1087:
1145:
1118:
1176:
54:
33:
1086:
1144:
1117:
413:
compared to more open, old-growth forests, and the excess of light from clearcuts can also cause damage to the lichen. Because they are often restricted to humid forests in undisturbed areas, species of
1175:
1388:
Gauslaa Y; K Palmqvist; KA Solhaug; H Holien; O Hilmo; L Nybakken; LC Myhre & M Ohlson (2007). "Growth of epiphytic old forest lichens across climatic and successional gradients".
1011:
961:
791:
591:
401:
grow on trees in coastal areas, from the subtropics to the boreal zones, although some species can occasionally be found growing on mossy rocks or growing inland. Many species of
1041:
1001:
971:
921:
641:
601:
501:
1021:
901:
891:
781:
691:
661:
581:
531:
991:
881:
861:
731:
621:
481:
471:
1031:
851:
821:
771:
751:
741:
651:
551:
521:
911:
831:
811:
761:
369:
is actually one species of fungus that is capable of forming two very different lichens, one with a cyanobacterium and one with a green alga. Two other possible pairs of
1551:
Emmerich, Robert; Giez, Ingrid; Lange, Otto L.; Proksch, Peter (1993). "Toxicity and antifeedant activity of lichen compounds against the polyphagous herbivorous insect
951:
941:
801:
631:
561:
541:
491:
981:
931:
841:
671:
611:
436:, a development that has been partly attributed to an increase in grazing from snails, presumably as a result of global warming. In the areas of Scandinavia where
425:
1589:
Garbarino, J. A., W. Quilhot, M. Piovano, and C. Rubio. 1991. Studies on
Chilean lichens. XVIII. Additions to the chemistry of Pseudocyphellaria.
1108:
1788:
409:
in humid areas, and are therefore threatened by logging. The limited light conditions of dense young forests can severely decrease the growth of
1060:
can be utilized to produce a brown to orange-brown dye, and some of them have been used to dye wool in
Britain and Scandinavia. One species of
1840:
1697:
353:
appear to be able to use either a cyanobacterium or a green algae as their photobiont. DNA tests have shown that the fungal symbionts in
1937:
1876:
1762:
1801:
1251:
1806:
1632:
191:
that are sometimes referred to as "specklebelly" lichens. The genus has a widespread distribution, especially in south
1509:
1230:
1889:
1845:
289:
1932:
1526:
1414:
Tønsberg T., Gauslaa Y., Haugan R., Holien H., Timdal E. 1996. The threatened macrolichens of Norway – 1995.
1358:
711:
53:
1827:
209:
on their lower surface, a characteristic that was once considered unique to this genus. Some species contain
1927:
1688:
701:
461:
440:
is still found, it seems restricted to growing on smaller twigs that are harder for the snails to reach.
1917:
871:
229:
1894:
1855:
1127:
1096:
721:
571:
511:
450:
284:
149:
1471:
1881:
1754:
1075:
that has yellow structures probably contains one of these compounds, and may be toxic if ingested.
681:
1431:
Gauslaa, Y. (2008). "Mollusc grazing may constrain the ecological niche of the old forest lichen
1186:
1162:
1922:
1650:
245:
1793:
257:
361:(which is in a symbiosis with a green alga) are actually the same species. This means that
1868:
1723:
1564:
233:
8:
1269:Étude sur la classification naturelle et la morphologie des Lichens du Brésil. Pars prima
1741:
1568:
1361:(1991). "Lichen chimeras: DNA analysis suggests that one fungus forms two morphotypes".
48:
1702:
1863:
1710:
1576:
1452:
1448:
1374:
1247:
1226:
406:
326:
1572:
1444:
1397:
1370:
1332:
1299:
338:
132:
1715:
1271:. Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica (in Latin). Vol. 7. p. 182.
248:
analyses showed that this species, along with a few others, nested within a small
95:
1832:
333:
the cyanobacterium is the sole photobiont, while other species also contain the
1749:
1673:
279:
206:
1496:
Brough, S. G. 1984. Dye characteristics of
British Columbia forest lichens.
1911:
1619:
1131:
1100:
1068:
313:
261:
210:
192:
156:
115:
1606:
1456:
265:
241:
141:
105:
1775:
1682:
433:
309:
1767:
1304:
1283:
343:
334:
322:
85:
1387:
1780:
1736:
1155:
65:
1644:
1530:
1401:
1337:
1320:
32:
1819:
1814:
1667:
1166:
1135:
1104:
270:
214:
197:
1064:
is used in
Madagascar to make a tea used to treat indigestion.
