128:
and clandestinely give names, (as in baptism,) inflaming and misleading many, if proved by authentic testimony, the head or leader shall be sentenced to immediate death by strangulations : he who propagates the religion, inflaming and deceiving the people, if the number be not large, and no names be given, shall be sentenced to strangulation after a period of imprisonment. Those who are merely hearers or followers of the doctrine, if they will not repent and recant, shall be transported to the
Mohammedan cities (in Turkistan) and given to be slaves to the beys and other powerful Mohammedans who are able to coerce them. . . . All civil and military officers who may fail to detect Europeans clandestinely residing in the country within their jurisdiction, and propagating their religion, thereby deceiving the multitude, shall be delivered over to the Supreme Board and be subjected to a court of inquiry."
2679:
2567:
3239:
289:
3249:
425:) in China. There are various dissident churches outside of the Three-Self Church. They primarily operate in the form of the so-called "family churches" (家庭教會), "underground churches" (地下教會) or "underground heavens" (地下天國), small worship groups in family homes. These have generally been called "house churches" by Western Christian media. Family church networks are especially present in the provinces of
1064:
221:
developed schools and introduced the latest techniques in medicine. The mission schools were viewed with some suspicion by the traditional
Chinese teachers, but they differed from the norm by offering a basic education to poor Chinese, both boys and girls, who had no hope of learning at a school before the days of the
79:, the proliferation of which began in the 1950s when many Chinese Catholics and Protestants began to reject state-controlled structures purported to represent them. Members of such groups are now said to represent the "silent majority" of Chinese Christians and represent many diverse theological traditions.
164:
began, 30 different
Protestant groups were working in China. The diversity of denominations represented did not equate to more missionaries on the field. In the seven provinces in which Protestant missionaries had already been working, there were an estimated 204 million people with only 91 workers,
132:
Some hoped that the
Chinese government would discriminate between Protestantism and Catholicism, since the law was directed at Catholicism, but after Protestant missionaries in 1835–36 gave Christian books to Chinese, the Daoguang Emperor demanded to know who were the "traitorous natives in "Canton
127:
The clause stated: "People of the
Western Ocean, should they propagate in the country the religion of heaven's Lord, or clandestinely print books, or collect congregations to be preached to, and thereby deceive many people, or should any Tartars or Chinese, in their turn, propagate the doctrines
69:
teachings. Since the mid-20th century, there has been an increase in the number of
Christian practitioners in China. According to a survey published in 2010 there are approximately 40 million Protestants in China. As of 2019, Fenggang Yang, a sociologist of religion at Purdue University, estimated
220:
In addition to the publication and distribution of
Christian literature and Bibles, the Protestant Christian missionary movement in China furthered the dispersion of knowledge with other printed works of history and science. As the missionaries went to work among the Chinese, they established and
136:
In 1860, Protestant missions were confined to five coastal cities. By the end of the century, Western powers had forced the government to allow missionaries into the interior. During the second half of the century, increased numbers of missionaries entered the country. Scores of new missionary
119:. It sentenced Europeans to death for spreading Christianity among Han Chinese and Manchus. Christians who would not repent their conversion were sent to Muslim cities in Xinjiang, to be given as slaves to Muslim leaders and
317:
Beginning in 2013, the government began a campaign of suppression targeting large
Protestant and Catholic churches with steeples and crosses. 2018 was marked by demolition of an Evangelical church boasting 50,000 members in
3204:
304:
have affiliations with government and follow the regulations imposed upon them. Three-Self
Patriotic Movement by 2005 claimed to have 10–15 million worshippers, while the total number of Protestants, including unofficial
1261:
Striving for "The Whole Duty of Man": James Legge and the
Scottish Protestant Encounter with China: Assessing Confluences in Scottish Nonconformism, Chinese Missionary Scholarship, Victorian Sinology, and Chinese
665:
3214:
549:
3173:
165:
while there were eleven other provinces in inland China with a population estimated at 197 million, for whom absolutely nothing had been attempted. Besides the London Missionary Society, and the
912:
629:
2010 Chinese Spiritual Life Survey conducted by Dr. Yang Fenggang, Purdue University’s Center on Religion and Chinese Society. Statistics published in: Katharina Wenzel-Teuber, David Strait.
905:"China's Christians protest 'evil' Communist campaign to tear down crosses More than 1200 crosses have been torn down by authorities in the past two years sparking anger and street protests"
634:
3209:
264:
Protestant Christians in China established the first clinics and hospitals, provided the first training for nurses, opened the first modern schools, worked to abolish practices such as
1693:
3043:
3013:
3008:
3023:
2953:
936:"China church demolition sparks fears of campaign against Christians Footage has emerged of the Golden Lampstand Church in Shanxi province being razed by local authorities"
3219:
3038:
2938:
2918:
1233:
Christianity in a Revolutionary Age, Vol. V: The twentieth century outside Europe: the Americas, the Pacific, Asia, and Africa: the emerging world Christian community
3018:
2998:
1983:
1960:
1925:
1849:
661:
3224:
1988:
3063:
2983:
2978:
1902:
1839:
2459:
166:
2353:
1187:
904:
935:
70:
that there are around 100 million Protestant Christians in China. Other estimates place the number of Protestant Christians at around 40–60 million
1458:
503:
296:
Since the loosening of restrictions on religion after the 1970s, Christianity has grown significantly within the People's Republic. The Protestant
1381:
1175:
631:
1116:
1090:
605:
261:. Protestant missionaries played a significant role in introducing knowledge of China to the United States and the United States to China.
