320:, that a three-factor structure may provide a better model, with those items from factor 2 strictly relating to antisocial behavior (criminal versatility, juvenile delinquency, revocation of conditional release, early behavioral problems and poor behavioral controls) removed. The remaining items would be divided into three factors: arrogant and deceitful interpersonal style, deficient affective experience, and impulsive and irresponsible behavioral style. Hare and colleagues have criticized the Cooke and Michie three-factor model for statistical and conceptual problems, for example, for resulting in impossible parameter combinations (negative variances).
396:-IV's antisocial personality disorder construct, although the DSM states ASPD has been referred to as or includes the disorder of psychopathy. Although the diagnosis of ASPD covers two to three times as many prisoners than the diagnosis of psychopathy, Hare believes the PCL-R is better able to predict future criminality, violence, and recidivism than a diagnosis of ASPD. He suggests there are differences between PCL-R-diagnosed psychopaths and non-psychopaths on "processing and use of linguistic and emotional information", while such differences are potentially smaller between those diagnosed with ASPD and without.
369:). The PCL:SV was developed as a labor-saving assessment for the same forensic settings as the PCL-R and to meet the needs of settings where clients do not necessarily have criminal records (e.g. civil psychiatric patients). It includes 12 items and takes 90 minutes. According to the MacArthur violence risk assessment study in 2014, there is a stronger correlation between the PCL:SV results and later violence than any other of the 134 variables evaluated in that study. The PCL:YV assesses early signs of juvenile psychopathy in children and adolescents.
327:, Hare added a fourth antisocial behavior factor, consisting of those factor 2 items excluded in the previous model. Again, these models are presumed to be hierarchical with a single, unified psychopathy disorder underlying the distinct but correlated factors. In the four-factor model of psychopathy, supported by a range of samples, the factors represent the interpersonal, affective, lifestyle, and overt antisocial features of the personality disorder.
140:. The previous edition of the PCL-R listed two factors. Factor 1 is labelled "selfish, callous and remorseless use of others". Factor 2 is labelled as "chronically unstable, antisocial and socially deviant lifestyle". There is a high risk of recidivism and mostly small likelihood of rehabilitation for those who are labelled as having "psychopathy" on the basis of the PCL-R ratings in the manual for the test, although treatment research is ongoing.
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because they may not be aware of enacting biased judgments on people whom they do not readily empathize with. Further, a review which pooled various risk assessment instruments including the PCL, found that peer-reviewed studies for which the developer or translator of the instrument was an author (which in no case was disclosed in the journal article) were twice as likely to report positive predictive findings.
452:'s assertion that psychopaths are relatively immune to suicide. People with ASPD, on the other hand, have a relatively high suicide rate. People with BPD have an even higher suicide rate, which is near 10%. PCL-R factor 1 is correlated to NPD (narcissistic personality disorder) and rarely ever commit suicide, although they may threaten to do so.
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wrongly viewed by many as the basic definition of psychopathy, yet it leaves out key factors, while also making criminality too central to the concept. The authors claimed this leads to problems in over-diagnosis and in the use of the checklist to secure convictions. Hare has since stated that he receives less than $ 35,000 a year from
27:
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Some research suggests that ratings made using the PCL system depend on the personality of the person doing the rating, including how empathic they themselves are. One forensic researcher has suggested that future studies need to examine the class background, race, and philosophical beliefs of raters
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An individual's score may have important consequences for their future, and because the potential for harm if the test is used or administered incorrectly is considerable, Hare argues that the test should be considered valid only if administered by a suitably qualified and experienced clinician under
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In 2010, there was controversy after it emerged that Hare had threatened legal action that stopped publication of a peer-reviewed article on the PCL-R. Hare alleged the article quoted or paraphrased him incorrectly. The article eventually appeared, three years later. It alleged that the checklist is
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There has been controversy over the use of the PCL-R by UK prison and secure psychiatric services, including its role in the government's administrative category of 'Dangerous and Severe
Personality Disorder' (a separate older administrative category of 'psychopathic disorder' in the Mental Health
447:
found that suicide history was strongly correlated to PCL-R factor 2 (reflecting antisocial deviance) and was not correlated to PCL-R factor 1 (reflecting affective functioning). Given that ASPD (antisocial personality disorder) and BPD (borderline personality disorder) relate to factor 2, whereas
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along with a review of "collateral information" such as official records. The psychopath tends to display a constellation or combination of high narcissistic, borderline, and antisocial personality disorder traits, which includes superficial charm, charisma/attractiveness, sexual seductiveness and
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Because an individual's scores may have important consequences for his or her future, the potential for harm if the test is used or administered incorrectly is considerable. The test can only be considered valid if administered by a suitably qualified and experienced clinician under controlled
278:
indicated it consisted of two factors. Factor 1 captures traits dealing with the interpersonal and affective deficits of psychopathy (e.g., shallow affect, superficial charm, manipulativeness, lack of empathy) whereas factor 2 deals with symptoms relating to antisocial behavior (e.g., criminal
113:
terms, the current version of the checklist has two factors (sets of related scores) that correlate about 0.5 with each other, with Factor One being closer to
Cleckley's original personality concept than Factor Two. Hare's checklist does not incorporate the "positive adjustment features" that
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have cast serious doubt on whether the PCL-R performs as well as other instruments, or better than chance. To the extent that it does perform better, it is unclear whether it is due the PCL-R's inclusion of past offending history, rather than the personality trait scores that make it unique.