317:
188:
75:
1728:
1158:
418:
are often used as indicators of valuable old growth forests.
373:
species that may be capable of choosing their photobiont are
249:
184:
1288:, nom.cons. (Lobariaceae: Ascomycota) with a conserved type"
1275:
1463:
1638:
1625:
1612:
1550:
1241:
1181:
Yellow pseudocyphellea on the underside of a species of
946:(Hook.f. & Taylor) D.J.Galloway & P.James (1980)
195:
regions, and contains about 170 species. They resemble
1221:
Brodo, I. M., S. D. Sharnoff, and S. Sharnoff. 2001.
1321:"Report of the Nomenclature Committee for Fungi: 20"
357:(which is in a symbiosis with a cyanobacterium) and
1242:Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA (2008).
295:
1281:
1246:(10th ed.). Wallingford: CABI. p. 568.
546:(Gyeln.) Lücking, Moncada & S.Stenroos (2017)
1909:
1165:, Argentina. This species has brilliant yellow
1469:
1426:
1424:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1544:
1519:
1356:
1134:, Chile. This species has brilliant yellow
1217:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1203:
646:(Gyeln.) Lücking, Farkas & Lőkös (2017)
256:. These species, characterised by a yellow
1527:"Sharnoff, S. D. 1997. Lichens and people"
1490:
1421:
1345:
1260:
826:(Laurer) D.J.Galloway & P.James (1980)
392:
288:. This proposal was later accepted by the
217:and pseudocyphellae can be bright yellow.
31:
1591:Boletin De La Sociedad Chilena De Quimica
1503:
1336:
1303:
342:and restrict the cyanobacterium to warty
1282:Jørgensen, P.M.; Galloway, D.J. (2011).
1200:
626:(Nyl.) D.J.Galloway & P.James (1980)
213:-related pigments; in these species the
1430:
1312:
1235:
686:(Hook.f. & Taylor) C.W.Dodge (1948)
636:(Mont. & Bosch) D.J.Galloway (1985)
1910:
1266:
976:(Zahlbr.) Moncada & Lücking (2017)
536:(Hook.f. & Taylor) Du Rietz (1924)
268:, were placed in a resurrected genus,
1649:
1648:
424:is listed as vulnerable in Canada by
1856:9ec7eb46-b20a-4fba-827b-19463a40726a
1225:. Yale University Press: New Haven.
1046:(Pers.) Moncada & Lücking (2015)
736:McCune, Lücking & Moncada (2017)
346:on the lower surface of the lichen.
1470:Renner, B.; Galloway, D.J. (1982).
1390:Canadian Journal of Forest Research
1318:
896:Moncada, Reidy & Lücking (2014)
886:Moncada, Reidy & Lücking (2014)
796:Moncada, Reidy & Lücking (2014)
776:Moncada, Reidy & Lücking (2014)
666:Moncada, Reidy & Lücking (2014)
566:Moncada, Reidy & Lücking (2014)
516:D.J.Galloway & Kantvilas (1997)
496:Moncada, Reidy & Lücking (2014)
13:
1938:Taxa named by Edvard August Vainio
1516:. Hafner Publishing Co.: New York.
