3341:
3362:
314:, in real-life mixed medication psychiatry that are not visible in the clinical trials of one medicine at a time (similar to mixed drug abuse causing significantly more damage than the additive effects of brain damages caused by using only one illegal drug). Outside clinical trials, there is evidence for an increase in mortality when psychiatric patients are transferred to polypharmacy with an increased number of medications being mixed.
469:(SNRIs), which increase both serotonin and norepinephrine. Antidepressants will often take 3–5 weeks to have a noticeable effect as the regulation of receptors in the brain adapts. There are multiple classes of antidepressants which have different mechanisms of action. Another type of antidepressant is a
261:
Psychiatric disorders, including depression, psychosis, and bipolar disorder, are common and gaining more acceptance in the United States. The most commonly used classes of medications for these disorders are antidepressants, antipsychotics, and lithium. Unfortunately, these medications are
249:, and so the majority of studies are conducted on psychiatric medication. While studies are conducted on all psychoactive drugs by both fields, psychopharmacology focuses on psychoactive and chemical interactions within the brain. Physicians who research psychiatric medications are
1133:
Antipsychotics have been associated with decreases in brain volume over time, which may indicate a neurotoxic effect. However, untreated psychosis has also been associated with decreases in brain volume and treatments have been shown improve cognitive functioning.
1129:
in disguise and ritualistic chemistry. Other scholars have argued against psychiatric medication in that significant aspects of mental illness are related to the psyche or environmental factors, but medication works exclusively on a pharmacological basis.
100:
carried out research into the interaction of neurotransmitters, which provided a foundation for the development of further drugs. The popularity of these drugs have increased significantly since then, with millions prescribed annually.
309:
in combinations of medicines that have never been tested together in clinical trials (though all medicines involved have passed clinical trials separately). It is argued that this presents a risk of adverse effects, especially
68:. Since the mid-20th century, such medications have been leading treatments for a broad range of mental disorders and have decreased the need for long-term hospitalization, thereby lowering the cost of mental health care. The
1461:"Are There Schizophrenics for Whom Drugs May be Unnecessary or Contraindicated?". Authors Rappaport M, Hopkins HK, Hall, Belleza and Silverman. International Pharmacopsychiatry (Neuropsychobiology) 13:100–111 (1978)
1937:
1090:
sustain that psychiatry engages "in the systematic medicalization of normality". More recently these concerns have come from insiders who have worked for and promoted the APA (e.g.,
104:
The introduction of these drugs brought profound changes to the treatment of mental illness. It meant that more patients could be treated without the need for confinement in a
1277:
Shaywitz, Jonathan; Marder, Stephen (2010). "Chapter 22 Medication treatment for anxiety, depression, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder in the community setting".
305:
of psychiatric medications, like other medications, typically test medicines separately, there is a practice in psychiatry (more so than in somatic medicine) to use
771:
are effective as hypnotics, anxiolytics, anticonvulsants, myorelaxants and amnesics. Having less proclivity for overdose and toxicity, they have widely supplanted
1412:"The revolving door phenomenon revisited: time to readmission in 17'145 [corrected] patients with 37'697 hospitalisations at a German psychiatric hospital"
1701:"Does antipsychotic withdrawal provoke psychosis? Review of the literature on rapid onset psychosis (supersensitivity psychosis) and withdrawal-related relapse"
3293:
2373:
112:, closing many of these hospitals so that patients could be treated at home, in general hospitals and smaller facilities. Use of physical restraints such as
327:
203:. In addition to the familiar dosage in pill form, psychiatric medications are evolving into more novel methods of drug delivery. New technologies include
24:
991:
A stimulant is a drug that stimulates the central nervous system, increasing arousal, attention and endurance. Stimulants are used in psychiatry to treat
192:
2341:
1143:
995:. Because the medications can be addictive, patients with a history of drug abuse are typically monitored closely or treated with a non-stimulant.
2331:
3350:
237:
Psychopharmacology studies a wide range of substances with various types of psychoactive properties. The professional and commercial fields of
786:
Developed in the 1950s onward, benzodiazepines were originally thought to be non-addictive at therapeutic doses, but are now known to cause
466:
2363:
3144:
1006:
542:
3104:
1700:
1017:
992:
419:
458:
2717:
2064:
3004:
2997:
612:. Antipsychotics are sometimes referred to as neuroleptic drugs and some antipsychotics are branded "major tranquilizers".
2747:
2610:
2371:
2112:
1294:
1261:
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1195:
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are a group of drugs with effects generally similar to benzodiazepines, which are used in the treatment of insomnia.