240:
Each of the 20 items in the PCL-R is scored on a three-point scale, with a rating of 0 if it does not apply at all, 1 if there is a partial match or mixed information, and 2 if there is a reasonably good match to the offender. This is to be done through a face-to-face interview together with
339:, prisons and other settings. This may be of help in deciding who should be detained or released, or who should undergo what kind of treatment. It is also used in academic psychology for its original purpose as an assistive tool in studies on the pathology of psychopathy.
753:
Huchzermeier, C.; Geiger, F.; Bruss, E.; Godt, N.; Köhler, D.; Hinrichs, G.; Aldenhoff, JB. (2007). "The relationship between DSM-IV cluster B personality disorders and psychopathy according to Hare's criteria: clarification and resolution of previous contradictions".
126:(such as a psychologist or other professional trained in the field of mental health, psychology, or psychiatry), using 20 items. Each of the items in the PCL-R is scored on a three-point scale according to specific criteria through file information and a
350:(recidivism). It is effective in assessing risk of sexual re-offending, which is especially helpful, as clinical judgement of recidivism is a poor predictor. The PCL-R seems to be more useful for violent sexual offenders who are not pedophiles.
810:
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Lewis, DO; Yeager, CA; Blake, P; Bard, B; Strenziok, M (2004). "Ethics questions raised by the neuropsychiatric, neuropsychological, educational, developmental, and family characteristics of 18 juveniles awaiting execution in Texas".
2390:
Miller, A. K.; Rufino, K. A.; Boccaccini, M. T.; Jackson, R. L.; Murrie, D. C. (2011). "On
Individual Differences in Person Perception: Raters' Personality Traits Relate to Their Psychopathy Checklist-Revised Scoring Tendencies".
309:. The two factors are nonetheless highly correlated and there are strong indications they do result from a single underlying disorder. Research, however, has failed to replicate the two-factor model in female samples.
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study produced in 1992 found that 44 percent of offenders who killed a police officer were psychopaths. The study was 'Killed in the Line of Duty: A Study of
Selected Felonious Killings of Law Enforcement Officers.'
1341:
Cooke, D. J.; Kosson, D. S.; Michie (2001). "Psychopathy and ethnicity: Structural, item and test generalizability of the
Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R) in Caucasian and African American participants".
485:
In addition to the aforementioned report by Cooke and Michie that a three-factor structure may provide a better model than the two-factor structure, Hare's concept and checklist have faced other criticisms.
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Vitacco, M. J.; Rogers, R.; Neumann, C. S.; Harrison, K.; Vincent, G. (2005). "A comparison of factor models on the PCL-R with mentally disordered offenders: The development of a four factor model".
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Edens, John F (2010). "Inter-rater reliability of the PCL-R total and factor scores among psychopathic sex offenders: are personality features more prone to disagreement than behavioral features?".
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Out of a maximum score of 40, the cut-off for the label of psychopathy is 30 in the United States and 25 in the United
Kingdom. A cut-off score of 25 is also sometimes used for research purposes.
831:
650:
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Singh JP, Grann M, Fazel S (2011). "A comparative study of violence risk assessment tools: a systematic review and metaregression analysis of 68 studies involving 25,980 participants".
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of the PCL-R may be satisfactory, but in real-world settings it has been found to have rather poor agreement between different raters, especially on the personality trait scores.
1995:
2899:
Hill, C. D.; Neumann, C. S.; Rogers, R. (2004). "Confirmatory Factor
Analysis of the Psychopathy Checklist: Screening Version (PCL:SV) in Offenders with Axis I Disorders".
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Vitacco, M. J.; Neumann, C. S.; Jackson, R. (2005). "Testing a four-factor model of psychopathy and its association with ethnicity, gender, intelligence, and violence".
1792:
469:, has argued that it has not lived up to claims that it could identify those who would not benefit from current treatments or those most likely to violently reoffend.