1051:
14:
1949:
1599:
1103:, Chile. This species has brown
1071:are highly toxic. Any species of
232:in 1890 by Finnish lichenologist
1449:10.1111/j.1438-8677.2008.00074.x
1174:
1143:
1116:
1085:
1026:(Müll. Arg.) D.J.Galloway (1985)
290:Nomenclature Committee for Fungi
52:
1583:
1012:Pseudocyphellaria soredioglabra
996:(Müll.Arg.) D.J.Galloway (1985)
962:Pseudocyphellaria rufovirescens
936:(Müll.Arg.) D.J.Galloway (1985)
926:(Müll.Arg.) D.J.Galloway (1993)
792:Pseudocyphellaria macroisidiata
592:Pseudocyphellaria dasyphyllidia
1634:Pseudocyphellaria rainierensis
1408:
1381:
1042:Pseudocyphellaria xanthosticta
1002:Pseudocyphellaria sericeofulva
972:Pseudocyphellaria sandwicensis
922:Pseudocyphellaria punctillaris
746:(Stizenb.) D.J.Galloway (1985)
712:Pseudocyphellaria haywardiorum
642:Pseudocyphellaria epiflavoides
602:Pseudocyphellaria desfontainii
502:Pseudocyphellaria billardierei
422:Pseudocyphellaria rainierensis
201:, except that most species of
1:
1514:Dictionary of Economic Plants
1194:
1036:(Schaer.) D.J.Galloway (1985)
1022:Pseudocyphellaria stenophylla
902:Pseudocyphellaria prolificans
892:Pseudocyphellaria pomaikaiana
782:Pseudocyphellaria louwhoffiae
692:Pseudocyphellaria glaucescens
662:Pseudocyphellaria gallowayana
582:Pseudocyphellaria crocatoides
532:Pseudocyphellaria chloroleuca
432:has disappeared from much of
1577:10.1016/0031-9422(93)85097-B
1375:10.1016/0147-5975(91)90002-U
992:Pseudocyphellaria semilanata
966:(C.Bab.) D.J.Galloway (1982)
956:(Stirt.) D.J.Galloway (1985)
916:Lücking & Moncada (2017)
882:Pseudocyphellaria philipiana
862:Pseudocyphellaria patagonica
732:Pseudocyphellaria holarctica
622:Pseudocyphellaria dissimilis
482:Pseudocyphellaria berteroana
472:Pseudocyphellaria bartlettii
43:on Vancouver Island, Canada
41:Pseudocyphellaria anthraspis
7:
1124:Pseudocyphellaria granulata
1093:Pseudocyphellaria corifolia
1032:Pseudocyphellaria sulphurea
1016:Kantvilas & Elix (2000)
866:(Müll.Arg.) I.M.Lamb (1959)
852:Pseudocyphellaria norvegica
822:Pseudocyphellaria multifida
772:Pseudocyphellaria longiloba
752:Pseudocyphellaria intricata
742:Pseudocyphellaria insculpta
702:Pseudocyphellaria granulata
652:Pseudocyphellaria faveolata
552:Pseudocyphellaria clathrata
522:Pseudocyphellaria carpoloma
462:Pseudocyphellaria argyracea
220:
10:
1954:
1078:
912:Pseudocyphellaria punctata
876:McCune & Miądl. (2002)
872:Pseudocyphellaria perpetua
836:(Müll.Arg.) H.Magn. (1940)
832:Pseudocyphellaria neglecta
812:Pseudocyphellaria mooreana
762:Pseudocyphellaria lacerata
443:
1657:
1621:Pseudocyphellaria crocata
1433:Pseudocyphellaria crocata
1128:Parque Etnobotanico Omora
1097:Parque Etnobotanico Omora
1069:pulvinic acid derivatives
952:Pseudocyphellaria rubrina
942:Pseudocyphellaria rubella
802:Pseudocyphellaria mallota
722:Pseudocyphellaria hirsuta
632:Pseudocyphellaria dozyana
572:Pseudocyphellaria crocata
562:Pseudocyphellaria confusa
542:Pseudocyphellaria citrina
512:Pseudocyphellaria brattii
492:Pseudocyphellaria biliana
451:Pseudocyphellaria allanii
430:Pseudocyphellaria crocata
411:Pseudocyphellaria crocata
282:with a new type species,
169:
164:
150:Pseudocyphellaria crocata
147:
140:
49:Scientific classification
47:
39:
30:
23:
1639:Lichens of North America
1626:Lichens of North America
1613:Lichens of North America
1608:Pseudocyphellaria aurata
1223:Lichens of North America
982:Pseudocyphellaria sayeri
932:Pseudocyphellaria rigida
842:Pseudocyphellaria nitida
816:(Zahlbr.) Imshaug (1977)
682:Pseudocyphellaria glabra
264:derivatives and fernene
1244:Dictionary of the Fungi
856:(Gyeln.) P.James (1979)
696:(Kremp.) Imshaug (1977)
672:Pseudocyphellaria gilva
506:(Delise) Räsänen (1932)
393:Ecological significance
1933:Taxa described in 1890
1284:"Proposal to conserve
1067:Besides being yellow,
806:(Tuck.) H.Magn. (1940)
612:Pseudocyphellaria deyi
556:(De Not.) Malme (1935)
329:. In some species of
246:molecular phylogenetic
1553:Spodoptera littoralis
1472:"Phycosymbiodemes in
1363:Experimental Mycology
1267:Vainio, E.A. (1890).