592:
Antipsychotics are drugs used to treat various symptoms of psychosis, such as those caused by psychotic disorders or
1580:
20:
2179:
1774:
Michael S Ritsner (2013) "Polypharmacy in
Psychiatry Practice, Volume II: Use of Polypharmacy in the "Real World""
445:, and they are also often used for anxiety and other disorders. Most antidepressants will hinder the breakdown of
2900:
2356:
356:
323:
1544:
1061:
1312:"The frequency of rehospitalization and associated factors in Colombian psychiatric patients: a cohort study"
1091:
1065:
928:
2337:
Psychiatric Drugs: Antidepressant, Antipsychotic, Antianxiety, Antimanic Agent, Stimulant
Prescription Drugs
1765:
Michael S Ritsner (2013) "Polypharmacy in
Psychiatry Practice, Volume I: Multiple Medication Use Strategies"
2599:
2381:
2299:
2242:
Ho, Beng-Choon; Andreasen, Nancy C.; Ziebell, Steven; Pierson, Ronald; Magnotta, Vincent (February 2011).
2020:
MacKinnon GL, Parker WA (1982). "Benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome: a literature review and evaluation".
1279:
Medication treatment for anxiety, depression, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder in the community setting
3387:
3210:
1893:
Ashton, Heather (July 1994). "Guidelines for the rational use of benzodiazepines. When and what to use".
1102:
791:
470:
1460:
3392:
2860:
2349:
1846:"A Review of the Neuropharmacology of Bupropion, a Dual Norepinephrine and Dopamine Reuptake Inhibitor"
1783:
Otto
Benkert, Wolfgang Maier, Karl Rickels (2012) "Methodology of the Evaluation of Psychotropic Drugs"
293:
in antipsychotic withdrawal, may appear when the drugs are discontinued, or discontinued too rapidly.
72:
or rehospitalization of the mentally ill is at a high rate in many countries, and the reasons for the
609:
1876:
939:
have mood stabilizing activity. The mechanism of action of mood stabilizers is not well understood.
409:
2915:
2593:
2444:
759:
461:(SSRIs), which act on serotonin transporters in the brain to increase levels of serotonin in the
168:
1744:
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to the mainstream public, as well as being the first mood stabilizer to be approved by the U.S.
2952:
2707:
936:
620:
597:
196:
109:
65:
923:, reducing the frequency and severity of manic episodes. This introduced the now popular drug
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616:
274:
270:
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61:
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adverse effects, such as the possibility of a sudden or severe emergence or re-emergence of
2712:
2692:
2561:
1540:"Were we all asleep at the switch? A personal reminiscence of psychiatry from 1940 to 2010"
1363:"Revolving-door patients in a public psychiatric hospital in Israel: cross sectional study"
946:
916:
250:
105:
85:
1644:"The role of long-acting injectable antipsychotics in schizophrenia: a critical appraisal"
8:
3321:
3057:
2843:
2622:
2449:
1310:
Jaramillo-Gonzalez, Luis
Eduardo; Sanchez-Pedraza, Ricardo; Herazo, Maria Isabel (2014).
1286:
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482:
442:
340:
1997:
1962:
1495:
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1918:
1851:. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry; 6(04) 159-166 2004 PHYSICIANS POSTGRADUATE PRESS, INC
1736:
1676:
1643:
1642:
Brissos, Sofia; Veguilla, Miguel Ruiz; Taylor, David; Balanzá-Martinez, Vicent (2014).
1438:
1411:
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1338:
1311:
1158:
1011:
366:
232:
200:
180:
84:
Several significant psychiatric drugs were developed in the mid-20th century. In 1948,
50:
1829:
Stahl's
Essential Psychopharmacology: Neuroscientific basis and practical applications
1244:
Becker, Thomas; Koesters, Markus (2010). "Chapter 16 Psychiatric outpatient clinics".
3361:
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2224:
2161:
2153:
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2108:
2070:
2060:
2037:
2002:
1984:
1938:"Euthanasia referendum: What drugs are used in assisted dying, and how do they work?"
1910:
1906:
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474:
348:
119:
As of 2013, the 10 most prescribed psychiatric drugs by number of prescriptions were
53:
38:
2180:"Kampf den Vorurteilen - Wie uns Stereotype und Klischees in die Irre führen können"
1922:
88:
was first used as a psychiatric medicine. One of the most important discoveries was
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3149:
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1992:
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906:
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242:
188:
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1961:
Pepper, Brianne
Marlene; Chan, Hedia; Ward, Michael P.; Quain, Anne (2023-04-27).
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3180:
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2947:
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2105:
Ceremonial chemistry : the ritual persecution of drugs, addicts, and pushers
1522:
The
Disability Rights Movement: From Deinstitutionalization to Self-determination
1428:
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1002:
932:
787:
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684:
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401:
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220:
46:
1410:
Frick U, Frick H, Langguth B, Landgrebe M, HĂĽbner-Liebermann B, Hajak G (2013).
1178:
Rose, Nikolas (2010). "Chapter 2 Historical changes in mental health practice".