365:
There are additional inventories directly from the PCL-R, including the
Psychopathy Checklist: Screening Version (PCL:SV) and Psychopathy Checklist: Youth Version (
162:
and are associated with reactive anger, criminality, and impulsive violence. The target group for the PCL-R in prisons in some countries is criminals convicted of
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In contrast, Factor 2 was found to be related to antisocial personality disorder, social deviance, sensation seeking, low socioeconomic status and high risk of
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The PCL-R is used for indicating a dimensional score, or a categorical diagnosis, of psychopathy for clinical, legal, or research purposes. It is rated by a
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400:
393:
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Hare, R. D.; Neumann, C. N. (2006). "The PCL-R Assessment of
Psychopathy: Development, Structural Properties, and New Directions". In Patrick, C. (ed.).
151:. Factor 1, the so-called core personality traits of psychopathy, may even be beneficial for the psychopath (in terms of nondeviant social functioning).
1377:
Salekin, R. T.; Rogers, R.; Sewell, K. W. (1997). "Construct validity of psychopathy in a female offender sample: A mutlitrait-multimethod evaluation".
505:, and not pay enough attention to context and the dynamic nature of human behavior. It has been pointed out that half the criteria can also be signs of
436:
Hare has described psychopaths as 'social predators', 'remorseless predators', or in some cases 'lethal predators', and has stated that 'Psychopathic
1743:
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Hare, R.D.; Harpur, T.J.; Hakstian, A.R. (1989). "Two-factor conceptualization of psychopathy: Construct validity and assessment implications".
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in individuals—most often those institutionalized in the criminal justice system—and to differentiate those high in this trait from those with
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2275:
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Venables NC, Hall JR, Patrick CJ (2013). "Differentiating psychopathy from antisocial personality disorder: a triarchic model perspective".
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Yang M, Wong SC, Coid J (September 2010). "The efficacy of violence prediction: a meta-analytic comparison of nine risk assessment tools".
170:. The quality of ratings may depend on how much background information is available and whether the person rated is honest and forthright.
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supporting information on lifetime behavior (e.g., from case files). It can take up to three hours to collect and review the information.
1907:
Hersh, K.; Gray-Little, B. (1998). "Psychopathic traits and attitudes associated with self-reported sexual aggression in college men".
994:
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when identifying things like remorse and guilt; therefore, the DSM-IV panel decided to stick to observable behavior, namely socially
995:"Psychopathic personality or personalities? Exploring potential variants of psychopathy and their implications for risk assessment"
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The two factors have been found by those following this theory to display different correlates. Factor 1 has been correlated with
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The current edition of the PCL-R officially lists three factors (1.a, 1.b, and 2.a), which summarize the 20 assessed areas via
1942:
Rutherford MJ, Cacciola JS, Alterman AI (1999). "Antisocial personality disorder and psychopathy in cocaine-dependent women".
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analysis of female offender PCL-R scores indicates factor 1 items are more important in measuring and generalizing the
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to list psychopathy as a unique disorder, the DSM editors were unconvinced and felt that there was too much room for
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791:"Contributions of psychopathic, narcissistic, Machiavellian, and sadistic personality traits to juvenile delinquency"
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Hare's concept has also been criticised as being only weakly applicable to real-world settings and tending towards
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1492:"Understanding the structure of the Psychopathy Checklist – Revised: An exploration of methodological confusion"
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Kavish, Nicholas; Jones, Michelle A.; Rock, Rachel C.; Johnson, Alexandria K.; Anderson, Jaime L. (2019-06-01).
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Among laypersons and professionals, there is confusion about the meanings and differences between psychopathy,
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Ochberg FM, Brantley AC, Hare RD, et al. (2003). "Lethal predators: psychopathic, sadistic, and sane".
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Verona, E.; Patrick, C. J.; Joiner, T. E. (2001). "Psychopathy, Antisocial
Personality, and Suicide Risk".
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501:. It is also said to be vulnerable to "labeling effects", to be over-simplistic, reductionist, to embody
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affect people in all races, cultures, and ethnic groups, and at all levels of income and social status'.
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promiscuity, affective instability, suicidality, lack of empathy, feelings of emptiness, self-harm, and
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Cooke, D. J.; Michie, C (2001). "Refining the construct of psychopathy: Towards a hierarchical model".
123:
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Skeem, Jennifer L.; Poythress, Norman; Edens, John F.; Lilienfeld, Scott O.; Cale, Ellison M. (2002).
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2733:"COULD A NEW CALIFORNIA LAW FREE A TEEN KILLER CONVICTED AS AN ADULT FOR A BRUTAL DOUBLE HOMICIDE?"