846:(Taylor) Malme (1899)
756:(Delise) Vain. (1898)
706:(C.Bab.) Malme (1899)
656:(Delise) Malme (1899)
606:(Delise) Vain. (1903)
526:(Delise) Vain. (1898)
466:(Delise) Vain. (1898)
1319:May, Tom W. (2017).
726:(Mont.) Malme (1899)
486:(Mont.) Redón (1977)
234:Edvard August Vainio
1928:Peltigerales genera
1569:1993PChem..33.1389E
1056:Several species of
1006:D.J.Galloway (1983)
986:D.J.Galloway (1997)
906:(Nyl.) Vain. (1913)
716:D.J.Galloway (1898)
676:(Ach.) Malme (1899)
586:D.J.Galloway (1993)
476:D.J.Galloway (1985)
455:D.J.Galloway (1982)
252:separate from most
1305:10.1002/tax.606022
407:old-growth forests
405:are restricted to
1918:Pseudocyphellaria
1905:
1904:
1864:Open Tree of Life
1689:Pseudocyphellaria
1659:Pseudocyphellaria
1651:Taxon identifiers
1474:Pseudocyphellaria
1396:(10): 1832–1845.
1286:Pseudocyphellaria
1253:978-0-85199-826-8
1183:Pseudocyphellaria
1152:Pseudocyphellaria
1073:Pseudocyphellaria
1062:Pseudocyphellaria
1058:Pseudocyphellaria
576:(L.) Vain. (1898)
416:Pseudocyphellaria
403:Pseudocyphellaria
399:Pseudocyphellaria
371:Pseudocyphellaria
351:Pseudocyphellaria
331:Pseudocyphellaria
327:nitrogen fixation
306:Pseudocyphellaria
298:Pseudocyphellaria
278:was proposed for
276:Pseudocyphellaria
254:Pseudocyphellaria
226:Pseudocyphellaria
205:have conspicuous
203:Pseudocyphellaria
180:Pseudocyphellaria
176:
175:
136:
127:Pseudocyphellaria
25:Pseudocyphellaria
1945:
1898:
1897:
1885:
1884:
1872:
1871:
1859:
1858:
1849:
1848:
1836:
1835:
1833:NHMSYS0001495190
1823:
1822:
1810:
1809:
1797:
1796:
1784:
1783:
1771:
1770:
1758:
1757:
1745:
1744:
1732:
1731:
1719:
1718:
1706:
1705:
1693:
1692:
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1676:
1646:
1645:
1594:
1587:
1581:
1580:
1548:
1542:
1541:
1539:
1538:
1529:. Archived from
1523:
1517:
1507:
1501:
1494:
1488:
1487:
1467:
1461:
1460:
1428:
1419:
1412:
1406:
1405:
1385:
1379:
1378:
1354:
1343:
1342:
1340:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1307:
1279:
1273:
1272:
1264:
1258:
1257:
1239:
1233:
1219:
1178:
1147:
1120:
1089:
1047:
1037:
1027:
1017:
1007:
997:
987:
977:
967:
957:
947:
937:
927:
917:
907:
897:
887:
877:
867:
857:
847:
837:
827:
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777:
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747:
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727:
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597:
587:
577:
567:
557:
547:
537:
527:
517:
507:
497:
487:
477:
467:
456:
367:P. rufovirescens
359:P. rufovirescens
349:Some species of
339:Dictyochloropsis
312:and contain the
304:Many species of
244:. In the 2010s,
187:of large, leafy
131:
57:
56:
35:
21:
20:
16:Genus of lichens
1953:
1952:
1948:
1947:
1946:
1944:
1943:
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1908:
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1701:
1696:
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1681:
1672:
1671:
1666:
1653:
1602:
1597:
1593:36(4): 229-231.
1588:
1584:
1549:
1545:
1536:
1534:
1525:
1524:
1520:
1510:Uphof, J. C. T.
1508:
1504:
1495:
1491:
1476:in New Zealand"
1468:
1464:
1429:
1422:
1413:
1409:
1402:10.1139/X07-048
1386:
1382:
1355:
1346:
1338:10.12705/662.15
1317:
1313:
1280:
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1265:
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1254:
1240:
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1220:
1201:
1197:
1190:
1179:
1170:
1154:growing in the
1148:
1139:
1121:
1112:
1109:black apothecia
1090:
1081:
1054:
1052:Traditional use
1045:
1035:
1025:
1015:
1005:
995:
985:
975:
965:
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795:
786:J.A.Elix (2018)
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485:
475:
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454:
446:
395:
325:, which allows
302:
285:P. crocata
228:was originally
223:
207:pseudocyphellae
160:
153:
130:
96:Lecanoromycetes
51:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1951:
1941:
1940:
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1930:
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1600:External links
1598:
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1557:Phytochemistry
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1344:
1331:(2): 483–495.