3345:
3245:
3240:
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3034:
3019:
3009:
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2895:
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2805:
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2484:
2439:
2435:
1963:"Euthanasia of Dogs by Australian Veterinarians: A Survey of Current Practices"
1535:
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1988:
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378:
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362:
93:
1594:
1378:
1211:
Grob, Gerald N. (2010). "Chapter 3 Mental health policy in modern
America".
3235:
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2672:
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2583:
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2006:
1979:
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57:
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who have undergone additional specialised education and training in
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1153:
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1023:
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1472:
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2454:
2404:
1122:
1042:
108:. It was one of the key reasons why many countries moved towards
73:
69:
1793:
Schatzberg, A.F. (2000). "New indications for antidepressants".
794:. Benzodiazepines are generally recommended for short-term use.
481:. MAOIs are not used as first-line treatment due to the risk of
2964:
2627:
2332:
Children and
Psychiatric Medication – a multimodal presentation
797:
96:
that was first given to a patient in 1952. In the same decade,
2136:
Szasz, Thomas S. (October 1974). "The Myth of Psychotherapy".
485:
related to the consumption of foods containing the amino acid
269:. The occurrence of neurotoxic effects can potentially reduce
45:
and nervous system. Thus, these medications are used to treat
3264:
2974:
2469:
2057:
Mad science : psychiatric coercion, diagnosis, and drugs
920:
551:
377:
symptoms occurring in the context of other disorders such as
42:
1618:"New Methods for the Administration of Psychiatric Medicine"
2968:
2059:. New Brunswick, N.J: Transaction Publishers. p. 185.
1409:
1051:(Desoxyn), a potent but infrequently prescribed amphetamine
381:. They are also used for the treatment of bipolar disorder.
1014:(Focalin), the active dextro-enantiomer of methylphenidate
623:. Most antipsychotics are available only by prescription.
2241:
1361:
Oyffe I, Kurs R, Gelkopf M, Melamed Y, Bleich A (2009).
608:, and they can augment the action of antidepressants in
2090:
Mad Science: Psychiatric Coercion, Diagnosis, and Drugs
1360:
332:
There are five main groups of psychiatric medications.
41:
taken to exert an effect on the chemical makeup of the
1843:
457:. A commonly used class of antidepressants are called
2374:
Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System
2244:"Long-term Antipsychotic Treatment and Brain Volumes"
2102:
1581:
Top 25 Psychiatric Medication Prescriptions for 2013
1026:(Adderall), a 3:1 mix of dextro/levo-enantiomers of
328:
List of psychiatric medications by condition treated
25:
List of psychiatric medications by condition treated
1960:
1534:
1125:effect, and that administration of drugs is just a
1121:believe that pharmacological "treatment" is only a
942:Common non-antipsychotic mood stabilizers include:
297:
Medicine combinations with clinically untried risks
1826:
265:Psychiatric medications carry risk for neurotoxic
253:, specialists in the field of psychopharmacology.
1035:(Dexedrine), the dextro-enantiomer of amphetamine
256:
241:and psychopharmacology do not typically focus on
193:prescriptive authority for psychologists movement
3379:
2193:Moncrieff, Joanna; Cohen, David (May 29, 2009).
2048:
1144:List of long term side effects of antipsychotics
949:(Lithobid, Eskalith), the oldest mood stabilizer
473:(MAOI), which is thought to block the action of
2019:
1888:
1886:
1045:containing the dextro-enantiomer of amphetamine
2192:
1276:
1243:
2357:
262:associated with significant neurotoxicities.
2372:Major chemical drug groups – based upon the
1883:
1844:Stephen M. Stahl, M.D.; et al. (2004).
1824:
1583:Author John M. Grohol, Psy.D..Psych Central.
1180:Historical changes in mental health practice
803:Common benzodiazepines and z-drugs include:
753:
615:There are two categories of antipsychotics:
467:serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors
477:, an enzyme that breaks down serotonin and
183:, PMHNP, before they can be obtained. Some
2364:
2350:
1792:
1648:Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology
1007:norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor
339:, which treat disparate disorders such as
195:, have granted prescriptive privileges to
49:. These medications are typically made of
2275:
2218:
1996:
1978:
1698:
1692:
1675:
1557:
1528:
1437:
1427:
1386:
1337:
1327:
16:Medication used to treat mental disorders
2300:"Antipsychotics and the Shrinking Brain"
2150:10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.1974.28.4.517
2081:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1496:"Resources on the History of Psychiatry"
1493:
1018:Serdexmethylphenidate/dexmethylphenidate
993:attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder
441:Antidepressants are drugs used to treat
420:attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
1586:
1519:
1513:
459:selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
3380:
3351:Pharmacological classification systems
2718:Selective estrogen receptor modulators
1935:
1892:
1592:
1538:; Guttmacher, Laurence (August 2010).