2555:
88:
3128:
1584:
2533:
609:. A review of "Redeemed by Fire: The Rise of Popular Christianity in Modern China", a book of Lian Xi. Yale University Press, 2010.
145:
and participation increased from Great Britain as well. Several thousand missionaries were working in all parts of China. The 1859
1753:
115:
in 1814 AD added a sixth clause in this section with reference to Christianity. It was modified in 1821 and printed in 1826 by the
234:, founded in Shanghai in 1869, was a prominent outlet for reporting on the mission enterprise and for controversy and discussion.
3153:
1226:
Christianity in a Revolutionary Age. Vol. III : The 19th Century Outside Europe; the Americas, the Pacific, Asia and Africa.
230:
1106:
1003:
974:
614:
2880:
2522:
2489:
1374:
361:
is one of the most successful underground Christian publications in China. In addition to house churches, it is used in
268:, and improve treatment of maids. They launched charitable work and distributed food to the poor. They also opposed the
111:
Under the "fundamental laws" of China, one section is titled "Wizards, Witches, and all Superstitions, prohibited." The
2963:
3278:
2820:
2597:
2081:
1610:
1296:
1205:
1140:
1044:
481:
2479:
3168:
3073:
2847:
383:
into Chinese were made by Protestants, Catholics and Orthodox Christians. An early translation was made by British
186:
1071:
Life among the Chinese: with characteristic sketches and incidents of missionary operations and prospects in China
794:
Life among the Chinese: with characteristic sketches and incidents of missionary operations and prospects in China
763:
Life among the Chinese: with characteristic sketches and incidents of missionary operations and prospects in China
3273:
2678:
2548:
2418:
1486:
374:
273:
222:
3178:
2602:
2323:
1940:
1620:
1367:
1324:
Varg, Paul A. "Missionaries and Relations Between the United States and China in the Late Nineteenth Century,"
22:
3123:
3088:
2343:
1466:
362:
297:
258:
2693:
257:, continued to send missionaries until they were prevented from doing so following the establishment of the
2903:
2815:
2723:
2592:
2313:
1935:
1703:
1685:
1675:
570:
477:
391:
97:
3133:
3108:
3003:
2923:
2913:
2789:
1660:
1561:
1404:
1287:
254:
3098:
3093:
2973:
2794:
2651:
2541:
1859:
1635:
1524:
1514:
1424:
1419:
133:
who had supplied them with books." The foreign missionaries were strangled or expelled by the Chinese.
3163:
3113:
3068:
3048:
2835:
2830:
2563:
2464:
2376:
1993:
1978:
1698:
1665:
1532:
1319:
Missionaries, Chinese, and Diplomats: The American Protestant Missionary Movement in China, 1890–1952
101:
3138:
3053:
3033:
2908:
2895:
2873:
2433:
2423:
2338:
1950:
1874:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1579:
1504:
1441:
1429:
1414:
1213:
575:
544:
1998:
1869:
798:
3183:
3118:
3083:
2988:
2948:
2933:
2928:
2841:
2748:
2656:
2517:
2499:
2348:
2333:
2259:
1864:
1854:
1844:
1834:
1801:
1796:
1471:
1448:
565:
473:
301:
647:
3143:
3103:
3078:
3058:
2993:
2968:
2958:
2474:
2381:
1955:
1879:
1791:
1713:
1670:
1161:
418:
1247:
The Conversion of Missionaries: Liberalism in American Protestant Missions in China, 1907–1932
991:
964:
688:
3028:
2779:
2641:
2587:
2244:
1945:
1930:
1907:
1897:
1786:
1615:
1499:
1494:
1390:
554:
539:
335:
2360:
2174:
1625:
469:
433:. They have missionaries in other provinces and even abroad to neighboring states, such as
306:
161:
75:
513:(literally "Highest Emperor") is the term used more commonly by Protestants to translate "
8:
3193:
2866:
2825:
2753:
2733:
2438:
2239:
2139:
1630:
1509:
767:
465:
792:
272:
trade and brought treatment to many who were addicted. Some of the early leaders of the
2738:
2634:
2494:
2328:
1574:
1537:
1282:
1199:
716:
560:
349:
340:
142:
3248:
2799:
2784:
2763:
2718:
2619:
2579:
2571:
2428:
2391:
2164:
1552:
1292:
1276:
Missionary Women: Gender, Professionalism and the Victorian Idea of Christian Mission
1254:
United States Attitudes and Policies toward China The Impact of American Missionaries
1136:
1102:
1040:
1033:
999:
970:
720:
708:
643:
610:
580:
449:
414:
246:
62:
50:
2758:
2728:
2629:
2624:
2469:
2408:
2284:
1733:
700:
395:
345:
237:
The 1800s witnessed the expansion of Christianity beyond the isolated areas of the
174:
116:
2484:
1708:
1349:
642:. Religions & Christianity in Today's China, Vol. II, 2012, No. 3, pp. 29–54,
2443:
2413:
2401:
2209:
2189:
2094:
1738:
1728:
638:
398:
have been published and disseminated since 1823 with active participation of the
146:
112:
2663:
1748:
1655:
1650:
1640:
1569:
1306:
1238:
Lian, Xi. "Western Protestant Missions and Modern Chinese Nationalist Dreams,"
761:
250:
704:
662:"One year after Chinese pastor was first detained, Christianity still growing"
3267:
3242:
2743:
2396:
2159:
2124:
1889:
1826:
1718:
1074:
855:
The Chinese Recorder Index: A Guide to Christian Missions in Asia, 1867-1941.