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Hare, R. D. (1980). "A research scale for the assessment of psychopathy in criminal populations".
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Belmore, M. F.; Quinsey, V. L. (1994). "Correlates of psychopathy in a non-institutional sample".
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79:(black and white thinking). In addition, sadistic and paranoid traits are usually also present.
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The scores are used to predict risk for criminal re-offense and probability of rehabilitation.
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521:, grandiosity, poor behavioral controls, promiscuous sexual behavior, and irresponsibility).
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Hare takes the stance that psychopathy as a syndrome should be considered distinct from the
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2276:"Fear Review: Critique of Forensic Psychopathy Scale Delayed 3 Years by Threat of Lawsuit"
1181:"On the Overlap between Psychopathic Traits and Machiavellianism in a Forensic Population"
1077:"Psychopathic Personality: Bridging the Gap Between Scientific Evidence and Public Policy"
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risk but high scores on scales of achievement and social potency. In addition, the use of
8:
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Act was abolished in 2007). One leading forensic psychologist, while Deputy Chief at the
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were assessed using the checklist. Bernardo was evaluated as 35/40, and Homolka 5/40 (a
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Walters, Glenn D. (2004). "The Trouble with Psychopathy as a General Theory of Crime".
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2436:"Authorship Bias in Violence Risk Assessment? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"
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A study using the PCL-R to examine the relationship between antisocial behavior and
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Miller, Charles E.; Hanburger, Henry F.; Sumeracki, Michael; Young, Marcus (2010).
1951:
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1667:"Measuring the Quiet Man: Estimating Risk of Violence | Psych Central Professional"
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Zagon, I. K.; Jackson, H.J. (1994). "Construct validity of a psychopathy measure".
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This article is about the psychological assessment. For the statistical test, see
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2010:
1744:"Psychopathy and Antisocial Personality Disorder: A Case of Diagnostic Confusion"
1455:; Neumann, Craig S. (2008). "Psychopathy as a Clinical and Empirical Construct".
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scientifically controlled and licensed, standardized conditions. Hare receives
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Skeem, J. L.; Polaschek, D. L. L.; Patrick, C. J.; Lilienfeld, S. O. (2011).
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Online version of the full Psychopathy Checklist: Screening Version (PCL:SV)
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259:, persistent criminal behavior, and negatively associated with measures of
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90:, based partly on Hare's work with male offenders and forensic inmates in
3118:
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Crighton, D (2009). "Uses and abuses of the Hare Psychopathy Checklist".
1793:"Psychopathy and the DSM-IV criteria for antisocial personality disorder"
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248:
94:, and partly on an influential clinical profile by American psychiatrist
66:, a related diagnosable disorder. It is a 20-item inventory of perceived
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Hare, Robert D (September 1995). "Psychopaths: New Trends in Research".
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The PCL was originally developed in the 1970s by Canadian psychologist
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2575:(Second ed.). New York: Guilford Publications. pp. 576–580.
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harvnb error: no target: CITEREFAmerican_Psychiatric_Association2013 (
651:
List of diagnostic classification and rating scales used in psychiatry
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versatility, impulsiveness, irresponsibility, poor behavior controls,
2366:"Psychopathy: A Rorschach test for psychologists? | Psychology Today"
2295:
International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology
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510:
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103:
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Chabrol H.; Van Leeuwen, N.; Rodgers, R. & Sejourne, N. (2009).
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and recorded behaviors, intended to be completed on the basis of a
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2759:(2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks California: SAGE Publications, Inc.
1330:(2 ed.). Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Multihealth Systems, Inc.
444:
412:
306:
291:
260:
20:
2633:
The Psychopath Whisperer:The Science of Those Without Conscience
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1980:
Without Conscience: The Disturbing World of Psychopaths Among Us
335:
The PCL-R is widely used to assess individuals in high-security
154:
PCL-R Factors 2a and 2b are particularly strongly correlated to
58:
tool that is commonly used to assess the presence and extent of
2531:. Season 2014–15. Episode 7. November 27, 2014. 3 minutes in.
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868:(2nd ed.). Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Multi-Health Systems.
540:
386:
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167:
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This American Life radio documentary on the PCL-R and its use
2839:"The Psychopath Test: A Journey Through the Madness Industry"
2389:
2339:
The Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law
1993:
992:
506:
247:
High PCL-R scores are positively associated with measures of
2966:
832:"Psychopathic traits differ between cultures, experts claim"
3013:
Online version of the Revised Psychopathy Checklist (PCL-R)
2012:
Psychopathy: Theory, research, and implications for society
752:
1941:
612:, known as the Green River Killer, was evaluated at 19/40.