1213:Mental health policy in modern America
2998:Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
2345:
2135:
1813:
790:symptoms similar to barbiturates and
277:by using adjunct medications such as
2087:
2054:
1210:
1177:
958:(Tegretol) and the related compound
2611:Angiotensin II receptor antagonists
1699:Moncrieff, Joanna (23 March 2006).
900:
13:
2260:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.199
1615:
1287:10.1093/med/9780199565498.003.0109
1254:10.1093/med/9780199565498.003.0086
1221:10.1093/med/9780199565498.003.0014
1188:10.1093/med/9780199565498.003.0012
430:
171:, requiring a prescription from a
14:
3404:
2325:
2306:. Psychiatric Times Vol 28 No 4.
2138:American Journal of Psychotherapy
775:, although barbiturates (such as
581:
162:
3360:
3340:
3339:
2195:"How do psychiatric drugs work?"
1907:10.2165/00003495-199448010-00004
1717:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2006.00787.x
1593:Murray, Bridget (October 2003).
1559:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2010.01544.x
1494:Martin, Emily; Rhodes, Lorna A.
1055:
968:, and salts (Depakene, Depakote)
418:, which treat disorders such as
191:, following the creation of the
21:List of psychotropic medications
2748:Hypothalamic–pituitary hormones
2292:
2235:
2186:
2172:
2129:
2096:
2013:
1954:
1929:
1837:
1786:
1777:
1768:
1759:
1635:
1609:
1574:
1487:
357:borderline personality disorder
324:List of psychiatric medications
2248:Archives of General Psychiatry
2103:Szasz, Thomas Stephen (2003).
1795:Journal of Clinical Psychiatry
1705:Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica
1545:Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica
1524:. University Press of America.
1501:. National Library of Medicine
1475:. National Library of Medicine
1465:
1454:
1403:
1354:
1303:
1270:
1246:Psychiatric outpatient clinics
1237:
1204:
1171:
1062:Controversies about psychiatry
929:Food & Drug Administration
273:. Some adverse effects can be
257:Adverse and withdrawal effects
56:and are usually prescribed in
1:
2500:Thrombolytics / fibrinolytics
1936:Martin, Hannah (2020-08-14).
1833:. Cambridge University Press.
1164:
1066:Political abuse of psychiatry
980:
3211:Wakefulness-promoting agents
1429:10.1371/journal.pone.0075612
931:. Besides lithium, several
167:Psychiatric medications are
7:
1473:"The Julius Axelrod Papers"
1281:. Oxford University Press.
1248:. Oxford University Press.
1215:. Oxford University Press.
1182:. Oxford University Press.
1137:
471:monoamine oxidase inhibitor
226:
10:
3409:
2861:Intravenous immunoglobulin
1059:
984:
904:
757:
585:
434:
321:
230:
79:
18:
3335:
3291:
3263:
3219:
3028:
2963:
2926:
2874:
2787:
2731:
2691:
2648:
2532:
2468:
2380:
2092:. Transaction Publishers.
2034:10.3109/00952998209002608
754:Anxiolytics and hypnotics
610:major depressive disorder
2916:Topoisomerase inhibitors
2600:renin–angiotensin system
2594:Calcium channel blockers
2107:. Syracuse Univ. Press.
2088:Kirk, Stuart A. (2013).
1660:10.1177/2045125314540297
1595:"A Brief History of RxP"
1329:10.1186/1471-244X-14-161
911:In 1949, the Australian
635:Atypical antipsychotics
492:Common antidepressants:
410:schizoaffective disorder
317:
281:(antimuscarinics). Some
169:prescription medications
2022:Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse
1520:Stroman, Duane (2003).
1379:10.3325/cmj.2009.50.575
1070:Professionals, such as
1024:Mixed amphetamine salts
1005:(Ritalin, Concerta), a
937:atypical antipsychotics
760:List of benzodiazepines
632:Typical antipsychotics
626:Common antipsychotics:
621:atypical antipsychotics
598:Atypical antipsychotics
275:treated symptomatically
35:psychotropic medication
2708:Hormonal contraception
2638:Bile acid sequestrants
2419:Proton-pump inhibitors
2382:gastrointestinal tract
1980:10.3390/vetsci10050317
1871:Cite journal requires
834:(Klonopin), anxiolytic
617:typical antipsychotics
505:(Paxil, Seroxat), SSRI
197:clinical psychologists
110:deinstitutionalization
60:settings, potentially
2055:Kirk, Stuart (2013).
1825:Stahl, S. M. (2008).
828:(Librium), anxiolytic
779:) are still used for
251:psychopharmacologists
3317:Radiopharmaceuticals
3105:Antiparkinson agents
1616:DeVane, C. Lindsay.
858:(Restoril), hypnotic
846:(Ativan), anxiolytic
840:(Valium), anxiolytic
604:in the treatment of
106:psychiatric hospital
76:are under research.