712:
399:
245:
spread Christianity rapidly through the foreign-occupied coastal cities; the
154:
150:
138:
66:
632:
People’s Republic of China: Religions and Churches Statistical Overview 2011
241:
by thousands of new missionaries who entered the interior of China. Western
2609:
2254:
2194:
2134:
2109:
2099:
2061:
2053:
2043:
2025:
1743:
1645:
1542:
1409:
1128:
550:
List of Protestant theological seminaries in the People's Republic of China
534:
461:
357:
265:
238:
178:
58:
46:
3252:
2279:
2269:
2249:
2204:
2179:
2154:
2149:
2114:
1970:
1917:
1723:
1594:
277:
214:
210:
190:
2858:
1359:
2668:
2386:
2299:
2294:
2274:
2264:
2234:
2184:
2129:
2119:
2104:
2089:
2071:
2038:
2033:
1778:
457:
402:
384:
288:
242:
93:
57:
in the early 19th century, taking root in a significant way during the
521:(literally "Lord of Heaven"), hence the Chinese name for Catholicism:
421:
and have pro-government stances, what is intended as "Protestantism" (
280:, were converts to Christianity and were influenced by its teachings.
2713:
2698:
2229:
2144:
352:
are usually used by most Protestant worshipers in present-day China.
182:
73:
Much of this growth has occurred in informal networks referred to as
2289:
2169:
2066:
1121:
Saving China: Canadian missionaries in the Middle Kingdom 1888–1959
1098:
453:
426:
388:
170:
2703:
2199:
1476:
509:
206:
194:
1354:
1095:
China's Millions: The China Inland Mission and Late Qing Society
1073:, by Robert Samuel Maclay, a publication from 1861, now in the
2614:
1589:
434:
323:
319:
202:
198:
30:
1339:
1151:
Fuzhou Protestants and the Making of a Modern China, 1857–1927
2566:
2219:
445:
430:
380:
269:
105:
54:
737:
Chicago: The University of Chicago Press (2011), pp. 380–87.
687:
Koesel, Karrie J.; Hu, Yizhi; Pine, Joshua (April 1, 2019).
379:
Starting in the early 19th century, many translation of the
857:(Wilmington, Delaware: Scholarly Resources, 1986). 2 vols.
441:
120:
1167:
Fay, Peter W. "The Protestant Mission and the Opium War,"
480:. Many of these less mainstream groups have been labeled "
394:(1782–1834). More than 300 million copies of the Bible in
2708:
1194:. Vol. 95. Journal of the American Oriental Society.
514:
249:
was connected in its origins to the missionary activity.
1344:
966:
China's Long March to Freedom: Grassroots Modernization
969:. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers. p. 141.
348:
as it is written in the Chinese Union Version and the
822:
820:
818:
750:
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (1993), p. 178.
1313:. Hawai'i: The Hawaiian Journal of History, vol. 13.
790:
759:
329:
167:
American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions
1269:
The Home Base of American China Missions, 1880–1920
494:) and are suppressed by Chinese legal authorities.
1032:
815:
408:
3265:
504:Chinese names for the God of Abrahamic religions
1340:Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Christianity
1158:The missionary enterprise in China and America
927:
283:
2874:
2549:
1375:
933:
896:
1311:Sun Yat-sen's Christian Schooling in Hawai'i
902:
686:
517:". The Catholic Church historically favored
309:is calculated to be of 30 million members.
96:Christianity did not arrive in China until
40:
2881:
2867:
2556:
2542:
1382:
1368:
1212:
625:
623:
169:, there were missionaries affiliated with
2888:
1585:Murals from the Christian temple at Qocho
1389:
417:(三自教會), whose doctrines are in line with
1218:A History of Christian Missions in China
956:
733:Goossaert, Vincent and David A. Palmer.
606:How Dangerous are Chinese House Churches
287:
253:and American denominations, such as the
1127:
1123:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
847:
735:The Religious Question in Modern China.
620:
599:
597:
595:
231:Chinese Recorder and Missionary Journal
3266:
1281:
1186:
1174:
1115:
1089:
1030:
989:
693:Review of Religion and Chinese Society
89:Protestant missions in China 1807–1953
2862:
2537:
1363:
1305:
1192:Peter Parker and the Opening of China
668:from the original on January 25, 2022
1069:This article incorporates text from
996:Dictionary of Christian Spirituality
962:
748:Protestantism in Contemporary China.