1311:
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616:Lücking (2017)
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379:P. lividofusca
314:cyanobacterium
301:
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238:P. aurata
222:
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162:
161:
159:) Vain. (1898)
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1923:Lichen genera
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1547:
1533:on 2016-05-20
1532:
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1511:
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1499:
1493:
1486:(1): 197–231.
1485:
1481:
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1437:Plant Biology
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1298:: 1770–1771.
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1185:growing near
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1150:A species of
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1132:Isla Navarino
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766:Degel. (1941)
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227:
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116:Peltigeraceae
114:
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1535:. Retrieved
1531:the original
1521:
1513:
1505:
1497:
1492:
1483:
1479:
1473:
1465:
1443:(6): 711–7.
1440:
1436:
1432:
1418:, 23: 1–283.
1416:Sommerfeltia
1415:
1410:
1393:
1389:
1383:
1366:
1362:
1357:Armaleo, D;
1328:
1324:
1314:
1295:
1291:
1285:
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1268:
1262:
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1237:
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1189:, Argentina.
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402:
398:
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387:P. durietzii
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
348:
337:
330:
316:
310:cyanolichens
305:
303:
297:
283:
280:conservation
275:
269:
253:
242:type species
237:
225:
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202:
196:
179:
178:
177:
170:
148:
142:Type species
126:
125:
106:Peltigerales
40:
24:
18:
1776:iNaturalist
1683:Wikispecies
1631:Picture of
1618:Picture of
1605:Picture of
1563:(6): 1389.
1126:growing in
1095:growing in
434:Scandinavia
375:P. knightii
260:containing
1912:Categories
1537:2010-03-06
1500:17: 81–94.
1195:References
1156:Patagonian
438:P. crocata
383:P. kookeri
363:P. murrayi
355:P. murrayi
344:cephalodia
335:green alga
323:photobiont
86:Ascomycota
82:Division:
1737:FloraBase
1698:AusLichen
1480:Mycotaxon
1187:Bariloche
1163:Bariloche
300:symbiosis
193:temperate
171:See text
72:Kingdom:
66:Eukaryota
1815:MycoBank
1750:Fungorum
1703:30019433
1674:Q7254718
1668:Wikidata
1457:18950428
1369:: 1–10.
1359:Clerc, P
274:, while
271:Crocodia
221:Taxonomy
165:Species
112:Family:
62:Domain:
1882:PSEUD35
1794:1105763
1768:2601421
1641:webpage
1628:webpage
1615:webpage
1565:Bibcode
1512:1959.
1167:soralia
1136:soralia
1105:soralia
1079:Gallery
444:Species
426:COSEWIC
258:medulla
240:as the
236:, with
215:soredia
198:Lobaria
189:lichens
122:Genus:
102:Order:
92:Class:
1895:988591
1877:PLANTS
1853:NZOR:
1846:129110
1807:191268
1498:Syesis
1455:
1250:
1229:
381:, and
318:Nostoc
135:(1890)
1890:WoRMS
1869:27794
1789:IRMNG
1781:55247
1742:27535
1729:16368
1325:Taxon
1292:Taxon
1161:near
1159:Andes
397:Most
321:as a
250:clade
185:genus
183:is a
133:Vain.
76:Fungi
1841:NCBI
1820:4424
1802:ITIS
1763:GBIF
1755:4424
1716:6ZTF
1453:PMID
1248:ISBN
1227:ISBN
1107:and
308:are
296:The
1828:NBN
1724:EoL
1711:CoL
1637:on
1624:on
1611:on
1573:doi
1555:".
1445:doi
1435:".
1398:doi
1371:doi
1333:doi
1300:doi
1130:on
1099:on
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1892::
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1670::
1571:.
1561:33
1559:.
1484:16
1482:.
1478:.
1451:.
1441:10
1439:.
1423:^
1394:37
1392:.
1367:15
1365:.
1347:^
1329:66
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1323:.
1296:60
1294:.
1290:.
1202:^
389:.
292:.
157:L.
1579:.
1575::
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1111:.
385:-
377:-
365:-
155:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