3100:Antimigraine agents
3090:Antidementia agents
2993:Anti-inflammatories
2683:Medicated dressings
2623:Antihyperlipidemics
2450:Diabetes medication
1967:Veterinary Sciences
998:Common stimulants:
852:(Mogadon), hypnotic
822:(Xanax), anxiolytic
483:hypertensive crisis
443:clinical depression
367:psychotic disorders
341:clinical depression
179:, or a psychiatric
3388:Psychoactive drugs
2953:Immunosuppressants
2823:Antimycobacterials
2779:Antithyroid agents
2763:Mineralocorticoids
2567:Cardiac stimulants
2557:Cardiac glycosides
2549:cardiac therapy /
2445:Anti-obesity drugs
1159:Psychopharmacology
1012:Dexmethylphenidate
864:(Versed), hypnotic
247:recreational drugs
233:Psychopharmacology
201:medical psychology
181:nurse practitioner
54:chemical compounds
3393:Neuropharmacology
3375:
3374:
3278:Ophthalmologicals
2988:Anabolic steroids
2891:Anticancer agents
2854:Ectoparasiticides
2574:Antihypertensives
2522:Antifibrinolytics
2304:Psychiatric Times
2211:10.1136/bmj.b1963
2066:978-1-4128-4976-0
1747:on 5 January 2013
1101:Scholars such as
1033:Dextroamphetamine
925:lithium carbonate
898:
897:
886:(Ambien, Stilnox)
812:Z-drug hypnotics
751:
750:
600:are also used as
475:monoamine oxidase
465:. Another is the
389:anxiety disorders
349:anxiety disorders
39:psychoactive drug
3400:
3364:
3343:
3342:
3327:Senotherapeutics
3181:Neuroprotectives
3176:Mood stabilizers
3075:Anti-ADHD agents
3015:Muscle relaxants
2948:Immunostimulants
2943:Immunomodulators
2775:Thyroid hormones
2713:Fertility agents
2616:Renin inhibitors
2507:Antihemorrhagics
2474:forming organs (
2460:Dietary minerals
2366:
2359:
2352:
2343:
2342:
2319:
2318:
2316:
2315:
2296:
2290:
2289:
2279:
2239:
2233:
2232:
2222:
2190:
2184:
2183:
2176:
2170:
2169:
2133:
2127:
2126:
2100:
2094:
2093:
2085:
2079:
2078:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2017:
2011:
2010:
2000:
1982:
1958:
1952:
1951:
1949:
1948:
1933:
1927:
1926:
1890:
1881:
1880:
1874:
1869:
1867:
1859:
1857:
1856:
1850:
1841:
1835:
1834:
1832:
1822:
1811:
1810:
1790:
1784:
1781:
1775:
1772:
1766:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1743:. Archived from
1696:
1690:
1689:
1679:
1639:
1633:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1613:
1607:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1590:
1584:
1578:
1572:
1571:
1561:
1532:
1526:
1525:
1517:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1500:
1491:
1485:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1469:
1463:
1458:
1452:
1451:
1441:
1431:
1407:
1401:
1400:
1390:
1358:
1352:
1351:
1341:
1331:
1307:
1301:
1300:
1274:
1268:
1267:
1241:
1235:
1234:
1208:
1202:
1201:
1175:
1039:Lisdexamfetamine
952:Anticonvulsants
915:discovered that
907:Mood stabilizers
901:Mood stabilizers
826:Chlordiazepoxide
809:Benzodiazepines
806:
805:
629:
628:
606:bipolar disorder
602:mood stabilizers
529:(Cymbalta), SNRI
406:bipolar disorder
402:Mood stabilizers
353:eating disorders
279:anticholinergics
47:mental illnesses
3408:
3407:
3403:
3402:
3401:
3399:
3398:
3397:
3378:
3377:
3376:
3371:
3367:Medicine portal
3331:
3287:
3259:
3254:
3246:Cough medicines
3241:Bronchodilators
3222:
3215:
3095:Antidepressants
3085:Anticonvulsants
3033:
3024:
3020:Bisphosphonates
3010:Corticosteroids
2972:
2959:
2931:
2922:
2906:Spindle poisons
2896:Antimetabolites
2879:
2870:
2792:
2783:
2758:Glucocorticoids
2753:Corticosteroids
2734:
2727:
2694:
2687:
2644:
2562:Antiarrhythmics
2535:
2528:
2485:Antithrombotics
2473:
2464:
2440:Antipropulsives
2436:Antidiarrhoeals
2413:
2384:
2376:
2370:
2328:
2323:
2322:
2313:
2311:
2310:(4). 4 May 2011
2298:
2297:
2293:
2240:
2236:
2191:
2187:
2182:. 21 July 2021.