3008:
Online version of original Psychopathy Checklist (PCL-22)
429:
224:
Item 16: Failure to accept responsibility for own actions
448:
psychopathy relates to both factors, this would confirm
372:
290:, low anxiety, low empathy, low stress reaction and low
1607:
Assessing Risk in Sex Offenders: A Practitioner's Guide
899:"Legal Fight Delays Paper on Psychopathy Scale 3 Years"
418:
2009:
Cooke, D. J.; Forth, A. E.; Hare, R. D., eds. (1998).
1996:"The FBI's National Law Enforcement Safety Initiative"
1849:"We look at what happens in the brain of a psychopath"
1604:
Craig, Leam; Browne, Kevin; Beech, Anthony R. (2008).
1578:"Into the Mind of a Psychopath | DiscoverMagazine.com"
1178:
2935:
394:
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
2695:"Mitchell transcript: Star psychiatrist takes stand"
2604:"Inside A Psychopath's Brain: The Sentencing Debate"
2335:
1185:
Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment
2035:
1697:"Do psychopathic traits predict criminal activity?"
1376:
1287:
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494:associated with the checklist and its derivatives.
2811:Snakes in Suits : When Psychopaths Go to Work
2569:Patrick, Christopher J., ed. (17 May 2018). "23".
2494:"The Devil's Children: The Dangers of Psychopaths"
1761:
1695:Mancino, M. Antonella; Attia, Tarek (2022-12-31).
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977:. North Tonawanda, New York: Multi-Health Systems.
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1153:"Scans Show Psychopaths Have Brain Abnormalities"
564:was evaluated as 35/40 (according to the source).
346:tool that attempts to predict who will offend or
185:Item 3: Need for stimulation/proneness to boredom
3263:
2717:Robinson, Matt. Attachments filed with the 2241
2102:"Suicidality in Borderline Personality Disorder"
2038:International Journal of Emergency Mental Health
1906:
1603:
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316:suggested, using statistical analysis involving
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1490:Cooke, D. J.; Michie, C.; Skeem, J. L. (2007).
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2008:
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1328:Psychopathy checklist-revised technical manual
227:Item 17: Many short-term marital relationships
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2939:Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
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302:of psychopathy in women than factor 2 items.
117:
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1081:Psychological Science in the Public Interest
922:Psychological Science in the Public Interest
866:Manual for the Revised Psychopathy Checklist
723:"Can A Test Really Tell Who's A Psychopath?"
472:Several recent studies and very large-scale
147:. They are associated with extraversion and
143:PCL-R Factors 1a and 1b are correlated with
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389:diagnosis, dissocial personality disorder.
215:Item 13: Lack of realistic, long-term goals
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233:Item 19: Revocation of conditional release
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1983:. New York: Pocket Books. pp. 25–30.
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918:"Current Scientific Views of Psychopathy"
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1610:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 84-87.
353:In controlled research environments the
312:In 2001 researchers Cooke and Michie at
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1121:
1115:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1062:
988:
986:
984:
975:The Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised
915:
795:Personality and Individual Differences
715:
646:Levenson Self-Report Psychopathy Scale
528:
3026:
2626:
2433:
2099:
2078:American Psychiatric Association 2013
2071:
2056:
1630:
1572:
1570:
1245:
909:
896:
886:. New York: Guilford. pp. 58–88.
748:
746:
744:
742:
373:Comparison with psychiatric diagnoses
182:Item 2: Grandiose sense of self-worth
2877:
2807:
2062:
1976:
1791:, Hart SD, Harpur TJ (August 1991).
1738:
1457:Annual Review of Clinical Psychology
1322:
1150:
969:
872:
860:
849:
419:Other PCL-R findings and controversy
209:Item 11: Promiscuous sexual behavior
1059:
981:
13:
3205:Psychopathic Personality Inventory
2756:Hare Psychopathy Checklist–Revised
2746:
2724:
2668:
2650:
2636:. New York City: Crown/Archetype.
1944:The American Journal of Psychiatry
1567:
739:
661:Psychopathic Personality Inventory
179:Item 1: Glibness/superficial charm
44:Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised
14:
3288:
2996:
2675:Søgaard, Jan (January 31, 2001).
2658:"Den værste psykopat jeg har set"
2537:Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
1909:Journal of Interpersonal Violence
1874:Journal of Interpersonal Violence
1124:The Oxford Handbook of Psychiatry
897:Carey, Benedict (June 11, 2010).
756:Behavioral Sciences & the Law
288:narcissistic personality disorder
206:Item 10: Poor behavioral controls
145:narcissistic personality disorder
2752:
2731:Moriarty, Erin (June 15, 2019).
2065:The Harvard Mental Health Letter
916:Fowles, Don C. (December 2011).