592:
137:societies had been organized in the
2523:National Christian Council of China
1355:China Historical Christian Database
13:
1082:
1031:Aikman, David (October 25, 2003).
934:Benjamin Haas (January 11, 2018).
915:from the original on July 28, 2015
853:"Introduction," Kathleen Lodwick.
14:
3290:
2821:Heterodox teachings (Chinese law)
1333:
810:foreigners strangled or expelled.
746:Hunter, Alan and Kim-Kwong Chan.
689:"Official Protestantism in China"
440:There also includes a variety of
368:
330:Protestant worship in the present
292:A house church in Shunyi, Beijing
3247:
3238:
3237:
2848:Huichang Persecution of Buddhism
2677:
2565:
1180:Through Earthquake Wind and Fire
1062:
1021:, Beijing Review, December 2006.
797:. Carlton & Porter. p.
766:. Carlton & Porter. p.
659:
497:
413:Outside of the state-sanctioned
82:
49:', in comparison to earlier
1024:
1012:
983:
887:
878:
869:
860:
838:
829:
409:Unregistered churches and cults
375:Bible translations into Chinese
61:. Some historians consider the
3205:British Indian Ocean Territory
2603:Chinese salvationist religions
2324:Catholic Patriotic Association
1941:Christianity in Inner Mongolia
1182:. Edinburgh: St Andrews Press.
903:Tom Phillips (July 27, 2015).
784:
753:
740:
727:
680:
653:
490:
485:
312:
193:. Most missionaries came from
157:(1832–1905) were influential.
35:
26:
1:
2344:Three-Self Patriotic Movement
1204:: CS1 maint: date and year (
994:. In Scorgie, Glen G. (ed.).
791:Robert Samuel Maclay (1861).
760:Robert Samuel Maclay (1861).
586:
363:Three-Self Patriotic Movement
298:Three-Self Patriotic Movement
2816:Freedom of religion in China
1936:Christianity in Heilongjiang
1019:Spreading the Bible in China
603:Dr. G. Wright Doyle (2010).
571:Protestant missions in China
7:
2465:Anti-sex-selective abortion
1405:Timeline of Chinese history
1288:The Search for modern China
1231:Latourette, Kenneth Scott.
1224:Latourette, Kenneth Scott.
528:
284:Contemporary mainland China
65:to have been influenced by
10:
3295:
2490:Chinese Christian Colleges
1611:Franciscan missions (Yuan)
1425:Catholic Church in Shaanxi
1420:Catholic Church in Sichuan
1242:2006–2007 (32–33): 199–216
1056:
998:. Zondervan. p. 591.
866:Gulick, (1975) pp. 561-562
779:mohammedan slaves to beys.
501:
372:
259:People's Republic of China
86:
3233:
3192:
3152:
2894:
2836:Ghosts in Chinese culture
2831:Regional Religious System
2808:
2772:
2686:
2675:
2578:
2508:
2470:Anti-footbinding campaign
2452:
2369:
2312:
2218:
2080:
2052:
2024:
2011:
1994:Christianity in Hong Kong
1979:Christianity in Guangdong
1969:
1916:
1888:
1835:Christianity in Chongqing
1825:
1777:
1768:
1699:Medical missions in China
1684:
1676:St. Paul's College, Macau
1666:Chinese Rites controversy
1603:
1560:
1551:
1533:Hymns of Universal Praise
1523:
1485:
1457:
1397:
1291:. W. W. Norton & Co.
1214:Latourette, Kenneth Scott
1169:Pacific Historical Review
1156:Fairbank, John King, ed.
705:10.1163/22143955-00601005
102:London Missionary Society
3279:Protestantism by country
2954:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
2580:Major religions in China
2434:Second Sino-Japanese War
1951:Christianity in Liaoning
1875:Christianity in Xinjiang
1817:Christianity in Zhejiang
1812:Christianity in Shanghai
1807:Christianity in Shandong
1621:Foreign Missions Society
1580:Mogao Christian painting
1505:Studium Biblicum Version
1442:Protestantism in Sichuan
1430:Catholic Church in Tibet
1415:Catholic Church in China
990:Neeley, Paul L. (2016).
893:Soong, (1997) p. 151-178
576:Protestantism in Sichuan
545:Catholic Church in China
255:British Methodist Church
3215:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
2842:Three Persian religions
2749:Mongolian folk religion
2518:China Christian Council
2500:Sino-Christian theology
2419:Anti-Christian Movement
2349:China Christian Council
2334:The Christian Manifesto
1984:Christianity in Guangxi
1961:Christianity in Tianjin
1926:Christianity in Beijing
1865:Christianity in Sichuan
1860:Christianity in Shaanxi
1855:Christianity in Qinghai
1850:Christianity in Ningxia
1845:Christianity in Guizhou
1802:Christianity in Jiangxi
1797:Christianity in Jiangsu
1636:Giovanni de' Marignolli
1515:Today's Chinese Version
1449:Chinese Orthodox Church
1350:Chinese Bible Resources
1326:World Affairs Quarterly
1278:(2003) covers 1865–1910
1190:(July–September 1975).