2178:
2177:
2173:
2134:
2130:
2115:
2101:
2097:
2086:
2082:
2067:
2053:
2049:
2018:
2014:
1959:
1955:
1946:
1944:
1942:www.stuff.co.nz
1934:
1930:
1891:
1884:
1872:
1870:
1861:
1860:
1854:
1852:
1848:
1842:
1838:
1823:
1814:
1791:
1787:
1782:
1778:
1773:
1769:
1764:
1760:
1750:
1748:
1697:
1693:
1640:
1636:
1626:
1624:
1614:
1610:
1600:
1598:
1591:
1587:
1579:
1575:
1536:Eisenberg, Leon
1533:
1529:
1518:
1514:
1504:
1502:
1498:
1492:
1488:
1478:
1476:
1471:
1470:
1466:
1459:
1455:
1408:
1404:
1359:
1355:
1308:
1304:
1297:
1275:
1271:
1264:
1242:
1238:
1231:
1209:
1205:
1198:
1176:
1172:
1167:
1140:
1068:
1060:Main articles:
1058:
1049:Methamphetamine
1003:Methylphenidate
989:
983:
933:anticonvulsants
909:
903:
769:Benzodiazepines
766:
764:benzodiazepines
756:
685:Levomepromazine
679:Trifluoperazine
590:
584:
571:(Parnate), MAOI
569:Tranylcypromine
559:(Marplan), MAOI
535:(Effexor), SNRI
517:(Lexapro), SSRI
439:
433:
431:Antidepressants
337:Antidepressants
330:
320:
303:clinical trials
299:
271:drug compliance
267:adverse effects
259:
235:
229:
221:depot injection
165:
116:also declined.
82:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3406:
3396:
3395:
3390:
3373:
3372:
3370:
3369:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3336:
3333:
3332:
3330:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3312:Contrast media
3309:
3303:
3301:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3285:
3280:
3274:
3272:
3265:sensory organs
3261:
3260:
3258:
3257:
3252:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3232:
3230:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3164:
3163:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3110:Antipsychotics
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3080:Antiaddictives
3077:
3072:
3067:
3066:
3065:
3060:
3050:
3044:
3042:
3035:nervous system
3026:
3025:
3023:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3005:Antirheumatics
3002:
3001:
3000:
2990:
2984:
2982:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2957:
2956:
2955:
2950:
2939:
2937:
2924:
2923:
2921:
2920:
2919:
2918:
2913:
2911:Antineoplastic
2908:
2903:
2898:
2887:
2885:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2857:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2844:Antiprotozoals
2839:Antiparasitics
2836:
2831:
2826:
2819:Antibacterials
2815:Antimicrobials
2811:
2809:
2785:
2784:
2782:
2781:
2772:
2767:
2766:
2765:
2760:
2750:
2744:
2742:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2704:
2702:
2689:
2688:
2686:
2685:
2680:
2678:Antipsoriatics
2675:
2670:
2665:
2659:
2657:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2642:
2641:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2620:
2619:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2606:ACE inhibitors
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2570:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2545:
2543:
2534:cardiovascular
2530:
2529:
2527:
2526:
2525:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2504:
2503:
2502:
2497:
2495:Anticoagulants
2492:
2481:
2479:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2422:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2407:
2396:
2394:
2378:
2377:
2369:
2368:
2361:
2354:
2346:
2340:
2339:
2334:
2327:
2326:External links
2324:
2321:
2320:
2291:
2254:(2): 128–137.
2234:
2185:
2171:
2144:(4): 517–526.
2128:
2113:
2095:
2080:
2065:
2047:
2012:
1953:
1928:
1882:
1873:|journal=
1836:
1812:
1785:
1776:
1767:
1758:
1691:
1654:(5): 198–219.
1634:
1608:
1585:
1573:
1527:
1512:
1486:
1464:
1453:
1422:(10): e75612.