212:Item 12: Early behavior problems
194:Item 6: Lack of remorse or guilt
3165:Antisocial personality disorder
3052:
2711:
2687:
2620:
2596:
2486:
2427:
2383:
2357:
2329:
2286:
2267:
2222:
2187:
2144:
2029:
2002:
1987:
1935:
1900:
1865:
1841:
1688:
1659:
1624:
1483:
1316:
1172:
1144:
1035:
1002:Aggression and Violent Behavior
963:
813:from the original on 2019-01-10
383:antisocial personality disorder
200:Item 8: Callous/lack of empathy
160:borderline personality disorder
156:antisocial personality disorder
64:antisocial personality disorder
2843:Psychiatry, Psychology and Law
2837:Freckelton, Ian (2014-03-04).
2677:"Lundin stemplet som psykopat"
1800:Journal of Abnormal Psychology
1379:Journal of Abnormal Psychology
1290:Journal of Abnormal Psychology
1043:"The Original Psychopath Test"
890:
824:
782:
641:Actuarial tools in criminology
455:
1:
3215:Sadistic personality disorder
2969:Criminal Justice and Behavior
1714:10.1080/15140326.2022.2144009
1539:British Journal of Psychiatry
1497:British Journal of Psychiatry
1151:Wood, Janice (May 11, 2012).
1014:10.1016/S1359-1789(02)00098-8
666:
503:fundamental attribution error
314:Glasgow Caledonian University
236:Item 20: Criminal versatility
230:Item 18: Juvenile delinquency
106:on licensed use of the test.
48:Psychopathy Checklist—revised
32:Psychopathy Checklist-Revised
2892:10.1016/0191-8869(80)90028-8
2855:10.1080/13218719.2014.900803
2461:10.1371/journal.pone.0072484
2274:Minkel, JR (June 17, 2010).
2153:Evidence-Based Mental Health
1701:Journal of Applied Economics
1673:. 2014-06-01. Archived from
1266:10.1016/0191-8869(94)90269-0
517:dysfunction (e.g., glibness/
480:
361:Screening and Youth Versions
342:The PCL-R is also used as a
318:confirmatory factor analysis
191:Item 5: Conning/manipulative
7:
1812:10.1037/0021-843x.100.3.391
1391:10.1037/0021-843X.106.4.576
1302:10.1037/0021-843X.110.3.462
634:
423:
323:In the 2003 edition of the
203:Item 9: Parasitic lifestyle
10:
3293:
2952:10.1037/0022-006X.73.3.466
2765:10.4135/9781412959537.n134
2523:"The Psychopath Next Door"
1921:10.1177/088626098013004003
1886:10.1177/088626094009003004
1671:Psych Central Professional
1431:10.1037/1040-3590.13.2.171
1356:10.1037/1040-3590.13.4.531
807:10.1016/j.paid.2009.06.020
188:Item 4: Pathological lying
124:mental health professional
118:PCL-R model of psychopathy
18:
3233:
3157:
3081:
3060:
2913:10.1037/1040-3590.16.1.90
2208:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.11.009
1197:10.1007/s10862-018-9708-0
693:10.1017/S003329171300161X
630:was evaluated as 35.8/40.
588:was evaluated as 37.5/40.
399:Although Hare wanted the
221:Item 15: Irresponsibility
128:semi-structured interview
98:first published in 1941.
72:semi-structured interview
2981:10.1177/0093854805278414
2901:Psychological Assessment
2405:10.1177/1073191111402460
2364:Franklin, Karen (2011).
2307:10.1177/0306624X03259472
2119:10.3390/medicina55060223
1419:Psychological Assessment
1344:Psychological Assessment
1227:Psychological Assessment
1093:10.1177/1529100611426706
934:10.1177/1529100611429679
173:
56:psychological assessment
2572:Handbook of Psychopathy
2370:www.psychologytoday.com
1977:Hare, Robert D (1993).
1533:Neumann, C. S. (2007).
1239:10.1037/1040-3590.1.1.6
1128:Oxford University Press
884:Handbook of Psychopathy
624:was evaluated as 39/40.
618:was evaluated as 32/40.
606:was evaluated as 38/40.
600:was evaluated as 34/40.
594:was evaluated as 39/40.
582:was evaluated as 27/40.
576:was evaluated as 38/40.
570:was evaluated as 23/40.
537:was evaluated as 39/40.
428:According to Hare, one
355:inter-rater reliability
96:Hervey M. Cleckley
3220:Sexual sadism disorder
3180:History of psychopathy
3149:Superficially charming
2721:motion, April 27, 2006
1552:10.1192/bjp.191.4.357a
1504:(suppl. 49): s39–s50.
1122:Semple, David (2005).