951:Golden Lampstand Church
566:China Christian Council
474:China Gospel Fellowship
302:China Christian Council
19:Protestant Christianity
3274:Protestantism in China
2598:Folk ritual ministries
2460:Science and technology
2382:Century of humiliation
2314:Church-state relations
2140:Mary Stone (Shi Meiyu)
2105:Deng Yuzhi (Cora Deng)
1989:Christianity in Hainan
1956:Christianity in Shanxi
1880:Christianity in Yunnan
1792:Christianity in Fujian
1714:Divie Bethune McCartee
1671:Martyr Saints of China
1661:Frédéric-Vincent Lebbe
1616:Jesuit missions (Ming)
1437:Protestantism in China
1164:14 essays by scholars
1039:. Regnery Publishing.
875:Burgess, (1957) pp. 47
419:mainline Protestantism
293:
160:By 1865 when Taylor's
130:
104:began work in 1807 at
45:'New teachings of
2889:Protestantism in Asia
2588:Chinese folk religion
2245:Ignatius Kung Pin-Mei
1999:Christianity in Macau
1946:Christianity in Jilin
1931:Christianity in Hebei
1908:Christianity in Hunan
1903:Christianity in Hubei
1898:Christianity in Henan
1870:Christianity in Tibet
1840:Christianity in Gansu
1787:Christianity in Anhui
1500:Chinese Union Version
1391:Christianity in China
1274:Semple, Rhonda Anne.
1252:Neils, Patricia, ed.
1162:online free to borrow
1077:in the United States.
844:Spence (1991), p. 208
826:Spence (1991), p. 206
555:Chinese Union Version
540:Christianity in China
336:Chinese Union Version
291:
197:, the United States,
125:
3129:United Arab Emirates
2485:Cantonese Roman Type
2316:in People's Republic
2175:John Ching Hsiung Wu
1626:John of Montecorvino
1259:"Pfister, Lauren F.
470:Fangcheng Fellowship
162:China Inland Mission
3156:limited recognition
2826:Irreligion in China
2754:Qiang folk religion
2593:Ancestor veneration
2509:Interdenominational
2475:Anti-opium campaign
2439:Cultural Revolution
2339:Protestant Lianghui
2240:Aloysius Jin Luxian
2012:Chinese Christians
1631:Odoric of Pordenone
1510:Chinese New Version
1328:1956 27(2): 153–71.
1283:Spence, Jonathan D.
963:Zhou, Kate (2011).
482:heterodox teachings
448:teachings, such as
405:from 1807 to 1953.
153:and the example of
2739:Miao folk religion
2635:Theravada Buddhism
2495:Manchurian revival
2480:Chinese Roman Type
2329:Underground church
1575:Jingjiao Documents
1562:Church of the East
1538:Chinese New Hymnal
1495:Delegates' Version
1487:Bible translations
1267:Rabe, Valentin H.
1240:East Asian History
1171:1971 40(2): 145–61
637:2016-03-03 at the
561:Chinese New Hymnal
466:Total Scope Church
341:Chinese New Hymnal
338:of the Bible, the
294:
143:American Civil War
3261:
3260:
3198:other territories
2856:
2855:
2764:Yao folk religion
2572:Religion in China
2531:
2530:
2429:Chinese Civil War
2414:Xinhai Revolution
2392:Taiping Rebellion
2377:Rites controversy
2308:
2307:
2165:Francis C. M. Wei
2018:
2007:
2006:
1764:
1763:
1188:Gulick, Edward V.
1108:978-0-8028-2975-7
1005:978-0-310-53103-6
976:978-1-4128-1520-8
615:978-0-300-12339-5
581:Alimujiang Yimiti
450:Eastern Lightning
415:Three-Self Church
247:Taiping Rebellion
175:Southern Baptists
63:Taiping Rebellion
51:Roman Catholicism
43:
3286:
3251:
3241:
3240:
3210:Christmas Island
2896:Sovereign states
2883:
2876:
2869:
2860:
2859:
2729:Manchu shamanism
2681:
2630:Tibetan Buddhism
2625:Chinese Buddhism
2570:
2569:
2558:
2551:
2544:
2535:
2534:
2424:Nanjing incident
2409:Tianjin Massacre
2022:
2021:
2014:
1775:
1774:
1734:Jonathan Goforth
1558:
1557:
1384:
1377:
1370:
1361:
1360:
1345:Bible in Chinese
1314:
1302:
1221:
1209:
1203:
1195:
1183:
1146:
1124:
1112:
1097:. Grand Rapids,
1066:
1065:
1051:
1050:
1038:
1035:Jesus in Beijing
1028:
1022:
1016:
1010:
1009:
987:
981:
980:
960:
954:
953:
948:
946:
931:
925:
924:
922:
920:
900:
894:
891:
885:
882:
876:
873:
867:
864:
858:
851:
845:
842:
836:
833:
827:
824:
813:
812:
807:
805:
788:
782:
781:
776:
774:
757:
751:
744:
738:
731:
725:
724:
684:
678:
677:
675:
673:
657:
651:
627:
618:
601:
492:
487:
423:Jīdūjiào xīnjiào
274:Chinese Republic
223:Chinese Republic
155:J. Hudson Taylor
117:Daoguang Emperor
44:
41:
37:
36:Jīdūjiào xīnjiào
28:
3294:
3293:
3289:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3284:
3283:
3264:
3263:
3262:
3257:
3229:
3197:
3188:
3169:Northern Cyprus
3155:
3148:
2890:
2887:
2857:
2852:
2804:
2768:
2687:Other religions
2682:
2673:
2574:
2564:
2562:
2532:
2527:
2510:
2504:
2448:
2444:Boluan Fanzheng
2402:Boxer Rebellion
2365:
2315:
2304:
2221:
2214:
2210:David Z. T. Yui
2190:Y. C. James Yen
2095:Chiang Kai-shek
2076:
2048:
2016:
2013:
2003:
1965:
1912:
1884:
1821:
1770:
1760:
1739:Cambridge Seven
1729:Timothy Richard
1704:Robert Morrison
1680:
1599:
1553:Mission history
1547:
1519:
1481:
1453:
1393:
1388:
1336:
1331:
1307:Soong, Irma Tam
1299:
1271:(1978). 299 pp.