1402:
1353:
1316:BMC Psychiatry
1302:
1295:
1269:
1262:
1236:
1229:
1203:
1196:
1169:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1162:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1139:
1136:
1092:Robert Spitzer
1088:Stuart A. Kirk
1072:David Rosenhan
1057:
1054:
1053:
1052:
1046:
1036:
1030:
1021:
1015:
1009:
985:Main article:
982:
979:
978:
977:
976:
975:
969:
963:
950:
919:could control
905:Main article:
902:
899:
896:
895:
894:
893:
887:
881:
875:
867:
866:
865:
859:
853:
847:
841:
835:
829:
823:
814:
813:
810:
755:
752:
749:
748:
747:
746:
740:
734:
728:
722:
716:
710:
704:
698:
690:
689:
688:
682:
676:
670:
664:
658:
652:
646:
643:Chlorpromazine
637:
636:
633:
588:Antipsychotics
586:Main article:
583:
582:Antipsychotics
580:
579:
578:
572:
566:
565:(Nardil), MAOI
560:
554:
545:
541:(Wellbutrin),
536:
530:
524:
523:(Zoloft), SSRI
518:
512:
511:(Celexa), SSRI
506:
500:
499:(Prozac), SSRI
479:norepinephrine
463:synaptic cleft
451:norepinephrine
437:Antidepressant
435:Main article:
432:
429:
428:
427:
413:
404:, which treat
399:
391:, and include
387:, which treat
382:
379:mood disorders
365:, which treat
363:Antipsychotics
360:
319:
316:
298:
295:
258:
255:
231:Main article:
228:
225:
164:
163:Administration
161:
157:venlafaxine XR
98:Julius Axelrod
90:chlorpromazine
81:
78:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3405:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3385:
3383:
3368:
3363:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3338:
3337:
3334:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3295:
3290:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3256:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3236:Decongestants
3234:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3224:
3218:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3168:
3165:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3155:Dissociatives
3153:
3151:
3148:
3147:
3146:
3145:Hallucinogens
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3055:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3036:
3031:
3027:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
2999:
2996:
2995:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2976:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2945:
2944:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2929:
2925:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2893:
2892:
2889:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2877:
2873:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2849:Anthelmintics
2847:
2845:
2842:
2841:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2790:
2786:
2780:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2755:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2736:
2730:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2696:
2693:genitourinary
2690:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2673:Antipruritics
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2625:
2624:
2621:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2603:
2602:
2601:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2589:Beta blockers
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
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2544:
2541:
2537:
2531:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2508:
2505:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2490:Antiplatelets
2488:
2487:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2471:
2467:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
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2441:
2437:
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2397:
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2383:
2379:
2375:
2367:
2362:
2360:
2355:
2353:
2348:
2347:
2344:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2329:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2295:
2287:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2238:
2230:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2189:
2181:
2175:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2132:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2114:0-8156-0768-7
2110:
2106:
2099:
2091:
2084:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2062:
2058:
2051:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2016:
2008:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1957:
1943:
1939:
1932:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1889:
1887:
1878:
1865:
1847:
1840:
1831:
1830:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1789:
1780:
1771:
1762:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1695:
1687:
1683:
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1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1638:
1623:
1619:
1612:
1597:. APA Monitor
1596:
1589:
1582:
1577:
1569:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1552:(2): 89–102.
1551:
1547:
1546:
1541:
1537:
1531:
1523:
1516:
1497:
1490:
1474:
1468:
1462:
1457:
1449:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1406:
1398:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1373:(6): 575–82.
1372:
1368:
1364:
1357:
1349:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1306:
1298:
1296:9780199565498
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1273:
1265:
1263:9780199565498
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1240:
1232:
1230:9780199565498
1226:
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1197:9780199565498
1193:
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1141:
1135:
1131:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1099:
1097:
1096:Allen Frances
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1076:Peter Breggin
1073:
1067:
1063:
1056:Controversies
1050:
1047:
1044:
1041:(Vyvanse), a
1040:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1004:
1001:
1000:
999:
996:
994:
988:
973:
970:
967:
966:Valproic acid
964:
961:
960:oxcarbazepine
957:
956:Carbamazepine
954:
953:
951:
948:
945:
944:
943:
940:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
917:lithium salts
914:
908:
891:
888:
885:
882:
879:
876:
873:
870:
869:
868:
863:
860:
857:
854:
851:
848:
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839:
836:
833:
830:
827:
824:
821:
818:
817:
816:
815:
811:
808:
807:
804:
801:
799:
795:
793:
789:
784:
782:
778:
777:pentobarbital
774:
770:
765:
761:
744:
741:
738:
735:
732:
729:
726:
723:
720:
717:
714:
711:
708:
705:
702:
699:
696:
693:
692:
691:
686:
683:
680:
677:
674:
671:
668:
665:
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594:schizophrenia
589:
577:(Elavil), TCA
576:
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573:
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557:Isocarboxazid
555:
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91:
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63:
62:involuntarily
59:
55:
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48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
26:
22:
3150:Psychedelics
3120:Aphrodisiacs
2794:infestations
2770:Sex hormones
2723:Sex hormones
2668:Cicatrizants
2598:
2584:Vasodilators
2551:antianginals
2548:
2400:stomach acid
2399:
2312:. Retrieved
2307:
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1941:
1931:
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1898:
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1839:
1828:
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1788:
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1770:
1761:
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1745:the original
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1132:
1100:
1084:Thomas Szasz
1080:Paula Caplan
1069:
997:
990:
941:
910:
802:
796:
785:
773:barbiturates
767:
719:Paliperidone
695:Aripiprazole
673:Flupenthixol
661:Thioridazine
655:Perphenazine
625:
614:
591:
515:Escitalopram
491:
440:
331:
312:brain damage
307:polypharmacy
300:
264:
260:
239:pharmacology
236:
209:transmucosal
177:psychiatrist
175:, such as a
166:
153:bupropion XL
145:escitalopram
118:
103:
83:
34:
30:
28:
3283:Otologicals
3255:antagonists
3221:respiratory
3196:Orexigenics
3191:Neurotoxins
3140:Euphoriants
3130:Entactogens
3125:Depressants
3115:Anxiolytics
3053:Anesthetics
2829:Antifungals
2426:Antiemetics
2414:antagonists
1711:(1): 3–13.
