1369:
1362:
1356:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1349:
1348:
1343:
1341:Ural Mountains
1338:
1333:
1331:North Caucasus
1328:
1323:
1318:
1312:
1310:
1306:
1305:
1303:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1291:
1290:
1280:
1275:
1274:
1273:
1262:
1260:
1251:
1245:
1244:
1242:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1175:
1174:
1169:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1127:
1126:
1121:
1111:
1105:
1103:
1097:
1096:
1088:
1087:
1080:
1073:
1065:
1059:
1058:
1053:
1040:
1039:External links
1037:
1034:
1033:
1022:(in Ukrainian)
1006:
970:
939:
906:
878:
860:
842:
811:
779:
778:
776:
773:
772:
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
746:
739:
736:
695:migration card
644:has ruled the
609:Following the
581:
578:
560:
557:
544:
541:
484:
481:
460:
457:
402:
399:
355:Лимит прописки
341:
338:
336:
335:Implementation
333:
241:
238:
118:
115:
66:Russian Empire
29:(Russian:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2285:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2238:
2230:
2228:
2227:
2216:
2215:
2212:
2202:
2199:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2190:
2187:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2178:
2175:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2156:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2134:
2130:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2098:Printed media
2096:
2094:
2091:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2050:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2032:
2031:Cyrillisation
2029:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1999:Working class
1997:
1995:
1994:Soviet people
1992:
1991:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1964:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1909:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1887:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1842:Energy policy
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1816:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1779:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1761:
1758:
1757:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1719:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1692:
1691:
1690:
1687:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1674:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1661:
1658:
1657:
1656:
1653:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1622:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1599:
1596:
1595:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1588:
1584:
1576:
1573:
1572:
1571:
1570:Supreme Court
1568:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1546:
1543:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1530:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1504:
1498:
1495:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1432:
1429:
1428:
1427:
1424:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1377:
1376:
1373:
1372:
1370:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1357:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1311:
1307:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1289:
1286:
1285:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1267:
1264:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1246:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1173:
1172:The Holocaust
1170:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1086:
1081:
1079:
1074:
1072:
1067:
1066:
1063:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1051:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1021:
1017:
1010:
994:
990:
986:
974:
959:
958:
953:
946:
944:
927:
926:
921:
915:
913:
911:
895:
894:
889:
882:
874:
870:
864:
856:
852:
851:"Прописывать"
846:
831:
830:
825:
818:
816:
808:
797:
796:
791:
784:
780:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
741:
735:
733:
729:
725:
720:
718:
714:
711:In 2001, the
709:
706:
702:
698:
696:
691:
687:
683:
681:
676:
674:
670:
666:
662:
661:
656:
652:
647:
643:
638:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
604:
601:
596:
591:
587:
577:
573:
569:
565:
556:
554:
549:
540:
538:
533:
531:
527:
526:
521:
517:
512:
509:
504:
500:
498:
494:
490:
480:
478:
473:
469:
465:
459:Sanitary norm
456:
452:
448:
446:
442:
438:
434:
429:
425:
420:
413:
408:
398:
395:
389:
385:
376:
372:
366:
363:
360:
352:
348:
332:
330:
326:
321:
313:
308:
303:
297:
295:
286:
281:
272:
267:
263:
259:
254:
251:
247:
237:
235:
214:
202:
197:
193:
182:
170:
168:
158:
143:
139:
135:
128:
123:
114:
112:
108:
107:privatization
104:
100:
96:
73:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
48:
42:
28:
21:
16:
2217:
1989:Demographics
1979:Antisemitism
1832:Central Bank
1750:Forced labor
1698:Spetsnaz GRU
1518:organisation
1464:
1426:Human rights
1375:Constitution
1258:Subdivisions
1136:Russian SFSR
1092:Soviet Union
1048:
1047:—article in
1024:. Retrieved
1019:
1009:
997:. Retrieved
973:
963:November 13,
961:. Retrieved
955:
932:November 13,
930:. Retrieved
923:
899:November 13,
897:. Retrieved
891:
881:
872:
863:
854:
845:
835:November 13,
833:. Retrieved
827:
806:
801:November 13,
799:. Retrieved
793:
783:
769:Hukou system
730:. After the
721:
716:
710:
707:
703:
699:
692:
688:
684:
680:conscription
677:
664:
660:registration
658:
654:
645:
639:
634:
614:
608:
580:Modern usage
574:
570:
566:
562:
550:
546:
534:
529:
523:
518:, including
515:
513:
507:
505:
501:
496:
486:
474:
470:
466:
462:
453:
449:
440:
423:
421:
406:
404:
396:
367:
364:
343:
328:
324:
301:
298:
293:
279:
265:
261:
255:
245:
243:
195:
191:
171:
138:registration
137:
133:
131:
110:
98:
74:
70:Soviet Union
53:
26:
24:
15:
2093:Phraseology
2038:Prohibition
2026:Linguistics
2011:Drug policy
2004:1989 census
1925:Cybernetics
1827:Agriculture
1740:Great Purge
1702:Soviet Navy
1694:Soviet Army
1566:(1989–1991)
1560:(1938–1991)
1554:(1922–1936)
1538:Secretariat
1409:Gun control
1316:Caspian Sea
1300:Closed city
1229:Dissolution
1214:Perestroika
1156:Great Purge
1020:protocol.ua
715:ruled that
160:s by police
2252:Categories
2133:Opposition
2123:Television
2103:Propaganda
2076:Literature
1950:Naukograds
1945:Sharashkas
1879:(currency)
1857:Inventions
1800:Censorship
1730:Red Terror
1414:Government
1288:Autonomous
1271:Autonomous
1204:Stagnation
1167:Evacuation
775:References
724:Uzbekistan
627:Kyrgyzstan
621:, such as
600:Tajikistan
537:selsoviets
477:monocities
379:лими́тчики
52:, plural:
2194:Republics
2182:Republics
2170:Republics
2021:Languages
1885:Transport
1767:Holodomor
1660:Militsiya
1598:President
1490:Stalinism
1392:Elections
1266:Republics
1249:Geography
1239:Nostalgia
1151:Stalinism
999:April 26,
525:limitchik
437:selsoviet
415:Russian:
412:‹See Tfd›
384:‹See Tfd›
371:‹See Tfd›
347:‹See Tfd›
310:Russian:
307:‹See Tfd›
288:Russian:
285:‹See Tfd›
274:Russian:
271:‹See Tfd›
117:Etymology
32:пропи́ска
2237:Category
1790:Religion
1677:Chairmen
1523:Congress
1485:Leninism
1465:Propiska
1360:Politics
1219:Glasnost
1179:Cold War
1119:February
869:"Видеть"
764:101st km
738:See also
728:Tashkent
717:propiska
665:propiska
655:propiska
653:changed
646:propiska
635:propiska
615:propiska
603:Passport
516:propiska
508:propiska
441:propiska
424:propiska
262:propiska
246:propiska
134:propiska
54:propiski
27:propiska
2158:Symbols
2071:Fashion
2053:Culture
1967:Society
1912:Science
1877:Rouble
1819:Economy
1795:Science
1605:Premier
1586:Offices
1448:Leaders
1368:General
1336:Siberia
1309:Regions
1283:Oblasts
1124:October
1101:History
1026:May 22,
623:Belarus
392:лимита́
388:Russian
375:Russian
359:hostels
351:Russian
240:History
2177:Emblem
2165:Anthem
2113:Sports
2066:Cinema
2061:Ballet
2043:Racism
2016:Family
1506:Bodies
1094:topics
993:Russia
651:Russia
631:Russia
629:, and
613:, the
196:permit
60:and a
2108:Radio
2086:Opera
2081:Music
1984:Crime
1755:Gulag
1633:Cheka
1278:Krais
987:[
530:limit
2189:Flag
2147:List
1955:List
1867:OGAS
1760:List
1643:NKVD
1431:LGBT
1419:List
1385:1977
1380:1936
1028:2024
1001:2024
965:2022
934:2022
901:2022
837:2022
803:2022
640:The
588:and
422:The
407:have
167:uezd
37:IPA:
1672:KGB
1667:MGB
1655:MVD
1638:GPU
1438:Law
722:In
657:to
419:).
229:вид
201:vid
181:vid
175:вид
157:vid
81:or
2254::
1704:•
1700:•
1018:.
954:.
942:^
922:.
909:^
890:.
871:.
853:.
826:.
814:^
805:.
792:.
625:,
499:.
390::
377::
353::
314:,
232:,
216:,
35:,
25:A
1708:/
1696:/
1084:e
1077:t
1070:v
1030:.
1003:.
967:.
936:.
903:.
839:.
605:.
304:(
282:(
268:(
224:'
218:'
210:(
190:(
178:(
163:'
151:'
22:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