1197:
1196:
1143:
1133:The Small Woman
1109:
1085:
1083:Further reading
1063:
1059:
1054:
1047:
1029:
1025:
1017:
1013:
1006:
988:
984:
977:
961:
957:
944:
942:
932:
928:
918:
916:
901:
897:
892:
888:
883:
879:
874:
870:
865:
861:
852:
848:
843:
839:
834:
830:
825:
816:
803:
801:
789:
785:
772:
770:
758:
754:
745:
741:
732:
728:
685:
681:
671:
669:
658:
654:
639:Wayback Machine
628:
621:
602:
593:
589:
531:
506:
500:
411:
392:Robert Morrison
377:
371:
350:Apostles' Creed
332:
315:
286:
113:Jiaqing Emperor
98:Robert Morrison
91:
85:
12:
11:
5:
3292:
3282:
3281:
3276:
3259:
3258:
3256:
3255:
3245:
3234:
3231:
3230:
3228:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3201:
3199:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3160:
3158:
3150:
3149:
3147:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2900:
2898:
2892:
2891:
2886:
2885:
2878:
2871:
2863:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2850:
2845:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2812:
2810:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2802:
2797:
2795:Inner Mongolia
2792:
2787:
2782:
2776:
2774:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2690:
2688:
2684:
2683:
2676:
2674:
2672:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2660:
2659:
2654:
2652:Roman Catholic
2649:
2639:
2638:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2606:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2584:
2582:
2576:
2575:
2561:
2560:
2553:
2546:
2538:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2525:
2520:
2514:
2512:
2506:
2505:
2503:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2456:
2454:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2405:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2379:
2373:
2371:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2363:
2358:
2357:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2320:
2318:
2310:
2309:
2306:
2305:
2303:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2226:
2224:
2216:
2215:
2213:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2086:
2084:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2058:
2056:
2050:
2049:
2047:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2030:
2028:
2019:
2015:(by period of
2009:
2008:
2005:
2004:
2002:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1975:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1922:
1920:
1914:
1913:
1911:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1894:
1892:
1886:
1885:
1883:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1831:
1829:
1823:
1822:
1820:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1783:
1781:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1759:
1758:
1751:
1749:Gladys Aylward
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1690:
1688:
1682:
1681:
1679:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1656:Angelo Zottoli
1653:
1651:Joachim Bouvet
1648:
1643:
1641:Francis Xavier
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1607:
1605:
1601:
1600:
1598:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1566:
1564:
1555:
1549:
1548:
1546:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1529:
1527:
1521:
1520:
1518:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1491:
1489:
1483:
1482:
1480:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1463:
1461:
1455:
1454:
1452:
1451:
1446:
1445:
1444:
1434:
1433:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1412:
1407:
1401:
1399:
1395:
1394:
1387:
1386:
1379:
1372:
1364:
1358:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1335:
1334:External links
1332:
1330:
1329:
1322:
1317:Varg, Paul A.
1315:
1303:
1297:
1279:
1272:
1265:
1257:
1250:
1243:
1236:
1229:
1222:
1210:
1184:
1176:Fulton, Austin
1172:
1165:
1154:
1153:(2001) 293 pp.
1147:
1141:
1125:
1113:
1107:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1079:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1052:
1045:
1023:
1011:
1004:
992:"Canaan Hymns"
982:
975:
955:
926:
895:
886:
884:Austin, (2007)
877:
868:
859:
846:
837:
835:Taylor (1865),
828:
814:
783:
752:
739:
726:
679:
660:Paul, Joseph.