1367:Croat Med J
1028:amphetamine
972:Lamotrigine
962:(Trileptal)
872:Eszopiclone
743:Ziprasidone
733:(Risperdal)
731:Risperidone
681:(Stelazine)
667:Thiothixene
649:Haloperidol
645:(Thorazine)
550:(Remeron),
548:Mirtazapine
533:Venlafaxine
385:Anxiolytics
243:psychedelic
217:suppository
205:transdermal
189:territories
185:U.S. states
58:psychiatric
31:psychiatric
3382:Categories
3206:Stimulants
3186:Nootropics
3160:Deliriants
3135:Entheogens
3070:Anorectics
3048:Analgesics
2901:Alkylating
2834:Antivirals
2789:infections
2663:Emollients
2517:Coagulants
2387:metabolism
2314:2020-07-25
1973:(5): 317.
1947:2024-04-14
1855:2006-09-02
1165:References
1149:Medication
1020:(Azstarys)
981:Stimulants
974:(Lamictal)
850:Nitrazepam
832:Clonazepam
820:Alprazolam
788:withdrawal
781:euthanasia
758:See also:
739:(Nipolept)
727:(Seroquel)
725:Quetiapine
713:Olanzapine
707:Lurasidone
703:(Clozaril)
675:(Fluanxol)
663:(Melleril)
657:(Trilafon)
563:Phenelzine
527:Duloxetine
521:Sertraline
509:Citalopram
503:Paroxetine
497:Fluoxetine
424:narcolepsy
416:Stimulants
322:See also:
287:withdrawal
213:inhalation
149:duloxetine
133:fluoxetine
129:citalopram
125:sertraline
121:alprazolam
70:recidivism
66:commitment
19:See also:
3356:ATC codes
3322:Dressings
3307:Antidotes
3171:Sedatives
3167:Hypnotics
2876:malignant
2733:endocrine
2579:Diuretics
2512:Platelets
2472:and blood
2431:Laxatives
2268:0003-990X
2205:: b1963.
2158:0002-9564
2123:834790127
2075:808769553
1989:2306-7381
1725:1600-0447
1668:2045-1253
987:Stimulant
913:John Cade
890:Zopiclone
874:(Lunesta)
862:Midazolam
856:Temazepam
844:Lorazepam
715:(Zyprexa)
701:Clozapine
697:(Abilify)
687:(Nozinan)
539:Bupropion
453:, and/or
447:serotonin
397:sedatives
393:hypnotics
375:psychotic
345:dysthymia
291:psychosis
173:physician
141:trazodone
137:lorazepam
51:synthetic
3201:Serenics
2866:Vaccines
2633:Fibrates
2455:Vitamins
2405:Antacids
2286:21300943
2229:19482870
2007:37235400
1998:10224218
1923:46966796
1807:10926050
1733:16774655
1686:25360245
1622:Medscape
1601:11 April
1568:20618173
1448:24116059
1416:PLOS ONE
1397:20017226
1348:24888262
1154:Medicine
1138:See also
1127:religion
892:(Imovan)
884:Zolpidem
880:(Sonata)
878:Zaleplon
838:Diazepam
745:(Geodon)
737:Zotepine
721:(Invega)
709:(Latuda)
669:(Navane)
651:(Haldol)
487:tyramine
455:dopamine
369:such as
227:Research
74:relapses
3058:General
2965:muscles
2934:L03–L04
2930:disease
2882:L01–L02
2878:disease
2628:Statins
2277:3476840
2220:3230235
2199:The BMJ
2166:4429160
2042:6133446
1915:7525193
1741:6267180
1677:4212490
1439:3792950
1388:2802091
1339:4059735
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1123:placebo
1115:Deleuze
1111:Goffman
1107:Foucalt
1043:prodrug
947:Lithium
798:Z-drugs
792:alcohol
283:rebound
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301:While
155:, and
3346:Drugs
3063:Local
3030:brain
2969:bones
2470:blood
1919:S2CID
1895:Drugs
1849:(PDF)
1751:3 May
1737:S2CID
1627:6 May
1505:6 May
1499:(PDF)
1479:6 May
1119:Szasz
921:mania
552:NaSSA
318:Types
92:, an
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37:is a
2973:and
2650:skin
2282:PMID
2264:ISSN
2225:PMID
2162:PMID
2154:ISSN
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2038:PMID
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