330:
197:Item 7: Shallow affect
88:psychology experiments
35:
3210:Psychopathy Checklist
3089:Anti-social behaviour
2808:Paul, Babiak (2019).
2699:The Salt Lake Tribune
2434:Singh, Jay P (2013).
1956:10.1176/ajp.156.6.849
1511:10.1192/bjp.190.5.s39
40:Psychopathy Checklist
29:
3185:Juvenile delinquency
2498:The Devil's Children
2165:10.1136/ebmh.12.2.33
1829:on 26 September 2007
628:Daniel William Marsh
598:Brian David Mitchell
556:malignant narcissist
296:item response theory
281:juvenile delinquency
218:Item 14: Impulsivity
3246:George E. Partridge
2452:2013PLoSO...872484S
2231:Psychology Bulletin
1742:(1 February 1996).
1633:Behavioral Sciences
529:Notable evaluations
467:Ministry of Justice
84:Robert D. Hare
3277:Psychopathy scales
3241:Hervey M. Cleckley
3134:Pathological lying
3104:Diminished empathy
2664:. 6 February 2001.
2280:Scientific America
1853:Medical News Today
1130:. pp. 448–9.
1023:on 24 January 2013
903:The New York Times
450:Hervey M. Cleckley
68:personality traits
36:
3259:
3258:
3234:Notable theorists
2821:978-0-06-269754-7
2814:. HarperCollins.
2774:978-1-4129-5189-0
2106:Medicina (Kaunas)
1749:Psychiatric Times
1617:978-0-470-01898-9
1582:Discover Magazine
1137:978-0-19-852783-1
535:Lawrence Bittaker
519:superficial charm
337:psychiatric units
16:Psychopathy scale
3284:
3190:Machiavellianism
3170:Conduct disorder
3073:In the workplace
3047:
3040:
3033:
3024:
3023:
2992:
2963:
2932:
2895:
2874:
2833:
2804:
2798:
2794:
2792:
2784:
2782:
2781:
2753:Hare, Robert D.
2741:
2740:
2728:
2722:
2715:
2709:
2708:
2706:
2705:
2691:
2685:
2684:
2672:
2666:
2665:
2654:
2648:
2647:
2624:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2614:
2600:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2566:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2548:
2543:on April 6, 2015
2539:. Archived from
2519:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2504:
2490:
2484:
2483:
2473:
2463:
2431:
2425:
2424:
2387:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2361:
2355:
2354:
2333:
2327:
2326:
2290:
2284:
2283:
2271:
2265:
2264:
2253:10.1037/a0020473
2246:
2226:
2220:
2219:
2196:Clin Psychol Rev
2191:
2185:
2184:
2148:
2142:
2141:
2131:
2121:
2100:Paris J (2019).
2097:
2091:
2090:
2075:
2069:
2068:
2060:
2054:
2053:
2033:
2027:
2026:
2006:
2000:
1999:
1991:
1985:
1984:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1904:
1898:
1897:
1869:
1863:
1862:
1860:
1859:
1845:
1839:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1828:
1822:. Archived from
1797:
1785:
1776:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1765:
1760:. Archived from
1736:
1727:
1726:
1716:
1707:(1): 1260–1293.
1692:
1686:
1685:
1683:
1682:
1663:
1657:
1656:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1601:
1592:
1591:
1589:
1588:
1574:
1565:
1564:
1554:
1545:(Oct): 357–358.
1530:
1524:
1523:
1513:
1487:
1481:
1480:
1449:
1443:
1442:
1414:
1403:
1402:
1374:
1368:
1367:
1338:
1332:
1331:
1320:
1314:
1313:
1285:
1270:
1269:
1249:
1243:
1242:
1222:
1209:
1208:
1176:
1170:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1148:
1142:
1141:
1119:
1113:
1112:
1072:
1057:
1056:
1054:
1053:
1039:
1033:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1022:
1016:. Archived from
999:
990:
979:
978:
967:
961:
960:
958:
956:
913:
907:
906:
894:
888:
887:
879:
870:
869:
858:
847:
846:
844:
843:
828:
822:
821:
819:
818:
786:
780:
779:
750:
737:
736:
734:
733:
719:
713:
712:
676:
385:(ASPD), and the
257:Machiavellianism
30:Cover of Hare's
3292:
3291:
3287:
3286:
3285:
3283:
3282:
3281:
3262:
3261:
3260:
3255:
3229:
3195:Macdonald triad
3153:
3082:Characteristics
3077:
3056:
3051:
2999:
2822:
2796:
2795:
2786:
2785:
2779:
2777:
2775:
2749:
2747:Further reading
2744:
2729:
2725:
2716:
2712:
2703:
2701:
2693:
2692:
2688:
2673:
2669:
2662:ekstrabladet.dk
2656:
2655:
2651:
2644:
2625:
2621:
2612:
2610:
2602:
2601:
2597:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2567:
2556:
2546:
2544:
2521:
2520:
2511:
2502:
2500:
2492:
2491:
2487:
2432:
2428:
2388:
2384:
2374:
2372:
2362:
2358:
2334:
2330:
2291:
2287:
2272:
2268:
2244:10.1.1.404.4396
2227:
2223:
2192:
2188:
2149:
2145:
2098:
2094:
2084:
2076:
2072:
2061:
2057:
2034:
2030:
2023:
2007:
2003:
1992:
1988:
1975:
1971:
1940:
1936:
1905:
1901:
1870:
1866:
1857:
1855:
1847:
1846:
1842:
1832:
1830:
1826:
1795:
1786:
1779:
1769:
1767:
1737:
1730:
1693:
1689:
1680:
1678:
1665:
1664:
1660:
1645:10.1002/bsl.918
1629:
1625:
1618:
1602:
1595:
1586:
1584:
1576:
1575:
1568:
1531:
1527:
1488:
1484:
1453:Hare, Robert D.