652:
619:
590:
588:
585:
584:
583:
578:
573:
568:
563:
558:
552:
547:
542:
537:
530:
527:
502:Main article:
499:
496:
410:
407:
373:Main article:
370:
369:Bible in China
367:
331:
328:
314:
311:
307:house churches
285:
282:
87:Main article:
84:
81:
76:house churches
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3291:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3269:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3244:
3236:
3235:
3232:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3195:
3191:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3179:South Ossetia
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3161:
3159:
3157:
3151:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2901:
2899:
2897:
2893:
2884:
2879:
2877:
2872:
2870:
2865:
2864:
2861:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2843:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2807:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2771:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2685:
2680:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2644:
2643:
2640:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2622:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2590:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2568:
2559:
2554:
2552:
2547:
2545:
2540:
2539:
2536:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2515:
2513:
2511:organisations
2507:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2457:
2455:
2451:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2397:Yangzhou riot
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2384:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2368:
2362:
2359:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2341:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2321:
2319:
2317:
2311:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2223:
2217:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2160:Wang Ming-Dao
2158:
2156:
2155:Tseng Pao-sun
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2125:Lu Zhengxiang
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2079:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2062:Hong Xiuchuan
2060:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2051:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2023:
2020:
2010:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1968:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1915:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1887:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1824:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1776:
1773:
1767:
1757:
1756:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1719:Hudson Taylor
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1709:Karl Gützlaff
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1683:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1608:
1606:
1602:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1550:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1522:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1484:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1459:Terms for God
1456:
1450:
1447:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1438:
1435:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1417:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1385:
1380:
1378:
1373:
1371:
1366:
1365:
1362:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1327:
1323:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1298:0-393-30780-8
1294:
1290:
1289:
1284:
1280:
1277:
1273:
1270:
1266:
1263:
1262:Protestantism
1258:
1255:
1251:
1248:
1244:
1241:
1237:
1234:
1230:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1201:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1170:
1166:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1152:
1149:Dunch, Ryan.
1148:
1144:
1142:1-56849-184-0
1138:
1134:
1130:
1129:Burgess, Alan
1126:
1122:
1118:
1117:Austin, Alvyn
1114:
1110:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1091:Austin, Alvyn
1088:
1087:
1078:
1076:
1075:public domain
1070:
1061:
1060:
1048:
1046:0-89526-128-6
1042:
1037:
1036:
1027:
1020:
1015:
1007:
1001:
997:
993:
986:
978:
972:
968:
967:
959:
952:
941:
937:
930:
914:
910:
906:
899:
890:
881:
872:
863:
856:
850:
841:
832:
823:
821:
819:
811:
800:
796:
795:
787:
780:
769:
765:
764:
756:
749:
743:
736:
730:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
683:
667:
663:
656:
649:
645:
641:
640:
636:
633:
626:
624:
616:
612:
608:
607:
600:
598:
596:
591:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
556:
553:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
538:
536:
533:
532:
526:
524:
520:
516:
512:
511:
505:
498:Names for God
495:
493:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
444:based on the
443:
438:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
406:
404:
401:
397:
393:
390:
386:
382:
376:
366:
364:
360:
359:
353:
351:
347:
346:Lord's Prayer
343:
342:
337:
327:
325:
321:
310:
308:
303:
299:
290:
281:
279:
275:
271:
267:
262:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
235:
233:
232:
226:
224:
218:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
187:Episcopalians
184:
180:
179:Presbyterians
176:
172:
168:
163:
158:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
139:United States
134:
129:
124:
122:
118:
114:
109:
107:
103:
99:
95:
90:
83:Early history
80:
78:
77:
71:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
38:
32:
24:
20:
16:
3194:Dependencies
3124:Turkmenistan
3089:Saudi Arabia
2943:
2840:
2694:Baháʼí Faith
2646:
2642:Christianity
2610:Confucianism
2361:House church
2260:Liu Xiaofeng
2255:Lin Shengben
2195:Ying Lianzhi
2135:Watchman Nee
2110:Feng Yuxiang
2100:Cheng Jingyi
2044:Yang Tingyun
1754:
1744:Eric Liddell
1646:Matteo Ricci
1543:Canaan Hymns
1436:
1410:Christianity
1325:
1318:
1310:
1286:
1275:
1268:
1260:
1253:
1246:
1239:
1232:
1225:
1217:
1191:
1179:
1168:
1157:
1150:
1132:
1120:
1101:: Eerdmans.
1094:
1072:
1068:
1034:
1026:
1018:
1014:
995:
985:
965:
958:
950:
943:. Retrieved
940:The Guardian
939:
929:
917:. Retrieved
909:The Guardian
908:
898:
889:
880:
871:
862:
854:
849:
840:
831:
809:
802:. Retrieved
793:
786:
778:
771:. Retrieved
762:
755:
747:
742:
734:
729:
699:(1): 71–98.
696:
692:
682:
670:. Retrieved
655:
630:
604:
557:of the Bible
535:Che Kam Kong
522:
518:
508:
507:
489:
478:Meeting Hall
462:The Shouters
439:
422:
412:
403:missionaries
378:
358:Canaan Hymns
356:
354:
339:
333:
316:
295:
266:foot binding
263:
243:missionaries
239:Treaty Ports
236:
229:
227:
219:
159:
135:
131:
126:
110:
92:
74:
72:
59:Qing dynasty
47:Christianity
34:
18:
17:
15:
3253:Asia portal
3154:States with
3074:Philippines
3014:South Korea
3009:North Korea
2904:Afghanistan
2734:Manichaeism
2280:Wang Weifan
2270:Matthias Lu
2250:Samuel Lamb
2205:Paul Yu Pin
2180:Wu Leichuan
2115:Francis Hsu
2017:prominence)
1769:By province
1724:Lottie Moon
1570:Xi'an Stele
1398:Foundations
945:January 13,
919:January 13,
672:January 25,
523:Tianzhujiao
355:The hymnal
313:Suppression
278:Sun Yat-sen
215:Netherlands
211:Switzerland
3268:Categories
3134:Uzbekistan
3109:Tajikistan
3024:Kyrgyzstan
3004:Kazakhstan
2924:Bangladesh
2914:Azerbaijan
2669:Falun Gong
2647:Protestant
2387:Opium Wars
2354:Seminaries
2300:Zhao Fusan
2295:Allen Yuan
2275:K. H. Ting
2265:Lü Xiaomin
2235:He Guanghu
2185:Wu Yi-fang
2150:Sun Yatsen
2130:Ma Xiangbo
2120:Jia Yuming
2090:T. C. Chao
2072:Xi Shengmo
2039:Xu Guangqi
2034:Candida Xu
1771:and region
1686:Protestant
1245:Lian, Xi.
587:References
458:Beili Wang
400:Protestant
385:missionary
365:churches.
276:, such as
183:Methodists
141:after the
94:Protestant
67:Protestant
53:) entered
3220:Hong Kong
3174:Palestine
3099:Sri Lanka
3094:Singapore
2974:Indonesia
2790:Northeast
2780:Hong Kong
2773:By region
2714:Dongbaism
2699:Benzhuism
2230:Joseph Gu
2145:John Sung
1755:(more...)
1200:cite book
721:159285266
713:2214-3947
648:2192-9289
213:, or the
191:Wesleyans
147:Awakening
3243:Category
3164:Abkhazia
3114:Thailand
3069:Pakistan
3049:Mongolia
3044:Maldives
3039:Malaysia
2939:Cambodia
2719:Hinduism
2657:Orthodox
2620:Buddhism
2290:Y. T. Wu
2222:Republic
2220:People's
2170:Paul Wei
2082:Republic
2067:Liang Fa
1694:Agencies
1604:Catholic
1309:(1997).
1285:(1991).
1216:(1929).
1178:(1967).
1131:(1957).
1119:(1986).
1093:(2007).
913:Archived
666:Archived
635:Archived
529:See also
476:and the
454:Mentuhui
427:Zhejiang
389:linguist
171:Baptists
3139:Vietnam
3054:Myanmar
3034:Lebanon
2964:Georgia
2919:Bahrain
2909:Armenia
2809:Related
2759:Sikhism
2724:Judaism
2704:Bimoism
2285:Wang Yi
2200:Dora Yu
1890:Central
1477:Shangdi
1467:Tianzhu
1249:(1997).
1160:(1974)
1057:Sources
804:July 6,
773:July 6,
519:Tianzhu
510:Shangdi
491:xiéjiào
396:Chinese
251:British
207:Germany
195:England
151:Britain
100:of the
23:Chinese
3184:Taiwan
3119:Turkey
3084:Russia
3019:Kuwait
2999:Jordan
2989:Israel
2949:Cyprus
2934:Brunei
2929:Bhutan
2615:Taoism
2453:Impact
2370:Events
1590:Alopen
1321:(1958)
1295:
1264:(2007)
1256:(1990)
1235:(1962)
1228:(1969)
1139:
1105:
1067:
1043:
1002:
973:
719:
711:
646:
613:
472:, the
468:, the
464:, the
435:Taiwan
344:, the
324:Shanxi
320:Linfen
203:France
199:Sweden
189:, and
33::
31:pinyin
25::
3225:Macau
3144:Yemen
3104:Syria
3079:Qatar
3059:Nepal
2994:Japan
2969:India
2959:Egypt
2944:China
2800:Tibet
2785:Macau
2664:Islam
1971:South
1918:North
1525:Hymns
717:S2CID
446:Bible
442:cults
431:Henan
381:Bible
270:opium
106:Macau
55:China
27:基督敎新敎
3064:Oman
3029:Laos
2984:Iraq
2979:Iran
2054:Qing
2026:Ming
1827:West
1779:East
1595:Adam
1472:Shen
1293:ISBN
1206:link
1137:ISBN
1103:ISBN
1041:ISBN
1000:ISBN
971:ISBN
947:2018
921:2018
806:2011
775:2011
709:ISSN
674:2022
644:ISSN
611:ISBN
429:and
387:and
334:The
300:and
228:The
121:beys
42:lit.
3196:and
2709:Bon
799:337
768:336
701:doi
515:God
484:" (
149:in
3270::
2744:Mo
1202:}}
1198:{{
1135:.
1099:MI
949:.
938:.
911:.
907:.
817:^
808:.
777:.
715:.
707:.
695:.
691:.
664:.
622:^
594:^
525:.
488:;
486:邪教
460:,
456:,
452:,
437:.
326:.
322:,
225:.
217:.
209:,
205:,
201:,
185:,
181:,
177:,
173:,
123:.
108:.
39:;
29:;
2882:e
2875:t
2868:v
2557:e
2550:t
2543:v
1383:e
1376:t
1369:v
1301:.
1220:.
1208:)
1145:.
1111:.
1049:.
1008:.
979:.
923:.
723:.
703::
697:6
676:.
650:.
617:.
21:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.