1450:
1446:
1415:
1406:
1375:
1371:
1339:
1335:
1324:Hare, Robert D.
1321:
1317:
1286:
1273:
1250:
1246:
1223:
1212:
1177:
1173:
1163:
1161:
1149:
1145:
1138:
1120:
1116:
1073:
1060:
1051:
1049:
1041:
1040:
1036:
1026:
1024:
1020:
997:
991:
982:
971:Hare, Robert D.
968:
964:
954:
952:
914:
910:
895:
891:
880:
873:
862:Hare, Robert D.
859:
850:
841:
839:
836:The Independent
830:
829:
825:
816:
814:
787:
783:
768:10.1002/bsl.722
751:
740:
731:
729:
721:
720:
716:
677:
673:
669:
637:
586:Charles Guiteau
580:John Wayne Gacy
531:
483:
458:
426:
421:
407:on the part of
375:
363:
344:risk assessment
333:
272:factor analysis
176:
149:positive affect
138:factor analysis
120:
34:(2nd ed., 2003)
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3290:
3280:
3279:
3274:
3257:
3256:
3254:
3253:
3251:Robert D. Hare
3248:
3243:
3237:
3235:
3231:
3230:
3228:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3161:
3159:
3158:Related topics
3155:
3154:
3152:
3151:
3146:
3144:Shallow affect
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3085:
3083:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3075:
3070:
3064:
3062:
3058:
3057:
3050:
3049:
3042:
3035:
3027:
3021:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
2998:
2997:External links
2995:
2994:
2993:
2975:(5): 526–545.
2964:
2933:
2896:
2886:(2): 111–120.
2875:
2849:(2): 311–313.
2834:
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2805:
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2748:
2745:
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2742:
2723:
2710:
2686:
2667:
2649:
2643:978-0770435851
2642:
2619:
2595:
2581:
2554:
2533:CBC Television
2509:
2485:
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2382:
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2345:(4): 408–429.
2328:
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2221:
2202:(3): 499–513.
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2143:
2092:
2070:
2055:
2028:
2021:
2001:
1986:
1969:
1934:
1915:(4): 456–471.
1899:
1880:(3): 339–349.
1864:
1840:
1777:
1766:on 28 May 2013
1728:
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1658:
1639:(1): 106–119.
1623:
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1482:
1444:
1425:(2): 171–188.
1404:
1385:(4): 576–585.
1369:
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1333:
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1296:(3): 462–470.
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1171:
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781:
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687:(5): 1005–13.
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616:Aileen Wuornos
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114:Cleckley did.
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3124:Lack of guilt
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2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2946:(3): 466–76.
2945:
2941:
2940:
2934:
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2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2897:
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2738:
2734:
2727:
2720:
2719:habeas corpus
2714:
2700:
2696:
2690:
2682:
2678:
2671:
2663:
2659:
2653:
2645:
2639:
2635:
2634:
2630:(2014). "3".
2629:
2623:
2609:
2605:
2599:
2584:
2582:9781462535132
2578:
2574:
2573:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2529:
2524:
2518:
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2514:
2499:
2495:
2489:
2481:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2446:(9): e72484.
2445:
2441:
2437:
2430:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2399:(2): 253–60.
2398:
2394:
2386:
2371:
2367:
2360:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2332:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2301:(2): 133–48.
2300:
2296:
2289:
2281:
2277:
2270:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2237:(5): 740–67.
2236:
2232:
2225:
2217:
2213:
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